Abbott, Lyman, 190
Abgar, 174–75
Abraham, 72–73
abstraction in art, 214–19
Acts and Monuments. See Book of Martyrs
affinity, 179–80
Alacoque, Margaret Mary, 86–87, 149–51
Al’Arabi, Ibn, 223
Alcott, Louisa May, 95; Little Women, 95
Allen, Ethan, 120
American Civil War, 154
American Revolutionary War, 119, 154
American Sunday School Union, 96, 154
American Tract Society (ATS), 58–59, 96, 124, 154
Anderson, Alexander, 59; illustration, 60, 97
Anderson, Benedict, 148
anthropomorphism, 179
Antichrist, 115
apostolic age, 13, 16, 57, 75, 127–28
Aristotle, 3
art worlds, 198
artist as prophet, 214
aura, 124–26, 118. See also presence
Aurier, Albert, 211–13
authority, 13–14, 16–18, 147–48, 225; ecclesiastical, 18, 43, 57, 75; of the image, 20; papal, 36, 157, 162; Satanic, 102; scriptural, 108, 110, 113, 252n13
Ave Regina Caelorum, 21–22
Bacon, Francis, 2
Baillie, John, 200
Bartlett, William Henry, 154
Barton, Bruce, 194
Basil the Great, 106
Bataille, Georges, 73–74, 243–44n7
Beecher, Henry Ward, 190–91, 268n27
Becker, Howard, 198
Benjamin, Walter, 126
Bereneson, Bernard, 203–4, 221
Bertram, Master, 72–73; Sacrifice of Isaac, plate 4
Bible, 3, 10, 19, 21, 48, 98; agency of, 108; destruction of, 98–99, 249n79; Evangelical concept of, 121, 126; postcard, 111; red-letter edition, 105; translation, 108–9; and Fundamentalism, 110; King James Version, 110–11, 154, 158; Luther translation, 108–10; and public schools, 154, 158–59; as power object, 108
Bildersturm, 45
Black nationalism, 164–65, 265n80
Blake, William, 5, 135–36, 181, 202–3; His Spectre driv’n, plate 7; Jerusalem, 135, 202–3; Songs of Experience, 5
body politic, 146–48. See also social body
Bogue, David, 119, 121–24, 126, 128
Bolswert, Boetius, 39–40; “Attending to the Example of the Saints,” 40; Via Vitae Aeternae, 40
Books of Martyrs, 46–49, 52, 55–57, 142, 239n14; “Acts and thynges,” 47; “Death of Thomas Cranmer,” 56; rejoinder to, 241n34
Boughton, George Henry, 154–55, 164
Bourbon Condé, Louis de, 116–17
Bredekamp, Horst, 147
Bruno, Giordano, 3
Bullinger, Heinrich, 54
Bunyan, John, 7, 52, 92, 137–42, 145, 152; Pilgrim’s Progress, 7, 39, 52–53, 92–93, 95, 137–40, 152–53, 199, 248n75; frontispiece, 138; map, plate 5
Burke, Edmund, 217
Byzantium, 20
Calvert, George, 156
Calvin, John, 1, 3, 42–43, 46, 50–52, 56–57, 80, 94, 96; critique of imagination, 112, 137; and sublime, 270n9; theology of scripture, 111–14, 210
capitalism, 6, 99, 100, 148, 198
Cranach the Elder, Lukas, 34, 49–51, 53–54, 114, 239n17; Luther Preaching, 50
Carducho, Vincente, 24; Stigmatization of Saint Francis, 25
Carroll, John, 161
Catholicism, 8, 13–41, 136; and defense of images, 106, 251n2; and democracy, 156–58, 160–62, 231; and nationhood, 156–64; republican, 161; Tridentine, 161
Chadwick, Owen, 159–60
Chambers, Charles Bosseron, 184
Charles V, 33, 45, 115, 156, 161
Children’s Christmas Pageant, 66
Chludov Psalter, 175–76; Psalm 69, 176
Christendom, 115, 228; as Europe, 45, 49; of print, 117–28, 227
Christiana, 152–53, 155; “Great-Heart with Christiana and children,” 153
Church of England, 48, 57, 118–19, 142, 148, 151
Coleman, Simon, 252n7
colporteurs, 98
Comenius, Johann Amos, 58; Orbis Sensualisum Pictus, 58
Communism, 182
connoisseurship, 220
Constantine, 161
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury, 4
Copeland, Kenneth, 100–102, 250n100
Corporation and Test Acts, 118–19
Council of Trent, 19, 22–23, 26, 29, 31, 35, 84, 106, 251n3
Counterreformation, 29–35, 40, 225
Cranmer, Thomas, 46, 48, 55–57; “Death of Thomas Cranmer,” 56
Croiset, John, 87
Currier, Nathaniel, 60; Pray “God Bless Papa and Moma,” plate 3
Day, John, 57
DeDuve, Thierry, 222
DeKooning, Willem, 216
Delacroix, Eugène, 206–8, 212, 229; Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, 208
Diego, Juan, 17
devotion, 18–20, 26–27, 74, 83
Diop, Birago, 223
disenchantment, 197
disinterestedness, 201, 205, 219, 221, 231, 232
domestic piety, 59–61
Durkheim, Emile, 71
Eck, Johannes, 106
Edwards, Jonathan, 152
Elkins, James, 220–21
El Greco. See Theotokopoulos, Domenikos
embodiment, 6, 168, 172, 235n6, 252n7
emotion, 24, 27, 37, 58–59, 61, 134, 142, 172, 203, 214
emulation, 177–78
ethnocentrism, 180–81
Evangelical Magazine, 119–20, 121–22, 127–28, 256n52
evangelical union, 119–23
face, 23–24, 26, 113, 190–91. See also interface, likeness
Ficino, Marsilio, 3
flag piety, 159–60; 263–64n66; 264n68
forge: of deception, 5, 137; of idols, 1, 112, 145, 270n9; of vision, 1–2, 5–6, 135, 146, 232
Foucault, Michel, 4–5, 199–200
Fourth Council of Constantinople, 20, 26
Foxe, John, 46–48, 52, 55–57. See also Book of Martyrs
French Revolution, 119, 122, 146, 150
Friedrich, Caspar David, 196, 204–5; Cross in the Mountains, plate 10
Fuller, Andrew, 120–21
Garvey, Marcus, 164–65
Gauguin, Paul, 211–13, 229, 272n42; Christ in the Garden of Olives, 213
Geertz, Clifford, 231
Geistlicher Sittenspiegel, 61, 140
German Expressionism, 216
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 221
Gossaert, Jan, 20–22; Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin and Child, plate 1
Gossner, Johannes, 61, 63–64, 137, 243n50; The Heart of Man, 61; “Image of the Inside of a Sinner,” 62
Gray, Thomas, 59
Great-Heart, 152–53, 154–55; “Great-Heart with Christiana and children,” 153
Greatheed, Samuel, 128
Grewe, Cordula, 206
Hall, David, 52
hearing, 34–35, 49–50, 113, 116–17
heart, 62–64, 136, 140–42; home-heart, 61
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 197, 202
hell, 35
Hobbes, Thomas, 2, 139, 146–48, 151–52; Leviathan, 2, 146–48, 152, 260n29
Hook, Richard, 192
Holy Roman Empire, 45–46
Horsley, Samuel, 118–19, 255n41
Hubert, Henri, 71–73
Hugenots, 116–17, 254–55n35; Sermon in the Reformed Church, plate 6
Hunt, William Holman, 209–10; Light of the World, 209
Hus, Jan, 54
icon, 15, 50; words as icons, 113
iconicity of text, 50, 105, 241n26
iconoclasm, 20, 53, 175, 230; Catholic, 98; Protestant, 53, 129–30, 131–32; during the Reformation, 42–46, 248n77; soft iconoclasm, 131
idol, 1, 9, 46, 128–29; as “trophies of Christianity,” 131
idolatry, 3, 19, 57, 111–12, 129, 175, 226
Ignatius of Loyola, 7, 23, 35–36, 40; Illustrated Spiritual Exercises, 37, 199; Spiritual Exercises, 7, 23, 35–40, 136, 238n62
image: agency, 27; Calvinist critique of, 113; mental images, 168–69, 171–72; in Protestantism, 42–67; veneration of, 9, 20, 27–28
imagination, 1–7, 143, 168, 201, 225, 229, 259n1; and Black nationalism, 164–65; Calvinist critique, 1–2, 113; definition, 1, 172; faculty of, 5; and gender, 5; and idolatry, 129; and imagined community, 59, 228; Jesuit, 38; as means of revelation, 135; and nationhood, 148–62; and self-deception, 137; and violence, 153–54
indulgences, 22, 36, 75–80, 83–85, 88–90
intercession, 22, 49, 50, 53, 57, 82, 84, 106, 225, 236n35
interiority. See subjectivity
intertextuality, 52
introspection, 35, 52, 137–38, 142–43, 145–46, 225; and inward eye, 143, 260n19. See also visualization
Ishmael, 72
Joyce, James, 35
Jay, Martin, 233n1
Jefferson, Thomas, 156
Jerusalem, Celestial, 39, 91, 95, 139–40
Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 23, 35, 40, 86, 140, 150, 156, 237n49
Jesus: ethnic representation, 181, 191; as founder of Catholic Church, 13; as Jew, 186, 267–68n22; likeness, 168–95; as man of sorrows, 55; and masculinity, 190, 194–95; nativity, 64–65; sacrificial death, 73
Johann Friedrich, Duke, 33–34
John of Damascus, 106, 175, 177, 266n6
Johnson, Edward, 94
Josiah, 46–48
Kam, Joseph, 131–32
Kan Ying Pien, 131
Kandinsky, Wassily, 197, 213–16, 220, 229; Concerning the Spiritual in Art, 213–14; Improvisation 26, plate 11
Kant, Immanuel, 4–5, 201–2, 205, 230–31; Critique of Judgment, 201
Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein, 43–46, 50, 52, 106; Von der Abthung der Bilder, 44
King, David Shaw, 131
Klopsch, Louis, 105
Knox, John, 54
Kort, Wesley A. 253n16
Koerner, Joseph Leo, 33
landscape, 271n27
Latour, Bruno, 231–32
Latter-day Saints (LDS), 165–66, 172–74, 183–85
Lhermitte, Léon, 185; Friend of the Humble, 185
likeness, 168–75, 229; and archive, 184–85; as affinity, 179–80; and difference, 192–95; as emulation, 177–80; of Jesus, 170; as repetition, 175–77; social construction of, 182
Lincoln, Abraham, 154–55, 159, 171
London Missionary Society (LMS), 121–22, 128, 131–33
Louis XIV, 150
Luborsky, Ruth Samson, 57
Lucius, Jakob, 32–34; Figure of the Baptism of Our Savior, 32
Luther, Martin, 3, 32–34, 43, 46, 49–51, 55, 80, 82–83, 104, 106, 110; on gift, 245n32; on images, 114
McKenzie, Janet, 192–94; Jesus of the People, 193
mandylion, 174; Savior archeiropoeta, 15
McNaughton, Jon, 166; One Nation under God, plate 8
Gospel of Mark, 34
Mass of Saint Gregory, 76–77; Mass of Saint Gregory, 77
maternal piety, 60–61
Mather, Cotton, 95
Mauss, Marcel, 71–72, 83, 90, 101
Mede, Joseph, 92, 247–48n67; “Apocalyptic Scheme,” 93; Key to Revelation, 92
Medhurst, Walter, 130–31
Melanchthon, Philipp, 54, 252n10
memory, 8, 51, 59, 105, 171, 224
millennialism, 121–23, 128, 152
Milton, John, 139–40; Paradise Lost, 139
missions: Calcutta, 129; Indonesia, 131; Java, 129; Shanghai, 130; South Pacific islands, 121, 128, 131–33, 258n83
modernism, 231
modernity, 1–2, 5–7, 111, 148, 160, 197, 229, 231; in art, 198
Molanus, Johannes, 267n15
Mondrian, Piet, 220
Montfort, Louis Marie de, 244n13
Moore, Roy, 228
More, Hannah, 124, 142–46, 149, 199; The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, 143–44
Mormons. See Latter-day Saints
Moroni, 166
Nadal, Jerome, 37–39
National Catholic Reporter, 192–93
nationalism, 197, 205, 228, 261n35. See also Black nationalism
nationhood, 8, 136, 143, 146–67, 228, 261n35
Nazarenes (Brotherhood of Saint Luke), 205–6
Neave, Richard, 194–95
New England Primer, 58
Newman, Barnett, 216–19, 221, 224, 229–30; Stations of the Cross, 216
Nine Dragons, 64
Olukilede, Tola, 102–4
orality, 123–26
orientalism, 188
Origen, 20
Orthodox Christianity, 15, 19–20, 175, 177
Overbeck, Johann Friedrich, 206; Christ in the House of Mary and Martha, 206
Panofsky, Erwin, 186
panopticon, 199
Passover, 219
Peace of Westphalia, 8, 46, 153
penance, 19, 22, 35, 49, 74–75, 150
Pentecostalism. See Protestantism
Périssin, Jean, 116; Sermon in the Reformed Church, plate 6
Perkins, William, 53
Pfisterer, Raphael, 162–63; Mary Immaculate, 163
Phillips, Samuel, 61
pilgrimage, 19, 22, 26–27, 36, 43, 49, 74–75, 218
Pilgrims, 154–55
Pilgrim’s Progress. See Bunyan, John
Piranesi, Giovanni, 199–200
Pledge of Allegiance, 159–60, 228
Pliny the Elder, 177
Plotinus, 3–4
Pollock, Jackson, 216
Pomare, 132
pope, 13, 79–80, 83, 115, 148, 157, 161–63
popes: Clement VI, 75, Unigenitus, 75; Francis, 89; Gregory the Great, 51; Innocent III, 76, 79; John Paul II, 89; Paul III, 35–36; Paul VI, 85, 104; Pius IV, 26; Pius IX, 160–62, 231; Pius X, 87
Popular Mechanics, 194
Porteus, Beilby, 142
portraiture, 54–58, 168, 185–87, 229
preaching, 14, 27, 48–49, 96, 114–15, 116–19, 123, 125
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, 208
presence, 27, 105, 107, 114, 124–26, 187
Priestly, Joseph, 118
print culture, 124–25, 227, 252n7; as Protestant sacred information, 124; as social agent, 111; and speech, 105, 124. See also Protestantism; tracts
procession, 27
propaganda, 33, 44, 49, 221, 240n21
Protestantism, 5–6, 8, 13–14, 16, 28–29, 31–33, 227; Charismatic, 106; Dissenters, 117–18; and images, 42–67; Methodist, 118, 119, 121; and motherhood, 61; and nationhood, 154–56; Nativism, 157; Pentecostalism, 102–4, 250n90, 250n101, 252n7; and print, 105–34; Unitarian, 188, 158
Providence, 91, 94–95, 98, 115, 123, 129, 133–34, 142, 151
public school controversy, 154, 158–59, 263n63
Publius Lentulus, 168–70, 187; True Portrait of Our Lord Jesus Christ, 170
Raccolta, 76, 78, 84, 87, 244n16
race, 64–66, 164–65, 181, 266n10
Ramdohr, Friedrich Basil von, 204–5
Read, William George, 156–58, 162
Reagan, Ronald, 100
recognition, 49, 169–70, 183, 229
Reformation, 10, 13, 23, 32–33, 53; and iconoclasm, 42–48; and images, 238n5
relics, 22, 26, 28, 36, 40, 43, 114; and Apostolate for Holy Relics, 89–90; commodification of, 89; as inalienable possession, 90
Religious Tract Society (RTS), 58, 122–23, 126–27, 133
Rembrandt van Rijn, 185–87; Head of Christ, plate 9
Renan, Ernest, 189
revelation, 113, 117, 135, 140, 202, 210, 218
revivalism, 111, 121, 128, 152
Richmond, Legh, 58–59; The Young Cottager, 58, 60
Ringeltaube, Wilhelm, 134
Romanticism, 4, 197, 202–5, 271n27
Ronco, Alberto, 62–64, 140; “Paint the Heart,” 141; Royal Fortress of the Human Heart, 62, 140; “Sweep the Heart,” 63
Runge, Philipp Otto, 202–3, 205
sacrament, 28, 30, 32, 48–49, 86, 114, 118, 200
sacred economy, 9, 71–104; apparitions, 85; and black market, 79; Catholic, 22, 26, 74–80, 83–85, 88–91; and circulation, 78; and class, 97–98; Counterreformation, 83–85; definition, 72, 74, 243n4; and gift, 50, 80–83, 90, 97–98, 245n32; implications of, 226–27; and inflation, 76, 100; lateral reciprocation, 95–98; medieval treasury, 74–80; paying forward, 83, 96; prosperity gospel, 98–104; Protestant, 43, 49–50, 80–83, 91–95, 95–98, 98–104; and Protestant media hierarchy, 112; Puritan, 91–95, 247n63; reparations, 85–88, 150–51; and secular economy, 76, 89, 92–93, 104
Sacré-Coeur de Montmartre, 150
Sacred Heart of Jesus, 24, 84–87, 140, 149–51, 182; indulgence card, 87; “Most Sacred Heart,” 151; Sacred Heart of Jesus, 86
sacred information, 124
sacrifice, 72–74
Saint Peter’s Basilica, 161–62
saints: Anthony, 40; Augustine, 3, 4, 29, 31, 34; Bonaventure, 24; Catherine of Siena, 177; cult of the saints, 20, 26, 28, 29–31, 74–75, 106; Francis, 24, 170, 178, 183; Jerome, 41; John the Baptist, 29, 32–33, 37; Luke, 20, 174–75; Mary, see Virgin Mary; Paul, 40, 82–83, 170; Peter, 13, 16, 29, 170; Santa Muerte, 17; Stephen, 29, 55, 57. See also intercession
Sallman, Warner, 182–83, 185, 187, 191–92, 267n13; Head of Christ, 144
sanctification, 92
Salve Regina, 21–22
Satan, 63, 64, 82, 91, 102, 129
Schiller, Friedrich, 199, 200, 221
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 203, 221, 271n22
Schweitzer, Albert, 229
Sebald Beham, Hans, 114; Papal Throne Torn Down, 115
Second Great Awakening, 96
separation of church and state, 6, 154, 161, 166–67
Seven-Headed Papal Beast, 81
Shaffern, Robert, 75
Shaftesbury, Earl of. See Cooper, Anthony Ashley
Shroud of Turin, 174
Silverman, Debora, 212
Smith, Joseph, 165
social body, 6
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 64
Spectre, 5
speech, 107–8, 114–15, 121, 124
Spiritual Exercises. See Ignatius of Loyola
spiritualization of art, 197, 202–13
Squibb, Jane, 58
Stackhouse, Thomas, 200
stigmatization, 177–78
Strauss, David Friedrich, 189
subjectivity, 5, 37, 64, 197, 199–201, 203, 215, 232
sublime, 4–5, 199–201, 213, 217–18, 270n9, 273n57
Sucquet, Antoine, 39–40; Via Vitae Aeternae, 40
Sunday Schools, 58–59, 119, 122
Supreme Court, 228
Syllabus of Errors, 160–61
Taoism, 131
technology: emotional, 59; moral, 59, 95; print, 111; religious, 200, 202; visual, 2, 9
Ten Commandments, 53, 116, 228, 254n34–35
tetragrammaton, 108
textual imperialism, 131
Thanksgiving, 154–55
Theotokopoulos, Domenikos (El Greco), 29–34; Burial of Count Orgaz, plate 2, 30
Thomas à Kempis, 35
Thorvaldsen, Bertel, 172–73, 183, 185; Christus, 173
Tissot, James, 175, 183–84, 188–90, 268n29; Holy Face, 174; Jesus teaches, 189
totem, 54
tracts, 123–28; as agents, 133, 142, 145, 156–57
transubstantiation, 48–49, 234n17
treasury, 75, 82, 88, 101, 244n13
Tsui Hung-I, 64–65, 179–80, 187; Christ the Good Shepherd, 180; The Nativity, 65
Tyndale, William, 54
Ukah, Asonzeh F.K., 102
ultramontanism, 150
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 165
Unitas Fratrum, 127–28
Valeri, Mark, 95
Van Gogh, Theo, 212
Van Gogh, Vincent, 211, 212, 272n42
Vatican Council I, 88
Vatican Council II, 88
Veil of Veronica, 76, 174–75, 183–84, 187; Holy Face, 174
Via Dolorosa, 27, 36, 186, 218
Viola, Bill, 222–24, 229; Ocean Without a Shore, 223–24
Virgin Mary, 20–22, 29; apparitions, 246n40; Annunciation, 37, 161; coronation, 21; Guadalupe, 17–18, 234n5; as heavenly treasurer, 75, 244n13; Medjugorje, 17; National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, 163–64; Visitation, 37–38
visualization, 7, 19, 23, 35–41, 140, 143, 171. See also introspection
Warhol, Andy, 222
Washington, George, 171
Washton Long, Rose-Carol, 215
Whitefield, George, 118, 125–26; Rev. Mr. George Whitefield, 125
Wycliffe, John, 54
Yates, Frances, 3
Zechariah, 38–39
Zephyrinus, 16
Zwingli, Ulrich, 28–29, 42–43, 50–52, 59, 95–97, 241–42n36, 242n37