agrarian interests 40, 44, 57, 64.
See also elites
as elites 97
continuity thesis 10
Mitteleuropäischer Wirtschaftstag, membership in 85
Albania 51
Albert, King of Belgium 53
Alpine Mining 85
Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 93
anti-Bolshevism 95
anti-Semitism
Fatherland Party, element of 69
nationalism, manifestation of 42
Pan-German League, element of 69, 72
‘war socialism,’ element of 67
Die Arbeiterschaft im neuen Deutschland (Labour in the new Germany) (Thimme and Legien) 68
armistice agreement 73
Bismarck’s use of 43
Ebert-Groener pact 89
of Brandenburg-Prussia 40
Social Democrats, relations with 89
‘stab-in-the-back’ legend 72
Austria-Hungary
Albania and Montenegro, threat of war over 51
Galicia, battles of 62
Serbia, relations with 6, 51 ‘
‘authoritarian capitalism’ 76, 78
Auxiliary Service Law 68
Ayçoberry, Pierre 12
Balkan war (October 1912) 48
Balkans. See Hungary; Rumania ‘
‘Baltic volunteers’ 65
Banking Group of Four. See D-D banks
‘barefoot social history.’ See ‘grassroots social history’
Bassermann, lobbyist for industrialists 64
BDI (manufacturing lobby) 41
Beck, Hitler’s Chief of General Staff 72–3, 93
Berghahn, Volker 21
Bethmann Hollweg, Moritz August von (grandfather of Theobald) 60
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von 5–6, 8, 43–4, 53–4, 58
criticism of 48
‘cultural bloc’ 61
fall of 69
liberation of non-Russians 59–60
‘September programme’ of 56
Beumelburg, W. 91
Beyens, Belgian envoy 53
alliance policy of 42
appointment of 39
army, use of 43
elites, reconciling of 40
Bismarck und der Imperialismus (Wehler) 19
Blackbourn, historian 11
‘blank cheque’ 6
Blitzkrieg (lightning war) 63, 94
Blomberg–Hitler agreement 92
‘blood and soil’ theory 87
Bonapartism model 17.
See also Bielefeld School; historians
Bosnian annexation crisis 46–7
‘bracketing concept’ 81
Braun, Prussian premier 91
Brest-Litovsk, Peace of 60, 70, 71, 97
arms race with Kaisserreich 45
Bosnian annexation crisis 46–7
ententes with France, Japan, Russia 45
World War I, entry into 54
Brockdorff-Rantzau, German envoy in Copenhagen 55
Austro-German customs union 84–5
deflationary policy 79
Four-year Rearmament Plans 91
overthrow of 79
buffer states, creation of 58
business. See also elites
continuity thesis 10
‘Leipzig cartel’ 6
Mitteleuropäischer Wirtschaftstag, membership in 85
‘calculated risk’ thesis 50
Cambon, French ambassador 53
Capelle, Tirpitz’s successor 66
Carsten, F. L. 89
cartelisation 41
CDI (heavy industry lobby) 41
chemical industry 41, 57, 75, 93–4
Christianity and churches nationalism, perceived relationship with 87–8
‘stab-in-the-back’ legend 72
World War II, sanctioning of 95
continental bloc 4
continental hegemony, Kaiserreich as 48
continuity thesis (Fischer) 9–12 passim, 33–8 passim, 97–9
Conze, Werner 14
Courland 60
crisis of July 1914.
See July 1914 crisis
critico-historical social scientists. See Bielefeld School‘
cultural bloc’ 61
Curtius government 84
customs tariff (1924–5) 75 ‘customs union’ 84
Daily Telegraph affair 47
DAZ (Deutsche allgemeine Zeitung) 77
D-D banks (Banking Group of Four) 75
DDP (German Democratic Party) 74, 88
Dehio, Ludwig 9
Delbrück, Clemens von 58
Democratic Party. SeeDDP
Deutsche allgemeine Zeitung. See DAZ
Das deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918 (Wehler) 17
Is War Permissible According to the Will of God? (in German) 87
DNVP (German Nationalist Party) 77
dock workers’ strike (Hamburg 1890s) 46
domestic politics, primacy of 15–16, 17
Dorpat University 65
Drexler, Anton 69
DVP (German People’s Party) 74, 77
Ebert, Friedrich 89
Ebert-Groener pact 89
‘economic construction programme’ 80–1
1892 military convention. See Franco-Russian rapprochement
Reichstag elections (January 1912) 5
electrical industry 41, 57, 75, 93–4
Eley, historian 11
See also agrarian
interests; army; business; Christianity and churches; industry; Junkers; universities
Bismarck’s reconciling of 40
Brandenburg-Prussia 40
Brüning, overthrow of 79
customs tariff (1924–5) 75
Fischer’s theory of 3, 4, 7, 10, 34
Hitler, relations with 82, 92, 97
‘Leipzig cartel’ (August 1913) 6
Reichstag elections (January 1912) 5 ‘
stab-m-the-back’ legend 72
‘enabling law’ 92
engineering industry 75
Erzberger, Matthias 41, 63, 64
export-oriented industries 57
Falkenhausen, von, official in Prussian Ministry for Agriculture, State Lands, and Forestries 57–8
Falkenhayn, Chief of General
Fatherland Party 69
Fellner, Fritz 98
finishing industry 41
continuity thesis 9–12 passim, 33–8
critics and criticism 7–11 passim, 19
domestic politics, primacy of 15–16
elites, thesis of 3, 4, 7, 10, 34
Griff nach der Weltmacht (Grasp at world power) 1–3, 12
July 1914: We Did Not Slither Into It. The State Secret of the Riezler Diaries: A Polemic (in German) 8
Krieg der Illusionen (War of illusions) 3–4
methodology, contribution to 12–16
retirement of 16
World War I, theory on causes of 3–4
Four-year Rearmament Plans 91, 93–4
France
Britain, entente with (1904) 45
propaganda campaign against 49
Russia, rapprochement with 43
Franco-Russian rapprochement 43
Frankfurt School 17
‘free hand’ policy 4
Free Trade Unions 78
Freund, Michael 50
Freytagh-Loringhoven, von, German Nationalist deputy 87
Galicia, battles of 62
Generalplan Ost 95
German Democratic Party. See DDP
German Labour Front.’ See ‘Labour Front’
German Nationalist Party. See DNVP
German People’s Party. See DVP
‘German Workers’ Party.’See ‘Workers’ Party’
German World Policy Without War (in German) (Plehn) 44
Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht (History in scholarship and instruction). SeeGWU
Geschichte und Gesellschaft: Zeitschriftfür historische Sozialwissenschaft (History and society: journal of historical social science) 17
Geschichtsdidaktik (Historical pedagogy) 18
Geschichtswerkstatt (history workshop) 19
Gramsci, Antonio 19
‘grand coalition’ government 77
‘grassroots social history’ 18–19, 22
Great-Power policy 93, 97 ‘Green’ movement 19
Griff nach der Weltmacht (Grasp at world power) (Fischer) 1–3, 12
Grossraumwirtschaft (extended economic unit) 86
GWU (Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht) 7
Haeften, von, Ludendorff’s political
Halder, Franz 95
Hamburg dock workers’ strike (1890s) 46
Hamburg School 16
Hanseatic League 41
Harzburg front 86
hegemony, Kaiserreich as continental 48
Heydebrand, von, leader of National Liberal Party 71
High Seas Fleet 62
Hildebrand, Klaus 52
Hillgruber, Andreas 8
Hindenburg, Paul von 68, 76, 92
Hintze, Otto 17
See also Bielefeld School Bonapartism model; Frankfurt School ‘grassroots social history’ Hamburg School; modernisation theory; neo-Marxism; specific historians
Historische Zeitschrift (Historical journal) 17
Hitler, Adolf 21, 55, 60, 80, 94
Blomberg, agreement with 92
business and industry, relations with 80
cabinet of (1933) 92
‘economic construction programme’ of 80–1
elites, relations with 82, 92, 97
Junkers, relations with 81
Lebensraum (living-space) 65, 87
Mein Kampf (My struggle) 70
Papen, relations with 81
Reichswehr oath 92
resistance to 77
SA, clash with 92
Schacht, relations with 80
seizure of power of 75
‘stab-in-the-back’ legend 72
Strasser, relations with 80, 81
Ukraine, acquisition of 65, 70
Hopmann, Albert 73
Hoyos, count 51
Hugenberg, industrialist 64, 77, 87
Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (Veblen) 10
industry. See also chemical industry; coal industry; electrical industry; elites; engineering industry; export-oriented industry; fishing industry; heavy industry; iron industry; raw materials industry; steel industry
agrarian interests, relations with 40
Hitler, relations with 80
navy, relations with 43
Reichswehr, relations with 91
‘stab-in-the-back’ legend 72
war-aims programmes 64
Injustice: The Social Basis of Obedience and Revolt (Moore) 1
‘interventionist state’ 67
Iron and Steel Industrialists, Association
of German 86
Is War Permissible According to the Will of God? (in German) (Dibelius) 87
Isaac, Rhys 19
Italy 77
Janssen, Karl Heinz 63
Jarausch, K. H. 10
See also anti-Semitism; ‘stab-in-the-back’ legend
‘joint industrial alliance.’ See ZAG
July 1914: We Did Not Slither Into It. The State Secret of the Riezler Diaries: A Polemic (In German) (Fischer) 8
July 1914
Jünger brothers 91
Junkers. See also elites as
Hitler, relations with 81 ‘
Leipzig cartel’ 6
Kaas, Centre Party chairman 77
‘domestic politics, primacy of 52
methodology of 13
‘Kehrites.’ See Bielefeld School
Kershaw, Ian 12
Kirdorf, Ruhr industrialist 76
Klassengesellschaft im Krieg (Class society in the war) (Kocka) 17
Kocka, Jürgen 67
Bielefeld School 16, 17, 19, 33
Klassengesellschaft im Krieg (Class society in the war) 17
Kokovtsov, spokesman of St Petersburg peace treaty 51
Krieg der Illusionen (War of illusions)
Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft
(Critical studies in history) 18
Kühlmann, Jagow’s successor 60
‘Labour Front’ 82
Lamprecht, Karl 13
Langemarck, battles of 62
Laqueur, Walter 22
Latvia 65
‘League for the Liberation of the Ukraine.’ See ‘Ukraine, League for the Liberation of the’
League of Nations 83
Lebensraum (living-space) 53–4, 65, 86, 87, 95
Legien, Carl 76
Die Arbeiterschaft im neuen Deutschland (Labour in the new Germany) 68
Legien-Stinnes pact 76
‘Leipzig cartel’ 6
‘liberation’ of non-Russians 66
Lithuania 84
Livonia 60
lobbies 41
London Agreement (5 September 1914) 62–3
Longwy-Briey, ore-basin of 53
Lüdtke, Alf 20
Luther government 90
Lyncker, von, Chief of Military Cabinet 47
The Making of the English Working Class
Mansion House speech, of Lloyd George 48
Manstein, von, field marshal 73
manufacturing lobby. See BDI
Marx, Karl 17
Max, Prince of Baden 71
Mayer, Arno 11
Mein Kampf (My struggle) (Hitler) 70
Meinecke, Friedrich 88
methodology
of Kehr 13
of Lamprecht 13
of Rosenberg 13
military convention of 1892. See Franco-Russian rapprochement
Milward, Alan 9
miners’ strike (1880s) 46
minorities question 83
Miquel, Sammlungspolitik (consensus
policy) of 40
Mitteleuropa 2, 3, 4, 55–8 passim, 85
Mitteleuropäischer Wirtschaftstag (Central European economic association) 85
modernisation theory 17
Moltke, Helmuth von 5, 47, 53, 90, 94
short war, doctrine of 55
Mommsen, Hans 21
Montenegro 51
Moore, Barrington, Jr 1
Moses, John 7
Müller, von, admiral 52
Müller, Hermann (chancellor) 90, 91
Müller, Karl Alexander von (historian) 39
Mussolini, Benito 78
National Association of German Industry. See RDI
National Liberal Party 70
National Rural League. See RLB
Nationalist Party. See DNVP
Britain, arms race with 45
Navy League 42
Nazi Party
business and industry, relations with 80, 82
elections (November 1932) 81
founding of 69
Strasser programme 80
neo-Marxism 19
neo-mercantilism 57
Neurath, Konstantin von 93 ‘New Germany’ 65
‘new social history.’ See ‘grassroots social history’
North German Confederation 39 ‘
‘November criminals’ 72.
See also Jews; Social Democrats; ‘stab-in-the-back’ legend
NSDAP. See Nazi Party
Osten-Sacken, Nicolai 47
Osthilfe (help for the east) 79, 81
pact of 1933–4 92
Pan-German League 42, 48, 54, 59
Fatherland Party, similarities to 69
liberation of non-Russians 60
‘stab-in-the-back’ legend 72
Pan-Slavism 49
Papen, Franz von 79
club speech of (September 1932) 80
Hitler, relations with 81
labour movement and trade unions, relations with 80, 83
Social Democrats, relations with 42
tax cuts of 81
Paris, battles of (September 1914) 62
Pearl Harbor, attack on 95
People’s Party. See DVP
Plehn, Hans 44
Poland
declaration of war on 87
eastern Locarno pact with 83–4
‘frontier strip’ 60 ‘
‘polycracy of forces,’ Kaiserreich as 52
Posse, Karl 85
Poulantzas, Nicos 19
‘power structures.’ See elites ‘
‘preventive war’ thesis 50
primacy, of domestic politics. See domestic politics, primacy of Prolegomena to a Theory of Politics and to Other Theories (in German) (Riezler) 50
Prussia 69
‘Publicity and Public Instruction, Central Office for’ 71
race-war 95
Rathenau, Walther 57
raw materials industries 41
RDI (National Association of German Industry) 75
Four-Year Rearmament Plans 91, 93–4
Versailles Treaty 90
Rechtsstaat (constitutional state) 98
Reform Era 39
Reichstag elections
January 1912 5
Reupke, Hans 77
Reusch, Ruhr industrialist 76
Prolegomena to a Theory of Politics and to Other Theories (in German) 50
Ritter, Gerhard 10, 13, 88, 89
Ritter, Karl 85
RLB (National Rural League) 75
Roetger, industrialist 64
Rosenberg, Hans 13
Rosenburg, Arthur 88
Roth, Guenther 1 ‘Ruhr barons’ 76, 77
Ruhr miners’ strike (1905) 46
Russia
Bosnian annexation crisis 46–7
Brest-Litovsk, Peace of 60, 70, 71, 97
Britain, entente with (1907) 45
‘cultural bloc’ 61
Franco-Russian rapprochement 43
peace treaty with (1904) 57
Salomon, E. von 91
Sammlungspolitik (consensus politics) 17, 40
Sazonov, spokesman of St Petersburg
peace treaty 51
Schacht, Hjalmar 80
Schauwecker, writer of ‘soldierly
nationalism’ literature 91
Schieder, Theodor 14
Schleicher, Kurt von 79–82 passim, 92
Schlenker, Long-Name Association
Schlieffen–Moltke short-war doctrine 55, 94
Schmidt, G. 41
Schoenebeck, Delbrück’s assistant 58
Schumpeter, Josef 10
‘Second Punic War’ 62
‘September programme’ 56
Severing, interior minister 91
Silverberg, lignite industrialist 78
Skoropadsky, Ukrainian hetman 70
Magdeburg party congress of (1929) 83, 91
Reichstag elections (January 1912) 5, 48
‘stab-in-the-back’ legend 72
‘war party,’ relations with 47
‘soldierly nationalism,’ literature of 91
Somme, battle of 68
Sösemann, Bernd 8
Speer, Albert 95
Spencer, Herbert 10
Spengler, Oswald 91
Springorum, Ruhr industrialist 76
SS 92
‘stab-in-the-back’ legend 71–3
See also Jews; ‘war profiteers’ Social Democrat
Stahlhelm (steel helmet) 86, 87, 91
‘steel and rye’ alliance 40
steel producers’ association 41
Steiner, Zara 50
Stern, Fritz 33
‘stopgap measures, war of’ 66
Stresemann, Gustav 64, 83–4, 91
strikes 46
structural-functionalists. See Bielefeld School
Szögyény, Austro-Hungarian ambassador in Berlin 51
tariffs
Bülow tariff (1902) 40
customs tariff (1924–5) 75
Thimme, Friedrich 68
Bethmann Hollweg, conflict with 61–2
‘cultural bloc’ 61
Auxiliary Service Law 68
‘codetermination’ 78
Legien, leadership of 76
The Transformation of Virginia (Isaac) 19
Treitschke, historian 43
formation of 45
London Agreement (5 September 1914) 62–3
Troeltsch, Ernst 88
Tschirschky, von, German ambassador in Vienna 58
two-pillars thesis 92
‘Ukraine, League for the Liberation of the’ 59
Uniate Church 59
United Steelworks 75
Veblen, Thorstein 10
Verdun, battle of 68
Verein zur Wahrung der gemeinsamen wirtschaftlichen Interessen in Rheinland und Westfalen (Association for the protection of common economic interests in the Rhineland and Westphalia). See Long-Name Association Vernunftrepublikaner (republicans only by force of circumstances) 88
Vogler, Ruhr industrialist 76, 77
Wade-Gery, H. T. 1
Wandel, Lieutenant General of Prussian War Ministry 90
‘war council’ (8 December 1912) 49 ‘
‘war party’ 47
‘war profiteers’ 67.
See also Jews; ‘
‘stab-in-the-back’ legend
‘war socialism’ 67
Bielefeld School 16, 17, 19, 33
Bismarck und der Imperialismus 19
Das deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918 17
Wehrmacht 92
Wehrwirtschaft (war economy) 86
Weltpolitik (world politics) 4, 43, 44, 65
Westarp, chairman of German Nationalist People’s Party 77
Wiener, Martin 11
Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, Ulrich von 65–6
Wilhelm II
abdication and flight of 72, 73
‘war council’ (8 December 1912) 49
Wilson, Woodrow 74
Winnig, August 65
workers’ movement. See labour movement
‘Workers’ Party’ 69 ‘
world domination’ 71
as ‘campaign’ 95
as ‘preventive war’ 50
Blitzkrieg (lightning war) 94
Britain’s entry into 54
‘calculated risk’ thesis 50
Young Plan 86
ZAG (‘joint industrial alliance’) 76
Zedlitzsch-Trützsehler, von, Lord Chamberlain 47
Ziekusch, Johannes 88
Zimmerman, Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 51
Zunkel, F. 67