Listed in this Appendix are some of the disorders cats may acquire. Some are very common and others are rare, but being an alert, informed owner can make a big difference in how quickly symptoms get noticed and diagnosed and how fast a cat’s pain and suffering will be relieved. The problem could be minor or it could be life-threatening. Your familiarity with your cat and how he normally looks, acts, feels, or sounds enables you to suspect trouble when he just “isn’t his usual self.” Cats’ lives have been saved because of hunches like this.

The purpose of this book is neither to be a complete medical reference nor is it meant to replace the personalized care of your veterinarian. If you’d like to read in more detail about all the disorders that can affect cats, I urge you to add a veterinary medical reference book to your home library.

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DISORDERS

INTERNAL PARASITES

Tapeworms

These worms live in the intestines and are probably the most common of the internal parasites in adult cats.

Tapeworms require an intermediate host during the larval stage before transmission to the cat. Fleas are common tapeworm hosts and based on the cat’s fastidious grooming behavior, it’s very likely that at least one flea that is harboring immature tapeworms will be ingested.

Cats can also acquire tapeworms by eating raw meat or raw freshwater fish. Outdoor cats who routinely hunt can also be exposed through their prey.

The tapeworm attaches itself to the intestinal wall by way of suckers and hooks on the head. The body is comprised of segments, each one containing eggs. These segments break off and pass out of the body in the cat’s feces. The segments, which are about a ¼” in length, can wriggle by themselves when freshly separated from the worm. You may notice one or two moving segments clinging to the hair around your cat’s anus. As the segments dry, they resemble grains of rice. You may also find these tapeworm segments on your cat’s bedding.

The cat may also drag his hindquarters along the carpet or lick his anus frequently due to the itching.

If you notice tapeworm segments, the veterinarian will administer deworming medication specifically for tapeworms, either in oral or injectable form.

If there are tapeworms in your cat, most likely there are also fleas on your cat. Combine the deworming with a comprehensive flea control program to avoid a reappearance of the parasite. Even if you don’t see little tapeworm segments on the cat or in the environment, if he has a significant flea problem, there’s a chance that he also has tapeworms.

Roundworms

A common worm found in kittens and puppies. Roundworm larvae are transmitted to nursing kittens by way of the mother’s milk. Kittens with roundworms develop a characteristic pot belly appearance while the rest of the body remains thin.

Cats acquire roundworms by coming in contact with egg-contaminated soil, water, feces, or vomit. Roundworm eggs are very hard and can withstand unfriendly conditions in the soil for a long time, until an unsuspecting host comes along.

Roundworms, which grow from four to five inches long, live in the cat’s stomach and intestine. You may notice a roundworm in the cat’s feces or in vomitus. Roundworms resemble spaghetti (not a pleasant comparison, I know, but it’s unfortunately accurate). Symptoms include weight loss, diarrhea, vomiting, pot belly, lethargy, and coughing (coughing occurs when the worms have reached the cat’s lungs).

Treatment: deworming medication is given to kill mature worms and larvae. Your veterinarian will also recommend a follow-up visit so the cat’s feces can be rechecked to ensure all worms and larvae have been completely killed.

Roundworms are rare in adult cats.

If you’ve adopted a stray cat, in addition to having him tested for diseases and vaccinated, he should also be checked for worms.

Hookworms

These thin worms attach to the intestinal wall to feed. Hookworms are relatively small, ranging in length from ¼–½”.

Transmission occurs through contact with feces or soil containing the larvae. Hookworms are shed through feces and end up contaminating soil or litter. They can then enter another cat’s body through the paws as the animal steps on the contaminated soil or litter. Transmission to kittens can occur through nursing contaminated milk from the mother. For kittens, hookworms can be potentially fatal. Transmission doesn’t occur in utero. Signs of hookworm can include: diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, weakness, pale nostrils, and pale lips. Hookworm infection can lead to anemia with continual loss of blood from the intestine.

Heartworm

Heartworm is a disease more commonly associated with dogs. Even though it’s not as common in cats, it’s important to keep your cat protected. Heartworm prevention in cats hasn’t received the attention and awareness needed to alert owners to the danger.

Heartworm is spread by mosquitoes carrying the larvae. Once the mosquito bites the cat, it injects the larvae from its saliva. When the larvae mature into worms, they move through the circulatory system and eventually travel to the heart or lungs. Because of a cat’s small size, the presence of just a few worms is considered a heavy infection and therefore life-threatening.

Signs of heartworm can include: vomiting and coughing. As the disease progresses, it leads to breathing difficulty. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests, urinalysis, X-ray, and ECG. It can be easily misdiagnosed as asthma during a routine exam.

Prevention is the key since there is no medication to kill adult heartworms (usually surgery is the only option).

There are heartworm preventatives that can be administered. Discuss these options with your veterinarian. If your cat goes outdoors and you live in a high-risk area, which is any climate where a mosquito might fly by, it’s a good idea to protect your cat. Cats living in warm climates may need to remain on a heartworm preventative year-round. In colder climates the preventative should be given just before the start of mosquito season and continue until the season is well over. Your veterinarian will advise you on whether your cat should remain on a preventative year-round.

Treatment for a heartworm-positive cat is decided on a case-by-case basis. Prednisone may be given. In acute cases, a cat in shock will need to be stabilized using oxygen, IV fluids, bronchodilators, and IV steroids.

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis can cause birth defects in humans by infecting the fetus, and as such should be a concern for pregnant women. If you’re pregnant or suspect that you might be, another family member should take over litter box responsibilities. Refer to Chapter 8 for specific instructions.

TIPS FOR PREVENTING TOXOPLASMOSIS

• Take care of any fly problems, because they can carry egg spores from infected feces and contaminate food.

• Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat.

• Don’t use the same cutting board to cut vegetables that you also use to prepare raw meat.

• Bleach cutting boards and clean all work surfaces with disinfectants.

• Wash your hands often! Wash them immediately after handling raw meat, cleaning the litter box, or gardening. Instruct children on handwashing importance.

• Immediately remove feces from litter box. Sift the litter at least twice a day and completely change the litter and disinfect the box once a week (for more on litter box cleaning, refer to Chapter 8).

• Keep your backyard sandbox covered and don’t allow children to play in public sandboxes or in any friend’s sandboxes that are left exposed. Stray cats may have used them for defecation.

• Wash homegrown vegetables because outdoor cats may have used the soil in the garden.

• Pregnant women and those with suppressed immune systems shouldn’t do litter box duties; if it is unavoidable, disposable gloves and a face mask should be worn.

• Wear gloves whenever you do any outside work.

• Keep your cat indoors because he can easily become infected from other cats as well as from digging in contaminated soil.

Caused by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis is acquired by cats ingesting infected prey or coming in contact with contaminated soil. For cats, contaminated soil is dangerous because of their fastidious grooming habits. Paws that touch the soil eventually get licked by the cat’s tongue.

People are at risk of acquiring toxoplasmosis by eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the parasite. People who use the same cutting board to prepare raw meat and raw vegetables are putting themselves at great risk.

Cats can carry the parasite and remain asymptomatic. If symptoms are present they may include: fever, poor appetite, vomiting, weight loss, cough, lethargy, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes, and irregular breathing. Asymptomatic cats can still shed the disease through their feces.

Tests can indicate whether your cat has been exposed to the parasite. The presence of oocysts (egg spores) in the feces means that the cat is shedding infective organisms.

Note: It takes forty-eight hours for the oocysts to become infective once the cat has defecated. Promptly removing stools from the litter box will greatly reduce the risk of infection. If you’re pregnant and must handle litter box duties yourself, invest in a box of disposable gloves and be certain to wash your hands immediately afterward. You should also wear gardening gloves whenever working outdoors.

If you test your cat and find that he hasn’t been exposed to the organism and also hasn’t built up an immunity, keep him indoors for the duration of your pregnancy (and hopefully, thereafter as well). That way, everybody stays safe.

Treatment involves antibiotic therapy. In some cases the cat may need to be hospitalized and receive IV fluid therapy.

Coccidia

A highly contagious intestinal parasite that mostly affects kittens, coccidia can attack adult cats as well. Transmission occurs through contact with contaminated feces. Signs of infection include: weight loss, dehydration, vomiting, and mucous-coated diarrhea. The diarrhea often contains blood as the infection progresses. If untreated, the cat develops a fever and is at high risk of dehydration.

Stressful situations such as malnutrition, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions can cause a lowered resistance to coccidiosis. Cats can be reinfected by coming into contact with their own feces, so keeping the litter box very clean is important. Diagnosis is based on microscopic examination of a stool sample.

Treatment involves the use of sulfa-based drugs. Controlling the diarrhea as well as coccidiosis is important to prevent dangerous dehydration. Treatment is usually as an outpatient but if the cat is very dehydrated or weak he may need to be hospitalized. A follow-up fecal exam is needed after treatment to ensure the parasite has been eliminated.

SIGNS OF SKIN AND COAT PROBLEMS

• pimples or pustules

• rash

• excessive shedding

• appearance of black or white specks in the fur

• appearance of anything that looks like insects

• lumps

• lesions

• change in skin color

• dandruff

Giardia

This is a protozoan parasite that lives in the cat’s small intestine. The cyst stage of giardia gets carried out of the body in the cat’s feces, making it infective to any animal that comes in contact with the stool. Beside oral contact with infected feces, giardia can be transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water.

A cat may not show active symptoms of giardiasis but can still shed infective organisms. Signs of giardiasis include: diarrhea that is often yellow in color.

Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of a stool sample and treatment includes antibiotics.

SKIN DISORDERS

A cat’s skin is very sensitive and can be more prone to allergic reactions and injury than ours. Skin problems can show up at any stage in life, and often a condition stays hidden from the owner until a loss of hair or overgrooming by the cat is observed. Disorders can range from parasitism, allergies, stress, nutritional imbalances, bacterial infection, injury, burns, exposure to chemicals or temperature extremes, tumors, and the list goes on.

Regular grooming, control of parasites such as fleas, routine checking by the owners, and prompt veterinary treatment when needed will help keep the largest organ of your cat’s body in good shape.

EXTERNAL PARASITES

Fleas and Ticks

These common little pests earned a chapter all their own. Refer to Chapter 13.

Lice

Lice are rarely found on cats. When infestation does occur, it’s usually seen in malnourished, debilitated cats living in unsanitary conditions.

Lice appear as pale-colored wingless insects. Their eggs, called nits, become attached to hairs. The nits look similar to dandruff, only they aren’t easily brushed away. Nits resemble white sand.

Mats on the cat’s coat should be clipped away because lice are commonly found beneath them. They can also be found around the ears, head, neck, and genitals.

Treatment includes bathing the cat, followed by an insecticidal dip used for fleas. Note: Because a louse-infected cat is probably very debilitated, extreme caution must be used when deciding an appropriate treatment. Consult your veterinarian before treating an infested cat.

Treatment for the environment consists of vacuuming, washing all pet bedding, and thoroughly cleaning all areas where the cat has been.

Maggots and Flies

Botflies lay their eggs in grass where the hatched maggots end up on the animal’s fur. They work their way into an orifice and then travel through the cat to end up under the skin.

Symptoms include nodules under the skin (with tiny breathing holes for the maggots), and also may include eye lesions (due to larvae actually in the eye), coughing, fever, difficulty breathing, blindness, and dizziness.

Treatment by your veterinarian involves prescribing a parasite-killing medication, clipping the soiled hair, and if a nodule is present (called a warble), the veterinarian will remove the maggot and cleanse the infected area.

Adult flies lay their eggs near rodent or rabbit burrows. Cats who come in contact with the infested grasses are then at risk of becoming unexpected hosts. Kittens can become infected by coming in contact with the mother’s fur.

Prevention: stay on top of parasite control by administering the monthly heartworm, flea, and tick preventatives.

Mites

Resembling spiders, but microscopic in size, mites live on the skin of the cat. The mange caused by the various types of mites can range from patches of hair loss to sores that develop secondary infections.

Skin Allergies

An allergic reaction, also called a hypersensitivity, can be a result of exposure to certain substances through the lungs (such as dust or pollen). There are also food allergies that result from eating a particular food that causes a hypersensitive reaction in the digestive tract. Substances absorbed through the skin can cause allergic reactions (such as flea shampoos or sprays). Insect bites and stings can also cause hypersensitivity. Certain medicines and even vaccines can result in an allergic reaction.

Cats tend to have more skin and intestinal tract allergies than humans. We have more difficulty with allergies affecting our air passages.

Flea-Bite Hypersensitivity

This is the most common hypersensitivity in cats. It may only take one flea to cause a reaction resulting in severe itching, patchy hair loss, raw skin, and even infection. Cats who experience flea-bite hypersensitivity are allergic to an allergen in the flea’s saliva. When a flea bites the cat, a small amount of saliva is introduced under the skin.

In severe cases, the cat may need antibiotics to treat infection. In some cases, oral or injectable cortisone is used to relieve the itching reaction to allow the sores time to heal. Antihistamines may also be given.

For cats with flea allergy dermatitis, the topical flea-control products are extremely helpful, because many of the fleas won’t even get the chance to bite the cat.

The most effective treatment is diligent maintenance of your cat’s environment to eliminate fleas, along with keeping up with appropriate flea control on all cats and dogs in your family.

Contact Hypersensitivity

The result of coming in direct contact with a substance or chemical, contact hypersensitivity can even be caused by the use of a plastic food bowl. The areas on the cat most likely to be affected are where hair is the thinnest, such as the abdomen, ears, nose, chin, and paw pads.

Symptoms include hair loss, inflamed skin, itchiness, and small bumps.

Flea-control products (such as shampoos, sprays, or powders) can cause all-over allergic skin reactions. Reactions to the insecticide in flea collars can affect the skin around the neck.

Treatment involves identification of allergen and avoidance of further exposure, if possible. Bathing is important if the allergen is still present. Oral or topical corticosteroids may be prescribed to relieve itching but limited or nonexposure to the allergen is the best therapy.

Inhalant Allergy

This is caused by inhalation of allergens such as house dust, pollen, animal dander, and mold spores. Depending on the allergen, reactions may or may not occur seasonally and can vary in symptoms.

Signs can include dermatitis, itching around the face and neck, and itchy lesions on the head that cause hair loss.

Diagnosis is made through intradermal skin testing.

The best treatment is, of course, elimination of the allergen. Antihistamines or corticosteroids may be administered. Your veterinarian will want to recheck your cat every few weeks to evaluate the effectiveness of prescribed treatment.

Food Hypersensitivity

A cat can become allergic to certain foods despite the fact that he may have eaten that particular food for years. Common food allergens include beef, pork, dairy, fish, wheat, and corn.

Symptoms can include: an itchy rash around the head, hair loss, and possible skin sores due to scratching. Common food allergic reactions include gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting, diarrhea, audible stomach sounds, and excessive gas.

Your veterinarian will do a thorough exam in order to rule out nonfood related causes.

Treatment consists of long-term hypoallergenic dietary management. This will also mean that treats containing possible allergens will have to be eliminated from the diet as well.

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Ringworm

Despite the name, ringworm is not a worm but a fungal disease. One of the most common skin problems of cats, ringworm invades the hair follicle. The name ringworm comes from the appearance of the skin lesion. A red ring outlines a circular patch of scaly skin and broken-off hairs. Very often on cats, the lesions will appear as crusty skin with patchy hair loss that resembles stubble. Ringworm can be found anywhere on the body but is seen most frequently on the ears, face, and tail.

Transmission occurs by contact with the organism in soil or through contact with another infected animal. It can also be transmitted by contact with the infected hairs of an animal, for example, the hairs on a pet’s bedding. Sources of transmission can be a boarding kennel, grooming facility, or anywhere a contaminated animal may have been. Ringworm is highly contagious and can be transmitted to humans. Spores can survive in the environment for over a year. Most adult cats with a healthy immune system will have some degree of resistance to ringworm. Young cats or those with suppressed immune systems are most at risk.

Diagnosis of ringworm is done via a fungal culture and microscopic examination of hair.

Treatment involves antifungal medication.

Treating the environment is essential to stop the spread of ringworm. Discard pet bedding or wash in bleach, and disinfect all grooming supplies and plastic carriers. A thorough vacuuming of the home should be done right away and repeated twice weekly to remove infected pet hairs. Thoroughly clean all areas that the cat frequents and use diluted bleach to clean the litter box, countertops, and nonwood floors.

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Abscesses

An abscess is a localized pus-filled pocket of infection in the skin. Unfortunately, abscesses are common occurrences in the cat world due to the bites and scratches resulting from fights. If you have an outdoor cat (especially a male), there’s an excellent chance that at some point he’ll develop an abscess. Actually, you’ll be lucky if he develops only one in his life. Realistically, you’ll probably be making numerous trips to the veterinarian for treatment of several abscesses over the course of your outdoor cat’s lifetime.

The inside of a cat’s mouth is a breeding ground for all kinds of ugly bacteria. What happens is that a puncture wound caused by sharp teeth or claws quickly seals over on the surface, trapping the bacteria beneath. All too often, your outdoor cat will come home and you won’t even know that he has been in a fight because the puncture wound is small and disguised by fur. What’s happening under his skin, though, is that his immune system is working to fend off the bacteria. It isn’t until you notice a painful lump on your cat or the skin feels hot that you become aware of a problem. You may even see your cat limping. Sometimes the abscess ruptures and drains a white or reddish pus accompanied by an odor.

Abscesses can occur anywhere on the body, but they’re most often located around the face, neck, legs, and the base of the tail. The face, neck, and legs are prime targets for an opponent during a fight. The base of the tail may get tagged by the attacker’s claw or tooth as the victim attempts retreat.

For abscesses that haven’t drained, in addition to giving antibiotics, the veterinarian will lance it to allow the pus to escape. Some abscesses require surgery so a drain can be inserted. The drain allows the pus to drip out. The wound is also periodically flushed with an antiseptic solution to keep it open and clean. The goal is to have the wound heal from the inside out so the same problem doesn’t recur with skin sealing in the bacteria. The drain is later removed by the doctor (although in some cases, an impatient cat does it for himself).

Neutering your cat isn’t a guarantee that he won’t get in any more fights, but there’s an excellent chance that the frequency will be lessened. Neutering reduces his inclination to roam, thus limiting his exposure to other male cats.

If you notice any puncture wounds, feel a lump, or sense a hot area on the skin get medical care immediately. The sooner a cat-fight wound is treated, the better. It could save your cat a tremendous amount of pain and avoid a lengthy recovery time.

If you have an outdoor cat whom you suspect comes in contact with other cats or who is known for fighting, check him over every day to be sure there are no wounds. Even though cats are notorious groomers, if you see your cat licking one particular area repeatedly, it could be that he’s nursing a fight wound. Another sign might be when your normally affectionate cat suddenly cries or becomes agitated when you touch a certain part of his body.

Feline Acne

A fairly common skin condition, acne appears as tiny blackheads, crusts, or pimples on the chin after hair follicles become clogged. In more severe cases, the pimples drain pus, and the chin and bottom lip become swollen. The cause of acne is believed to be lack of grooming to the chin so dirt and oil accumulate. Cats who eat from plastic bowls may also be more prone to this condition due to the fact that plastic is more difficult to keep as clean as ceramic, glass, or stainless steel. Sleeping on the hard ground may also contribute to the development of acne.

Mild feline acne, where there are just blackheads, can be treated by gentle cleansing with a warm washcloth and a little medicated shampoo. Scrubbing can worsen the condition, so care must be taken to not clean too vigorously. Antibiotics may also be prescribed.

Some cats get recurring acne, so a routine cleansing schedule will need to be followed.

Stud Tail

Caused by overproduction of sebaceous glands in the tail, this condition is seen mostly in intact males.

With this disorder, the tail appears dirty and greasy. There is also an accompanying odor. As you look closely you’ll see the skin near the base of the tail covered in brown waxy debris. Dirt and dust are easily attracted to the oily part of the tail. In more serious cases, the hair follicles get inflamed and the condition becomes painful to the cat.

Treatment for stud tail involves washing the tail in a medically prescribed shampoo on a regular basis. Antibiotics or even surgery may be required if there’s inflammation. Neutering the intact cat is also recommended.

Folliculitis

This inflammation of the hair follicles can occur on its own or be the result of another condition, such as feline acne or flea-bite hypersensitivity.

A deeper and more severe condition involving the hair follicles is called furunculosis. Veterinary treatment includes cleansing and then administering topical and oral antibiotics.

Impetigo

Occurring in newborn kittens, impetico results in pustules and crusts developing on the skin. It’s believed to be caused by the mother’s mouth as she repeatedly moves her kittens.

Antibiotic treatment is administered for about a week.

Alopecia

Alopecia means baldness and can be complete or partial. There are many causes of alopecia.

Excessive grooming due to a behavior problem can cause baldness. This condition is known as psychogenic alopecia and is a displacement activity that causes a stressed cat to overgroom.

SIGNS OF RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS

• coughing

• sneezing

• wheezing

• noisy or moist-sounding breathing

• labored breathing

• rapid breathing

• shallow breathing

• open-mouth breathing

• panting

• discharge from eyes and/or nose

• excessive meowing or crying

• loss of voice

• pale or bluish mucous membranes

• hunched posture

• head held in an extended position

Alopecia can also result from a hypersensitivity reaction (for instance, fleas or other parasites), infections, or nutritional deficiencies.

Feline symmetrical alopecia (named for its symmetrical pattern on each side of the body) is usually seen on the abdomen, flank, and thighs. Causes of feline symmetrical alopecia can be food sensitivity, parasites, fungal infection, and bacterial infection. Another very common cause is hyperthyroidism. One of the first signs of an overactive thyroid gland is symmetrical hair loss on the cat.

Diagnosis will be based on varying tests to rule out allergies, infection, parasites, thyroid problems, etc. The veterinarian will also closely examine the hair to determine if the hair loss is due to overgrooming (hairs will be broken off). The physical exam and tests will also rule out parasites.

Treatment of alopecia is based on the underlying cause. Cats with psychogenic alopecia usually respond well to behavioral therapy in conjunction with antianxiety medication.

RODENT ULCER

This is not a condition caused by rodents. The rodent ulcer lesions can develop in cats of all ages. They’re found most often on the upper lip but occasionally are seen on the lower lip as well. The lesions appear as thick ulcerated areas that don’t necessarily cause itching or pain.

Rodent ulcer lesions can potentially be precancerous. They start out as shiny pink lesions. As they advance, they become deeper in color and ulcerate.

Prompt veterinary care is required. If caught early, treatment involves the use of oral or injectable cortisone and antibiotics. In cases that don’t respond to cortisone, surgery may be necessary.

The cause of rodent ulcer is not definitely known and may be allergy-related.

SOLAR DERMATITIS

A chronic inflammation of the skin due to repeated exposure to ultraviolet (sun) light, solar dermatitis occurs in white cats. Symptoms include redness of the skin, scaly, crusty skin, or lesions (especially on the ear flaps). Solar dermatitis can develop into cancer if not treated.

Treatment depends on the specifics of the case. Medication may be prescribed for mild cases but for severe solar dermatitis, surgery may be needed. Damaged ear flaps may require surgery.

Keeping your cat indoors during the strongest hours of sunlight is the best way to avoid the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays. Cats who love to lounge in the sun for long periods are especially at risk.

Your veterinarian may recommend the use of a sunblock to cover areas such as the ears. Don’t apply one without consulting your veterinarian first because you need to make certain it’ll be safe if ingested.

CYSTS, TUMORS, AND GROWTHS

Any lump found on your cat should be immediately checked by the veterinarian. Don’t assume that a bump under the skin is benign (noncancerous) just because it doesn’t seem to be bothering your cat.

Tumors can occur anywhere on the cat’s body, from the head to between the toes.

Cancerous tumors are discussed under “Cancer” in this chapter.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS

Upper respiratory infections can range from being similar to what would be a mild cold in humans to a life-threatening condition. Many of the initial symptoms are so similar (such as sneezing, nasal discharge, runny eyes) that you might postpone taking the cat to the veterinarian, thinking it’s just a case of the sniffles. Don’t play “wait and see” with any suspected upper respiratory infection.

Asthma

A cat with chronic asthma may have a dry, hacking cough and wheeze a lot. He often sounds as if he’s gagging. This is sometimes misinterpreted by owners who assume the cat is just coughing up a hair ball. As he struggles to breathe, you may notice he sits with his head extended, trying to take in enough air. In acute cases, the cat may go into respiratory distress as he fights for oxygen.

Asthma can be aggravated by exposure to dust, pollen, grass, litter dust, cigarette smoke, flea sprays, hair sprays, perfume, cleaning sprays and deodorizers, and air/carpet fresheners.

Immediate veterinary treatment is needed. Oxygen therapy may have to be administered along with a bronchodilator. Acute asthma is a very scary thing for a cat (just as it is for humans), so his stress level will be elevated. Try to use minimal restraint as you transport him to the veterinary hospital. Stress can be a deadly accomplice to an asthma attack.

For chronic asthma, medication will be prescribed. Avoidance of the irritant (if known) is crucial. Many times the specific irritant that triggers attacks is difficult to pinpoint. You can reduce the chances of an attack by using dust-free litter, avoiding household sprays and carpet cleaners, hair sprays, air fresheners, and other common allergens. Cigarette smoke is also something to be avoided, so if you smoke in your home, it is aggravating your cat’s condition.

With chronic asthma, be prepared for a life-long maintenance commitment.

Upper RespiratoryInfection

Cats generally become infected through direct contact with another cat. Signs may include: conjunctivitis, sneezing, discharge from nose and eyes, and you may notice open-mouth breathing. The discharge may change from clear to yellowish green as infection worsens.

Chronic upper respiratory infections can be especially hazardous for short-nosed breeds such as Persians and Himalayans.

Upper respiratory infection is really a broad term. There are two main viral groups that produce most of the upper respiratory infections in cats—the calicivirus group and the herpes virus group. In addition to the viral component, secondary bacterial infections can also occur.

Treatment involves medications to relieve symptoms and administration of antibiotics. It’s important to make sure the cat continues to eat and drink, since very often his decreased sense of smell can cause appetite decline. If the cat is dehydrated due to the fact that he’s not eating or drinking, fluid therapy will be administered either intravenously or subcutaneously.

Pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia is a lung inflammation and infection that can be a secondary condition to a respiratory illness when the weakened immune system can’t fight off the bacteria. Aspiration pneumonia can be a result of aspirating mucous, fluids, food, or medication. Aspiration can occur during force-feeding, vomiting, seizures, or while the cat is under anesthesia. This is where you must be very careful when you medicate your cat with a liquid or are instructed to force-feed. Cats are very susceptible to aspiration pneumonia. Be sure you get detailed instructions from your veterinarian to avoid aspiration pneumonia.

Symptoms of pneumonia can include: noisy, wet-sounding breathing, fever, coughing, lethargy, and respiratory distress of varying degrees. Diagnosis for pneumonia is made through examination, radiographs, and lab tests. Treatment is based on the primary cause. Antibiotics will be prescribed.

Bacterial pneumonia is more common in dogs than cats.

Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary edema refers to fluid in the actual tissues of the lungs. This is a secondary condition that can result from asthma, pneumonia, cardiomyopathy, obstruction, exposure to toxins, injury to the chest, or poisoning. It can also occur as a result of an electric shock or a severe allergic reaction. Signs can include: breathing difficulty, wheezing, coughing, rales (crackly lung sounds), and open-mouth breathing.

Veterinary treatment is immediately needed. Once the diagnosis is made, oxygen therapy is used. Diuretics are also administered to pull the excess fluid out of the lungs. Further treatment depends on the primary cause.

Pleural Effusion

This is fluid accumulation in the chest surrounding the lungs, making breathing difficult due to the inability of the lungs to expand properly.

The fluid accumulation can be due to disease such as the wet form of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), which causes a buildup of thick, sticky pus in the chest. Other causes of fluid can include heart failure, liver disease, tumors, or heartworms.

Signs include: breathing difficulty and open-mouth breathing, coughing, loss of appetite, and no energy. The cat may be unable to lie down and remain seated with his head far forward in an attempt to gasp air. As breathing becomes more difficult, the cat’s lips and gums may turn gray or blue, indicating oxygen deprivation.

Causes can include heartworms, chest trauma, heart failure, infection, overhydration, and liver disease.

Emergency veterinary attention is needed. The fluid will be drained from the chest cavity by way of aspiration. Further treatment depends on the primary cause, but the prognosis is often not very optimistic.

Pneumothorax

Air in the chest cavity can be the result of a blow to the chest. This can happen when a cat falls from a tree or window, or sustains an open chest injury (as a result of a blow from an object or from being hit by a car). It can also occur in some chronic lung diseases. Air leaks from the lungs into the chest. This creates less room for the lungs to sufficiently expand, causing respiratory distress.

Signs of pneumothorax begin as shallow, rapid breathing. As the condition worsens the cat begins abdominal breathing and mucous membranes turn blue. Emergency procedures by your veterinarian are needed to remove the accumulated air in the chest and then treat any injury.

One way to prevent pneumothorax is to keep your cat indoors to eliminate chances of falls from trees or being hit by automobiles.

URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS

Lower Urinary Tract Diseases

Lower urinary tract refers to the bladder and urethra. The bladder is the sac that holds the urine. The urethra is the tube extending from the bladder in which the urine travels to exit the body. LUTD (lower urinary tract disease) is actually a broad term, covering various urinary diseases.

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

FLUTD is a general description that refers to problems connected with the lower urinary tract, including cystitis and obstructions (stones or plugs).

SIGNS OF URINARY PROBLEMS

• increased or decreased urination

• voiding outside of litter box

• frequent trips to the litter box

• crying or straining upon urination

• voiding only small amounts of urine

• inability to urinate

• blood in urine

• change in urine color

• change in urine odor

• incontinence

• frequent licking of penis or vulva

• ammonia odor to the breath

• vomiting

• excessive meowing or crying

FLUTD can occur at any age. Both male and female cats are affected, though the long narrow urethra in the male cat increases the chances of urinary obstruction.

Many of my clients have reported that the only way they knew that their cats were experiencing urinary problems was because they were urinating in the bathtubs or in sinks. Blood-tinged urine was visible against the light-colored tubs. Those owners were very lucky that their cats gave them such definite signs. You may not be so lucky and that’s why it’s important to be very familiar with your cat’s normal litter box habits.

One cause of obstructions with FLUTD is the development of uroliths (crystals that harden to stones) in the urinary tract. For many years, the majority of crystals that developed were struvite (comprised of magnesium ammonium phosphate). The urine pH is claimed to influence the formation of these crystals. Pet food companies responded by creating diets that maintain a more acidic urine pH, thereby limiting the amount of magnesium which helped in controlling the formation of struvite crystals. Unfortunately, though, the acidic urine that helps prevent struvite crystals may contribute to other problems. For instance, a diet that promotes an acidic urine wouldn’t be indicated for a cat with calcium oxalate crystals that are now being diagnosed with increasing frequency. Therefore, it’s important that each case be individually diagnosed by your veterinarian. Don’t assume that one of your cats has the same urinary problem as the other just because of similar symptoms.

Male cats are more predisposed to developing a urethral plug. This soft, sandy material, composed of crystal fragments and mucous, accumulates in the urethra. If not treated, this material will actually “plug” the opening of the penis. The cat then becomes blocked as urine continues to build up in the bladder. THIS IS AN EMERGENCY, AND DEATH WILL RESULT IF NOT IMMEDIATELY TREATED. On appearance, your cat may repeatedly lick his penis. You may also be able to feel his distended abdomen. Lethargy and dehydration will soon result. Don’t delay in getting veterinary help. This blockage can cause death within a few hours. Don’t assume the cat is constipated and waste valuable time attempting to administer a laxative.

Treatment involves first relieving the bladder. The veterinarian may insert a needle through the skin and into the bladder to withdraw the urine into a syringe. Sometimes a plug can manually be removed under mild anesthesia. In most cases, a catheter is then inserted temporarily to keep the urethra open and free of obstruction. Recurrent cases sometimes require a surgery called perineal urethrostomy. The narrow part of the urethra (at the penis) is removed and a wider opening is created. This surgery isn’t always successful and is considered a last resort. The use of prescription diets has greatly reduced the need for this surgery.

Long-term treatment for FLUTD involves dietary management with a specific prescription food, based on the individual condition. Make sure the cat’s water intake is adequate and don’t let him become obese. Exercise is also important. Stress may additionally play a role in recurrences, so keep an eye on changes in the environment that could cause your cat to worry.

Providing clean, easily accessible litter boxes is essential to helping prevent FLUTD. If the box is too dirty or too difficult to get to the cat may void too infrequently. This can predispose him to FLUTD.

Preventing FLUTD

• Feed your cat a high-quality, premium diet. If your veterinarian prescribes a specific diet for your cat, stay on it and don’t supplement with table scraps.

• Provide an adequate number of easily accessible litter boxes.

• Keep the litter boxes clean.

• Supply fresh, clean water. Wash the bowl every day before refilling. If your cat eats dry food exclusively, monitor his water intake to make sure he’s getting enough.

• Encourage exercise through interactive play.

• Limit the cat’s exposure to stress.

• Monitor litter box habits on a daily basis, so you’ll be familiar with each cat’s routine.

• Take the cat to the veterinarian at the first sign of potential urinary problems.

Incontinence

Various diseases can cause incontinence (involuntary voiding of urine). Injuries to the spinal cord can also result in the inability to control the bladder muscle.

Treatment is based on the underlying cause. Drug therapy is sometimes helpful in regaining bladder control.

Kidney Disease

The upper urinary tract refers to the kidneys and the ureters, which are the two tubes that lead from the kidneys to the bladder. One of the jobs of the kidneys is to filter the blood, removing wastes. Without this function, wastes would build up in the body to a toxic level.

Since the kidneys are the filtration system for the blood, infections, diseases, and poisons can adversely affect and damage the kidneys themselves.

With reduced kidney function, no matter what the cause, fluid therapy is administered to replace lost electrolytes, correct dehydration, and serve the function of dialysis. Dietary changes are also recommended. The prescription diet will be lower in protein and phosphorus, which reduces the workload on the kidneys.

SIGNS OF POTENTIAL KIDNEY PROBLEMS

• increase or decrease in normal water consumption

• increase or decrease in normal urine output

• sensitivity or pain in back, near kidney (cat may have a hunched posture)

• weight loss and anorexia

• tongue discoloration

• mouth ulcers

Kidney Failure

The filtering components of the kidneys are called nephrons. There are thousands and thousands of these. When a large amount of nephrons become damaged or destroyed, it results in renal (kidney) failure.

Kidney failure can be acute, resulting from such things as poisoning, trauma, or blockage in the lower urinary tract.

Kidney failure can also be chronic and occurs due to disease (such as feline infectious peritonitis or feline leukemia), infection, hypertension, age, prolonged exposure to toxins, cancer, or long-term use of certain medications.

A cat is in chronic renal failure when about 70 percent of the kidney has been destroyed. Usually, the first visible sign that the cat is in kidney failure is increased urination. There will also be an increase in water consumption. Accidents outside of the litter box may occur due to the increased volume of urine produced. Chronic renal failure can cause anemia.

Many cats in chronic renal failure also become hypertensive. Routine blood pressure readings should be done.

As the kidneys continue to deteriorate, waste products that are no longer able to be filtered out remain in the bloodstream and in the body’s tissues. This is called uremia. If left untreated, the cat will go into a coma and die of uremic poisoning.

In chronic cases, fluid therapy is used to restore electrolyte (mineral) balance. A therapeutic diet will be prescribed to slow the progression of the deterioration. This prescription diet will reduce the workload on the kidneys. A cat in kidney failure always needs fresh, clean water available. A cat who fails to eat or drink enough water will have to be hospitalized and rehydrated by intravenous fluid therapy. In some cases, ongoing subcutaneous fluid therapy is needed at home and your veterinarian will instruct you on how to do this.

Symptoms may include: vomiting, increased thirst, depression, constipation, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, blood in urine, and increased urination.

Treatment for acute kidney failure involves trying to reverse damage before it permanently destroys the kidney tissues.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

Vomiting

Vomiting is almost always included in a list of symptoms for just about every disease or disorder.

Due to their self-grooming behavior, cats often vomit as a result of swallowing hair. There are commercial hair-ball-prevention products that should be given to the cat who routinely vomits hair or who grooms very often. Long-haired cats should regularly be given the hair-ball prevention.

SIGNS OF DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS

• diarrhea

• constipation

• changes in appearance of stool

• blood in stool

• weight gain or loss

• change in appetite

• change in water consumption

• swallowing difficulty

• flatulence

• change in hair coat appearance

• halitosis

• appearances of worms in vomitus or feces

• excessive meowing or crying

Another common cause of vomiting is due to eating too fast or too much. In multicat households, competitive eating may develop where one cat tries to eat not only his own food but that of his companion cats’ as well. This can be addressed by either feeding the cats in separate locations, training them to eat out of their own bowls (by now you know that cats can be trained), or by leaving food-dispensing puzzle toys out for cats to enjoy throughout the day. Provided none of the cats are overweight you can also leave some dry food out for free-choice feeding.

Cats who nibble on grass or chew on houseplants will usually vomit shortly thereafter. Nibbling on grass is safe, but chewing on houseplants is very dangerous since many are poisonous to cats. For more on this, refer to the section on poisoning in this appendix or “Emergencies and First Aid” in Chapter 18.

Motion sickness can cause vomiting. Often, withholding food before traveling will prevent stomach upset. It’s also important to get the cat used to travel by making short trips around the block at first to build up the cat’s tolerance for travel. If the cat still has motion sickness, ask your veterinarian about the use of medications.

If your cat has an occasional episode of vomiting but he otherwise seems healthy and normal, with no other behavior changes, it may just be a mild stomach upset. If he vomits more than one time during that day or evening, withhold food and water for twelve hours in order to give his stomach a rest. Contact your veterinarian for specific instructions on whether this is indicated in your cat’s case.

What and how a cat vomits can provide possible clues as to the cause. For instance:

Vomiting a foreign object. This is serious because you don’t know what damage has already occurred and if any part of the object is still somewhere in the digestive tract. Because of the backward-facing barbs on a cat’s tongue, foreign objects that he may lick or chew are often doomed to be ingested. String, ribbon, rubber bands, and yarn are especially difficult for a cat to avoid swallowing. Anytime a foreign object is vomited, consult your veterinarian because a radiograph may need to be taken in order to be sure no damage or blockage has occurred.

Vomiting worms. Roundworms (they resemble spaghetti) may be vomited if the infestation is serious. Virtually all kittens have roundworms, and so you may see one in the vomitus. Your veterinarian will need to deworm your cat.

Vomiting feces. This could indicate an obstruction or injury. Immediate medical attention is required.

Projective vomiting. Possible causes include obstruction or tumor. Get immediate veterinary attention.

Vomiting several times per week. If no hair balls are present and the vomiting isn’t related to meals, kidney or liver disease could be the cause. Vomiting also occurs with inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and chronic gastritis.

Your veterinarian needs to do a complete exam, including blood tests and radiographs.

Obviously, if the cat shows any signs of illness, vomits up anything suspicious, or there’s blood or feces in the vomitus, immediate medical attention is required.

Gastritis

This inflammation of the stomach lining can be caused by any number of irritants. Acute gastritis may be the result of ingesting a poison, spoiled food, plants, or a medication that irritates the stomach lining. Vomiting is the most common sign of gastritis. The cat may also have diarrhea.

Treatment involves identifying the irritant. If the cat has ingested a poison, contact your veterinarian or emergency animal hospital immediately (refer to the section on poisoning in this appendix).

Chronic gastritis can be the result of long-term drug therapy, chronic hair balls, or ingestion of foreign objects. Chronic gastritis can also be secondary to another underlying disorder such as pancreatitis, renal failure, heartworm, liver disease, or diabetes.

Treatment of chronic gastritis involves identifying the underlying cause. Your veterinarian will perform numerous diagnostic tests. Dietary changes may need to be made based on the primary disorder. Chronic gastritis usually requires the use of a lowfiber, easily digestible food. Treatment may involve antibiotics and gastric protectants.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is another one of those symptoms that can be connected to various underlying diseases and disorders. The odor, color, and consistency of the diarrhea may produce some clues as to the possible underlying cause.

Dietary changes can give a cat a case of diarrhea, which is why all adjustments should be done gradually to avoid intestinal upset. Overfeeding is another common reason cats develop diarrhea.

A change in water can cause diarrhea. Carrying an extra supply when traveling is always a good idea.

Outdoor cats run the risk of developing diarrhea by ingesting prey, eating garbage or rotting foods, as well as poisons.

Most kittens, once they’re weaned, become lactose intolerant. Lactase, which is the enzyme needed to digest the milk sugar lactose is no longer present once kittens begin eating solid food. This is why adult cats often develop a case of diarrhea after being fed a bowl of milk.

Food allergies can make specific ingredients difficult for your cat to digest. Feeding table scraps is especially dangerous and can result in a case of diarrhea.

Diet isn’t the only thing that can cause diarrhea. Stress can play a role as well. When a cat goes to the veterinarian, is boarded in a kennel, or experiences any major upheaval in his life, he may experience a mild or even severe case of diarrhea.

Diarrhea that lasts longer than a day can result in dehydration. Left unchecked, this can cause shock.

A cat with diarrhea should be checked by the veterinarian if:

• It lasts longer than a day.

• It’s accompanied by vomiting, fever, or lethargy.

• The diarrhea contains blood or mucous.

• There is a putrid odor.

• There is an unusual color to the stool (normal color is brown).

• You suspect that the cat may have ingested a toxic substance.

Stool Appearance

Treatment of diarrhea: a mild case of diarrhea that has no other accompanying signs may be treated at home upon the advice of your veterinarian.

Constipation

This results when stools are retained in the colon, causing them to become hard, dry, and difficult to pass. Constipation can have many causes, such as hair balls, obstruction, low water intake, dietary factors, or certain diseases. Cats afraid to go to the litter box for fear of ambush by a companion cat can become constipated.

Cats on the average have at least one stool per day. The cats who have bowel movements only every couple of days are the ones inclined to become constipated.

Symptoms of constipation can include: straining to defecate with little or no feces eliminated, hard stools, small stools, small amount of stool with presence of mucous, blood present in stool, decreased appetite, depression, and presence of blood in stool after straining to defecate.

Owners can often miss the fact that their cat is constipated in a kind of “out of sight, out of mind” way. With diarrhea, the cat often misses the litter box, so you’re left with the evidence on the middle of the carpet. Even if the cat does make it to the box, with diarrhea it’s very apparent that the stool is abnormal. With constipation, though, an owner may easily lose track of the last time the cat had a bowel movement. It may not be until you see the cat straining or you notice the rock-hard fecal balls left in the litter that you’re aware of the problem.

Chronic constipation is commonly the result of hair balls. Long-haired breeds are more prone to this—as are the short-haired cats who live with them, due to allogrooming. You may notice that the cat not only vomits hair balls but you may see hair in the stool. The use of a hair-ball-prevention product is recommended in that case. There are also hair-ball-prevention-formula foods available. Ask your veterinarian for a recommendation if you feel your cat should be switched over to that diet.

A diet with an inadequate amount of fiber can cause constipation. Cats who don’t drink enough water will often have difficulty passing stools as well.

Megacolon is a condition where the colon becomes enlarged and is unable to contract sufficiently to evacuate the stool (see section on megacolon).

Stress is another psychological factor that can cause a cat to become constipated. A change in the cat’s routine, a move to a new home, a new baby, being left in the care of others, intercat conflict, etc., can all upset a cat’s normal routine. Often when there’s a move to a new environment it’s not uncommon for the cat to not have a bowel movement for a couple of days. During any family upheavals or potentially stressful times, be extra aware of your cat’s litter box habits and notify your veterinarian if the cat goes longer than two days without a bowel movement.

Serious constipation can cause fecal impaction. Treatment for this requires veterinary attention. The veterinarian will give a laxative orally as well as administer an enema. Commercially available enemas should never be used. They’re extremely harmful to cats. Never attempt to give an enema to the cat yourself. This is best left up to the veterinarian. Severe cases may require hospitalization and the administration of several enemas.

Treatment for constipation depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Mild cases can be treated with veterinary laxatives and the addition of higher fiber foods. Bran added to canned foods is a good bulk-producing agent to help keep the stool soft and more easily passable. There must be sufficient water present for the bran to work so it should only be added to canned food. Ask your veterinarian before adding bran to the diet so he/she can advise you on whether it’s appropriate in your cat’s case and if so, how much and how frequently to add. A little canned pumpkin is an excellent source of fiber as well. In addition, make sure clean, fresh water is always available. Cats with chronic constipation often need to be on high-fiber diets indefinitely.

Severe fecal impaction may require surgery so the veterinarian can manually remove the impacted feces.

Keep your cat active and at a good weight to help prevent constipation as well. Incorporate regularly scheduled interactive playtime with your cat. Maintain him on a good quality diet without the addition of tablescraps. Monitor his water intake to ensure he is staying adequately hydrated.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

This is actually the broad name that refers to several gastrointestinal disorders.

Food allergies are usually a contributing factor toward IBD. Allergens such as preservatives, additives, specific proteins, and wheat are commonly associated with IBD. Definite diagnosis requires endoscopy or biopsy. Endoscopy is performed with a thin fiber-optic tube called an endoscope that can be placed in the digestive tract. Other diagnostics include barium studies, ultrasound, blood tests, X-rays, and fecal analysis (to rule out parasites).

Symptoms can include: diarrhea, abdominal pain, gas, weight loss, blood in stool, vomiting, and audible abdominal sounds.

Treatment for IBD may include the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs to recue inflammation. There is no cure for IBD, so diligent, ongoing dietary management is crucial in treating IBD.

Megacolon

Megacolon occurs when a section of the large intestine (colon) enlarges and balloons out, causing feces to become lodged there instead of traveling down to the rectum. The longer the waste remains trapped, the more water is resorbed, resulting in rock-hard feces. The cat then becomes constipated.

Megacolon is believed to be caused by prolonged or chronic constipation. This is something owners of cats who suffer from repeated bouts of hair-ball-cased constipation need to be aware of. Other causes include dehydration, tumors, or complications from pelvic fractures (the injury is often the result of being hit by a car). It can also be congenital, as is often seen in Manx cats. Another possible cause to be aware of is when a cat attempts to retain feces in order to postpone using a dirty or undesirable litter box.

Symptoms include: hardness to the colon upon manual palpation, fecal impaction, inability to pass gas due to complete fecal blockage in colon, poor haircoat, weight loss, and dehydration.

Diagnosis consists of a history of the cat’s health and bowel habits, physical examination (the veterinarian can usually feel the rock-hard feces when palpating the abdomen), rectal exam, and blood tests (to rule out underlying conditions). Additional diagnostics may be needed as well such as ultrasound, barium studies, and X-ray.

I’m always lecturing my clients about being diligent in their litter box maintenance because in addition to keeping a clean box, this allows an owner to know what is or isn’t happening when it comes to kitty’s elimination habits.

Treatment involves determination of the underlying cause (not always possible), attempted removal of fecal impaction by way of warm water enemas (so the veterinarian can manually remove the impaction), and correcting dehydration. Surgery is needed in some cases. Long-term care involves treating for constipation by feeding a specific prescription food and administering a feline laxative or stool softener. Your veterinarian will instruct you on exactly what kind to use. In some cases, surgery is performed to remove the ballooned section of colon.

Flatulence

The passing of gas can be related to eating a diet high in fiber. It can also be a problem for cats who are fed diets containing beans or highly fermentable vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. Additionally, milk can cause gas (as well as diarrhea). Cats who gulp their food and swallow a lot of air can end up being a bit gassy.

Flatulence accompanied by an abnormal stool can be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition.

Don’t give your cat any commercial anti-gas medication intended for humans. Consult your veterinarian to determine the primary cause. He/she may then make dietary changes. Medication can be given after meals to ease the problem. For cats who gulp their meals, leaving food available free-choice may alleviate the need to eat so much so fast. I usually recommend that my clients incorporate the use of food-dispensing puzzle toys instead of switching to free-choice. This way, the cat is required to eat slowly and gets the added bonus of having fun while eating. All of my clients’ cats who had problems with gulping food too quickly have been successfully treated using the puzzle feeders.

Impacted Anal Glands

There are two sacs located on either side of the anus at about five o’clock and seven o’clock. The purpose of these sacs is to mark the cat’s stool with a very malodorous secretion to help identify that particular cat and his territory.

The contents of the anal glands are normally emptied upon defecation. The secretions can vary from being thin and liquid to thick and creamy. Color can range from brown to yellow. The odor, of course, is always unmistakable.

Cats usually don’t have difficulty with impaction of the anal glands but if it does happen, they can be manually expressed by your veterinarian. If it becomes an ongoing problem, your veterinarian can show you how to express them yourself (it’s not difficult, just not one of the more pleasant aspects of being a pet owner).

The most common sign of anal gland problems is “scooting.” You’ll notice your cat dragging his rump along the carpet in an effort to express the contents of the glands.

If you notice a particular odor coming from the cat’s rear end, it may indicate an anal gland problem. Sometimes, you may notice the odor on the cat’s breath due to his licking the anal glands. This is a sign that they may need manual emptying.

Anal glands can also become infected or abscessed. Signs include: swelling on either side of the anus, frequent scooting, and pain. Blood or pus may be visible in the secretions. Seek veterinary attention immediately for treatment. For infection, the glands will be expressed and an antibiotic will be injected into them. Oral antibiotics will be prescribed as well. You may be instructed to use moist warm compresses at home. An abscess will be lanced and drained. The wound must heal from the inside out so it will have to remain open to allow drainage. This is done usually by flushing diluted Betadine two or three times a day. An oral antibiotic is administered as well.

Hepactic Lipidosis (HL)

Also called fatty liver disease, this disorder occurs when fat accumulates in the liver cells. Hepatic lipidosis is usually due to an underlying primary cause, such as kidney disease, starvation, obesity, cancer, liver disease, pancreatitis, or diabetes. Hepatic lipidosis may result from any disease process that stops a cat from eating—the reason being that as the body begins to break down fat, fat and by-products begin to accumulate in the liver. Since cats lack certain enzymes that are important for complete fat metabolism, the fat stays in the liver. Idiopathic hepatic lipidosis refers to cases where no underlying cause can be identified.

When fat accumulates in the liver it becomes enlarged and turns yellow. As liver failure progresses, jaundice becomes visible.

Symptoms include: anorexia, diarrhea, constipation, muscle wasting, weight loss, vomiting, depression, drooling, and jaundice.

Treatment involves fluid therapy and nutritional support. In cases of anorexia, force-feeding or the administration of a stomach tube are needed. After the cat begins eating on his own, a prescription diet will be required long-term. Regular follow-up visits will be needed.

Overweight cats who are put on drastic weight reduction diets by well-meaning owners are at great risk of hepatic lipidosis. It’s crucial that when planning a diet for a cat, the weight loss is done very gradually. If your cat is overweight, consult your veterinarian before starting any nutritional change so you can be given safe guidelines on how much to feed and at what rate your cat can safely lose weight.

Pancreatitis

The pancreas has two main jobs: it produces insulin for metabolization of blood sugar and it produces pancreatic enzymes used for digestion. Diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes) is a common disorder in cats that results from an insufficiency in insulin production.

Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) can occur after eating meals too high in fat. Other possible causes may include too much fat in the blood, trauma to the pancreas, and toxins.

When the pancreas becomes inflamed, its digestive enzymes can flow into the abdomen. The kidney and liver usually are affected by pancreatitis as well.

Symptoms can include: abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and depression.

Diagnosis involves blood tests to determine pancreatic enzyme levels along with performing diagnostic imaging procedures such as ultrasound, biopsy, and radiograph.

Treatment varies, based on case severity.

Obesity

Refer to Chapter 10.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM DISORDERS

Arthritis

There are different kinds of arthritis. Osteoarthritis, the most common form, is also known as degenerative joint disease because the cartilage layer on the surface of the joint deteriorates. It mostly occurs as a result of aging but can also develop as a result of injury to the joint surface.

Lameness is the most common symptom and is made worse by cold, damp weather or occurs after strenuous activity. The cat may also appear stiff upon getting up after sleeping.

Polyarthritis is an inflammatory disease that may be connected to one or more viral infections.

Hip dysplasia is not common in cats. It refers to a shallow ball and socket hip joint, which results in degenerative problems.

Treatment depends on the type and severity of arthritis and the underlying causes. Surgery may be required. Keeping your cat warm will also lessen pain, since arthritis is aggravated by cold and damp conditions.

Unfortunately, aspirin and Tylenol—commonly used for arthritis in humans—are toxic to cats. If your cat is uncomfortable, consult your veterinarian regarding possible pain medication. There is a feline arthritis formula food available that is also kidney-friendly for older cats. Ask your veterinarian if the food would be appropriate for your cat.

Glucosamine is a product that seems to be effective in helping restore some joint function by increasing synovial fluid and repairing some of the damage done by osteoarthritis. Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant to the cartilage and when there isn’t enough lubrication, cartilage hardens and the joints stiffen. Glucosamine comes in tablet, capsule, and liquid form.

Preventing your older cat from becoming obese will lessen the pain associated with arthritis by reducing weight load on joints.

SIGNS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM PROBLEMS

• lameness

• reluctance to move

• pain

• limited range of motion

• constipation

• weight loss

• sensitivity to being touched

• flaky skin

• greasy hair coat

• fishy odor to the coat

• fever

• loss of appetite

• loose teeth

• curvature of the back

• stiffness upon rising

Parathyroid Diseases

The four parathyroid glands, located in the neck (at the thyroid), secrete parathyroid hormone. This hormone helps maintain proper blood calcium and phosphorus levels. Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. If the amount of calcium in the blood falls or the amount of phosphorus gets too high, the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to raise the calcium level. They do this by pulling it from the bones. The consequences of this can lead to a thinning of the bones. The more brittle they become, the more at risk of fractures the cat becomes.

Successful treatment depends on early diagnosis. Treatment includes calcium supplementation and dietary changes.

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

This is caused by a diet too high in meat and low in calcium and vitamin D. This is where homemade diets can be potentially dangerous. Good-quality commercial cat food is nutritionally balanced to provide the right amount of meat and minerals. Demineralization of the bone can result from feeding an all-vegetable diet as well.

This disease is seen more in kittens who are on all-meat diets, which doesn’t provide the extra calcium requirements needed to promote bone growth and development.

Symptoms in kittens appear as a reluctance to move, lameness, and bowed legs. Limping may also be seen due to possible fractures. In adult cats, the thinning of the bones causes brittleness and high risk of fractures. The teeth can also become loose. Left unchecked, curvature of the back develops and can cause the pelvis to collapse.

Treatment involves correcting the diet to address the kitten or adult cat’s nutritional needs and administering calcium supplementation. A cat with fractures should be confined to a cage to allow healing and to prevent additional fractures.

If diagnosed early, prognosis is good. If the disease has progressed to where the bones have become deformed, recovery is very doubtful.

Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Due to kidney disease, which creates a high level of phosphorus, the parathyroid glands secrete an excessive amount of parathyroid hormone to raise the calcium level. As with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, calcium is pulled from the bones causing thinning and demineralization. The prognosis is usually guarded.

Steatitis

Also known as yellow fat disease, it’s caused by a vitamin E deficiency and is now rare in cats. Excessive amounts of unsaturated fatty acids fed to the cats is what causes the destruction of vitamin E. The result is a painful inflammation in the body fat. The fat turns yellow and becomes very hard.

Red meat tuna has high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and a cat eating sufficient quantities will develop this extremely painful disease. An ongoing diet consisting of fish in general may commonly lead to steatitis if not properly supplemented with vitamin E. Canned tuna intended for humans is the most dangerous of all because it isn’t supplemented with vitamin E. Other causes include cancer, pancreatitis, infection, and fish-based diets.

Initial symptoms include a greasy coat and flaky skin. The hair coat may develop a fish odor as well. As the disease progresses, the cat becomes reluctant to move or be handled. Even petting becomes too painful. The cat runs a fever and has a poor appetite.

Diagnosis is based on the dietary history and is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the fat.

Treatment involves the dietary correction of switching to a well-balanced food and supplementing with vitamin E. In some cases, tube feeding is necessary. Surgical removal of fatty lumps may also be needed.

Prevent this disease in the first place by never feeding any tuna to your cat, even if it’s in commercial cat food. Especially avoid canned tuna intended for humans. Tuna, having such a strong taste and odor, can cause a cat to become addicted to its flavor. Once you start feeding it to your cat, you may find him rejecting his other more balanced food.

If you want to feed fish-flavored cat food to your cat, limit it to occasionally.

Vitamin Overdosing

Excessive amounts of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) can adversely affect the cat’s normal growth, development, and health. Good-quality commercial foods are formulated to be nutritionally complete and well balanced to meet a cat’s needs. Supplementing with additional vitamins and minerals can cause bone problems, deformities, lameness, and pain.

Vitamin A is stored in the liver, so excess amounts won’t wash out of the body in the urine. Overdosing this vitamin either through supplements or diets containing liver, milk products, and carrots can result in severe neck and back pain and joint swelling. As the disorder progresses, the cat develops very limited range of motion in the neck. Other symptoms include constipation, weight loss, and sensitivity to being touched.

If diagnosed early, dietary correction (and discontinuation of any supplementation) may reverse symptoms. If allowed to progress, the symptoms are irreversible.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISORDERS

Hypothyroidism

The thyroid gland, located in the neck, is responsible for maintaining the body’s metabolism. The thyroid produces two major hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). When the gland fails to manufacture sufficient amounts of these hormones, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) results. Though extremely rare in cats, it can, however, be the result of surgical removal or destruction of the thyroid gland in treating for hyperthyroidism.

SIGNS OF ENDOCRINE PROBLEMS

• change in appetite

• change in weight

• lethargy

• low body temperature

• restlessness

• increased or decreased water consumption

• increased or decreased urination

• behavior change

• change in bowels

Hyperthyroidism

Excessive amounts of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine result in hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). It’s a disease more commonly seen in aging cats (the average is about eight years of age). Hyperthyroidism can lead to a form of heart disease known as cardiomyopathy.

Symptoms of this disease include: restlessness, increased appetite, weight loss (despite an increased appetite), rapid heart rate, dull hair coat, vomiting, increased water consumption, and increased urination. A behavior change you may notice is increased activity and, in some cases, aggression. Also, as the excessive hormone level increases the workload of the heart, the cat may develop hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—a thickening of the heart muscle. Left untreated, hyperthyroidism can also cause hypertension, which can lead to kidney damage.

Treatment for hyperthyroidism may include antithyroid drug therapy, surgical remove of the gland, or the administration of radioactive iodine. Choice of treatment is based on your cat’s specific condition, whether heart disease is present, and if there’s a veterinary specialist in your area who performs radiation therapy. The thought of radioactive iodine may sound scary but is, in many cases, the best treatment because it doesn’t require anesthesia and usually only one dose is needed to bring the thyroid back to producing normal levels of hormones. This method has a very high cure rate. The downside of treating with radioactive iodine is that the cat will have to be quarantined for about a week or two, so the radioactive iodine has time to leave the body before owners can safely handle the cat. Upon discharge, you’ll be given specific instructions on handling your cat and his litter for a while. Surgery is an option if radiation therapy isn’t available where you live. Surgery may not be an option if your cat already has heart damage or is in a weakened state.

The drug methimazole is sometimes used to control hyperthyroidism. The cat must be given a pill for the rest of his life. This drug can be compounded into a transdermal form and applied to the inside ear tip. Some cats may suffer side effects from the drug including vomiting, loss of appetite, or lethargy. Cats on antithyroid medication need to be monitored regularly. As time goes on, more of the drug is usually needed.

Cost may be a concern when deciding which method is best for your cat. Keep in mind that drug therapy may initially seem the most economical, but long-term the ongoing cost adds up. Radioactive iodine is often the best option.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus occurs when there is an inadequate amount of insulin produced by the pancreas. Insulin, which is secreted into the circulatory system, enables the body’s cells to metabolize sugar into energy. Without insulin, the sugar levels in the blood become elevated. The excess sugar is eliminated by way of the kidneys since it can only be excreted in urine. This means there will be increased urination and thirst. Testing the cat’s urine will reveal the presence of sugar. Because the cells in the body aren’t able to utilize the glucose (sugar) in the blood, the cat becomes lethargic. He also will begin losing weight despite having a large appetite.

Diabetes can be found in cats of any age but is seen more frequently after the age of six. Obesity puts a cat at great risk as well. Cats on long-term corticosteroid or progestin therapy should be routinely tested for diabetes.

When the body can’t metabolize sugar, it begins using its own tissues for energy. This results in the presence of ketones (acid) in the blood. If the disease has progressed this far, an acetone odor maybe detected on the cat’s breath. As the condition worsens, breathing becomes more difficult and eventually the cat goes into a diabetic coma.

Diagnosing diabetes is done by testing for the presence of sugar and ketones in blood and urine.

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. In cases of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, fluid therapy will be administered. Insulin injections will be started and monitored, and the cat will remain hospitalized until the correct dosage has been established.

Before the cat is discharged, you’ll be given instructions on how to administer insulin injections under the skin. The cat will need to be monitored carefully because dosage adjustments may have to be made. You’ll have to return to the veterinarian on a regular basis for a while. Dietary instructions will also be explained to you.

In some cases insulin injections aren’t used, and instead, diabetes is controlled through dietary management and oral drugs. Not every cat is a candidate for this, though.

If your cat is obese, you’ll be instructed to put him on a calorie-restricted diet to better control his diabetes. The diet change needs to be very gradual, so follow your veterinarian’s instructions carefully. High fiber diets help control glucose levels in the blood in addition to aiding in weight reduction. The timing of feedings will need to coincide with insulin injections. The cat’s day-to-day meals need to be consistent because insulin requirements vary, depending on the diet.

Home care of a diabetic cat can be done relatively easily as long as you follow instructions and are committed. You’ll also need to bring the cat back to the veterinarian regularly to test blood glucose levels.

SIGNS OF HEART TROUBLE

• irregular heart rhythm

• pale or bluish mucous membranes

• breathing difficulty

• cold limbs

• swollen abdominal cavity

• lameness or paralysis

• head tilt

• loss of appetite

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS

Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathies are diseases that affect the heart muscle, making it unable to function efficiently.

Dilated cardiomyopathy occurs when the heart muscle is stretched, and becomes thin, weak, and unable to effectively contract. The chambers of the heart enlarge and fill with too much blood. Dilated cardiomyopathy is seen more commonly in cats middle-aged and older.

A deficiency of the amino acid taurine is linked to being one of the major causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. Since that connection was made in the 1980s, cat food manufacturers have supplemented their products with taurine. As a result, dilated cardiomyopathy is now rarely seen. This is one very important reason to feed your cat a good quality cat food and never dog food. Dog food isn’t supplemented with taurine.

Signs of dilated cardiomyopathy can come on relatively quickly (over a matter of days) and can include breathing difficulty, loss of appetite, noticeable weight loss, weakness, erratic pulse, and lethargy. As breathing becomes more difficult, the cat may sit with his neck extended in an attempt to get enough air.

With hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the walls of the left ventricle thicken, decreasing the size of the ventricular chamber. The amount of blood pumped in and out of the heart decreases.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy isn’t related to taurine deficiency. One of the causes is high blood pressure as a result of hyperthyroidism or renal failure. Symptoms can include loss of appetite, decreased activity, and respiratory distress. Sudden death may occur.

Diagnosing cardiomyopathy (and more specifically, which type) requires electrocardiogram, ultrasound, radiographs, and blood chemistries.

Treatment for cardiomyopathy starts with easing the workload on the heart. Depending on the specific condition, therapy may include the use of diuretics (to correct fluid retention), digitalis drugs, and other medications that improve the heart function. Most of the medicines are the same ones used for human heart disease. These drugs can be very toxic, so close veterinary monitoring is required.

A sodium-restricted diet almost always is prescribed. Treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy may also include taurine supplements.

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmias are changes in the normal heartbeat rhythm. There can be many causes of arrhythmias, including electrolyte imbalance, stress, heart disease, certain drugs, fever, hypothermia, and exposure to toxins. Arrhythmias may result in sudden death.

Cats with severe ongoing diarrhea or vomiting, diabetes, or kidney disease may develop hypokalemia (low serum potassium), which can result in an arrhythmia. Hyperthyroid cats may develop a fast heart rate (known as tachycardia), as can cats with cardiomyopathy or under stress. A slower than normal heart rate is called bradycardia, which can occur due to many conditions—among them, hypothermia.

Treatment is based on the underlying primary condition.

Heart Murmur

Heart murmurs occur when the normal flow of blood is disturbed as it travels through the heart. With a stethoscope, instead of hearing the normal “lub dub,” you hear abnormal sounds.

Murmurs are graded on a scale of 1 to 6 (6 being the most serious). They can be caused by many things, including congenital birth defects or heart disease. Many cats who are otherwise healthy can have a murmur. Less serious murmurs that don’t appear to be connected to any underlying condition are graded and monitored during each veterinary exam.

Heartworm

Refer to the section on “Internal Parasites” in this chapter.

Anemia

Anemia refers to an inadequate number of red blood cells, which are the oxygen carriers for the body’s tissues.

Anemia can be caused by blood loss due to hemorrhaging and also parasite infestation or poisoning. A severe coccidian or hookworm infestation can result in a large amount of blood loss. Bloodsucking external parasites such as fleas can inflict an alarming amount of damage to a cat’s blood supply. Flea-infested kittens are especially vulnerable to becoming anemic, as are weaker, older cats.

Diseases that interfere with bone marrow production or cause destruction of cells can result in anemia such as feline leukemia and feline infectious anemia. Abnormal reactions to certain toxins and drugs can also lead to anemia.

Signs of anemia include pale mucous membranes, weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite, and decreased tolerance to cold.

Treatment is based on the primary cause. With severe anemia, blood transfusions are performed.

Arterial Thromboembolism

A blood clot in the artery, arterial thromboembolism causes the flow of blood to become obstructed to that artery. Causes can include trauma (such as an injury to the heart), cardiomyopathy, or heart disease.

Symptoms depend on the area of the body affected. The cat may appear lame or even experience paralysis in the legs. The legs may also be cold to the touch.

This is an extremely painful condition and affected cats may vocalize incessantly. Treatment is often unsuccessful.

SIGNS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS

• restlessness

• weakness

• loss of balance

• abnormal eye movements

• fixed pupils

• irregular breathing

• semiconsciousness or unconsciousness

• slow heart rate

• seizures

• skin twitching

• tail lashing or biting

• sudden aggression

• vomiting

• head tilt

• paralysis of any body part (including tail)

• incontinence

NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS

Head Injuries

This commonly occurs as a result of the cat being struck by an automobile. Other causes include falling from a tree or a window, or being hit with an object.

The brain is protected by a surrounding layer of fluid and then encased in the skull. Even with all the cushioning and protection, a major blow to the head will fracture the skull and possibly cause injury to the brain. A brain injury can also occur without a fracture to the skull.

After a head injury, brain swelling can occur, which creates pressure on the brain. This is an emergency because if not treated it will lead to brain damage and death.

Any time your cat sustains a blow to the head, however minor, he should be examined by the veterinarian. If you aren’t sure if he suffered a blow to the head but he seems weak, his gait is strange, he’s dazed, or his eye movements appear abnormal or fixed, seek immediate medical care.

Years ago when I worked as a veterinary technician, I was always amazed at how many people would call on the phone to say that their cat had just been hit by a car, and that the cat seemed dazed but was otherwise okay. The owners would be calling to see if a veterinary exam was really necessary. I couldn’t imagine not having my little eight-poundcat examined for possible internal injuries or concussion after being struck by a thirty-five-hundred-poundvehicle.

Increased pressure on the brain occurs in the first twenty-four hours after the injury. Depending upon the severity of the injury, the swelling may be mild, moderate , or severe. Even mild pressure is a serious condition and needs immediate veterinary attention. Any delay can result in irreversible brain damage or death.

Epilepsy

This is a recurrent seizure disorder that can be brought on by many causes such as trauma, tumor, exposure to toxins, kidney failure, or hypoglycemia.

A seizure results from an abnormal pattern of brain activity. Seizures are more common in dogs than in cats.

Epilepsy becomes a catchall term in veterinary medicine for seizures due to an undiagnosed cause. For example, seizures caused by renal failure shouldn’t be classified as epilepsy because correction of the underlying cause would control the seizures. In this case, the drugs phenobarbital or valium, normally given to treat epilepsy, would be of no use long-term.

The area of the brain affected will determine the type and severity of a seizure. A seizure can be as insignificant as staring off into space for a few seconds or as major as a grand mal.

Prior to a seizure, the cat may appear restless. Once a grand mal seizure begins, the cat falls onto his side and becomes very stiff while exhibiting jerking movements of the limbs. He may chew or experience facial twitching. Urination, defecation, or vomiting are also very likely during a seizure. Cover your cat with a towel and keep him safe from thrashing against dangerous objects. Keep the room quiet and dark so you don’t stimulate another seizure. Any seizure that lasts more than a few minutes requires immediate veterinary care to prevent brain damage. When the seizure passes, the cat may appear disoriented.

Veterinary care involves diagnosing and treating the primary cause. The seizures themselves can be controlled through medication.

Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome

Also known as rolling skin disease, this is a disorder that mostly affects young cats under five years of age, but can still be seen in older cats as well. The cause of feline hyperesthesia syndrome is unknown but some experts describe it as a neurotransmitter malfunction in the brain during periods of anxiety.

This syndrome causes cats to be super sensitive to being touched, usually along the spine and down the tail.

The majority of cats with feline hyperesthesia syndrome groom excessively, sometimes to the point of mutilation. Skin twitching and tail lashing is also exhibited, followed by sudden bursts of activity such as darting around wildly. This behavior can range from mild skin twitching to actual seizures. Some cats become aggressive during these episodes and attack companion pets or even their owners. Other signs may include dilated pupils, increased vocalization, biting at the tail, and sensitivity to being touched on the back or base of the tail. Cats who are highly aroused or living in chronic anxiety seem to be more at risk.

Underlying conditions such as spinal problems, epilepsy, arthritis, abscesses, cancer, wounds, and skin conditions must be ruled out before a cat is diagnosed with feline hyperesthesia syndrome.

This disorder is usually controlled by antianxiety or antidepressant medication. It’s also important to reduce causes of anxiety. Improve environmental enrichment and provide your cat with opportunities for stimulation, energy release, and fun.

Peripheral Vestibular Dysfunction

The vestibular system is responsible for detecting certain types of head movement and reacting to maintain balance.

The labyrinth is a bony part of the ear that’s crucial for equilibrium. Should it become inflamed or broken, peripheral vestibular dysfunction will occur. Infections of the middle or inner ear can also cause this condition.

Symptoms include: loss of balance, circling, head-tilt, vomiting, and abnormally rapid eye movements (nystagmus).

Treatment is based on the underlying cause.

Early medical attention is required to prevent progression of the disease, which could lead to permanent damage.

Spinal-Cord Injuries

These are caused most commonly by falls and being hit by an automobile.

A cat who is unable to stand or walk may have sustained spinal-cord injury and should be transported very carefully to the veterinarian. Transfer him to a flat board or onto a blanket (carry it as a stretcher) to prevent doing further damage.

A cat’s tail is very vulnerable to being run over, which can cause spinal cord separation as the cat tries to escape. This leads to tail paralysis, nerve damage, and loss of bladder and rectal function. Even if a cat seems fine except that his tail hangs limp, immediate veterinary attention is required to assess damage to the bladder (which may be permanent or temporary).

Treatment of spinal cord injuries depends on whether it has been severed. For bruising, medications are administered to reduce swelling. If the spinal cord has been severed, the cat will be paralyzed.

Spina Bifida

Common in the Manx cat, this birth defect is a malformation of the bones in the lower back. These cats run the risk of not having properly formed sacral and coccygeal (tail) vertebrae. Severely affected cats may have a weakness in hind leg movement or difficulty urinating and defecating. These cats should be monitored for constipation.

REPRODUCTIVE AND NEONATAL DISORDERS

Vaginitis

Vaginitis is a vaginal inflammation and infection. There is often a discharge with vaginitis. If left untreated, the infection may spread up into the bladder. The sign you’ll most commonly see will be the cat continually licking at her vulva.

Treatment usually involves the use of topical medication.

SIGNS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PROBLEMS

• abnormal heat cycles

• vaginal discharge (other than normal heat)

• discharge from penis

• undescended testicles

• swollen or irritated testicles or penis

• swollen or inflamed vulva

• foul odor

• tenderness or pain

• unretracted penis

• frequent licking of penis or vulva

• swollen, tender, or red breasts

• lumps

• fever

• vomiting

• reluctance to nurse

• restlessness

• lethargy

• loss of appetite

• increased water intake

• increased urination

Mammary Tumors

These are relatively common in cats. Mammary tumors are mostly found in females but males can develop them as well.

Mammary tumors that are malignant (cancerous) are mostly found in older cats. Treatment involves mastectomy. The cat must be rechecked on a regular basis, because recurrence is quite common.

The risk of mammary tumors can be virtually eliminated by spaying prior to the first heat cycle.

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia

The tissues of the uterine wall (endometrium) thicken and develop cysts. This occurs in cats that cycle repeatedly without mating. The follicles of the ovaries produce an abnormally high level of estrogen, which leads to the formation of these cysts. The cat may show no signs of illness.

The best preventive treatment for cystic endometrial hyperplasia is spaying.

Metritis

This is an infection that causes the uterine lining to become inflamed. It’s usually caused by unsanitary conditions when the cat is giving birth or by trauma to the birth canal during parturition. It can also happen after a miscarriage, or artificial insemination if done under non-sterile conditions.

Symptoms can include: swollen abdomen, bad-smelling discharge from the vulva, appearance of pus in the discharge, bloody discharge, fever, poor appetite, neglecting kittens, poor milk production, and depression.

This is a serious infection. The cat will need to be hospitalized and might also need fluid therapy. Treatment involves the use of antibiotics. Kittens may need to be hand-raised to prevent transmission through infected milk and to protect them from exposure to antibiotics.

Pyometra

This life-threatening infection causes the uterus to fill up with pus. There are two forms of this infection: open and closed.

With open pyometra, the large amount of pus becomes visible as a discharge. With closed pyometra, the pus accumulates in the uterus without discharging, creating a very toxic situation for the cat.

Symptoms of pyometra can include: a firm, distended abdomen, loss of appetite, discharge (with open pyometra only), increased water intake and increased urination, and vomiting (closed pyometra).

This is a life-threatening condition. Veterinary attention is needed immediately. The treatment for pyometra is surgery (hysterectomy).

False Pregnancy

More commonly seen in dogs, false pregnancies can occur in cats whose eggs weren’t fertilized during ovulation.

The usual sign is that the cat will begin displaying nesting behavior. Some cats may even have some degree of mammary development.

There is no veterinary treatment required for this specific condition, but have the cat examined to rule out the possibility that there may have been an aborted pregnancy.

A cat who repeatedly exhibits false pregnancy behavior should be spayed.

Mastitis

Mastitis is an infection of the mammary glands (it can affect one or more of the glands) caused by bacteria. A wound or scratch to the breast can introduce bacteria into the gland. The kittens’ nails can even cause a scratch as they nurse. The milk from the infected glands is toxic and can infect the nursing kittens.

Signs of mastitis include breasts that are swollen, hot, tender, or red. The cat may have a fever and lose her appetite. The milk may or may not appear normal. The nursing kittens should be removed immediately and hand-raised with kitten milk-replacement formula.

Treatment involves the administration of antibiotics. A warm, moist compress should be applied to the breast several times a day.

In cases that aren’t severe, your veterinarian may recommend that the kittens continue to nurse. If the infection is systemic, the cat will need to be hospitalized and the kittens should be hand-raised.

Eclampsia (Milk Fever)

Due to the calcium demand during nursing, a cat with a low serum calcium level can develop eclampsia. This is more apt to happen when the mother cat has a large litter.

Eclampsia results in muscle spasms. Initially, the signs are rapid breathing, restlessness, pale mucous membranes, uncoordinated gait, and dangerously high fever. The muscles in the face tighten, exposing the teeth. Eventually the cat goes into full body muscle spasms, and finally, paralysis.

Eclampsia is an emergency. The cat needs to be taken to the hospital immediately for calcium replacement therapy (given by IV). Feed the kittens using a milk-replacement formula.

Once the cat has recovered from the emergency, she’ll be given vitamin/mineral supplements but the kittens shouldn’t be allowed to continue nursing.

Kitten Mortality Complex

A broad term that refers to the various neonatal infections and diseases as well as other influences (such as low birth weight) that can cause death in kittens.

The first two weeks of life are the riskiest for newborns. Of the fatalities that occur, they mostly happen within this time frame. Kittens are at risk of diseases transmitted from the queen in utero. Congenital defects also can affect the mortality rate. Another factor is that kittens are unable to regulate their body temperature, so if the area in which they’re kept isn’t warm enough it can lead to hypothermia. Low blood sugar and dehydration are additional dangers at this young age. Poor sanitary conditions will also put kittens at risk of disease. Then there are the possibilities of injuries sustained during birth, lack of milk production from the mother cat, as well as the chance that she may not provide adequate care and attention. Not every would-be mom reads the manual on what her kittens will need. Some cats can even reject their own kittens.

Inadequate milk production is a common cause of kitten mortality. This can be due to the size of the litter or as a result of the mother being fed a poor quality diet.

Fading Kitten Syndrome

This can happen in utero, at birth, or during nursing.

Fading kitten syndrome usually is the result of a birth defect and the cause may be that the mother didn’t receive adequate nutrition while pregnant. It can also be caused by a traumatic birth or infection.

Contact your veterinarian immediately if any of your recently born kittens are failing to thrive. Treatment depends on age of the kitten and the cause and severity of the symptoms.

Hernia

A hernia is a hole in the abdominal wall. This can be felt as a little protrusion on the cat’s underside. The bulge may be soft and you may be able to temporarily push it back. If the protrusion can’t be pushed back or feels hard, swollen, or is painful for the cat it needs immediate attention because blood supply to the tissue may be cut off. Umbilical hernias are the most commonly seen.

Umbilical hernias, if they don’t recede on their own within the first six months, can be surgically repaired. This is commonly done during the spay or neuter surgery. If you’re planning on leaving your cat intact, the umbilical hernia surgery will have to be done by the time the cat is six months old.

If you feel any type of lump on your kitten’s belly, have it examined by the veterinarian.

Birth-Related Infections

Umbilical Infection

The kitten’s navel may look inflamed with pus drainage. Clipping the umbilical cord too close to the abdomen can lead to this kind of infection. Unsanitary conditions can put a kitten at risk of umbilical infection as well.

If the cord was severed too close to the abdomen, cleanse the area and apply an antibiotic ointment such as Neosporin. Don’t allow the mother to lick the kitten in that area because she could make the condition worse. If you’re in doubt about how to properly care for the area, consult your veterinarian. If an infection has already taken hold, contact your veterinarian because more specific treatment is needed.

Toxic Milk Syndrome

Breast infections such as mastitis cause the milk of the mother to become toxic to her kittens. Commercial milk replacement that has not been properly prepared or has turned bad may also be toxic. Signs of toxic milk syndrome can include excessive kitten vocalization, diarrhea, or a bloated stomach. Septicemia can result from toxic milk syndrome.

Treatment involves removing the kittens from the mother. If the mother has an infection, immediate veterinary attention is required and the kittens shouldn’t nurse from her again until after you get approval from the veterinarian. Diarrhea and dehydration must be treated, and the kittens will have to be hand-fed. Antibiotics may be administered by injection.

Septicemia

This infection can enter the bloodstream by way of an infected umbilical cord. Bacteria-infected milk can also lead to this condition. This is seen in kittens under two weeks of age.

Symptoms include: vocalization, distended and bloated stomachs, and difficulty in defecation. It may appear as if the kitten is constipated, but if you look at his bloated abdomen you’ll see it has developed a dark red or blue color. As the septicemia gets worse, the kitten will cease nursing, develop a low body temperature, lose weight, and become dehydrated.

Treatment involves determining the underlying primary cause. If it’s due to infected milk, the kittens must be removed from the mother and both she and her kittens will need care. Kittens must be treated for diarrhea and dehydration.

Insufficient Milk Supply

If kittens appear hungry, cry excessively, or aren’t tended to by the mother (which can occur with first-time mothers), there may be an insufficient supply of milk. Contact your veterinarian for a milk-replacement formula.

Paraphimosis (penis that is unable to be retracted)

Normally, when the penis is retracted, it slides back into the sheath. Long hair that sticks to the penis after mating may prevent it from sliding back. The most common cause is when hair collects around the penis and over time forms a ring.

Trimming the long hair around the penis before mating your male cat is recommended to prevent this condition.

Paraphimosis is an emergency because the penis can quickly become swollen and painful.

To treat, gently slide the prepuce (skin) back away from the penis and remove any trapped hairs. Gently hold the penis head and check for hairs caught on the spines. Next, lubricate the penis with a little K-Y jelly. Very gently slide the prepuce back over the penis. If the penis still doesn’t retract, take the cat to the veterinarian. If the cat is difficult to handle or gets too anxious, don’t attempt to remove the hairs from the penis by yourself—just get the cat to the veterinarian right away.

Hair caught on the spines of the penis can cause irritation and even infection. If the penis looks irritated, or has a discharge or odor, veterinary treatment is required.

Even if the penis can be retracted back into the sheath, if any of the above signs are present or if the cat frequently licks at his penis, veterinary attention is needed.

Cryptorchid Testicles (undescended)

A male cat should have both testicles descended into the scrotum at birth. If one or both fail to descend, they’re referred to as cryptorchid.

A cat with either one or both cryptorchid testicles should be neutered and not used for breeding. If left undescended, the testicle can develop a tumor.

Male Infertility

Attempting to breed the male cat too often (more than twice a week) can result in a low sperm count. On the other hand, mating too infrequently can lead to a low sperm count as well.

A cat with both testicles undescended may be sterile. If one testicle has descended he might be fertile but shouldn’t be bred.

Age also affects fertility, as does obesity, poor nutrition, and other diseases.

In terms of genetics, male tortoiseshell and male calico cats are almost always sterile.

Diagnosis involves determining the underlying cause by way of clinical tests, history taking, and physical examination. Treatment will be based on case specifics.

Female Infertility

Infertility in females can be caused by cysts on the ovaries or abnormal heat cycles (especially as the cat gets older). Abnormal heat cycles can be the result of insufficient daylight (an initiating factor in estrous cycling). Treatment for cysts involves surgical removal. Treatment for abnormal heat cycles is based on the specific cause. If it’s due to lack of daylight, increasing the cat’s exposure to at least twelve hours of light per day is usually recommended.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Viral Diseases

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)

Feline viral rhinotracheitis is produced by a herpes virus. It’s the most serious of the respiratory diseases for cats and is fatal for kittens. FVR is spread by direct contact with saliva, nasal/eye discharge, or by contact with an infected litter box or water bowl. Feline viral rhinotracheitis is more common in kennels, catteries, and multicat households when there is poor hygiene, inadequate ventilation, stress, poor nutrition, and overcrowding.

Symptoms start with a fever, then progress to sneezing, coughing, and eye and nasal discharge. The eyes become inflamed, which can lead to ulcerations, eventually forcing the eyelids shut. The nose can become totally blocked due to the thick discharge, causing open-mouth breathing. Symptoms can also include drooling and sometimes stomatitis (mouth ulcers), which makes eating extremely painful, so the cat loses weight. Even if the mouth doesn’t become ulcerated, the compromised sense of smell due to congested nasal passages can cause a loss of appetite. Warming the food slightly will help release the aroma, making it more appealing.

Treatment includes antibiotics, topical eye ointments, IV fluids, and nutritional support. The nose and the eyes have to be kept clear of discharge. Use a cotton ball moistened with water to clean the eyes and nose. A little drop of baby oil can be used over chapped areas of the nose.

Severe infections can leave a cat susceptible to recurring colds.

A yearly vaccination will help prevent your cat from developing this disease.

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

This is a highly contagious viral disease that grows in bone marrow and spreads via secretions. FeLV-positive cats have suppressed immune systems that leave them highly susceptible to other diseases and FeLV-potentiated cancers.

Transmission occurs most often through exchange of infected saliva. Possible transmission may occur as a result of sharing food and water bowls or allogrooming. Sexual contact and bite wounds are definite forms of transmission. Kittens can acquire the disease in the mother’s uterus or by nursing on the infected milk.

Some cats can be carriers without showing active symptoms themselves. Some cats exposed to FeLV may develop an immunity. This is called primary viremia, where the virus is in the blood and saliva but the cat’s antibodies are able to stop progression.

Secondary viremia refers to the virus that continues to be present in the cat’s blood and saliva. Having taken a firm hold of the cat’s immune system, the virus causes the body to become susceptible to any number of diseases. This is where FeLV-potentiated diseases become fatal to a cat.

Signs of FeLV are rather nonspecific. Initial symptoms of illness may include: fever, loss of weight, depression, change in bowels, and vomiting. The cat may also become anemic, showing pale mucous membranes. Specific signs then change when the other diseases develop as a result of immunosuppression.

Your cat can be tested for FeLV. There are two types of FeLV tests available: ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) can be done in the veterinary clinic and tests for both primary and secondary viremia. IFA (indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay) is sent out to a diagnostic lab. IFA tests are done to detect secondary viremia.

Treatment involves providing relief for the cat and prolonging life if possible. Antibiotics, vitamin supplements, IV therapy, and anticancer drugs are available, but both the owner and the veterinarian must work together on the ethical questions of the cat’s quality of life. Anticancer drugs are very powerful and you have to consider how much the cat should have to endure. In addition, there is the risk of treating a cat who may continue to shed this virus, putting other cats at risk.

Prevention involves testing any cats before introduction into your household. If you had a FeLV-positive cat in the household, disinfect the home, replace all litter boxes and food/water bowls. All remaining cats should be tested.

If an FeLV-positive cat was recently removed from your single-cat household, disinfect the home, throw out the litter box and food/water bowls, and wait at least one month before bringing in another cat.

There are vaccinations available against FeLV. Discuss your cat’s risk factors with your veterinarian.

If your vaccinated cat has been bitten by a cat whom you suspect could be FeLV-POSITIVE (i.e., any unknown cat), have him tested because no vaccine is 100 percent foolproof.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

FIV was first identified in California in the 1980s. It’s related to the human HIV virus, but FIV doesn’t produce HIV in humans and HIV will not produce FIV in cats.

FIV is shed in saliva and is spread mainly through bite wounds, which puts outdoor cats, especially roaming males, at greatest risk. Casual contact is not a main form of transmission.

The immune suppressed conditions caused by FIV can be hard to distinguish from FeLV, such as anemia, infections, and low white-blood-cell count. Signs of FIV can include various symptoms, depending upon the route of infection. Gingivitis, periodontitis, and stomatitis (mouth ulcers) are relatively common, which lead to the inability to eat and eventual emaciation. Skin infections, anemia, urinary infections, eye and ear infections, diarrhea, and respiratory infections are also possible. Delayed healing may be an important clue.

There are several stages of FIV; as with HIV, it begins with the acute stage following exposure where the cat develops a fever and enlarged lymph nodes. The cat may then go through a lengthy stage of being an asymptomatic carrier. Following that, there is the final AIDS-like stage. The cat’s immune system, which is no longer functioning, leaves the cat open for infections that become severe.

Diagnosis is based on testing that can be performed in the veterinarian’s office. Confirmation can also be done by doing additional tests that are sent out to a diagnostic lab. Treatment includes supportive therapy based on specific infections involved.

A positive diagnosis of FIV shouldn’t mean an immediate death sentence for your cat. FIV-positive cats (if they’re healthy) can live for months and even years. A positive diagnosis does mean, though, that the cat must strictly be an indoor cat and no other new cats can be introduced into the home.

The only way of preventing FIV is to limit your cat’s exposure to the virus by keeping him indoors. The most effective method is nonexposure.

If you do allow your FIV-negative cat outdoors, have him neutered to reduce his inclination to roam and fight. Keep him up-to-date on all of his other vaccinations and have him checked at the first sign of anything awry.

A vaccine against FIV was approved for use several years ago but it’s not recommended. Vaccinated cats will have positive antibody test results and the vaccine hasn’t proven to be 100 percent effective.

Feline Panleukopenia

Also known as feline infectious enterititis and feline distemper, this is a highly contagious and serious disease. It can attack a cat at any age and is one of the primary causes of death in kittens. Kittens can develop the virus in utero or from infected mother’s milk.

The disease is spread by direct contact with infected cats or their secretion. Infected cats shed the virus in their feces. Fleas that bite an infected cat can spread the virus to other cats.

The feline panleukopenia virus can survive temperature extremes and can remain in the environment for more than a year. Thorough cleansing and disinfecting with a diluted bleach solution must be done by anyone who handles or treats an infected cat to prevent passing infections on to other cats.

Signs of illness vary but can include fever and vomiting. The cat often develops a hunch pose, due to abdominal pain. He may sit with his head hanging over the water bowl. If he is actually able to eat or drink, he often vomits afterward. A yellowish diarrhea develops, sometimes streaked with blood. The cat’s coat usually develops a dull appearance. When you handle or pick up the cat, he may cry out due to abdominal pain.

Panleukopenia attacks the cat’s white blood cells. As the number of healthy white cells diminish, the body is susceptible to secondary infections.

The earlier you get to the veterinary hospital when symptoms first appear, the greater the chance of a cat surviving this disease. Treatment includes: antibiotics, IV fluid therapy, and nutritional support. Cats who survive this disease develop an immunity against future infections.

The best prevention is to vaccinate your cat. The vaccine is very effective.

In an environment where panleukopenia has been present, thorough cleansing and disinfecting must be done with a solution of bleach and water. Throw out anything in the cat’s environment that can’t be disinfected.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Caused by a strain belonging to the coronavirus group, FIP is spread by direct contact with secretions. Transmission can occur through direct contact with an infected cat or by coming in contact with surfaces or objects such as litter boxes, food bowls, bedding, or toys that have been exposed to an infected cat’s secretions. The cats most often infected are under three years old. A few cats who are exposed to the virus may develop only mild respiratory infections but can then become carriers while remaining asymptomatic. For the majority of cats, though, FIP is fatal.

The most at risk for FIP are catteries, households with a dense cat population, undernourished cats, kittens, or cats already suffering from another illness.

There are two forms of this disease: effusive (wet) and noneffusive (dry). Both are fatal. In the wet form, fluid accumulates in the chest or abdomen. You may notice breathing difficulty as the lungs become unable to expand. Fluid that accumulates in the abdomen causes it to become enlarged and painful to the touch. Other symptoms include: fever, loss of appetite, diarrhea, anemia, and vomiting. Jaundice may also develop. Cats with the effusive form of FIP don’t usually survive more than a couple of months.

The noneffusive form of FIP doesn’t involve fluid production, but rather attacks the organs, such as the brain, liver, kidneys, pancreas, and eyes. Symptoms can include: liver failure, kidney failure, neurologic disease, retinal disease, blindness, and pancreatic disease. Cats with non-effusiveFIP may survive several months. Outward symptoms may initially be vague such as loss of appetite, weight loss, pale appearance of the nose, jaundice of the inside of the eyelids, rough or dull haircoat, and recurring fever.

Diagnosis is made through a series of tests to first determine if there is enough of an FIP profile present. Your veterinarian will check antibody levels, kidney and liver functions, blood count, and fluid analysis (if present).

Treatment is unfortunately limited to supportive therapy to provide relief: antibiotics and anti-inflammatories. There is no cure. The prognosis for cats infected with this disease is, sadly, very poor.

If your cat is in a high-risk category, make sure his health is maintained through proper nutrition, veterinary checkups, and appropriate vaccinations. Address all health concerns immediately, however minor they may appear (that means fleas, other parasites, or the slightest sniffle or sneeze). Keep the area where the cat lives disinfected regularly. Use a solution of a half-cup bleach in a gallon of water to disinfect the environment. In a densely populated cat environment, this is crucial.

Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

FCV is spread by direct contact with nasal or eye discharge and saliva. It can also be spread by coming into contact with the litter box or food and water bowl of an infected cat.

Initial symptoms include: eye and nasal discharge, fever, and sneezing. As the disease progresses, drooling is seen due to ulceration of the mouth and tongue. The cat stops eating, loses weight, and has more and more breathing difficulty.

Treatment involves the use of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications. You can help keep the nose and eyes clear of discharge by using a cotton ball moistened with water or saline solution. A drop of baby oil can be used on chapped portions of the nose. There are various strains of this virus and some are more dangerous than others.

There is a vaccine available.

Rabies

This fatal disease enters the body usually by way of a bite from an infected animal. The virus, which is in the animal’s saliva, enters the open wound and travels through the central nervous system to the brain. The incubation period can range from a couple of weeks to several months, depending upon how close the initial bite wound was to the brain and how long it takes for the virus to infiltrate the nervous system—its transport route to the brain.

Rabies takes two forms, furious and paralytic. Infected animals may exhibit signs of both. The paralytic form is presented in the time close to death but an animal may not reach that form if death occurs during a seizure during the furious stage.

If rabid, the cat may appear nervous, restless, or irritable. He may become sensitive to light and loud noises. He’ll seek hiding places and become withdrawn. These symptoms may last a few days before the cat goes into the furious stage.

The furious phase can last anywhere from a day to a week. The cat becomes aggressive, biting at the air or imaginary things. He may suddenly attack and bite any approaching human or animal. Restrained cats will attempt to gnaw through crates or cages. In a short time, the cat develops tremors and muscle twitching, leading into convulsions.

When the paralytic stage takes over, it affects the head and neck first as the muscles become paralyzed. The image most people associate with rabies is the animal who seems afraid to drink water. It’s actually paralysis that causes an inability to swallow. The cat drools and often paws at his mouth. The paralysis prevents him from fully closing his lower jaw so his tongue can be seen hanging out. This partial paralysis soon gives way to complete paralysis. The cat collapses and death follows soon after.

The only true diagnosis is through microscopic examination of brain tissue, which is done by way of necropsy. Treatment is not available.

If your unvaccinated cat has been bitten by a rabid animal, it will most likely be recommended that he be put down or placed in quarantine. If your cat has been vaccinated and is bitten by a rabid animal, he will be given an additional booster vaccination and placed under observation.

Prevention comes down to making sure you have your cat vaccinated against rabies. Although rabies in cats is rare, you need to vaccinate against this disease. Kittens can be vaccinated starting at three months of age. A booster is given one year from that date. Then, depending upon the type of vaccine and your state’s law, boosters are administered yearly or every three years.

When it comes to animal bites, all wounds should be immediately cleaned with water and disinfectant. If you have any questions or concerns about a bite that your cat received, consult your veterinarian.

Bacterial Diseases

Feline Infectious Anemia

Caused by an organism called hemobartonella felis, which attaches to the red blood cell surface of cats, feline infectious anemia results in anemia.

It’s presumed that blood-sucking parasites and insects such as ticks and fleas may pass the contaminated blood to a healthy cat after biting an infected one. Kittens can be infected in utero if the mother is infected.

Signs can include pale gums and mucous membranes, and vomiting. If the disease progresses slowly, significant weight loss maybe noticeable. An acute case may not show weight loss but rather weakness, fever, loss of appetite, and the skin will appear jaundiced due to the breakdown of red blood cells. An anemic cat may start eating litter or dirt in an attempt to get iron.

Diagnosis is made through microscopic examination of blood smears. More than one sample may need to be taken because there’s a period when the parasite isn’t visible in the blood. A more accurate test can then be done using a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) blood test.

Antibiotic treatment, in addition to other medication, is usually administered for several weeks. Extreme cases may require blood transfusions. Provided that the anemia isn’t too far advanced, treatment is often successful, however, the parasite may never be completely eliminated from the body and the disease may recur following stress.

Flea and parasite control should also be part of the comprehensive program to reduce the cat’s exposure to feline infectious anemia. Cats allowed outside, male cats who roam, and cats under the age of six seem to be at higher risk.

Bordetella Bronchiseptica (FeBb)

Once known primarily as causing kennel cough in dogs. FeBb is now recognized as a possible respiratory pathogen that can cause similar signs in cats. Upper respiratory infections resulting from FeBb can lead to pneumonia.

Symptoms can include: fever, loss of appetite, listlessness, runny eyes, coughing, nasal discharge, sneezing, and increased lung sounds. Although coughing is a common sign in dogs, it may or may not appear in cats.

It’s believed the transmission primarily occurs through oronasal exposure to secretions and excretions of infected cats—sneezing, hissing, biting, licking, spitting, etc.

Bordetella alone can’t be diagnosed based on physical examination or clinical signs due to the similarity of symptoms associated with other respiratory pathogens. Culture swabs must be taken and sent to the laboratory.

Cats who have clinically recovered from FeBb can continue to shed the organism for about nineteen weeks. Shelters, boarding facilities, and multicat households are most at risk, especially if there is a history of respiratory disease.

Affected cats are treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine for FeBb is available but is considered a noncore vaccinate. Talk to your veterinarian about your cat’s risk factors.

Salmonellosis

A bacterial infection caused by a type of salmonella (there are many). Cats often seem to be asymptomatic carriers and appear relatively resistant to salmonella. The cats most susceptible are the ones under stress, living in unsanitary or overcrowded conditions, malnourished, or already weakened by illness. Bacteria is shed in the feces of carrier animals.

Cats can acquire salmonella by ingesting raw food, rodent or bird feces, and canned food that has been contaminated.

Symptoms of salmonellosis include fever, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, dehydration, diarrhea, lethargy, and vomiting. There are some cases, though, where no sign of diarrhea is exhibited.

Diagnosis is made by examination, fecal cultures, urinalysis, and blood tests. This infection is difficult to diagnose. Treatment involves fluid therapy to correct dehydration. Antibiotics may also be used.

To help prevent salmonellosis, never feed your cat raw or undercooked meat. If your cat is an outdoor hunter, he’s at a greater risk of contracting this bacterial infection. If you choose not to confine him indoors, make sure his immune system stays in peak condition through premium nutrition, booster vaccinations (there is no salmonella vaccine), regular veterinary checkups, and a sanitary environment. Finally, don’t let your cat ingest captured prey.

Cat Scratch Disease

I’m including cat scratch disease in this chapter because so many people don’t understand exactly what it is. They only know that it’s connected somehow to cats.

This disease is one that affects humans. Cats can be asymptomatic carriers. Cat scratch disease is usually self-limiting and consists of a red sore at the location of the bite or scratch. An enlargement of the lymph nodes closest to the wound may develop, usually lasting several weeks or even months. In most cases, the lymph nodes then return to normal size. In a few cases, cat scratch disease results in a more severe condition, including fever, fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite. For immunosuppressed humans, the disease can become life-threatening.

Always clean and disinfect any scratch or bite you receive from a cat, however minor. This disease is more apt to occur when scratched by a stray cat rather than a known pet. Consult your doctor if you have any questions about a cat-related wound.

Instruct children on the proper and gentle handling of cats, so hopefully they will avoid getting scratched in the first place.

Feline Chylamydiosis

Also known as feline pneumonitis, it’s a respiratory infection that can range from mild to very severe and is spread through direct contact.

Symptoms include: conjunctivitis, which causes redness and discharge from the eyes; sneezing, loss of appetite, coughing, and breathing difficulty are also signs.

Young cats seem most at risk, especially those living in a multicat environment where there has been a history of disease.

Treatment includes the use of oral and ophthalmic antibiotics. Cats usually recover from this disease, although recurrence is common.

There is a vaccine available that may or may not be included in routine vaccinations. The vaccine doesn’t prevent the disease but may lessen the severity.

Fungal Diseases

Histoplasmosis

This disease is caused by a soil fungus. Transmission occurs through inhalation. Histoplasmosis is rarely found in cats, however, young cats are more susceptible.

Symptoms can include: respiratory difficulty, fever, weakness, loss of appetite, and diarrhea.

Diagnosis is made by taking a culture and treatment involves the use of long-term antifungal medication. The prognosis, though, is usually not very good.

Aspergillosis

Signs of infection by this fungus, which is found in soil and decaying debris, usually include respiratory and digestive disorders.

Cats already infected with panleukopenia seem to be the most susceptible to aspergillosis.

Antifungal drugs are part of the therapy used to treat this disease. Prognosis is guarded.

Cryptococcosis

A common fungal infection in cats, cryptococcosis is found in bird droppings and is usually acquired by way of inhalation.

The infection usually results in respiratory illness with symptoms such as sneezing, thick nasal discharge, coughing, breathing difficulty, and weight loss. Hard growths may develop across the nose.

Diagnosis is made by sending samples to the lab for culturing. There is also a blood test available for diagnosing cryptococcosis.

Antifungal drugs are used to treat this disease. In some cases, surgery may also be necessary.

Ringworm

Refer to section on skin disorders.

DISORDERS OF THE MOUTH

Retained Deciduous Teeth

Kittens have twenty-six deciduous (baby) teeth, which eventually get replaced by adult teeth. The transition begins at about three months of age and is usually completed by the time the kitten reaches seven months.

Occasionally, one or more of the baby teeth don’t come out and as the adult teeth emerge they get pushed out of proper alignment. When you look in the kitten’s mouth you’ll notice two sets of teeth. If left alone, this leads to a badly aligned bite and rapid progression of dental disease.

Treatment consists of pulling the retained baby teeth.

Halitosis

This isn’t the primary problem but rather a symptom of another condition, and finding the cause is crucial. You can’t just treat this as a simple case of bad breath.

Gingivitis, periodontal disease, certain infectious disease, or even urinary problems can cause halitosis. A strange mouth odor can also be a sign of poisoning. Diabetes may also produce a characteristic odor due to acetone. Anytime you notice a strange or foul odor to your cat’s breath, have him checked by the veterinarian so the primary cause can be accurately diagnosed.

SIGNS OF MOUTH OR THROAT PROBLEMS

• inflammation of lips or gums

• change in appearance of tongue

• receding gums

• yellow or brown deposits on teeth

• halitosis

• loss of appetite

• excessive drooling

• pawing at mouth or face

• swelling on the face or neck

• ungroomed hair coat

• difficulty in swallowing

Following a regular program of cleaning your cat’s teeth will help prevent gingivitis, which can cause bad breath. Refer to Chapter 12 to learn how to care for your cat’s teeth.

Gingivitis and Periodontitis

Gingivitis, a common problem for all pets, refers to the inflammation of the gums. Gingivitis begins when the bacterial film known as plaque coats the tooth. The invisible plaque is caused by the growing bacteria in food that gets trapped between the teeth. Calculus, or tartar, forms as the soft plaque appears yellow or brown on the teeth.

Signs of gingivitis: a thin red line on the gums. It’ll almost look as if someone outlined your cat’s gums with a red pen. As the disease progresses, you may notice bad breath. As the infection worsens, the inflamed gums form pus pockets and your cat may begin drooling.

Periodontitis refers to the inflammation of the periodontal membrane around the tooth. At this stage teeth may be loose, roots abscessed, and gums receded. The infection may have spread to the bone. Eating and chewing become painful for the cat.

Left untreated, the infection in the bones can become life-threatening if it spreads to the cat’s organs.

Scaling and polishing of your cat’s teeth should be done by your veterinarian as often as needed. At that time, loose teeth will need to be extracted. The whole procedure is done under anesthesia, so your cat doesn’t feel any pain.

For instructions on caring for your cat’s teeth, including brushing, dental rinses, and tartar-reducing foods, refer to Chapter 12.

Excessive Drooling

Salivary glands secrete saliva, a fluid that aids in digestion of food. Drooling is more commonly associated with dogs, but a cat might drool when given oral medicine. You also may notice drooling during displays of affection if he seems to get too carried away with his joy. Cats often drool when sprayed with flea-control products if they lick their fur afterward.

Excessive drooling can be a sign of many health problems as well. Dental disease can cause drooling, as can foreign bodies caught in the mouth or throat. Drooling can be a sign of poisoning. Heat stroke is another possible cause. Runny noses, watery eyes, or sneezing that accompanies drooling can indicate a respiratory infection.

Stomatitis (sore or ulcerated mouth)

Periodontal disease can cause inflammation and ulcers of the mouth. The cat will have a strong mouth odor, puffy red gums, and a dark brownish saliva. This condition is also known as trench mouth.

Stomatitis can also be connected to certain respiratory diseases, as well as FeLV, FIV, and renal diseases, among others.

Symptoms include: pawing at the mouth, inflamed mouth, drooling, inability to eat, and head shaking.

Treatment involves diagnosing the primary cause, cleaning the mouth, treating the ulcers, pulling loose teeth, and placing the cat on appropriate antibiotics. An at-home oral hygiene program will be prescribed and the cat must stay on a very soft diet while the mouth heals.

EYE DISORDERS

Conjunctivitis

This is an inflammation of the lining of the eyelid and sometimes the bulbar conjunctiva as well. One or both eyes can be affected. There is usually a discharge that may be clear and watery or thick and puslike. The eyes will be red or inflamed. Sometimes edema will be present. The cat may blink often and paw at his eyes. They may even appear to be swollen shut and crusts may form on the eyelids.

Conjunctivitis can be caused by an irritant such as dust, dirt, or some type of allergen. A clear watery discharge may indicate a viral upper respiratory disease or allergies. If the discharge is thick and changes color, it could suggest a secondary bacterial infection.

There are several causes of conjunctivitis. Specific treatment will depend on the underlying cause. Eye drops or ointments will be prescribed and if there are crusts on the eyes, warm soaks will be administered.

SIGNS OF EYE PROBLEMS

• bleeding from or around the eye

• squinting

• rapid blinking

• unusual movement of the eye

• eye discharge

• pawing or scratching at eye

• appearance of third eyelid

• swelling in or around the eye

• pain

• fixed pupils

• one pupil of different size

• opaque film covering the eye

• bloodshot eyes

• irritated, red, or inflamed conjunctiva

• crusting over eye

• sunken or protruding eyeball

• eyelid drooping

• tearing

If your cat is squinting or appears to have conjunctivitis, don’t administer any previously prescribed medicine until you’ve seen the veterinarian. If a corneal ulcer is present, using the wrong ointment can cause more serious injury.

Some cats sabotage recovery by continually scratching or rubbing at the eyes. If this is the case, your veterinarian will recommend the use of a special collar that prevents him from gaining access to the eyes.

Appearance of the Third Eyelid

Injury or illness can cause the third eyelid to become visible. If only one eye is involved, it’s most likely an infection or injury to the eye itself. If the membrane is visible over both eyes, illness maybe the cause.

Have your cat seen by the veterinarian for a complete exam to determine the cause of the third eyelid appearance and begin appropriate treatment.

Haws Syndrome

This is a relatively common condition in cats that results in a protrusion of the third eyelid. Its cause is unknown and may be associated with self-limiting diarrhea. The condition is temporary, lasting anywhere from one to two months. Treatment may include topical medication. If diarrhea is present, that must be treated as well.

Horner’s Syndrome

A constant partial appearance of the third eyelid, Horner’s syndrome is due to the loss of nerve stimulation of the muscle that keeps it retracted. In addition to third eyelid protrusion, symptoms may include: small pupil, retracted eye, and lid droop.

Horner’s syndrome is a sign of a neurologic problem. Causes can include injury to the neck or upper spinal column, along with middle ear infection. Treatment is based on primary cause.

Blocked Tear Ducts

Normally, excess tears drain into the tear duct, which leads into the nose. If the normal tear drainage system becomes blocked, the tears spill out over the eyelid and run down the face, causing the hair to become stained. A cat with a chronic clear discharge not accompanied by redness to the eye may have blocked tear ducts.

There are several causes for the tear ducts to become blocked: it can be the result of the sharp turns that the drainage system has to take in short-nosed, flat-faced breeds such as Persians; it can also be caused by injury, thick secretions, infections (especially chronic ones), tumors, and even dirt or litter can cause the blockage.

To check for adequate drainage, the veterinarian will use fluorescein, an ophthalmic dye in the eye. Under a special light, the dye should be apparent at the nostril opening if the drainage system is functioning. Sometimes only one side is blocked.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Infections are treated with antibiotic therapy. Reduction of inflammation by using ophthalmic steroid drops may open the ducts. Flushing the ducts with saline is often done to loosen whatever is causing the plug. This procedure is often performed under an anesthetic.

Corneal Ulcers

Usually caused by an injury, corneal ulcers can also be the result of secondary infection. Eye injury due to a cat fight is a common cause of corneal ulcers. Inadequate tear production that results in dry eyes can also cause ulcers.

The ulcer may be large enough to be visible to you or it may be too small to see with the naked eye. Early treatment is crucial to preventing a more serious condition. To find small ulcers, the veterinarian will stain the eye with fluorescein, an ophthalmic dye. The eye is then rinsed and under a special light, any ulcers will retain traces of the dye.

If your cat is squinting, don’t assume it’s conjunctivitis and place previously prescribed medicine in the eye. Certain medications can cause very serious injury to the eye when ulcers are present.

Keratitis

An inflammation of the cornea that can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms include: appearance of the third eyelid, squinting, discharge, and sensitivity to light. The cat may also paw at his eye. This inflammation is painful to the cat. If left untreated, the cat may suffer permanent loss of vision.

Keratitis can be the result of a traumatic injury or entropian lesion (where the eyelid rolls inward and the lashes irritate the cornea). Many infectious agents can also be the cause.

A veterinarian should be seen immediately. Antibiotics are usually prescribed. To reduce pain, a topical ointment will also be administered.

Glaucoma

This is increased fluid pressure inside the eyeball itself. Glaucoma in cats is usually secondary, caused by things such as injury, infection, cataracts, or tumors. The fluid builds up because something scars over or blocks drainage.

As fluid pressure increases, the eye gets larger, harder, and begins to bulge. It is a painful process. Glaucoma can affect one or both eyes. Other symptoms may include: dilated pupils, squinting, and increased appearance of vascular structures in the sclera.

Left untreated, retinal damage occurs and the cat could lose vision.

Eye pressure can be measured by the veterinarian, using an instrument that is placed over the eye’s surface.

Hospitalization and possible surgery are required to relieve pressure for acute cases of glaucoma. In severe cases, removal of the eye is necessary. Chronic glaucoma may be treated with topical and oral medication.

Cataracts

With a cataract, there’s an opacity of the lens that gives it a milky appearance. Normally, a healthy lens is clear. Cataracts can develop as a result of injury or infection, which is how it’s most commonly seen in cats. Not just a condition of old age, cataracts can develop in cats at any time. Diabetic cats may develop them as they age.

Symptoms: changes in appearance of the eyes, squinting, inflammation, reluctance to go up or down stairs, and may seem unsure when walking.

Depending upon the cause of the cataract, surgery can be performed if needed, but it may not restore total vision.

Nuclear Sclerosis

A common eye disorder that occurs with aging. As the cat gets older the lens continues to grow, pushing toward the center of the eye, creating a buildup of cells. This results in a grayish or bluish haze. This condition, normal to the aging process, doesn’t seem to obstruct vision. No treatment is usually needed. This condition is not the same as cataracts.

Uveitis

This is an inflammation of the inner eye that’s commonly seen in connection with various infectious diseases in cats, such as feline leukemia or feline infectious peritonitis. It can also be the result of physical trauma. With uveitis, the eye becomes increasingly soft.

Symptoms include: red, watery eyes, squinting, constricted pupils, and sensitivity to light. This condition is very painful.

Veterinary care includes diagnosis and treatment of the primary illness or cause, along with medication to reduce inflammation and relieve discomfort.

Left untreated, uveitis can lead to blindness.

Blindness

Numerous disorders can cause blindness as can injury. If you suspect that your cat is going blind or is blind, contact your veterinarian to determine the cause.

If your cat is blind or has diminished vision, he must never be allowed outdoors. Kept indoors, a blind cat can do well as long as his environment remains consistent. Refrain from rearranging furniture and keep his food, water, bed, and litter box in the places he’s familiar with.

DISORDERS OF THE NOSE

Infections

A nasal infection can be the result of respiratory disease, injury, or the presence of a foreign object. Symptoms usually include: nasal discharge, sneezing, breathing difficulty, noisy or wet sounding breathing, and loss of appetite. You may notice open-mouth breathing as the cat’s nose becomes more congested.

SIGNS OF NASAL PROBLEMS

• breathing difficulty

• open-mouth breathing

• swelling

• lumps or tumors

• severe dental/oral infections

• decreased appetite

• change in nasal appearance

A nasal discharge that is yellow or puslike indicates a bacterial infection.

After diagnosing the specific condition, appropriate antibiotics will be given. A decongestant may also be prescribed. Helping your cat to breathe comfortably is of the utmost importance, so gently wipe any discharge or crusts from the nose with a moistened cotton ball. You can also use a drop of baby oil on the nose to keep it from becoming chapped. Your veterinarian may recommend the use of a vaporizer.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Cats who can’t smell usually become anorexic.

Sinusitis

Symptoms of sinusitis can include: sneezing, and a white or yellow nasal discharge, which may or may not contain blood. Sinus infections can be a secondary result of an allergy, respiratory infection, injury, or fungal infection. A tooth abscess can also lead to sinusitis.

The underlying cause must be treated. Antibiotics will be prescribed and in extreme cases, surgery may need to be performed to allow drainage.

DISORDERS OF THE EAR

Otitis

Cats can develop inflammation of the outer ear (otitis externa) from bacteria, wax accumulation, ear mites, or infected wounds.

Symptoms include: inflammation, scratching or pawing at ears, odor, appearance of exudates, head shaking, or ear flaps held at an unusual angle.

Treatment involves cleansing the ear (see Chapter 12 for instructions on how to keep the ears clean) and the application of a topical antibiotic medication.

SIGNS OF EAR PROBLEMS

• scratching or pawing at ears

• head tilt

• discharge

• swelling of pinnae (ear flaps)

• bleeding

• odor

• appearance of gritty black material in ears

• excessive wax

• inflammation in or around ears

• crusting

• hair loss around ears

• lumps on or inside the ear

• abnormal ear movements

Middle ear (otitis media) inflammation can be caused by parasites, bacteria, fungi, or foreign bodies.

Symptoms include head tilt and lack of balance.

Treatment may include the use of antibiotics or antifungal medication. In some cases, surgery maybe required.

Inner ear infections (otitis interna) are extremely serious and can result in irreversible damage and even death. Symptoms can include: hearing loss, vomiting, loss of coordination and balance, circling, and abnormal eye movements. Treatment may include the use of antibiotics or antifungal medication.

Deafness

Deafness can be caused by a variety of things, including: injury, infection, aging, obstructions, tumors, poisons, and certain drugs. It can also be congenital. White cats with blue eyes are often deaf. In odd-eyed white cats, the deafness occurs on the side with the blue eye.

If your aging cat is going deaf or has already become totally deaf, avoid startling him. You can announce your arrival or intentions to handle him through the vibrations of your footsteps. When approaching a deaf cat who is sleeping, make your footsteps heavier (don’t stomp, though) so he’ll feel the vibrations. If the cat is awake and his attention is focused elsewhere, slowly come into his visual field. Don’t just come up behind a deaf cat and pick him up.

If you suspect deafness, have your cat examined by the veterinarian to check for infections, injuries, or obstructions.

Ear Mites

The most common cause of ear problems in cats, these microscopic parasites feed off skin tissue. They live and breed in the ear canal, causing itching and irritation, but they can also travel to other parts of the body.

Ear mites are extremely contagious to other pets, so if one pet has an infestation, there’s a good chance that his companions will have them as well. Even though ear mites are primarily found in the ears, they can actually show up anywhere on the body so it’s easily spread from pet to pet.

Left untreated, ear mite infestation can cause serious trouble as the ear canal becomes irritated and raw.

The most common sign of ear mite infestation is constant scratching and repeated head shaking. The cat may also hold his ears at an unusual angle. When you examine the ears you’ll find dry, dark, crumbly brown debris, resembling coffee grinds. During violent head shaking or scratching you may notice some of the debris expelled out onto the haircoat.

Ear mites are actually white in color. The brown debris in the ear is the digested material and wax.

A confirmed diagnosis of ear mite infestation is made by taking a sample of the debris in the ears for examination under the microscope. There, you’re able to see the tiny mites moving all around. One look at the numerous mites under the microscope and it’s easy to understand how itchy and irritating they must be for the cat.

Veterinary treatment involves careful and gentle cleaning of the ears. It has to be done gently because the ears will be very irritated and raw. After cleaning, you’ll notice how red and inflamed the ear canals are. Cleaning is important for the miticide to be effective so the mites won’t be able to hide in the accumulated debris.

Follow the instructions concerning length of time for treatment because ear mites have a three-week life cycle. If treatment is stopped too early, infestation will reappear.

There are several ear mite treatment products available. Specific dosage instructions may vary, depending on the product.

During ear mite treatment, keep the nails trimmed on your cat’s hind feet to reduce scratching-related damage to the ears and surrounding area.

Treating the environment isn’t usually indicated since ear mites don’t survive for long off the animal.

Hematoma

When a cat violently shakes his head, a blood vessel can rupture, causing a bulging pocket of accumulated blood and fluid in the ear flap between the cartilage and skin. Such severe head shaking and scratching can be the result of ear mite infestation, allergies, or ear infections. A hematoma causes so much swelling that it becomes painful for the cat. Surgery is often required to prevent a recurrence, otherwise the pocket that was formed from the blood clot will fill up with fluid again.

Other causes of a hematoma can include cat fights and trauma to the head.

To help prevent hematomas, check your cat’s ears regularly for signs of mites, redness, or irritation. If you notice anything or if your cat shakes his head often, paws at his ears, or holds his ears at an unusual angle, have him examined by the veterinarian.

Sunburned Ears

To prevent this condition, limit the cat’s access to the outdoors, especially on sunny days. When the cat does go outdoors, apply a sunblock to the ears. Check with your veterinarian regarding which one is safe for cats. Check the ears regularly and seek immediate attention for any signs of sunburn or ulcers. This can develop into skin cancer.

Frostbite

The tips of the ears are especially susceptible to frostbite. This subject is covered in Chapter 18, “Emergencies and First Aid.”

CANCER

Cancer can develop anywhere in the body: the skin, the mouth, lymph nodes, blood cells, or any internal organ.

Since many cancers aren’t outwardly detectable, anytime your cat displays symptoms of not feeling well, consult your veterinarian.

Neoplasia is a word you’ll commonly hear in connection to tumors. It refers to a tumor that continues to grow (a neoplasm).

One of the most common cancers in cats is lymphoma, a cancer associated with feline leukemia virus.

Another cancer, fibrosarcoma, is the one often known as injection site sarcoma and is associated with some vaccinations.

Tumors are divided into two categories: benign and malignant. A benign tumor is noncancerous, generally grows slower, doesn’t spread to other areas of the body, and is very often able to be surgically removed if necessary. A tumor that’s diagnosed as malignant is cancerous, grows rapidly, has an irregular shape, and spreads to other parts of the body. Surgery may or may not be successful in removing a malignant tumor.

Treatment for malignant tumors depends on the specific case. One rule does apply to all cancers, though: early detection provides a greater chance of a successful cure.

Different types of treatment include:

Surgery (sometimes used with other therapies)
Chemotherapy (anticancer drugs)
Radiation therapy (sometimes used with chemotherapy or surgery)
Cryosurgery (freezing the tissue)
Hyperthermia therapy (heating the tissue to a very high temperature;
sometimes used with other therapies)
Immunotherapy (natural and chemical immune boosting agents; some-
times used with other therapies)

SIGNS OF CANCER

• lumps or bumps

• swelling

• growths on the skin

• breathing difficulty

• chronic diarrhea

Each treatment has advantages and disadvantages. Tumors that have spread or are in difficult-to-reach locations may need a therapy such as radiation. It’s not unusual to employ a combination of treatments to control and hopefully eliminate the cancer. Cancer is, unfortunately, relatively common in cats.

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DISORDERS

INTERNAL PARASITES

Tapeworms

Roundworms

Hookworms

Heartworm

Toxoplasmosis

Coccidia

Giardia

SKIN DISORDERS

EXTERNAL PARASITES

Fleas and Ticks

Lice

Maggots and Flies

Mites

Demodectic Mange

Cheyletiella Mange (Walking Dandruff)

Ear Mites

Skin Allergies

Flea-Bite Hypersensitivity

Contact Hypersensitivity

Inhalant Allergy

Food Hypersensitivity

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Ringworm

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Abscesses

Feline Acne

Stud Tail

Folliculitis

Impetigo

Alopecia

RODENT ULCER

SOLAR DERMATITIS

CYSTS, TUMORS, AND GROWTHS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS

Asthma

Upper RespiratoryInfection

Pneumonia

Pulmonary Edema

Pleural Effusion

Pneumothorax

URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS

Lower Urinary Tract Diseases

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

Incontinence

Kidney Disease

Kidney Failure

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

Vomiting

Gastritis

Diarrhea

Stool Appearance

Constipation

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Megacolon

Flatulence

Impacted Anal Glands

Hepactic Lipidosis (HL)

Pancreatitis

Obesity

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM DISORDERS

Arthritis

Parathyroid Diseases

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Steatitis

Vitamin Overdosing

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISORDERS

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Diabetes Mellitus

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS

Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmia

Heart Murmur

Heartworm

Anemia

Arterial Thromboembolism

NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS