Over the past 30 years, I have painstakingly collected thousands of scientific articles from medical journals on the healing power of foods and food components. The references provided are by no means designed to represent a complete list for all of the studies reviewed or mentioned in The Complete Book of Juicing. I have chosen to focus on key studies and comprehensive review articles. In general, these sorts of scientific references are usually of value only to health care professionals.
In addition to the articles listed here, we encourage interested parties to access the Internet site for the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov for additional studies.
The NLM Gateway is a web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the NLM. From this site you can access all of the NLM databases including the PubMed database. This database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at websites of participating publishers. Publishers participating in PubMed electronically supply NLM with their citations prior to or at the time of publication. If the publisher has a website that offers the full text of its journals, PubMed provides links to that site as well as sites to other biological data, sequence centers, and so on.
PubMed provides access to bibliographic information, which includes MEDLINE—the NLM’s premier bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences. MEDLINE contains bibliographic citations and author abstracts from more than 4,000 medical journals published in the United States and 70 other countries. The file contains over 11 million citations dating back to the mid-1960s. Coverage is worldwide, but most records are from English-language sources or have English abstracts (summaries). Conducting a search is quite easy and the site has a link to a tutorial that fully explains the process.
1. K. A. Steinmetz and J. D. Potter, “Vegetables, Fruit, and Cancer. II. Mechanisms,” Cancer Causes and Control 2 (1991): 427–42.
2. J. Konowalchuk and J. I. Speirs, “Antiviral Effect of Apple Beverages,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 36 (1978): 798–801.
3. C. Gerhauser, “Cancer Chemopreventive Potential of Apples, Apple Juice, and Apple Components,” Planta Medica 74 (2008): 1608–24.
4. C. Soler, J. M. Soriano, and J. Mañes, “Apple-Products Phytochemicals and Processing: A Review,” Natural Product Communications 4, no. 5 (May 2009): 659–70.
5. E. Bakkalbas¸i, O. Mentes¸, and N. Artik, “Food Ellagitannins-Occurrence, Effects of Processing and Storage,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 49, no. 3 (March 2009): 283–98.
6. D. P. Jones, R. J. Coates, E. W. Flagg, et al., “Glutathione in Foods Listed in the National Cancer Institutes Health Habits and History Food Frequency Questionnaire,” Nutrition and Cancer 17 (1995): 57–75.
7. P. L. White and N. Selvey, Nutritional Qualities of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (Mount Kisco, NY: Futura 1974).
8. Ibid.
9. J. M. Douglass, I. M. Rasgon, P. M. Fleiss, et al., “Effects of a Raw Food Diet on Hypertension and Obesity,” Southern Medical Journal 78 (1985): 841–44.
1. S. M. Kleiner, “Water: An Essential but Overlooked Nutrient,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99 (1999): 200–6.
2. InterAct Consortium, “Consumption of Sweet Beverages and Type 2 Diabetes Incidence in European Adults: Results from EPIC-InterAct,” Diabetologia April 26, 2013, diabetologia-journal.org.
3. V. S. Malik, B. M. Popkin, G. A. Bray, et al., “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis,” Diabetes Care 33, no. 11 (2010): 2477–83; and E. S. Eshak, H. Iso, T. Mizoue, et al., “Soft Drink, 100% Fruit Juice, and Vegetable Juice Intakes and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus,” Clinical Nutrition 32, no. 2 (April 2013): 300–8.
4. A. S. Christensen, L. Viggers, K. Hasselström, et al., “Effect of Fruit Restriction on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—A Randomized Trial,” Nutrition Journal 12 (2013): 29. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-29; and S. V. Hegde, P. Adhikari, M. N., et al., “Effect of Daily Supplementation of Fruits on Oxidative Stress Indices and Glycaemic Status in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 19, no. 2 (May 2013): 97–100.
5. F. H. Nielsen, “Boron: An Overlooked Element of Potential Nutrition Importance,” Nutrition Today 23 (January–February 1988): 4–7.
6. K. T. Khaw and E. Barrett-Connor, “Dietary Potassium and Stroke-Associated Mortality,” New England Journal of Medicine 316 (1987): 235–40; and B. Jansson, “Dietary, Total Body, and Intracellular Potassium-to-Sodium Ratios and Their Influence on Cancer,” Cancer Detection and Prevention 14 (1991): 563–65.
7. P. K. Whelton and J. He, “Potassium in Preventing and Treating High Blood Pressure,” Seminars in Nephrology 19 (1999): 494–99; and F. M. Sacks, L. P. Svetkey, W. M. Vollmer, et al., “Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet.” New England Journal of Medicine 344 (2001): 3–10.
1. E. Howell, Enzyme Nutrition (Wayne, NJ: Avery, 1985); M. I. Grossman, H. Greengard, and A. C. Ivy, “The Effect of Diet on Pancreatic Enzymes,” American Journal of Physiology 138 (1943): 676–82.
2. S. Taussig and R. Batkin, “Bromelain: The Enzyme Complex of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Its Clinical Application: An Update,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 22 (1988): 191–203.
3. K. Izaka, M. Yamada, T. Kawano, et al., “Gastrointestinal Absorption and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Bromelain,” Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 22 (1972): 519–34.
4. N. I. Krinsky and E. J. Johnson, “Carotenoid Actions and Their Relation to Health and Disease,” Molecular Aspects of Medicine 26, no. 6 (2005): 459–516.
5. R. M. Russell, “Physiological and Clinical Significance of Carotenoids,” International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 68, no. 6 (1998): 349–53.
6. R. G. Cutler, “Carotenoids and Retinol: Their Possible Importance in Determining Longevity of Primate Species,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81 (1984): 7627–31.
7. J. A. Mares-Perlman, A. E. Millen, T. L. Ficek, et al., “The Body of Evidence to Support a Protective Role for Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Delaying Chronic Disease,” Journal of Nutrition 132, no. 3 (2002): 518S–24S.
8. A. V. Rao and S. Agarwal, “Role of Antioxidant Lycopene in Cancer and Heart Disease,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19, no. 5 (2000): 563–69.
9. J. H. Weisburger, “Lycopene and Tomato Products in Health Promotion,” Experimental Biology and Medicine 227, no. 10 (2002): 924–27.
10. A. Bendich, “The Safety of Beta-Carotene,” Nutrition and Cancer 11 (1988): 207–14.
11. G. Di Carlo, N. Mascolo, A. A. Izzo, et al., “Flavonoids: Old and New Aspects of a Class of Natural Therapeutic Drugs,” Life Sciences 65 (1999): 337–53; B. H. Havsteen, “The Biochemistry and Medical Significance of the Flavonoids,” Pharmacology and Therapeutics 96 (2002): 67–202; E. Middleton, Jr., C. Kandaswami, and T. C. Theoharides, “The Effects of Plant Flavonoids on Mammalian Cells: Implications for Inflammation, Heart Disease, and Cancer,” Pharmacological Reviews 52 (2000): 673–751; and R. J. Nijveldt, E. van Nood, D. E. van Hoorn, et al., “Flavonoids: A Review of Probable Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 (2001): 418–25.
12. M. L. McCullough, J. J. Peterson, R. Patel, et al., “Flavonoid Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Adults,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 2 (February 2012): 454–64.
13. H. A. Rafsky and C. I. Krieger, “The Treatment of Intestinal Diseases with Solutions of Water-Soluble Chlorophyll,” Review of Gastroenterology 15 (1945): 549–53.
14. M. C. Nahata, C. A. Sleccsak, and J. Kamp, “Effect of Chlorophyllin on Urinary Odor in Incontinent Geriatric Patients,” Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 17 (1983): 732–34.
15. R. Gubner and H. E. Ungerleider, “Vitamin K Therapy in Menorrhagia,” Southern Medical Journal 37 (1944): 556–58.
16. T. Ong, W. Z. Whong, J. Stewart, et al., “Chlorophyllin: A Potent Antimutagen Against Environmental and Dietary Complex Mixtures,” Mutation Research 173 (1986): 111–15.
17. S. Ohyama, S. Kitamori, H. Kawano, et al., “Ingestion of Parsley Inhibits the Mutagenicity of Male Human Urine Following Consumption of Fried Salmon,” Mutation Research 192 (1987): 7–10.
18. J. Sun, “D-limonene: Safety and Clinical Applications,” Alternative Medicine Review 12, no. 3 (September 2007): 259–64; P. L. Crowell, “Prevention and Therapy of Cancer by Dietary Monoterpenes,” Journal of Nutrition 129, no. 3 (1999): 775S–78S; and D. M. Vigushin, G. K. Poon, A. Boddy, et al., “Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of d-Limonene in Patients with Advanced Cancer,” Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 42 (1998): 111–17.
1. A. Blair and S. H. Zahm, “Agricultural Exposures and Cancer,” Environmental Health Perspectives 103, no. 58 (1995): 205–8; Y. Mao, J. Hu, A. M. Ugnat, et al., “Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals in Canada,” Annals of Oncology 11, no. 51 (2000): 69–73.
2. C. Lu, K. Toepel, R. Irish, et al., “Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114, no. 2 (February 2006): 260–63.
1. D. A. Hyson, “A Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their Relationship to Human Health,” Advances in Nutrition 2, no. 5 (September 2011): 408–20.
2. P. Knekt, R. Jarvinen, A. Reunanen, et al., “Flavonoid Intake and Coronary Mortality in Finland: A Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal 312, no. 7029 (1996): 478–81.
3. Hyson, “Comprehensive Review,” 408–20; R. Sable-Amplis, R. Sicart, and R. Agid, “Further Studies on the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Apple in Humans: Biochemical Mechanisms Involved,” Nutrition Research 3 (1983): 325–83.
4. V. Garcia, I. C. Arts, J. A. Sterne, et al., “Dietary Intake of Flavonoids and Asthma in Adults,” European Respiratory Journal 26, no. 3 (September 2005): 449–52.
5. Hyson, “Comprehensive Review,” 408–20.
6. C. Soler, J. M. Soriano, and J. Mañes, “Apple-Products Phytochemicals and Processing: A Review,” Natural Product Communications 4, no. 5 (May 2009): 459–70.
7. D. Heber, “Multitargeted Therapy of Cancer by Ellagitannins,” Cancer Letters 269, no. 2 (October 2008): 262–68.
8. D. H. Barch, L. M Rundhaugen, G. D. Stoner, et al., “Structure-Function Relationships of the Dietary Anticarcinogen Ellagic Acid,” Carcinogenesis 17, no. 2 (1996): 265–69.
9. K. T. Khaw and E. Barrett-Connor, “Dietary Potassium and Stroke-Associated Mortality: A 12-year Prospective Population Study,” New England Journal of Medicine 316 (1987): 235–40.
10. R. L. Galli, B. Shukitt-Hale, K. A. Youdim, et al., “Fruit Polyphenolics and Brain Aging: Nutritional Interventions Targeting Age-Related Neuronal and Behavioral Deficits,” Annals of the New York Academy of Science 959 (2002): 128–32.
11. J. A. Joseph, B. Shukitt-Hale, N. A. Denisova, et al., “Reversals of Age-Related Declines in Neuronal Signal Transduction, Cognitive, and Motor Behavioral Deficits with Blueberry, Spinach, or Strawberry Dietary Supplementation,” Journal of Neuroscience 19, no. 18 (1999): 8114–21.
12. Soler, Soriano, and Mañes, “Apple-Products,” 337.
13. S. M. Hannum, “Potential Impact of Strawberries on Human Health: A Review of the Science,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 44, no. 1 (2004): 1–17.
14. T. Chen, F. Yan, J. Qian, et al., “Randomized Phase II Trial of Lyophilized Strawberries in Patients with Dysplastic Precancerous Lesions of the Esophagus,” Cancer Prevention Research 5, no. 1 (January 2012): 41–50.
15. S. L. Pinski and J. D. Maloney, “Adenosine: A New Drug for Acute Termination of Supraventricular Tachycardia,” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 57 (1990): 383–88.
16. L. W. Blau, “Cherry Diet Control for Gout and Arthritis,” Texas Reports on Biology & Medicine 8 (1950): 309–11.
17. R. A. Jacob, G. M. Spinozzi, V. A. Simon, et al., “Consumption of Cherries Lowers Plasma Urate in Healthy Women,” Journal of Nutrition 133, no. 6 (2003): 1826–29.
18. D. S. Kelley, R. Rasooly, R. A. Jacob, et al., “Consumption of Bing Sweet Cherries Lowers Circulating Concentrations of Inflammation Markers in Healthy Men and Women,” Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 4 (2006): 981–86.
19. Y. Zhang, T. Neogi, C. Chen, et al., “Cherry Consumption and the Risk of Recurrent Gout Attacks,” Arthritis and Rheumatism 64, no. 12 (2012): 4004–11, doi:10.1002/art.346718.
20. J. T. Belanger, “Perillyl Alcohol: Applications in Oncology,” Alternative Medicine Review 3, no. 6 (1998).
21. J. Avorn, M. Monane, J. H. Gurwitz, et al., “Reduction of Bacteriuria and Pyruia After Using Cranberry Juice,” Journal of the American Medical Association 272 (1994): 590.
22. R. J. Kiel, J. Nashelsky, B. Robbins, et al., “Does Cranberry Juice Prevent or Treat Urinary Tract Infection?” Journal of Family Practice 52, no. 2 (2003): 154–55.
23. J. Reed, “Cranberry Flavonoids, Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Health,” Critical Reviews in Science and Nutrition 42, no. 53 (2002): 301–16.
24. Ibid.; X. Yan, B. T. Murphy, G. B. Hammond, et al., “Antioxidant Activities and Antitumor Screening of Extracts from Cranberry Fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon),” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, no. 21 (2002): 5844–49.
25. R. C. Robbins, F. G. Martin, and J. M. Roe, “Ingestion of Grapefruit Lowers Elevated Hematocrits in Human Subjects,” International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 58 (1988): 414–17.
26. J. Shi, J. Yu, J. E. Pohorly, et al., “Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality,” Journal of Medicinal Food 6 (2003): 291–99.
27. A. P. Day, H. J. Kemp, C. Bolton, et al., “Effect of Concentrated Red Grape Juice Consumption on Serum Antioxidant Capacity and Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 41, no. 6 (1997): 353–57.
28. J. E. Freedman, C. Parker III, L. Li, et al., “Select Flavonoids and Whole Juice from Purple Grapes Inhibit Platelet Function and Enhance Nitric Oxide Release,” Circulation 103, no. 23 (2001): 2792–98; and Y. Miyagi, K. Miwa, H. Inoue, et al., “Inhibition of Human Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation by Flavonoids in Red Wine and Grape Juice,” American Journal of Cardiology 80, no. 12 (1997): 1627–31.
29. O. Sommerburg, J. E. Keunen, A. C. Bird, et al., “Fruits and Vegetables That Are Sources for Lutein and Zeaxanthin: The Macular Pigment in Human Eyes,” British Journal of Opthalmology 82, no. 8 (1998): 907–10.
30. S. Farchi, F. Forastiere, N. Agabiti, et al., “Dietary Factors Associated with Wheezing and Allergic Rhinitis in Children,” European Respiratory Journal 22, no. 5 (2003): 772–80.
31. J. Sun, “D-Limonene: Safety and Clinical Applications,” Alternative Medical Review 12, no. 3 (September 2007): 259–64.
32. S. S. Percival, S. T. Talcott, S. T. Chin, et al., “Neoplastic Transformation of BALB/3T3 Cells and Cell Cycle of HL-60 Cells Are Inhibited by Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Juice and Mango Juice Extracts,” Journal of Nutrition 136, no. 5 (May 2006): 1300–4.
33. M. Pandey and V. K. Shukla, “Diet and Gallbladder Cancer: A Case-Control Study,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention 11, no. 4 (2002): 365–68.
34. B. S. Drammeh, G. S. Marquis, E. Funkhouser, et al., “A Randomized, 4-Month Mango and Fat Supplementation Trial Improved Vitamin A Status Among Young Gambian Children,” Journal of Nutrition 132, no. 12 (2002): 3693–99.
35. D. I. Thurnham, C. A. Northrop-Clewes, F. S. McCullough, et al., “Innate Immunity, Gut Integrity, and Vitamin A in Gambian and Indian Infants,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 182, no. S1 (2000): S23–28.
36. M. Ponce-Macotela, I. Navarro-Alegría, M. N. Martinez-Gordillo, et al., “In Vitro Effect Against Giardia of 14 Plant Extracts,” Revista de Investigacion Clinica 46 (1998): 343–47.
37. C. Roongpisuthipong, S. Banphotkasem, S. Komindr, et al., “Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses to Various Tropical Fruits of Equivalent Carbohydrate Content in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 14, no. 2 (1991): 123–31.
38. E. M. Galati, A. Trovato, S. Kirjavainen, et al., “Biological Effects of Hesperidin, a Citrus Flavonoid. (Note III): Antihypertensive and Diuretic Activity in Rat,” Farmaco 51, no. 3 (1996): 219–21; and P. Rapisarda, A. Tomaino, R. Lo Cascio, et al., “Antioxidant Effectiveness as Influenced by Phenolic Content of Fresh Orange Juices,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, no. 11 (1999): 4718–23.
39. H. R. Maurer, “Bromelain: Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Medical Use,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58, no. 9 (2001): 1234–45.
40. M. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, P. E. Bowen, E. A. Hussain, et al., “Chemical Composition and Potential Health Effects of Prunes: A Functional Food?” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 41, no. 4 (2001): 251–86.
41. M. D. Sumner, M. Elliott-Eller, G. Weidner, et al., “Effects of Pomegranate Juice Consumption on Myocardial Perfusion in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease,” American Journal of Cardiology 96, no. 6 (2005): 810–14; M. Aviram, M. Rosenblat, D. Gaitini, et al., “Pomegranate Juice Consumption for 3 Years by Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis Reduces Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Blood Pressure and LDL Oxidation,” Clinical Nutrition 23, no. 3 (2004): 423–33; and A. Esmaillzadeh, F. Tahbaz, I. Gaieni, et al., “Concentrated Pomegranate Juice Improves Lipid Profiles in Diabetic Patients with Hyperlipidemia,” Journal of Medicinal Food 7, no. 3 (2004): 305–8.
42. C. B. Stowe, “The Effects of Pomegranate Juice Consumption on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Health,” Complementary Therapies Clinical Practice 17, no. 2 (2011): 113–15.
43. V. M. Adhami, N. Khan, and H. Mukhtar, “Cancer Chemoprevention by Pomegranate: Laboratory and Clinical Evidence,” Nutrition and Cancer 61, no. 6 (2009): 811–15.
1. O. Manousos, N. E. Day, D. Trichopoulus, et al, “Diet and Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Greece,” International Journal of Cancer 32 (1983): 1–5.
2. P. Bobek, S. Galbavy, M. Mariassyova, “The Effect of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) Fiber on Alimentary Hypercholesterolemia and Chemically Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats,” Nahrung 44, no. 3 (2000): 184–87.
3. A. P. Ilnitskii, V. A. Iurchenko, “Effect of Fruit and Vegetable Juices on the Changes in the Production of Carcinogenic N-Nitroso Compounds in Human Gastric Juice,” Vopr Pitan 4 (1993): 44–46.
4. A. J. Webb, N. Patel, S. Loukogeorgakis, et al., “Acute Blood Pressure Lowering, Vasoprotective, and Antiplatelet Properties of Dietary Nitrate via Bioconversion to Nitrite,” Hypertension 51, no. 3 (2008): 784–90.
5. G. D. Miller, A. P. Marsh, R. W. Dove, et al., “Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Are Increased by a High-Nitrate Supplement but Not by High-Nitrate Foods in Older Adults,” Nutrition Research 32, no. 3 (March 2012): 160–68.
6. L. T. Coles, P. M. Clifton, “Effect of Beetroot Juice on Lowering Blood Pressure in Free-Living, Disease-Free Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Nutrition Journal 11 (2012): 106, doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-106; S. J. Bailey, P. Winyard, A. Vanhatalo, et al., “Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Reduces the O2 Cost of Low-Intensity Exercise and Enhances Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise in Humans,” Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 4 (October 2009): 1144–55; K. E. Lansley, P. G. Winyard, J. Fulford, et al., “Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Reduces the O2 Cost of Walking and Running: A Placebo-Controlled Study,” Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 3 (2011): 591–600; and N. M. Cermak, M. J. Gibala, L. J. van Loon, “Nitrate Supplementation’s Improvement of 10-km Time-Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 22, no. 1 (February 2012): 64–71.
7. Bailey, Winyard, Vanhatalo, et al., “Dietary Nitrate Supplementation,” 1144–55; Lansley, Winyard, Fulford, et al., “Dietary Nitrate Supplementation,” 591–600; Cermak, Gibala, and van Loon, “Nitrate Supplementation’s Improvement,” 64–71.
8. Cermak, Gibala, and van Loon, “Nitrate Supplementation’s Improvement,” 64–71.
9. N. Ahmad, M. R. Hassan, H. Halder, et al., “Effect of Momordica charantia (Karolla) Extracts on Fasting and Postprandial Serum Glucose Levels in NIDDM Patients,” Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 25, no. 1 (1999): 11–13.
10. L. Foa-Tomasi, G. Campadelli-Fiume, L. Barbieri, et al., “Effect of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins on Virus-Infected Cells: Inhibition of Virus Multiplication and of Protein Synthesis,” Archives of Virology 71, no. 4 (1982): 323–32.
11. A. J. Claflin, D. L. Vesely, J. L. Hudson, et al., “Inhibition of Growth and Guanylate Cyclase Activity of an Undifferentiated Prostate Adenocarcinoma by an Extract of the Balsam Pear (Momardica charantia abbreviata),” Proceedings of the Academy of Science USA 75, no. 2 (1978): 989–93.
12. J. W. Fahey, Y. Zhang, and P. Talalay, “Broccoli Sprouts: An Exceptionally Rich Source of Inducers of Enzymes That Protect Against Chemical Carcinogens,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94, no. 19 (1997): 10367–72.
13. K. P. Latté, K. E. Appel, and A. Lampen, “Health Benefits and Possible Risks of Broccoli—An Overview,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 49, no. 12 (2011): 3287–309.
14. J. W. Fahey, X. Haristoy, P. M. Dolan, et al., “Sulforaphane Inhibits Extracellular, Intracellular, and Antibiotic-Resistant Strains of Helicobacter pylori and Prevents Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Stomach Tumors,” Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences USA 99, no. 11 (2002): 7610–15.
15. E. M. Rosen and S. Fan, “Inhibitory Effects of Indole-3-carbinol on Invasion and Migration in Human Breast Cancer Cells,” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 63, no. 2 (2000): 147–52.
16. Ibid.; J. J. Michnovicz and H. L. Bradlow, “Altered Estrogen Metabolism and Excretion in Humans Following Consumption of Indole-3-carbinol,” Nutrition and Cancer 16, no. 1 (1991): 59–66; and G. van Poppel, D. T. Verhoeven, H. Verhagen, et al., “Brassica Vegetables and Cancer Prevention: Epidemiology and Mechanisms,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 472 (1999): 159–68.
17. G. Cheney, “Anti-peptic Ulcer Dietary Factor,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 26 (1950): 668–72; G. Cheney, “Rapid Healing of Peptic Ulcers in Patients Receiving Fresh Cabbage Juice,” California Medicine 70 (1949): 10–14.
18. S. B. Kritchevsky, “Beta-carotene, Carotenoids and the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease,” Journal of Nutrition 129, no. 1 (1999): 5–8.
19. D. S. Michaud, D. Feskanich, E. B. Rimm, et al., “Intake of Specific Carotenoids and Risk of Lung Cancer in 2 Prospective US Cohorts,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, no. 4 (2000): 990–97.
20. M. M. Mathews-Roth, “Neutropenia and Beta-carotene,” Lancet 2, no. 8291 (1982): 222.
21. M. M. Mathews-Roth, “Amenorrhea Associated with Carotenemia,” Journal of the American Medical Association 250 (1983): 731.
22. Q. T. Le and W. J. Elliott, “Hypotensive and Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Celery Oil May Be Due to BuPh,” Clinical Research 39 (1991): 173A; Q. T. Le and W. J. Elliott, “Dose-Response Relationship of Blood Pressure and Serum Cholesterol to 3-n-butylphthalide, a Component of Celery Oil,” Clinical Research 39 (1991): 750A.
23. S. Soundararajan and B. Daunter, “Ajvine: Pilot Biomedical Study for Pain Relief in Rheumatic Pain,” School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 1991–92; and S. Venkat, S. Soundararajan, B. Daunter, et al., “Use of Ayurvedic Medicine in the Treatment of Rheumatic Illness,” Department of Orthopaedics, Kovai Medical Center and Hospitals, Coimbatore, India, 1995.
24. D. Tsi and B. K. Tan, “The Mechanism Underlying the Hypocholesterolaemic Activity of Aqueous Celery Extract, Its Butanol and Aqueous Fractions in Genetically Hypercholesterolaemic RICO Rats,” Life Sciences 66, no. 8 (2000): 755–67; G. Zheng, P. M. Kenney, J. Zhang, et al., “Chemoprevention of Benzopyrene-Induced Forestomach Cancer in Mice by Natural Phthalides from Celery Oil,” Nutrition and Cancer 19 (1993): 77–86; and L. Y. Zhang and Y. P. Feng, “Effect of dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) on Life Span and Neurological Deficit in SHRsp Rats,” Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 31 (1996): 18–23.
25. Y. Peng, J. Sun, S. Hon, et al., “L-3-n-butylphthalide Improves Cognitive Impairment and Reduces Amyloid-beta in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Journal of Neuroscience 16, no. 30 (June 2010): 8180–89.
26. F. Susnik, “Present State of Knowledge of the Medicinal Plant Taraxacum officinale Weber,” Medicinski Razgledi 21 (1982): 323–28.
27. E. Racz-Kotilla, G. Racz, and A. Solomon, “The Action of Taraxacum officinale Extracts on the Body Weight and Diuresis of Laboratory Animals,” Planta Medica 26 (1974): 212–17.
28. D. Spigelski and P. J. Jones, “Efficacy of Garlic Supplementation in Lowering Serum Cholesterol Levels,” Nutrition Reviews 59, no. 7 (2001): 236–41.
29. C. A. Silagy and A. W. Neil, “A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Garlic on Blood Pressure,” Journal of Hypertension 12 (1994): 463–68.
30. G. S. Sainani, D. B. Desai, N. H. Gohre, et al., “Effect of Dietary Garlic and Onion on Serum Lipid Profile in Jain Community,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 69 (1979): 776–80.
31. A. Grontved, T. Brask, J. Kambskard, et al., “Ginger Root Against Seasickness: A Controlled Trial on the Open Sea,” Acta Otolaryngol 105 (1988): 45–49.
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