Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Abd-el-Krim, 159
abolitionism, 26
abortion, 146
Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 7
Abyssinia, 20
affirmative action, 129, 131
Africa
anticolonial movements in, 3, 14, 58, 63–64, 104–105, 173
China’s foreign policy towards, 67, 105
reparations for, 122, 129
See also African culture; emigrationist movement; Third World liberation movements
African-American Party of National Liberation, 78, 91, 119
African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), 45–46, 54
African culture
emigrationist defense of traditional, 22–23
“Negritude” celebration of, 166, 169, 175–177, 179
RAM’s emphasis on, 88–90
Robeson’s focus on, 52–53
and surrealism, 171–172, 184–187
African Fundamentalism, 24
African Liberation Day, 104, 105
African Liberation Support Committee (ALSC), 104–105
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 21
African Nationalist (Alajo) Independence-Partition Party of North America, 118
African Origins of Civilization, The (Diop), 15
African Revolution, 174
Africa Reparations Movement (ARM), 129
Afrika Bambaataa, 32
Afro-American Association, 74–75
Afro-American Institute, 74
Afro-American Student Conference on Black Nationalism, 85–86
Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization, 66–67
Afro-Caribbean Educational Project Women’s Centre, 151
Afrocentrists, 15
Afropinion, 74
Afrotopia (Moses), 15
Akina Mama wa Afrika, 151
Alaska Claims Settlement, 113
Alexander, Will, 181
Alkalimat, Abdul, 105
All-African People’s Revolutionary Party (AAPRP), 104, 109
Allen, Doug, 76
Allen, Ernest, 75, 77
Allen, Robert L., 143
American Colonization Society (ACS), 18, 21
American Communist Party (CPUSA), 47, 77, 100. See also Communist movement
American Hunger (Wright), 182
American Negro Labor Congress (ANLC), 49
American Society of African Culture, 89
Anderson, Jourdon, 110–112
André Breton—What Is Surrealism? Selected Writings (Rosemont), 158–159
Angelou, Maya, 65
Angolan civil war, 105
anticolonialism. See Third World liberation movements
“Anti-Depression Program of the Republic of New Africa,” 124, 126–127
Aragon, Louis, 4, 161, 182
armed activism, 61
in civil rights movement, 69–70, 108
Panthers’ focus on, 95–96
RAM’s promotion of, 76, 78–81, 107–108
Robert Williams’ advocacy of, 70, 78–79
Arnold, A. James, 167
Arrested Development, 32, 33–34
Ashenheim, Lewis, 24
Ashwood, Amy, 24
August Twenty-ninth Movement, 106
Autobiography of Malcolm X, 85
Bair, Barbara, 25, 26
Baker, General, 75
Bakke decision, 106
Bandung, Indonesia, meeting of non-aligned nations in, 63, 66, 173
Bandung humanism, 81–82
Baraka, Amiri, 7, 11, 64, 102–107
Baraldini, Sylvia, 140
Baron, Jacques, 161
Beal, Frances, 144, 145–146
Bebel, August, 41
Benjamin, Playthell, 76
Berry, Abner, 77
birth control movement, 145–146
Bishop, Maurice, 3
Bitker, Boris, 123
Black America, 76, 80, 81
Black Arts Movement, 107
Black Awakening in Capitalist America (Allen), 143
“black belt” nationalism, 49–50, 100, 101–102, 106, 124
Black/Brown Women’s “Liberation Newsletter,” 151
black culture
communist movement’s promotion of, 50–51
Robeson’s focus on, 52–53, 55–56
surrealist view of, 182, 184–185
Black Economic Development Conference (BEDC), 120–123, 125
“Black Feminist Statement, A” (Combahee River Collective), 148–150
Black Liberation Army, 108
Black Liberation Party, 91
“Black Manifesto,” 120–123
Black Marxism: The Making of the
Black Radical Tradition (Robinson), 192
“Black Orpheus” (Sartre), 174
Black Panther Party (BPP), 69, 108
and black feminism, 96–98, 143
focus on guerilla warfare, 95–96
formation of, 85, 93
internationalism of, 93, 98–99
Marxist ideology of, 93–96
reparations demands of, 120
and right to self-determination, 95, 98–99
Black Radical Congress, 7, 114
Black Reconstruction in America (Du Bois), 15, 83
Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon), 69, 174, 176
Black Star Line, 29, 68
Black Star Publications, 123
Black Vanguard Party, 98
Blackwatch, 33
Black Woman, The (Cade), 143–144
Black Women Enraged, 143
Black Women for Wages for Housework, 150
Black Women Organizing for Action, 143
Black Women’s Liberation Committee of SNCC, 143, 144
Black Womentalk, 151
Black Workers Congress (BWC), 104, 109, 123
Black Zionism, 24
“Blueprint for Negro Writing” (Wright), 50
blues
and black feminism, 154
and sexual freedom, 164
and surrealism, 163–165, 182
Blues and the Poetic Spirit (Garon), 163
Blues Legacies and Black Feminism (Davis), 154
Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 22–23, 26
Boas, Franz, 9
Bogan, Lucille, 164
Boggs, Grace Lee, 7, 78, 83, 133–134, 147
Boggs, James, 78, 83, 147
Brauner, Victor, 161, 162, 169
Breton, André, 4, 160, 161–162, 165, 169, 170, 171, 190
Briggs, Cyril, 45, 46, 50
Brother Crook, 85
Brown, Elaine, 68, 97
Brown, Frank London, 181
Brown, H. Rap, 102
Brown v. Board of Education, 60–61
Bryant, Nate, 74
Buck, Marilyn, 140
Bunche, Ralph, 56
Burke, Kenneth, 181
Cabral, Amilcar, 104
Cáceres, Jorge, 169
Cade, Toni, 143–144
Cahun, Claude, 164
California Communist League, 100
Call of Providence to the Descendants of Africa in America, The (Blyden), 22
Cambridge Non-Violent Action Movement, 70, 142
Campbell, Charlie, 165
Campbell, Grace, 45
Capitalism and Slavery (Williams), 15
“Captain Sky,” 31
Carby, Hazel, 164
Carmichael, Stokely, 61, 102, 104
Carrington, Leonora, 164
Carter, Bunchy, 85
Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, 18
Case for Black Reparations, The (Bitker), 123
Castro, Fidel, 63, 71
Césaire, Aimé, 5, 56
Discourse on Colonialism, 172–181
involvement with communism, 173, 177–179
on poetic knowledge, 9
surrealism of, 166–170, 185, 187
Césaire, Suzanne, 5, 170–171
Challenge, 73
Chang, Carmen, 106
Chicago Surrealist Group, 158, 161
China, 173
Cultural Revolution in, 89, 91–92
foreign policy toward Africa, 67, 105
impact on black radicals, 63–64, 65, 68, 71, 82, 94
Mao’s revolutionary ethics, 87
Panthers’ identification with, 94, 96, 98–99
protest of King’s assassination, 92
support of black liberation movements, 66–69
See also Mao Tse-tung
Chinese Americans, support of black nation thesis, 106
Chisholm, Shirley, 139
Christian Church, demand for reparations from, 121, 122
citizenship claims
and Dred Scott decision, 40
and emigration sentiment, 17–19
Civil Liberties Act (1988), 113
Civil Rights Act (1964), 61
Civil Rights Congress, 58–59, 75
civil rights movement, 59, 60–61
armed activism in, 69–70, 108
casualties of, 79
emergence of Black Power from, 61–63
Clarke, Cheryl, 155
Claudel, Paul, 159
Clay, Henry, 18
Cleaver, Eldridge, 94–95
Cleaver, Kathleen, 97
Clinton, George, 31, 32
Cockrel, Ken, 120
COINTELPRO (Counterintelligence Program), 91, 93, 107
Collins, Addie Mae, 79
colonialism, 39–40
Césaire’s discourse on, 172–181
current state of, 180–181
and fascism, 175
racist ideology of, 56–57
See also Third World liberation movements
Colonizer and the Colonized, The (Memmi), 174
Color and Democracy (Du Bois), 174
Colored Socialist Club, 43
Combahee River Collective, 148–150, 156
Comintern, 45. See also Communist movement
Committee for a Unified Newark (CFUN), 102
Committee to End Sterilization
Abuse, 146, 148
Communist Labor Party (CLP), 100, 103
Communist League, 100, 103
Communist movement
American party’s opposition to black nationalism, 46, 48–49, 50–51
anticommunist attack on, 57–58
birth of, 44
and black “self determination,” 49–50, 53, 54
Césaire’s involvement with, 173, 177–179
Moscow’s support of black freedom, 44–49
New Negro radicals in, 45–48
view of black culture, 50–51
See also Marxism
Communist Workers’ Party (CWP), 37
Community Alert Patrol, 85
Confiscation Act (1861), 115
Conga-Brazzaville strikes, 3
Congress of African Peoples (CAP), 103, 105–106
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 65
Congress on Racial Equality (CORE), 61, 72, 74
Connell, W. J., 117
Conyer, John, 113
Cooper, Anna Julia, 9, 137, 139, 149
Cortez, Jayne, xii, 4, 181, 186–190
Council on African Affairs, 58
Cox, Ida, 164
Cox, Oliver, 9, 56
Crevel, René, 160, 161
Crummell, Alexander, 22, 26
Crusader, 45, 71, 72
Cruse, Harold, 62, 63–64, 72, 73, 77, 81, 89
Cuba, impact on black radicals, 63–64, 70–71, 75, 94
Cuffe, Paul, 18
cultural nationalism, 52–53, 93, 102–103
cultural revolution, 107
China’s, 89, 91–92
RAM’s call for, 88–90
Cunard, Nancy, 160, 161
Dadaism, 182
Damas, Leon Gotran, 166
Dangerous Crossroads (Lipsitz), 10
Daniels, Stan, 76
Davis, Angela, 15, 152–154, 156, 164
Davis, Henrietta Vinton, 28
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 70
de Basco, Bertha, 45
de Beauvoir, Simone, 9
de Chirico, Giorgio, 161
Delany, Martin, 18
De La Soul, 32, 33
DeLeon, Daniel, 41
Del tha Funkee Homosapien, 34–35
Depestre, René, 177
Desnos, Robert, 161
Diawara, Manthia, 179
Dickerson, Rev. Isaiah H., 117–118
Digable Planets, 32, 33
Diop, Cheikh Anta, 15
Discourse on Colonialism (Césaire), 172–181
Domingo, W. A., 45, 47
Douglass, H. Ford, 18
Dred Scott decision, 18, 40
Drum, 89
D’Souza, Dinesh, 112
Du Bois, W. E. B., 9, 15, 26, 55, 83, 84, 174, 175
anticommunist attack on, 57
in China, 65, 67, 68
on fascism, 56–57
and socialist movement, 43, 44
support of anticolonial movements, 58, 65
Durem, Ramon, 65–66
Ebony, 89
education system
black studies programs, 14–15
discrimination in, 130–131
reparations for, 121, 122
Ellison, Ella, 148
Ellison, Ralph, 38, 51, 191
Eluard, Paul, 160, 171
emigrationist movement, 15–17
AME, 21
and American citizenship struggles, 17–19
celebrating traditional cultures, 22–23
as civilizing mission, 21–22
Ethiopianism, 19–20
Garveyism, 23–29
in music culture, 29–35
reparation claims of, 113
space travel contemplations, 30–32
Engels, Friedrich, 39, 40
Equiano, Olaudah, 185
Esclavage et colonisation (Schoelcher), 176
Ethiopia, 16
Ethiopianism, 19–20
Ethiopian Manifesto: Issued in Defense of the Blackman’s Rights in the Scale of Universal Freedom (Young), 19
Evans, Arthur, 74
Exodus, 16–17. See also emigrationist movement
Exodus! Religion, Race, and Nation in Early Nineteenth-Century Black America (Glaude), 16
Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty & Pension Association, 117–118
Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 70
Fanon, Frantz, 69, 95, 96, 108, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180
fascism
black feminists on, 147
black intellectuals on, 55–57
and logic of colonialism, 175
Feelings, Tom, 65
feminist movement, black
Angela Davis’s contributions, 152–154
Combahee River Collective’s statement, 148–150
gender vs. race issues in, 55, 137, 139, 140–141
international scope of, 149, 151–152
and invisibility of black women, 136–137, 140–141
Jayne Cortez’s contributions to, 187–190
and mainstream feminist movement, 138–139
motherhood and birth control issues, 145–146
organizations and radical critiques of, 143–148
and radical feminist movement, 139–141
radical humanism of, 137–138, 144, 154–156
as redefining source of theory, 154
and sexism in black freedom movement, 96–98, 141–143, 146
See also gender inequality
Feminist Party, 139
Feminists, The, 140
Firespitters, 187–188
Five-Percent Nation, 32
Forman, James, 120–123, 125, 187
Forty-ninth State Movement, 16, 118
Fourteenth Amendment, 17, 19
Frazier, Demita, 148
Freedmen’s Bureau Bill, 115–116
Freeman, Donald, 7, 73, 74, 77
Freeman, Kenn, 76
FRELIMO (The Front for the Liberation of Mozambique), 104
French, Lynn, 97
French colonialism, 39, 159, 167, 173, 177–178
French Communist Party, 159, 178
Friends of SNCC, 187
Frobenius, Leo, 175
Fugitive Slave Law (1850), 18
Gamble, Dr. Clarence, 145
gang members, role in revolutionary nationalism, 85
Garnet, Henry Highland, 22, 26
Garon, Paul, 163, 192
Garvey, Amy Jacques, 28
Garvey, Marcus, 16, 23–29
Garvey movement, 23–29, 45, 47, 84, 173
and Communist party, 48–49
gender roles in, 25–29
and reparations, 118
Garvin, Vicki, 62, 64–65, 92
gender inequality
in black freedom movement, 86, 136–137
early socialist positions on, 41–42
Mao’s writings on, 96–97
relationship with racism, 42, 55
reparations for, 131–132
women’s unpaid labor, 150–151
See also feminist movement, black
Ghana, 64, 65
ghettos, transforming, 124
Gibbs, Michelle, 98
Gibson, Kenneth, 103
Giroux, Henry, 7
Glaude, Eddie, 16–17
Glover, Henry, 74
Goffin, Robert, 161
Goldfayn, Georges, 162
Goode, Eslanda, 52
Graham, Shirley, 58
Gratiant, Georges, 167
Greenlee, Sam, 79, 85
Grenada, 3
Guadeloupe, 173, 177
guerilla warfare
Panther’s focus on, 95–96
RAM’s position on, 80–81
See also armed activism
Guevara, Che, 69, 72
Guiana, 173, 177
Guillén, Nicolas, 177
Guyana, 3
Haden, Patricia, 147
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 61
Hamitic League of the World, 45
Hamlin, Mike, 120
Hammer and Steel, 100
Hansberry, Lorraine, 58, 136
Harlem Suitcase Theatre, 51
Harrington, Ollie, 65
Harrison, Hubert, 43–44, 47
Haywood, Harry, 49, 76, 100–101
Henein, Georges, 161
Here I Stand (Robeson), 53
Hill, Robert, 24
Hill, Walter B., 117
hip-hop culture, exodus themes in, 32–35
“Hipping the Hip” (Durem), 66
Holly, James T., 18
Holocaust, 56, 57
reparations for, 113, 118, 120
hooks, bell, 137, 156
House, Callie D., 117–118
House Un-American Activities Committee, 57–58
housing policies, 125
“How Bigger Was Born” (Wright), 182–183
Huberman, Leo, 92
Huggins, Erica, 97
Huggins, John, 85
Hughes, Langston, 49, 51, 166
Huiswoud, Otto, 47
humor, black, 165
Hunter, Alberta, 164
Hunton, Alphaeus, 58
“Imagination” (Sun Ra), 31
internationalism, black
Guevara’s commitment to, 72
of Panthers, 93, 98–99
RAM’s emphasis on, 81–84, 109
Robert Williams’s promotion of, 70–73
and Third World liberation movements, 62–69
See also Third World liberation movements
International Workers Order, 51
International Workingmen’s Association, 39
Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization (IFCO), 120–121, 122
“I Wonder Who” (Cortez), 186
I Wor Kuen, 106
Jackson, George, 94, 96
Jahn, Jahnheinz, 169
James, C. L. R., 49, 54, 56, 78, 175
James, George E. M., 15
James, Winston, 47
Japanese Americans, reparations for, 113
jazz
and communist movement, 51
and surrealism, 161–163
Jet, 89
Jewish movement, Garvey’s identification with, 24
Joans, Ted, 4, 13, 162–163, 181, 185, 190–191, 194
Johnson, Andrew, 115
Johnson, Charles, 75
Johnson, Ethel, 76
Johnson, Lyndon, 92
Johnson, Nelson, 105
Jones, Claudia, 55, 57, 136
Jordan, June, 155, 156
Jouffroy, Alain, 172
Judah, Abraham, 24
Kansas Exodus, 16
Karenga, Ron, 75, 93, 102
Kaufman, Bob, 181
Kaunda, Kenneth, 176
Kennedy, Florence “Flo,” 138–139, 156
Kenya, 63, 173
Key, Francis Scott, 18
Kgositsile, Keorapetse, 11
Killens, John Oliver, 67
Killing the Black Body (Roberts), 145
King, Martin Luther, Jr., x, xi, 55, 61, 92
Korea, 94
Lacy, Jim, 75
Lacy, Leslie, 75
LaGuma, James, 49
Lam, Wifredo, 5, 171–172, 185, 187
Lamantia, Philip, 161
land ownership, importance of, 121, 125–126. See also reparations movement
Latinos, support of black nation thesis, 106
Lautréamont, Comte de, 157, 158, 181, 185
League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 75, 120
League of Revolutionary Struggle (LRS), 106
League of Struggle for Negro Rights, 49
Légitime Défense, 166
Legrand, Gérard, 162
Leiner, Jacqueline, 170
Leiris, Michel, 161, 171
Lemelle, Sid, 96
Lenin, V. I., 44, 46
Léro, Etienne, 161, 166
lesbians, black, 148–150, 154–155
Lessons from the Damned, 147
“Let’s Play Something” (Joans), 194
L’Étudiant Noir, 166
Liberator, 50
Liberia, emigration to, 16, 18, 21, 22
Lincoln, Abbey, 29–30, 89, 144
Lincoln, Abraham, 18
Lipsitz, George, 10
Loguen, Jermain, 18
Lorde, Audre, 9, 156
Low, Mary, 164
Maar, Dora, 171
Mabille, Pierre, 169
McCarthy, Joe, 53
Machel, Samora, 104
McKay, Claude, 47–48, 54, 166
McNair, Denise, 79
Malcolm X, 61, 62, 63, 75, 86, 94
Mallory, Mae, 74
Mao Tse-tung, 69, 81–82, 91–92
on American racism, 67
position on black nationalism, 92–93, 99
revolutionary ethics of, 87
on role of women, 96–97
See also China
Maroon societies, 17
Marshall, Wanda, 73, 86
Martinique, anticolonial movement in, 166–171, 173, 177–179, 180
Marx, Karl, 4, 39, 40
Marxism
and Black Panther Party, 93–96
and black nationalism, 49–50, 99–107
RAM’s adherence to, 77–78
See also Communist movement; socialist movement
Marxist-Leninist Workers Association, 100
Mason Bill, 117
Matta, Roberto, 161
Maugée, Aristide, 167
Mau Mau rebellion, 63, 173
Maxwell, William, 47
Mayfield, Julian, 65
media, “Black Manifesto” on, 121–122
Memmi, Albert, 174
Memphis Minnie, 164
Menelik II, 20
Menil, René, 161, 166, 167, 168
Messenger, 45
Middleton, Donna, 147
Miller, Eugene E., 181
Miró, Joan, 171
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 61
Mitchell, Michelle, 26
Monk, Thelonious, 157, 158, 162
Monnerot, J. M., 160, 166
Monteiro, Tony, 77
Monthly Review, 92
Moore, Audrey (Queen Mother), 77–78, 119–120
Moore, Isaac, 76
Morocco, 159
Morris, William, 4
Morrison, Toni, 144
Moses, Wilson, 15
MOVE, 126
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 142
Mozambique, 104
Muhammad, Elijah, 30
Mukti, 151
Murray, Pauli, 138–139
music, black
blues, 154, 163–165, 182
Exodus themes in, 29–35
importance of, 10–11
jazz, 51, 161–163
surrealist’s attraction to, 160–165
Music Is Dangerous (Nougé), 161
National Abortion Rights League, 146
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 43, 59, 70, 84
National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO), 139, 143
National Black Labor Strike Fund, 121
National Black Political Assembly, 103
National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N’-COBRA), 114, 127–129
National Congress of Organizations, 127
National Domestic Workers Union, 143
nationalism, black
American communist opposition to, 46, 48–49, 50–51
of Baraka and Revolutionary Communist League, 102–107
Comintern’s self-determination policy, 49–50
male domination of, 86, 141–143, 146
Mao’s position on, 92–93, 99
Newton’s abandonment of, 98–99
1960s resurgence of, 61–63
Panther support of, 95
Peery’s Negro nation, 101–102
RAM’s revolutionary, 73–84, 108–109
reparations advocacy of, 118, 124–129
Republic of New Africa’s territorial, 124–129
Robeson’s support of, 53, 54–56
Stalin’s position on, 99–100
See also emigrationist movement
National Negro Labor Council, 65
National Organization of Women (NOW), 138
National Welfare Rights Organization, 121, 143
Nation of Islam, 30, 37, 74, 120, 146
Native Son (Wright), 181, 182
Naum, Gellu, 162
Nazi genocide, 56, 57
“Negritude” movement, 166, 171–172, 175–177, 179
Negro (Cunard), 160, 161
Negroes in America, The (McKay), 47
Negroes with Guns (Williams), 71
Negro Family: The Case for National
Action, The (Moynihan), 142
Negro Nation, 101–102
Negro National Colonial Question, The (Peery), 101
Negro Project (1938), 145
Negro World, 45
New Afrikan Movement, 127–129
New Negro movement, 45–48
Newton, Huey, 75, 93, 102
impact of anticolonial movements on, 68, 69
Marxist ideology of, 94, 95–96
position on nationalism, 98–99
New York Radical Women, 139–140
Niagara Movement, 43
Nixon, Richard, 98
Njere, Akua, 97
Nougé, Paul, 161
Nyerere, Julius, 176
Obadele, Gaidi, 124
Obadele, Imari, 102, 124–125, 127
October League, 100
Odetta, 89
Omolade, Barbara, 156
Oppenheim, Meret, 164
Organization for Afro-Asian Solidarity, 72
Other Kinds of Dreams: Black
Women’s Organisations and the
Politics of Transformation (Sudbury), 150
Outwrite, 151
Owen, Chandler, 45
Padmore, George, 38, 56, 174, 175
Pan-Africanism or Communism? The
Coming Struggle for Africa (Padmore), 174
Pan-African People’s Organization, 104, 109
Pan-African socialism, 81
Paris Surrealist Group, 159–160, 171
Parker, Charlie, 162
Parsons, Lucy, 41–42
Patterson, Louise Thompson, 51, 58
Patterson, William L., 50, 58
Peace Information Center, 57
Peery, Nelson, 100, 101–102, 103
Penrose, Valentine, 164
pension campaign, for ex-slaves, 116–118
Peret, Benjamin, 160, 169, 171
Perry, Dr. Albert, 70
Perry, Lee Scratch, 31–32
Picasso, Pablo, 171
PM Dawn, 32, 33
Poésies (de Lautréamont), 157
poetic knowledge, 9–11
poetry, and surrealism, 162–163, 185–191
Poor Righteous Teachers, 32
poverty programs, 112, 119–120, 129–130
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 64
Présence Africaine, 174
“Primitives” (Robeson), 55
Progressive Labor Movement (PL), 75, 100
Provisional Organizing Committee (POC), 100
Puissances du Jazz (Legrand), 162
racial violence
brief history of, 79–80
post-Reconstruction, 19
See also urban uprisings
racism
and American Left, 36–39
as class issue, 40–41, 71, 178–179
of early women’s movement, 41
and fascism, 56–57
and gender inequality, 55
Marx’s position on, 40
surrealists’ denouncement of, 166
in U.S. political economy, 129–131
radical feminism, 5–6, 139–141. See also feminist movement, black
Radio Free Dixie, 71
Rainey, Ma, 164, 165
Randolph, A. Philip, 45
rape symbolism
black-man-as-rapist, 42, 48
in Garveyite literature, 27
Rastafarianism, 16, 24, 32, 151–152
Redding, Grover Cleveland, 20
Redstockings, 98, 140
reformism
Panthers’ shift toward, 98
radicals’ criticism of, 61–63, 84–86
Reparations Committee of Descendants of U.S. Slaves, Inc., 119
reparations movement, 110–114
“Black Manifesto,” 120–123
costs of segregation, 123–124
economic and juridical cases, 114, 123–124
ex-slave pension campaign, 116–118
historical and current context for, 129–134
N’COBRA’s plans, 127–129
post–Civil War attempts, 113, 115–116
post–World War II, 118–120
potential societal benefits of, 132–134
Republic of New Africa, 124–129
for slave owners, 112, 116
Republic of New Africa (RNA), 16, 102, 108, 124–127
Réuinion, 173, 177
Review of Black Political Economy, 123
Revolutionary Action Movement
(RAM), 62, 119
in California, 74–76
call for “re-Africanization,” 88–90
demise of, 90–91, 107
forming of in Cleveland, 72–74
influence and contributions of, 108–109
internationalism of, 81–84, 109
Marxist ideology of, 77–78
masculinist orientation of, 86
in Philadelphia, 76–77
revolutionary ethics of, 86–88
and revolutionary nationalism, 73, 76
on role of students in revolution, 84–86
twelve-point program of, 81
warfare ideology of, 78–81, 107–108
Revolutionary Communist League (RCL), 102, 105–107
“Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afro-American” (Cruse), 73
“Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afro-American Student” (Stanford), 84–85
Revolutionary Workers League (RWL), 105
Richardson, Gloria, 70, 142
Ricks, Willie, 61
Rimbaud, Arthur, 158
Ritter, William, 24
Roach, Max, 74
Roberts, Dorothy, 145
Robertson, Carole, 79
Robeson, Paul, 51–58
anticommunist attack on, 57–58
on fascism, 55–57
focus on black culture, 52–53, 55–56
Robinson, Cedric, 17, 56, 75, 192
Robinson, Jackie, 58
Robinson, Pat, 146–147
Rogers, J. A., 15
Romain, Jacques, 177
Rosemont, Franklin, 4, 158–159
Rosenberg, Susan, 140
Rosewood, Florida, settlement, 113–114
Roy, M. N., 46, 83
Russwurm, John, 26
“Sacred Trees” (Cortez), 188–189
Sadaukai, Owusu, 104, 105
Sanger, Margaret, 145
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 169, 174
“Sax Bit, The” (Joans), 162–163
“Say It” (Cortez), 189–190
Schoelcher, Victor, 176
Scott, William, 20
Seale, Bobby, 76, 93
segregation, reparations for costs of, 123–124
self-determination, communist policy of, 49–50, 53, 54. See also “black belt” nationalism; nationalism, black
self-transformation
black feminists on, 147–148
RAM’s ideology of, 88–90
Senghor, Leopold, 166, 176
Sepia, 89
sexual freedom
black feminists support of, 154–155
surrealist’s interest in, 164
sexuality, role in racial economy, 42, 48
Shakur, Assata, 97, 140
Sherman, General William, 115
Sierra Leone, 16
Simmons, Charles, 75
Simmons, Michael, 76–77
Simone, Nina, 89
Smith, Barbara, 148, 156
Smith, Bessie, 164
Smith, Beverly, 148
Smith Act, 57
Snellings, Rolland. See Toure, Askia Muhammad
socialist feminist groups, 140
Socialist Labor Party, 40
socialist movement, 39–44
black leaders’ criticisms of, 43–44
and gender inequality, 41–42
solution for racism, 40–41
See also Communist movement; Marxism
Socialist Party of America, 41, 43
Socialist Workers Party, 70
social movements
importance of, 8–9
recovering the poetry of, 8–12
Soulbook: The Revolutionary Journal of the Black World, 76
Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 15
Soul Students Advisory Council, 76
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 61
Southern Claims Commission, 116
Southern freedom movement. See civil rights movement
Southern Land Bank, 121
space travel, contemplations of, 30–32
Spengler, Oswald, 24
Spirit House, 102
spirituality, in black culture, 55–56
Spook Who Sat by the Door, The (Greenlee), 79, 85
Stalin, Joseph, 50, 57, 99, 177
Stanford, Max, 73, 75, 76, 77, 84–85, 88
Star Order of Ethiopia, 20
sterilization, forced, 145–146
Stevens, Thadeus, 115
Stewart, Maria, 20, 26
Stolen Legacy (James), 15
Stuckey, Sterling, 52
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 61, 72, 143, 187
students, black, role in revolutionary nationalism, 84–86
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 72
Studio Watts, 187
“Successexful” (Joans), 191
Sudbury, Julia, 150–152
Sung, Kim Il, 94
“Sunny Meadowz” (Del tha Funkee Homosapien), 34–35
Sun Ra, 31
surrealist movement, 4–5
and African-American music, 160–165
and African culture, 166, 184–187
automatism of, 160
defined, 157–159
impact of colonial revolts on, 159–160
influence on black intellectuals, 182–191
interest in sexual freedom, 164
Martinican, 166–171
as revolution of mind, 191–195
Wilfredo Lam’s art, 171–172
Sweezey, Paul, 92
Sylla, Cheikh Tidiane, 185
Tallie, Mariahadessa Ekere, 35
Tanguy, Yves, 160
Tanzania, 67, 124
Tarnaud, Claude, 162
Taylor, Cecil, 162
Taylor, Ula, 26
“Tennessee” (Arrested Development), 33–34
“There It Is” (Cortez), 189
Thesée, Lucie, 167
“Theses on the National and Colonial Questions” (Lenin), 46
Third World liberation movements, 3
in Africa, 3, 14, 58, 63–64, 104–105, 173
black radicals’ support of, 58
and Césaire’s Discourse on Colonialism, 173–181
Chinese Revolution, 66–69 (see also China)
Cuban revolution, 63, 71, 94
current status of, 179–181
impact on black freedom movement, 62–70
impact on surrealist movement, 159–160
in Martinique, 166–171, 173
post-WWII, 173–174
See also internationalism, black
Third World Women’s Alliance, 143, 144
Thirteenth Amendment, 112
Thompson, Edward P., 4
Thompson, Louise, 51
Thorez, Maurice, 178
Till, Emmett, 60
Toure, Askia Muhammad, 11, 82, 84, 109
Toward a Revolutionary Position on the Negro Question (Haywood), 100–101
Toyen,164
Tripp, Luke, 75
Tropiques, 167, 168, 169, 170
Trotsky, Leon, 54
Truth, Sojourner, 28, 113, 137
Tubman, Harriet, 28
Turner, Bishop Henry McNeil, 16, 21, 22, 113
Turner, Nat, 25
Twelve Million Black Voices (Wright), 183–184, 186
Tzara, Tristan, 171
Uhuru, 75
United Black Appeal, 122
Universal African Legion, 24, 25
Universal Association of Ethiopian Women, 119
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 23–29, 49
Urban League, 84
urban uprisings, 61
and Black Panther Party, 93
Mao’s support of, 92–93
RAM’s preparations for, 78–81
Robert Williams’s predictions of, 72, 78–79
scope of, 78
“USA: The Potential of a Minority
Revolution” (Williams), 78
US Organization, 75, 93, 102
Vaughan, William R., 116–117
Voice from Bleeding Africa, A (Blyden), 22
Voice from the South, A (Cooper), 139
Voice of a Native Son: The Poetics of
Richard Wright (Miller), 181
Voting Rights Act (1965), 61
Wahab, Hanif, 74
Walker, David, 25, 26, 55
Walker, Margaret, 38
Wallace, Michelle, 156
Walls, Rufus, 96–97
Ward, Samuel Ringgold, 18
Warden, Donald, 74, 77
warfare. See armed activism
Watkins, William, 103
Watson, John, 120
“We Are Here,” 151
Webster, Daniel, 18
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 26, 42, 48, 136
Wesle, Cynthia, 79
Westley, Robert, 132–133
White Man Listen! (Wright), 174
Williams, Eric, 15
Williams, Robert, 62, 74, 92
advocacy of armed activism, 70, 78–79
on cultural revolution, 89–90
internationalist ideology of, 70–73
on moral ethics, 88
and RAM, 72–73, 75–76, 77
Wilson, Woodrow, 43, 45
WITCH (Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell), 140
Women Against Repression, 141
Women, Culture, and Politics (Davis), 153
Women, Race, and Class (Davis), 15, 153
Women’s Liberation Union (WLU), 140
women’s movement, racist character of early, 41. See also feminist movement, black; gender inequality; radical feminism
Women under Socialism (Bebel), 41
Woods, Jim, 187
Workers World Party, 70
Workingmen’s Party, 41
Works Progress Administration, 51
World and Africa, The (Du Bois), 56, 174
“World Black Revolution, The” (RAM), 82–83
World Conference against Racism, 112
world revolution. See internationalism, black; Third World liberation movements
World’s Greatest Men and Women of
African Descent (Rogers), 15
World War I
impact on socialist movement, 43–44
influence on Garvey movement, 24–25
Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon), 69, 174
Wright, Margaret, 141
Wright, Richard, 38, 50, 54, 174, 181–184, 186, 187
X-Clan, 32–33
Yo’ Mama’s Disfunktional! (Kelley), 129
Young, Robert Alexander, 19, 25
Young Socialist Alliance, 75
youth culture, RAM’s critique of, 88
Youth Organization for Black Unity (YOBU), 104, 109
Yoyotte, Pierre, 160, 166
Yoyotte, Simone, 166
Zulu Nation, 32