1. According to the United States Census, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, the median income for female workers aged thirty-five to forty-four with a master’s degree in 2018 was $65,076. See www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/cps-pinc/pinc-03.html#par_textimage_54.
2. Derek Thompson, “Workism Is Making Americans Miserable,” The Atlantic, February 24, 2019, www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/02/religion-workism-making-americans-miserable/583441; Editorial Staff, “Do You Check Your Email After Work Hours? New Study Says Simply Thinking About It Could Be Harmful,” BioSpace, August 13, 2018, www.biospace.com/article/do-you-check-your-email-after-work-hours-new-study-says-simply-thinking-about-it-could-be-harmful.
3. Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (reprint, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2017 [2014]), loc. 1930–1933, 2,806, 2807, 2809, 2811, Kindle; Guy Standing, The Precariat (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), loc. 416, 421–423, 2806–2811, Kindle.
4. Vindu Goel, “Dissecting Marissa Mayer’s $900,000-a-Week Yahoo Paycheck,” New York Times, June 3, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/technology/yahoo-marissa-mayer-compensation.html; Sarah Leonard, “She Can’t Sleep No More,” Jacobin, December 27, 2012, https://jacobinmag.com/2012/12/she-cant-sleep-no-more; Dan Hancox, “Why We Are All Losing Sleep,” New Statesman, November 6, 2019, www.newstatesman.com/24-7-jonathan-crary-somerset-house-losing-sleep-review. “Idleness and abundant leisure were once markers of the aristocracy,” wrote Judy Wacjman. “Today a busy, frenetic existence in which both work and leisure are crowded with multiple activities denotes high status.” Judy Wacjman, Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 61. See also Ross Perlin, Intern Nation: How to Earn Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy (New York: Verso, 2011), 49.
5. William Morris, Signs of Change: The Aims of Art, Marxists Internet Archive, taken from 1896 Longmans, Green, and Co. edition, originally prepared by David Price for Project Gutenberg, www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1888/signs/chapters/chapter5.htm; Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848), loc. 107–108, 111, 122–125, Kindle.
6. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (New York: International Publishers, 2012 [1971]), loc. 8082–8091, Kindle.
7. Ruth Milkman, Farewell to the Factory: Auto Workers in the Late Twentieth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 23.
8. Wacjman, Pressed for Time, 63–65; James Meadway, personal communication with author.
9. Emily Guendelsberger, On the Clock: What Low-Wage Work Did to Me and How It Drives America Insane (New York: Little, Brown, 2019). See also Eric Spitznagel, “Inside the Hellish Workday of an Amazon Warehouse Employee,” New York Post, July 13, 2019, https://nypost.com/2019/07/13/inside-the-hellish-workday-of-an-amazon-warehouse-employee.
10. Michelle Chen, “6 Years After the Rana Plaza Collapse, Are Garment Workers Any Safer?,” The Nation, July 15, 2019, www.thenation.com/article/rana-plaza-unions-world; Harrison Jacobs, “Inside ‘iPhone City,’ the Massive Chinese Factory Town Where Half of the World’s iPhones Are Produced,” Business Insider, May 7, 2018, www.businessinsider.com/apple-iphone-factory-foxconn-china-photos-tour-2018-5; Bertrand Gruss and Natalija Novta, “The Decline in Manufacturing Jobs: Not Necessarily a Cause for Concern,” IMFBlog, April 9, 2018, https://blogs.imf.org/2018/04/09/the-decline-in-manufacturing-jobs-not-necessarily-a-cause-for-concern.
11. George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier (London: Penguin, 2001), loc. 320–323, 342–350, 551–553, 576–582, Kindle; Milkman, Farewell to the Factory, 11–12; Sarah Jaffe and Michelle Chen, “The GM Strike and the Future of the UAW,” Dissent, November 8, 2019, www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-gm-strike-and-the-future-of-the-uaw.
12. Tamara Draut, Sleeping Giant: How the New Working Class Will Transform America (New York: Doubleday, 2016), 44.
13. Mark Fisher, K-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher, ed. Darren Ambrose (London: Repeater Books, 2018), loc. 7683, Kindle; Asad Haider, “Class Cancelled,” August 17, 2020, https://asadhaider.substack.com/p/class-cancelled; Adam Kotsko, Neoliberalism’s Demons: On the Political Theology of Late Capital (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018), loc. 230, Kindle. See also Mike Konczal, Freedom from the Market: America’s Fight to Liberate Itself from the Grip of the Invisible Hand (New York: New Press, 2020).
14. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 1–2; Standing, Precariat, loc. 128; Philip Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste: How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown (New York: Verso, 2013), 23–24, 40, 56–57; Kotsko, Neoliberalism’s Demons, loc. 741, 127, 132–133.
15. Fisher, K-punk, loc. 6984, 12617; Harvey, Brief History, 7–8, 14–15; Joshua Clover, Riot. Strike. Riot. (New York: Verso, 2019), loc. 1652–1654, Kindle; Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis, 57. Orlando Letelier, “The ‘Chicago Boys’ in Chile: Economic Freedom’s Awful Toll,” The Nation, August 1976, www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-chicago-boys-in-chile-economic-freedoms-awful-toll. See also Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010).
16. Harvey, Brief History, 23, 61; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 9308; Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis, 130.
17. Fisher, K-punk, loc. 7548.
18. Harvey, Brief History, 25; Tim Barker, “Other People’s Blood,” n+1, Spring 2019, https://nplusonemag.com/issue-34/reviews/other-peoples-blood-2; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 7100; Clover, Riot. Strike. Riot., loc. 1708–1710, 1861–1877, 2033–2036.
19. Nick O’Donovan, “From Knowledge Economy to Automation Anxiety: A Growth Regime in Crisis?,” New Political Economy 25, no. 2 (2020): 248–266, https://doi.org.10.1080/13563467.2019.1590326.
20. Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis, 63; Kotsko, Neoliberalism’s Demons, loc. 170, 649, 707, 710; Harvey, Brief History, 5; Adam Kotsko, The Prince of This World (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016), 199–200; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 7674, 11308, 12574; Melinda Cooper, Family Values: Between Neoliberalism and the New Social Conservatism (Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books, 2019), loc. 2684–2687, Kindle.
21. Kotsko, Neoliberalism’s Demons, loc. 71, 1823, 1831; Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis, 110; Standing, The Precariat, loc. 995, 1001. See also Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (London: Zer0 Books, 2009).
22. Margaret Thatcher, Interview for Women’s Own, 1987, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689; Eileen Boris and Rhacel Salazar Parreñas, “Introduction,” in Intimate Labors: Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care, ed. Eileen Boris and Rhacel Salazar Parreñas (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010), 9; Rene Almeling, “Selling Genes, Selling Gender,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 60; Fisher, Capitalist Realism, 33; Kristen Ghodsee, Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism (New York: Bold Type Books, 2018), 3; Laura Briggs, “Foreign and Domestic,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 49. In Japan, Guy Standing wrote, the company-as-family “was taken to its limit.… The company became a fictitious family so that the employment relationship became ‘kintractship,’ in which the employer ‘adopted’ the employee and in return expected something close to a gift relationship of subservience, filial duty and decades of intensified labour.” Standing, The Precariat, loc. 512. UsTwo Games, “About Us,” company website, www.ustwo.com/about-us; Harvey, Brief History, 53; Kathi Weeks, “Down with Love: Feminist Critique and the New Ideologies of Work,” Verso Blog, February 13, 2018, www.versobooks.com/blogs/3614-down-with-love-feminist-critique-and-the-new-ideologies-of-work.
23. Weeks, “Down with Love”; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 8907; Kotsko, Neoliberalism’s Demons, loc. 2622.
24. Fisher, K-punk, loc. 8222; Kotsko, Neoliberalism’s Demons, loc. 1891; Sarah Jaffe, “The Post-Pandemic Future of Work,” New Republic, May 1, 2020, https://newrepublic.com/article/157504/post-pandemic-future-work.
25. Fisher, K-punk, loc. 12661.
26. David Harvey, “Reading Capital with David Harvey,” Episode 5, podcast audio, 2019, https://open.spotify.com/episode/6TFZkkswzQGAVcfizfWiJy?si=h42pT1HUSZuWEsykk9qfKA.
27. Selma James, Sex, Race, and Class: The Perspective of Winning (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), 96; Tithi Bhattacharya, “How Not to Skip Class: Social Reproduction of Labor and the Global Working Class,” in Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression, ed. Tithi Bhattacharya (London: Pluto Press, 2017), 70; Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 8.
28. Gramsci, Selections, 5083, 8338. Gramsci’s concept of hegemony, education scholar Eleni Schirmer explains, is “the struggle to arrange the pieces of the world—the ideas and the images and the language and the culture and the politics and the music and the sexual norms.” Eleni Schirmer, “Hello, We Are from Wisconsin, and We Are Your Future,’” Boston Review, April 7, 2020, http://bostonreview.net/politics/eleni-schirmer-wisconsin-primaries-scott-walker-act-10.
29. Harvey, Brief History, 39; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 8610–8617.
30. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Simon and Schuster Digital, 2013), loc. 690, 794–795, 891, 1891–1894, 2160, Kindle. The work ethic was built upon what Melinda Cooper called “an austere philosophy of desire.” Cooper, Family Values, loc. 797–801; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 45.
31. Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Verso, 2018), loc. 1307–1313, 1403–1404, Kindle.
32. Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 1453–1453, 1562–1564; Nancy Fraser, “Crisis of Care? On the Social-Reproductive Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 25.
33. Weeks, The Problem with Work, 46–49, 59–60; Ronnie Schreiber, “Henry Ford Paid His Workers $5 a Day So They Wouldn’t Quit, Not So They Could Afford Model Ts,” The Truth About Cars, October 13, 2014, www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2014/10/henry-ford-paid-workers-5-day-wouldnt-quit-afford-model-ts; Fraser, “Crisis of Care,” 25; Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 1339–1342.
34. Fraser, “Crisis of Care,” 25; Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 1376–1378, 2223–2225, 2344–2346, 2393–2395, 2484–2487, 2568–2569, 2660–2662, 2745–2748; Weeks, “Down with Love.”
35. Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, 2705–2708, 1809–1813, 1813–1815, 1824–1828; Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California, American Crossroads Book 21 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007); Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “What Is to Be Done,” American Quarterly 63, no. 2 (June 2011): 245–265.
36. Harvey, Brief History, 41; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 2468, 7120; Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 4037–4041, 4065–4068, 4112–4112.
37. Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 4552–4552, 4376–4387, 2722–2724; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 12756–12764, 12944, 12959.
38. Weeks, “Down with Love”; Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 3553–3556, 3889–3891, 3954–3959; Fraser, “Crisis of Care,” 25–26; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 107–110.
39. Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 4404–4406, 6201–6205, 2728–2730, 3434–3436; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 7676, 7122, 10690, 12750, 12959.
40. Silvia Federici, Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), 2.
41. “Employment Projections,” US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 1.4: Occupations with the Most Job Growth, 2018 and Projected 2028, www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupations-most-job-growth.htm.
42. Weeks, The Problem with Work, 76; Standing, The Precariat, loc. 3363–3366.
43. Chuckie Denison from Lordstown said that at work, decisions made by the bosses seemed to have less to do with producing good cars, and more to do with controlling the workforce. “Management did not like to see you smiling or having a good time. They would rather see you miserable and not producing than happy and producing.” Sarah Jaffe, “The Road Not Taken,” New Republic, June 24, 2019, https://newrepublic.com/article/154129/general-motors-plant-closed-lordstown-ohio-road-not-taken; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 20–23, 97; Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, loc. 7457, 7774–7843.
44. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Open Road Media, 2016), loc. 85–90, 624, Kindle.
45. The editors of Notes from Below describe class composition as “a material relation with three parts: the first is the organisation of labour-power into a working class (technical composition); the second is the organisation of the working class into a class society (social composition); the third is the self-organisation of the working class into a force for class struggle (political composition).” Jamie Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade: Controllers, Consoles, and Class Struggle (Chicago: Haymarket, 2019), loc. 979–983, Kindle. See also Notes from Below, “About,” https://notesfrombelow.org/about; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 94; Marina Vishmidt, “Permanent Reproductive Crisis: An Interview with Silvia Federici,” Mute, March 7 2013, www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/permanent-reproductive-crisis-interview-silvia-federici; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 8888.
46. Draut, Sleeping Giant, 5. If we, as Joshua Clover invites us to, expand our lens beyond the workforce, we can see the proletariat in its original sense, “those who are ‘without reserves,’ who are nothing, have nothing to lose but their chains, and cannot liberate themselves without destroying the whole social order,” which includes those no longer useful to capital or those who labor, unwaged, in the home, doing the original labors of love. Clover, Riot. Strike. Riot., loc. 2026–2031.
47. Draut, Sleeping Giant, 120, 155; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 62; Gabriel Winant, “The New Working Class,” Dissent, June 27, 2017, www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/new-working-class-precarity-race-gender-democrats; Lois Weiner, The Future of Our Schools: Teachers Unions and Social Justice (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012), 137.
48. “The existence of exploitation always assumes some form of coercion,” Boltanski and Chiapello wrote. “But whereas in pre-capitalist societies exploitation is invariably direct, in capitalism it passes through a series of detours that mask it.” Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, 7251–7255. Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Google, in Rare Stumble, Posts 23% Decline in Profit,” New York Times, October 18, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/10/28/technology/google-alphabet-earnings.html.
1. Tom Kelly and Harriet Crawford, “Terror of Farage Children as Mob Storms Pub Lunch: Leader Brands Anti-Ukip Protesters as ‘Scum’ After His Family Are Forced to Flee Activists and Breastfeed Militants,” Daily Mail, March 22, 2015, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3006560/Nigel-Farage-brands-anti-Ukip-protesters-scum-invaded-pub-having-family-lunch-leaving-children-terrified.html.
2. “Single Parents: Claimant Commitment Under Universal Credit,” Turn2Us, www.turn2us.org.uk/Your-Situation/Bringing-up-a-child/Single-parents-and-Universal-Credit.
3. bell hooks, Communion: The Female Search for Love (New York: William Morrow, 2002), xiii–xviii.
4. Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (reprint, New York: Basic Books, 2016); Michèle Barrett and Mary McIntosh, The Anti-Social Family (New York: Verso, 2014), loc. 35–37, Kindle. French philosopher Alain Badiou suggested, “Essentially, if you play with the word ‘state’ you could define the family as the state of love.” Alain Badiou with Nicolas Truong, In Praise of Love (London: Serpent’s Tail, 2012), 54; Angela Y. Davis, “JoAnn Little: The Dialectics of Rape,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 1998), 158. See also Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore, A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018).
5. Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 63; Melinda Cooper, Family Values: Between Neoliberalism and the New Social Conservatism (Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books, 2019), loc. 29–30, Kindle; Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (Kindle Edition, 2011 [1884]), 4. See also Selma James, Sex, Race and Class: The Perspective of Winning (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012); Laura Briggs, How All Politics Became Reproductive Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017), 2.
6. Stephanie Coontz and Peta Henderson, “Introduction: ‘Explanations’ of Male Dominance,” in Women’s Work, Men’s Property: The Origins of Gender and Class, ed. Stephanie Coontz and Peta Henderson (London: Verso, 1986), loc. 66–205, 431–433, Kindle; Stephanie Coontz and Peta Henderson, “Property Forms, Political Power, and Female Labour in the Origins of Class and State Societies,” in Coontz and Henderson, Women’s Work, Men’s Property, loc. 2276–2279.
7. Coontz and Henderson, “Introduction,” loc. 608–772; Lila Leibowitz, “In the Beginning…: The Origins of the Sexual Division of Labour and the Development of the First Human Societies,” in Coontz and Henderson, Women’s Work, Men’s Property, loc. 959–982; Nicole Chevillard and Sebastien Leconte, “The Dawn of Lineage Societies: The Origins of Women’s Oppression,” in Coontz and Henderson, Women’s Work, Men’s Property, loc. 1612–1642, 1799–1800.
8. Chevillard and Leconte argue, “The exploitation of man by man did in fact begin as an exploitation of woman by man. But within this original exploitation lay the seeds of the exploitation of humans of both sexes by the ruling human (who is again male).” Chevillard and Leconte, “The Dawn of Lineage Societies,” loc. 2135–2136. Coontz and Henderson, “Property Forms,” loc. 2659–2660, 2849–2890. Engels also rather acidly noted that men “never… had the least intention” of being monogamous; monogamy was for women. Engels, Origin of the Family, loc. 42–44, 49, 58.
9. “By Euripides,” Engels wrote, “woman is designated as ‘oikurema,’ a neuter signifying an object for housekeeping, and beside the business of breeding children she served to the Athenian for nothing but his chief house maid.” Engels, Origin of the Family, 61, 70; Luce Irigaray, “Women on the Market,” originally published as “Le marche des femmes,” in Sessualita e politica (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1978), https://caringlabor.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/luce-irigaray-women-on-the-market.
10. Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2004), 25, 31, 97. Unless otherwise noted, italics in quotations are reproduced from the original sources.
11. Federici explains: “Marx introduced the concept of ‘primitive accumulation’ at the end of Capital Volume 1 to describe the social and economic restructuring that the European ruling class initiated in response to its accumulation crisis, and to establish (in polemics with Adam Smith) that: (i) capitalism could not have developed without a prior concentration of capital and labor, and that (ii) the divorcing of the workers from the means of production, not the abstinence of the rich, is the source of capitalist wealth. Primitive accumulation, then, is a useful concept, for it connects the ‘feudal reaction’ with the development of a capitalist economy, and it identifies the historical and logical conditions for the development of the capitalist system, ‘primitive’ (‘originary’) indicating a precondition for the existence of capitalist relations as much as a specific event in time.” Federici, Caliban and the Witch, 14, 17, 63–64, 88–89; Patel and Moore, A History of the World, 125. The witch hunters were obsessed with women’s collective action, noted Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English: “Not only were the witches women—they were women who seemed to be organized into an enormous secret society.” Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, Witches, Nurses and Midwives (New York: Feminist Press, 2010), 42.
12. Federici, Caliban and the Witch, 135, 142.
13. Federici, Caliban and the Witch, 97, 149, 192. Patel and Moore wrote: “To make this system work, the state developed a keen interest in enforcing the categories of man and woman. Humans whose bodies didn’t neatly fit were surgically altered to fit one category or the other.” Patel and Moore, A History of the World, 117, 121, 128. Alan Sears, “Body Politics: The Social Reproduction of Sexualities,” in Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression, ed. Tithi Bhattacharya (London: Pluto Press, 2017), 173–174.
14. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Open Road Media, 2016), loc. 3881, 3974, Kindle.
15. Thompson, Making of the English Working Class, 4352, 4358, 4365–4376; Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage, 1993), loc. 203, 358, 372, 417–429, 431, 442, Kindle; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1080.
16. Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1080–1089, 1107–1109. Relief arrangements, Piven and Cloward argued, are part of the process of “defining and enforcing the terms on which different classes of people are made to do different kinds of work; relief arrangements, in other words, have a great deal to do with maintaining social and economic inequities.” Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 201, 217, 978.
17. Women who went to work, Thompson noted, often looked back wistfully at the home economy, which “supported a way of life centred upon the home, in which inner whims and compulsions were more obvious than external discipline.” Thompson, Making of the English Working Class, 8587, 8617, 8634, 8643. Patel and Moore, A History of the World, 128. As just one example of reshaping indigenous lifeways, in the United States, the “Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 subdivided indigenous peoples’ reserved lands into forty-acre plots, each distributed to a male-headed nuclear household.” Salar Mohandesi and Emma Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 41.
18. Kelli Marìa Korducki, Hard to Do: The Surprising Feminist History of Breaking Up (Toronto: Coach House Books, 2018), 41, 53–54; Angela Y. Davis, Women, Race and Class (New York: Vintage, 1983), 12.
19. Laura Kipnis, Against Love: A Polemic (New York: Vintage, 2009), 60.
20. Angela Y. Davis, “Women and Capitalism: Dialectics of Oppression and Liberation,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, 177.
21. Mohandesi and Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” 39; James, Sex, Race and Class, 163–171, 177; Barrett and McIntosh, Anti-Social Family, loc. 266–267; hooks, Communion, 78.
22. Silvia Federici, Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), 24; Barrett and McIntosh, Anti-Social Family, loc. 814–815; James, Sex, Race and Class, 153.
23. Amber Hollibaugh, interviewed by Kelly Anderson, Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 2003–2004, 69; Nancy Fraser, “Crisis of Care? On the Social-Reproductive Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 25.
24. Engels, Origin of the Family, 70.
25. Angela Y. Davis, “Surrogates and Outcast Mothers: Racism and Reproductive Politics in the Nineties,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, 216; Andrew Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014), loc. 179, 186, 1422–1449, 1680, Kindle; Phyllis Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt: Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920–1945 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 22.
26. Fraser, “Crisis of Care,” 25; Allan Carlson, The Family in America: Searching for Social Harmony in the Industrial Age, with a new introduction by the author (London: Routledge, 2017), 40; Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 1109–1129, 1515, 1526; Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 13.
27. Barrett and McIntosh, Anti-Social Family, loc. 733–733; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1149–1153, 1170–1175, 1186–1188, 1213–1214; Tera Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors After the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 37, 39–40.
28. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 1378, 1401; Mohandesi and Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” 49; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 75–77.
29. Cooper, Family Values, loc. 47–50.
30. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 192–195, 247; Silvia Federici, “Preoccupying: Interview with Silvia Federici,” Occupied Times, October 26, 2014, http://theoccupiedtimes.org/?p=13482; Eva Kittay, Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality and Disability (London: Routledge, 1999), 41; Engels, Origin of the Family, 68–69; Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 749–752, 811.
31. Selma James, “Child Benefit Has Been Changing Lives for 70 Years. Let’s Not Forget the Woman Behind It,” The Guardian, August 6, 2016, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/06/child-benefit-70-years-eleanor-rathbone. See also Silvia Federici with Arlen Austin, eds., Wages for Housework: The New York Committee, 1972–1977: History, Theory, Documents (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2017); Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 29–30, 76, 91, 101; Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 1467.
32. Kristen Ghodsee, Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism (New York: Bold Type Books, 2018), 8, 62; Alexandra Kollontai, The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman, trans. Salvator Attansio (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971), transcribed for Marxists Internet Archive, 2001, www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1926/autobiography.htm.
33. Ghodsee, Better Sex Under Socialism, 58–59, 60–66, 121.
34. Ai-jen Poo, Age of Dignity: Preparing for the Elder Boom in a Changing America (New York: New Press, 2015), 100; Kipnis, Against Love, 93, 169.
35. Davis, “Women and Capitalism,” 180; Barrett and McIntosh, Anti-Social Family, loc. 874–875; Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 1510.
36. Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 64, 156; Barbara Ehrenreich, “Maid to Order,” in Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, ed. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild (New York: Metropolitan, 2004), loc. 1560, Kindle.
37. Kathi Weeks, “‘Hours for What We Will’: Work, Family, and the Movement for Shorter Hours,” Feminist Studies 35, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 101–127; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 42–44, 56; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 65.
38. Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex (London: Women’s Press, 1979). Just the first chapter is reproduced at the Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/firestone-shulamith/dialectic-sex.htm.
39. Davis, Women, Race and Class, 205; Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 8, 118.
40. Luker, Abortion, 138, 145, 163, 202, 205, 206.
41. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 43; Premilla Nadasen, Welfare Warriors: The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States (London: Routledge, 2004), 204.
42. Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, 228, 395, 431, 441.
43. Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, 242, 249, 276, 300, 385.
44. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 2335, 2379, 2424, 2464, 3368; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 124.
45. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 3254, 5569; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 43; Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, 1370, 1587, 1672.
46. Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, loc. 3456, 3667; Johnnie Tillmon, “Welfare Is a Women’s Issue,” Ms., 1972, www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/tillmon.asp; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1466–1467.
47. A few years later, discussing the Family Assistance Plan (FAP) proposal presented in 1971 by the Nixon administration, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan recognized that this demand was far from extravagant: “If American society recognized homemaking and child rearing as productive work to be included in the national economic accounts… the receipt of welfare might not imply dependency. But we don’t. It may be hoped that the Women’s Movement of the present time will change this. But as of the time I write it had not.” Cited in Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 43; Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, loc. 3611, 3672, 3973, 4302, 4330, 4038, 4079.
48. Nadasen, Welfare Warriors, loc. 4079, 4873; interview by Tony Brown, 1933–, in Tony Brown’s Journal: The President and Black America, directed by Michael Colgan, Tony Brown Productions, 1982, 28 min.
49. Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 13, 48; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 15, 119; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 381–383, 426–428, 439–441.
50. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 7.
51. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 7; James, Sex, Race and Class, 81.
52. James, Sex, Race and Class, 51, 82; Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 34, 203, 260; Mariarosa Dalla Costa, “The General Strike,” in Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 275; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 130.
53. Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 34, 205.
54. Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 21, 125.
55. Nancy Folbre, ed., For Love or Money: Care Provision in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012), xii; Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 113.
56. Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 23–24, 244; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 821–823.
57. Kittay, Love’s Labor, 126; Tillmon, “Welfare Is a Women’s Issue”; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 886–888; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 165; Erin Hatton, Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), loc. 674–675, Kindle.
58. Ken Taylor, “The Reality of ‘Welfare Reform,’” Isthmus, March 1, 2018, https://isthmus.com/opinion/opinion/welfare-reform-bill-walker-republican. As Melinda Cooper writes: “The opening preamble of PRWORA thus sets out the following extraordinary definition of public morality: ‘1) Marriage is the foundation of a successful society; 2) Marriage is an essential institution of a successful society, which promotes the interests of children’; and ‘3) Promotion of responsible fatherhood and motherhood is integral to successful childrearing and the wellbeing of children.’” Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1641–1644, 972–974, 989–996, 998–1001, 1497–1499, 1511–1513.
59. Premilla Nadasen, “How a Democrat Killed Welfare,” Jacobin, February 9, 2016, www.jacobinmag.com/2016/02/welfare-reform-bill-hillary-clinton-tanf-poverty-dlc; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 1550–1557.
60. Fraser, “Crisis of Care,” 25–26; Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (London: Zer0 Books, 2009); Ghodsee, Better Sex Under Socialism, 10, 68; Weeks, The Problem with Work, 159, 180.
61. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 3016; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 3279–3282; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 47, 97.
62. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 459, 465, 2839; Stephanie Coontz, “The New Instability,” New York Times, July 26, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/opinion/sunday/the-new-instability.html; Naomi Cahn and June Carbone, “Just Say No,” Slate, April 22, 2014, https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/white-working-class-women-should-stay-single-mothers-argue-the-authors-of-marriage-markets-how-inequality-is-remaking-the-american-family.html.
63. Folbre, For Love or Money, 4, 97. See also Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking, 1989); “Women Still Do More Household Chores Than Men, ONS Finds,” BBC, November 10, 2016, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37941191; Claire Cain Miller, “Nearly Half of Men Say They Do Most of the Home Schooling. 3 Percent of Women Agree,” New York Times, May 6, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/05/06/upshot/pandemic-chores-homeschooling-gender.html; Reni Eddo-Lodge, “Women, Down Your Tools! Why It’s Finally Time to Stop Doing All the Housework,” The Telegraph, October 6, 2014, www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11142847/Women-down-your-tools-Why-its-finally-time-to-stop-doing-all-the-housework.html; Suzanne M. Bianchi, John P. Robinson, and Melissa A. Milkie, Changing Rhythms of American Family Life (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006); Patel and Moore, A History of the World, 32.
64. Heather Abel, “The Baby, the Book, and the Bathwater,” Paris Review, January 31, 2018, www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/01/31/baby-book-bathwater.
65. Annie Kelly, “The Housewives of White Supremacy,” New York Times, June 1, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/opinion/sunday/tradwives-women-alt-right.html. Of the far right and the family, Jordy Rosenberg wrote, “Another way of putting this is that, unlike Bloch’s midcentury Europe, we don’t have the surplus libidinal energies of mass communist movement for fascists to usurp, parody, or mimic. Rather, today’s neofascism has a strange, parasitic relation to the affective surplus and the energies of the family. Actually, to be much more specific, it has a strange, parasitic relationship to the energies of the family’s decomposition.… Contemporary neofascism harvests this splintering—this familial decomposition, which, like a collapsing star, emits a chaos of energy as it is vacuumed into oblivion. Note that, here, neofascism isn’t about claiming the moral high ground for itself. Rather, it exults in performing its perversity. I’m not defending the nuclear family from these scavengers. I’m saying that the energies of the family’s decomposition ought to be ours to harvest, to resignify—to kink.… What will become of us? I don’t know, but I’m saying that fascism tries to usurp everything, including or especially unruliness, and I’m sorry, but no: the supernova of the family’s destruction ought to be ours to redefine.” Jordy Rosenberg, “The Daddy Dialectic,” Los Angeles Review of Books, March 11, 2018, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-daddy-dialectic.
66. Alexis C. Madrigal, “Two Working Parents, One Sick Kid,” The Atlantic, August 12, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/08/two-working-parents-one-sick-kid/375909; Lindsay King-Miller, “Two Moms, Four Shifts: Queer Parents Are Overwhelmed Too,” The Guardian, December 15, 2017, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/14/two-moms-four-shifts-queer-parents-are-overwhelmed-too; Kat Stoeffel, “If You Cover Egg Freezing, You Better Cover Day Care,” The Cut, October 15, 2014, www.thecut.com/2014/10/you-cover-egg-freezing-also-cover-day-care.html; Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 10; Wednesday Martin, “Poor Little Rich Women,” New York Times, May 16, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/opinion/sunday/poor-little-rich-women.html.
67. Julie Beck, “The Concept Creep of Emotional Labor,” interview with Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Atlantic, November 26, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/11/arlie-hochschild-housework-isnt-emotional-labor/576637; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 23–24; Jane Miller, “The Ambiguities of Care,” In These Times, April 29, 2014, http://inthesetimes.com/article/16532/the_ambiguities_of_care; Ghodsee, Better Sex Under Socialism, 152; Samantha Marie Nock, “Decrying Desirability, Demanding Care,” Guts, January 24, 2018, http://gutsmagazine.ca/decrying-desirability-demanding-care.
68. Caleb Luna, “Romantic Love Is Killing Us: Who Takes Care of Us When We Are Single?,” The Body Is Not an Apology, September 18, 2018, https://thebodyisnotanapology.com/magazine/romantic-love-is-killing-us; Folbre, For Love or Money, 13; Laura Anne Robertson, “Who Cares?” New Inquiry, December 5, 2014, https://thenewinquiry.com/who-cares.
69. Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 155, 168; Cooper, Family Values, loc. 2442–2444.
70. Silvia Federici points to “‘communities of care’… formed by the younger generations of political activists, who aim at socializing, collectivizing the experience of illness, pain, grieving and the ‘care work’ involved, in this process beginning to reclaim and redefine what it means to be ill, to age, to die,” as well as “solidarity contracts” created by the elderly, who pool resources to avoid being institutionalized. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 125; Bhattacharya, “Introduction,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 8; Sunny Taylor, “The Right Not to Work: Power and Disability,” Monthly Review, March 1, 2004, https://monthlyreview.org/2004/03/01/the-right-not-to-work-power-and-disability; John Tozzi, “Americans Are Dying Younger, Saving Corporations Billions,” Bloomberg, August 8, 2014, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-08/americans-are-dying-younger-saving-corporations-billions; Park McArthur and Constantina Zavitsanos, “Other Forms of Conviviality,” Women and Performance, October 30, 2013, www.womenandperformance.org/ampersand/ampersand-articles/other-forms-of-conviviality.html?rq=other%20forms%20of%20conviviality. Writer Johanna Hedva suggested a radical potential in embracing illness and disability: “Because, once we are all ill and confined to the bed, sharing our stories of therapies and comforts, forming support groups, bearing witness to each other’s tales of trauma, prioritizing the care and love of our sick, pained, expensive, sensitive, fantastic bodies, and there is no one left to go to work, perhaps then, finally, capitalism will screech to its much-needed, long-overdue, and motherfucking glorious halt.” Johanna Hedva, “Sick Woman Theory,” Mask, January 2016, www.maskmagazine.com/not-again/struggle/sick-woman-theory.
71. Matt Steib, “Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick: ‘Lots of Grandparents’ Willing to Die to Save Economy for Grandchildren,” New York, March 23, 2020, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/dan-patrick-seniors-are-willing-to-die-to-save-economy.html.
72. Kittay, Love’s Labor, 68.
73. Sophie Lewis points out, “Feminists used to draw a distinction between mothering (potentially good) and motherhood (bad). The former conjured an ensemble of practices (including Audre Lorde’s ‘we can learn to mother ourselves’) that could potentially destroy the latter institution.” Sophie Lewis, “All Reproduction Is Assisted,” Boston Review, August 14, 2018, http://bostonreview.net/forum/all-reproduction-assisted/sophie-lewis-mothering; Marina Vishmidt, “Permanent Reproductive Crisis: An Interview with Silvia Federici,” Mute, March 7, 2013, www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/permanent-reproductive-crisis-interview-silvia-federici; James, Sex, Race and Class, 229; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 103; Federici and Austin, Wages for Housework, 27; Silvia Federici, Witches, Witch-Hunting, and Women (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2018), loc. 852, Kindle.
74. Weeks, The Problem with Work, 111; Patel and Moore, A History of the World, 135.
75. Patrick Butler, “Benefit Sanctions Found to Be Ineffective and Damaging,” The Guardian, May 22, 2018, www.theguardian.com/society/2018/may/22/benefit-sanctions-found-to-be-ineffective-and-damaging.
76. Facundo Alvaredo, Bertrand Garbinti, and Thomas Piketty, “On the Share of Inheritance in Aggregate Wealth: Europe and the USA,” Economica 84, no. 334, (2017): 239–260, available at Paris School of Economics, http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Alvaredo GarbintiPiketty2015.pdf.
1. Children’s names have been changed to protect their identity.
2. Eileen Boris and Rhacel Salazar Parreñas, “Introduction,” in Intimate Labors: Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care, ed. Eileen Boris and Rhacel Salazar Parreñas (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010), 2.
3. Viviana Zelizer, “Caring Everywhere,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 269–270; Nancy Folbre, For Love or Money: Care Provision in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012), 2; Boris and Parreñas, “Introduction,” 8, 10.
4. Boris and Parreñas, “Introduction,” 2; Eva Kittay, Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality and Disability (London: Routledge, 1999), 95, 110; Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2004), 99; E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Open Road Media, 2016), loc. 4112, Kindle; Bridget Anderson, “Just Another Job? The Commodification of Domestic Labor,” in Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, ed. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild (New York: Metropolitan, 2004), 137; Andrew Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014), loc. 892, Kindle. Seemin Qayum and Raka Ray cite Mary Romero on “the proliferation of master-servant relationships in which race, ethnicity, and gender replace class as immutable social structures dictating a person’s place in the hierarchy,” where for white domestic workers, the occupation could catapult them up the social ladder, while women of color remained trapped in an “occupational ghetto.” Seemin Qayum and Raka Ray, “Traveling Cultures of Servitude,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 101.
5. Boris and Parreñas, “Introduction,” 2, 11; Lyz Lenz, “These 12 Apps Will Revolutionize Motherhood, Except They Won’t,” Pacific Standard, April 15, 2016, https://psmag.com/news/these-12-apps-will-revolutionize-motherhood-except-they-wont; Anderson, “Just Another Job,” 135; Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore, A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018), 24–25.
6. Angela Y. Davis, “Reflections on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 1998), 116; Angela Y. Davis, Women, Race and Class (New York: Vintage, 1983), 12–23, 230; Nancy Fraser, “Crisis of Care? On the Social-Reproductive Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism,” in Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression, ed. Tithi Bhattacharya (London: Pluto Press, 2017), 28; Carmen Teeple Hopkins, “Mostly Work, Little Play: Social Reproduction, Migration, and Paid Domestic Work in Montreal,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 144–145; Patel and Moore, A History of the World, 130.
7. Tera Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors After the Civil War, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 5, 16–17, 20. As Angela Davis noted, racism and sexism were mutually reinforcing: “As racism developed more durable roots within white women’s organizations, so too did the sexist cult of motherhood creep into the very movement whose announced aim was the elimination of male supremacy.” Davis, Women, Race and Class, 94, 96, 122. See also W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), Kindle.
8. Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom, 3, 21–22, 27–32, 59–61, 228; Saidiya Hartman, Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2019), loc. 2986–3007, 3017, Kindle.
9. Hunter, To ‘Joy My Freedom, 26, 50–53, 56–58, 60, 62, 74–88; Salar Mohandesi and Emma Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 46.
10. Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom, 111, 148, 169, 185–186.
11. Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom, 229, 231. Saidiya Hartman quotes the superintendent of the reformatory at Bedford Hills: “In placing a woman [in a reformatory] there is just one avenue open to her and that is domestic service. The present economic conditions are such that there is a larger demand for domestic help than we can supply. I usually have waiting lists for cooks, general housework girls and domestic servants of every kind. So great is the demand, particularly for general housework, that one lady said to me, ‘I don’t care if she has committed all the crimes in the Decalogue if she can only wash dishes.’” Hartman, Wayward Lives, loc. 3283–3301. Angela Y. Davis, “Race and Criminalization,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, 70.
12. Historian Phyllis Palmer argued, “I hope to clarify the postulate that gender is never an identity formed in isolation from other identities that have significance in twentieth-century America, but is an amalgam of race and class with gender.” Phyllis Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt: Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920–1945 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 5, 7, 14–15; Mohandesi and Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” 44.
13. Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom, 55; Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 58–59, 66; Premilla Nadasen, “Power, Intimacy and Contestation,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 207.
14. Phyllis Palmer wrote, “Over a third of women homemakers working as domestics were heads of households.” Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 71–72, 75–77, 86–87.
15. Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 103, 119, 120.
16. Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 73, 122, 125, 134. See also Premilla Nadasen, Household Workers Unite: The Untold Story of African American Women Who Built a Movement (Boston: Beacon Press, 2015); Hartman, Wayward Lives, loc. 4214–4217; Ella Baker and Marvel Cooke, “The Slave Market,” The Crisis 42 (November 1935), https://caring labor.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/ella-baker-and-marvel-cooke-the-slave-market.
17. Belabored Podcast #84: Domestic Workers Unite, with Premilla Nadasen, Dissent, August 21, 2015, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/belabored-podcast-84-domestic-workers-unite-with-premilla-nadasen; Nadasen, “Power, Intimacy and Contestation,” 206.
18. The intimacy of domestic work, Premilla Nadasen wrote, “fostered a work environment where employees’ character, not only their ability to complete specified chores, became a measure of one’s job performance.” Nadasen, “Power, Intimacy and Contestation,” 204, 207, 208; Belabored Podcast #84. See also Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt; Nadasen, Household Workers Unite.
19. Belabored Podcast #84; Nadasen, “Power, Intimacy and Contestation,” 205–207, 211–212.
20. Nadasen, “Power, Intimacy and Contestation,” 204.
21. Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 156; Barbara Ehrenreich, “Maid to Order,” in Ehrenreich and Hochschild, Global Woman, 108.
22. Palmer, Domesticity and Dirt, 73–74, 99, 138, 139–144, 146–147.
23. Erin Hatton, Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), loc. 685–689, Kindle; Angela Y. Davis, “Racialized Punishment and Prison Abolition,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, 97; Angela Y. Davis, “Surrogates and Outcast Mothers: Racism and Reproductive Politics in the Nineties,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, 218; Magdalene Laundry survivor Mary Norris told reporters: “We worked long hours every day, scrubbing, bleaching and ironing for the whole of Limerick—hotels, hospitals, schools, colleges—for which the nuns charged, of course, though we never saw a penny. It was an industry and they were earning a fortune from our labour.… When you went inside their doors you left behind your dignity, identity and humanity. We were locked up, had no outside contacts and got no wages, although we worked 10 hours a day, six days a week, 52 weeks a year. What else is that but slavery? And to think that they were doing all this in the name of a loving God! I used to tell God I hated him.” “A Very Irish Sort of Hell,” The Age, April 5, 2003, www.theage.com.au/world/a-very-irish-sort-of-hell-20030405-gdvhr9.html. Ed O’Loughlin, “These Women Survived Ireland’s Magdalene Laundries. They’re Ready to Talk,” New York Times, June 6, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/06/06/world/europe/magdalene-laundry-reunion-ireland.html; Patsy McGarry, “Magdalene Laundries: ‘I Often Wondered Why Were They So Cruel,’” Irish Times, June 6, 2018, www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/religion-and-beliefs/magdalene-laundries-i-often-wondered-why-were-they-so-cruel-1.3521600; “‘I Wasn’t Even 15. I Hadn’t Even Kissed a Boy’—A Magdalene Survivor’s Story,” RTE, June 5, 2018, www.rte.ie/news/newslens/2018/0605/968383-magdalene-elizabeth-coppin.
24. Belabored Podcast #38: Caring for America, with Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein, Dissent, January 24, 2014, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/belabored-podcast-38-caring-for-america-with-eileen-boris-and-jennifer-klein; Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein, “Making Home Care: Law and Social Policy in the U.S. Welfare State,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 188–190. See also Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein, Caring for America: Home Health Workers in the Shadow of the Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
25. Boris and Klein, “Making Home Care,” 188–197.
26. Boris and Klein, “Making Home Care,” 192; Ai-jen Poo, Age of Dignity: Preparing for the Elder Boom in a Changing America (New York: New Press, 2015), 83; Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein, “Organizing Home Care: Low-Waged Workers in the Welfare State,” Politics and Society 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 81–107, https://caringlabor.word press.com/2010/11/11/eileen-boris-and-jennifer-klein-organizing-home-care-low-waged-workers-in-the-welfare-state.
27. Boris and Klein, “Making Home Care,” 187, 188.
28. Boris and Klein, “Making Home Care,” 188–197; Melinda Cooper, Family Values: Between Neoliberalism and the New Social Conservatism (Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books, 2019), loc. 2941–2943, 2936–2938, 3053–3056, Kindle; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 116; Ronald Reagan, “Proclamation 5913—National Home Care Week, 1988,” Reagan Library, November 19, 1988, www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/111988d.
29. Poo, Age of Dignity, 90; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 65; Lynn May Rivas, “Invisible Labors: Caring for the Independent Person,” in Ehrenreich and Hochschild, Global Woman, loc. 1323.
30. Rivas’s full comment is worth including here: “I believe that the transfer of authorship is a negative phenomenon even for those who consciously work to make it happen. To be made invisible is the first step toward being considered nonhuman, which is why making another person invisible often precedes treating them inhumanely. To use Marxist terms, invisibility is the most extreme form of alienation—the ultimate manifestation of self-estrangement.” Rivas, “Invisible Labors,” loc. 1314, 1347, 1379, 1410, 1416.
31. Folbre, For Love or Money, 83; Boris and Klein, “Making Home Care,” 197–200; Belabored Podcast #84; Tamara Draut, Sleeping Giant: How the New Working Class Will Transform America (New York: Doubleday, 2016), 135; Douglas Martin, “Evelyn Coke, Home Care Aide Who Fought Pay Rule, Is Dead at 74,” New York Times, August 9, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/08/10/nyregion/10coke.html; Long Island Care at Home v. Coke, 551 U.S. 158 (2007).
32. Draut, Sleeping Giant, 136; Bob Woods, “Home Health-Care Workers in US at Tipping Point amid Coronavirus Outbreak,” CNBC, April 14, 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/04/14/home-health-care-workers-at-tipping-point-amid-coronavirus-outbreak.html. As I wrote in In These Times at the time: “The Harris case was brought in 2010 by Pamela Harris, an Illinois homecare worker who received Medicaid money as wages for caring for her son, who has a disability. An executive order issued by Illinois governor Pat Quinn the previous year had designated personal assistants caring for disabled adults as state employees, allowing them to be represented by a collective-bargaining agent. Harris and the other plaintiffs were backed in the suit by the well-heeled anti-union group National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation, and argued that she and other workers should not have to pay the costs of representing her to SEIU Healthcare Illinois & Indiana (SEIU–HCII), the union that represents homecare workers who are paid by the state for their work. The suit claimed that paying representation costs amounted to a forced association that is unconstitutional under the First Amendment.” Sarah Jaffe, “Why Harris and Hobby Lobby Spell Disaster for Working Women,” In These Times, June 30, 2014, https://inthesetimes.com/article/scotus-rules-against-female-workers; Harris v. Quinn, 573 U.S. 616 (2014).
33. Poo, Age of Dignity, 151; Andrea Marie, “Women and Childcare in Capitalism, Part 3,” New Socialist, 2017, https://newsocialist.org.uk/women-and-childcare-in-capitalism-part-3; Bernadette Hyland, “From Factory Workers to Care Workers,” Contributoria, March 2014, www.contributoria.com/issue/2014-03/52c98327a94a824a25000004.html.
34. Boris and Parreñas, “Introduction,” 8; Belabored Podcast #84; Laura Briggs, How All Politics Became Reproductive Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017), 76; María de la Luz Ibarra, “My Reward Is Not Money,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 117.
35. Briggs, “Foreign and Domestic,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 50–51; Silvia Federici, Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), 66–69; Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 81, 95; Rivas, “Invisible Labors,” loc. 99; Ehrenreich, “Maid to Order,” loc. 126.
36. Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 79.
37. Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 79.
38. Briggs, Reproductive Politics, 79; Joy M. Zarembka, “America’s Dirty Work: Migrant Maids and Modern-Day Slavery,” in Ehrenreich and Hochschild, Global Woman, 182; Anderson, “Just Another Job?,” 132; Melissa Gira Grant, “Human Trafficking, After the Headlines,” Pacific Standard, April 3, 2017, https://psmag.com/news/human-trafficking-after-the-headlines; Nicole Constable, “Filipina Workers in Hong Kong Homes: Household Rules and Relations,” in Ehrenreich and Hochschild, Global Woman, 170–172; Hopkins, “Mostly Work, Little Play,” 137. Arlie Russell Hochschild draws attention to the way love itself is alienated: “Just as we mentally isolate our idea of an object from the human scene within which it was made, so, too, we unwittingly separate the love between nanny and child from the global capitalist order of love to which it very much belongs.” Arlie Russell Hochschild, “Love and Gold,” in Ehrenreich and Hochschild, Global Woman, 33.
39. Hochschild, “Love and Gold,” 33; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 157–160.
40. Ehrenreich, “Maid to Order,” 109; Qayum and Ray, “Traveling Cultures of Servitude,” 114.
41. Rosa Silverman, “Does Asking Your Cleaner to Work Make You a Bad Feminist? Negotiating the Covid-19 Rule Change,” The Telegraph, May 14, 2020, www.telegraph.co.uk/women/work/does-asking-cleaner-work-make-bad-feminist-negotiating-covid; Sarah Ditum, “The Underlying Sexism of the Conversation About Cleaners and Covid,” The Spectator, May 14, 2020, www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-underlying-sexism-of-the-conversation-about-cleaners-and-covid.
42. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, “Blowups and Other Unhappy Endings,” in Ehrenreich and Hochschild, Global Woman, 72; Constable, “Filipina Workers in Hong Kong Homes,” 167.
43. Roc Morin, “How to Hire Fake Friends and Family,” The Atlantic, November 7, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2017/11/paying-for-fake-friends-and-family/545060.
44. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 121.
45. Ehrenreich, “Maid to Order,” 116; Miya Tokumitsu, Do What You Love: And Other Lies About Success and Happiness (New York: Regan Arts, 2015), 6.
46. Lenz, “These 12 Apps.”
47. Valerio De Stefano, “Collective Bargaining of Platform Workers: Domestic Work Leads the Way,” Regulating for Globalization, October 12, 2018, http://regulating forglobalization.com/2018/12/10/collective-bargaining-of-platform-workers-domestic-work-leads-the-way.
48. Dorothy Sue Cobble, “More Intimate Unions,” in Boris and Parreñas, Intimate Labors, 281.
49. Cobble, “More Intimate Unions,” 281–286.
50. “Facts for Domestic Workers,” New York State Department of Labor, https://labor.ny.gov/legal/laws/pdf/domestic-workers/facts-for-domestic-workers.pdf; Carney Law Firm, “New Massachusetts Law Expands Rights of Domestic Workers,” January 30, 2015, www.bostonworkerscompensationlawyerblog.com/new-massachusetts-law-expands-rights-domestic-workers.
51. Sarah Jaffe, “Low Benefits, Temporary Jobs—Work Is Getting Worse… But Hope for Labor Rights Is Emerging from a Surprising Place,” AlterNet, August 28, 2012, www.alternet.org/2012/08/low-benefits-temporary-jobs-work-getting-worse-hope-labor-rights-emerging-surprising-place; National Domestic Workers Alliance homepage, accessed August 5, 2020, www.domesticworkers.org.
52. Alexia Fernández Campbell, “Kamala Harris Just Introduced a Bill to Give Housekeepers Overtime Pay and Meal Breaks,” Vox, July 15, 2019, www.vox.com/2019/7/15/20694610/kamala-harris-domestic-workers-bill-of-rights-act.
1. John L. Rury, “Who Became Teachers? The Social Characteristics of Teachers in American History,” in American Teachers: Histories of a Profession at Work, ed. Donald Warren (New York: Macmillan, 1989), 9–10; Megan Erickson, Class War: The Privatization of Childhood (New York: Verso, 2015), 146.
2. Rury, “Who Became Teachers?,” 11–12, 14; Dana Goldstein, The Teacher Wars: A History of America’s Most Embattled Profession (New York: Anchor, 2014), loc. 315, Kindle.
3. Marjorie Murphy, Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900–1980 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 12–13; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 402–428, 635.
4. Rury, “Who Became Teachers?,” 15–27; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 446–456, 717; Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 14.
5. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 913–1037. Historian Michael Fultz wrote that African American teachers were “burdened with a spate of extracurricular expectations which they could not possibly fulfill.” Michael Fultz, “African American Teachers in the South, 1890–1940: Powerlessness and the Ironies of Expectations and Protest,” History of Education Quarterly 35, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 401–402.
6. Rury, “Who Became Teachers?,” 23, 28–29; Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 1; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 589, 631.
7. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 12–15.
8. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 20–24.
9. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 36, 43–45.
10. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 1283–1349; Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 46.
11. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 47–59.
12. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 59–60, 67, 72.
13. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 90–95; Fultz, “African American Teachers in the South,” 410–420.
14. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 1616–1648; Eleni Schirmer, personal communication with author.
15. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 97–98, 100, 102, 118, 119, 122.
16. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 1716–1766.
17. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 1840; Clarence Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard: Communism, Civil Rights, and the New York City Teachers Union (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), loc. 87, Kindle; Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 133, 148, 154–157.
18. Rury, “Who Became Teachers?,” 34.
19. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 154–157; Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 3, 12, 15–16; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 1817.
20. Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 29–33, 43, 73, 78, 287–288. Historian Marjorie Murphy points to an article by Howard University professor Doxey Wilkerson about segregation, which made a Black child feel “he is not an integral part of the social group with which he is thrown, but rather, that he is a thing apart, isolated, ostracized, somehow not quite like his classmates.” Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 164.
21. Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 277; Rury, “Who Became Teachers?,” 37.
22. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 184; Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 104–115, 126, 151–153, 290.
23. Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 104–115, 126, 151–153, 290; Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 190; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 1945–1955.
24. Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 153–173, 126, 151–153, 290.
25. Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 204–213.
26. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 181; Erickson, Class War, 126.
27. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 200–204; Elizabeth Todd-Breland, A Political Education: Black Politics and Education Reform in Chicago Since the 1960s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 12, 24; Michael Fultz, “The Displacement of Black Educators Post-Brown: An Overview and Analysis,” History of Education Quarterly 44, no. 1, A Special Issue on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the “Brown v. Board of Education” Decision (Spring 2004): 13–14, 20.
28. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 214, 1592, 2271, 2332, 2402; Fultz, “The Displacement of Black Educators,” 19, 25–26; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 128.
29. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 213–214, 239, 242, 243–245; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 29, 52, 114; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 2530, 2572–2627.
30. Lois Weiner, The Future of Our Schools: Teachers Unions and Social Justice (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012), loc. 1785–1800, Kindle.
31. Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 124–125; Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard, loc. 318; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 2612–2751; Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 242; Jane McAlevey, No Shortcuts: Organizing for Power in the New Gilded Age (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 103.
32. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 211; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 2925.
33. Murphy, Blackboard Unions, 267–269, 271–272; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 2, 164; Erickson, Class War, 53.
34. Josh Eidelson and Sarah Jaffe, “Defending Public Education: An Interview with Karen Lewis of the Chicago Teachers Union,” Dissent, Summer 2013, www.dissent magazine.org/article/defending-public-education-an-interview-with-karen-lewis-of-the-chicago-teachers-union.
35. Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 189, 198, 209, 215; Michael Powell, “Gilded Crusade for Charters Rolls Forward,” New York Times, March 12, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/nyregion/gilded-crusade-for-charters-rolls-onward.html.
36. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 3123, 3236, 3240; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 159, 204–205.
37. Weiner, The Future of Our Schools, loc. 824, 1857–1864, 1916, 1995–1999, 2016, 2022–2029, 2045; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 3160, 3510; Erickson, Class War, 45.
38. Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 3974–4081.
39. New York teacher and researcher Brian Jones explained the work that is still devalued: “Helping students find confidence, helping them to latch on to their passions, empowering them, that aspect of teaching and learning is greatly undervalued, and that’s a very difficult thing to impose from above.” Sarah Jaffe, “Taking the Caring Out of Teaching,” In These Times, July 4, 2013, http://inthesetimes.com/article/15245/taking_the_caring_out_of_teaching_new_yorks_new_teacher_evaluation_system_i; Weiner, The Future of Our Schools, loc. 298, 344.
40. Erickson, Class War, 105; Malcolm Harris, Kids These Days: The Making of Millennials (New York: Back Bay Books, 2018), 119–120.
41. McAlevey, No Shortcuts, 107–109; Goldstein, The Teacher Wars, loc. 2886; Todd-Breland, A Political Education, 144; Eidelson and Jaffe, “Defending Public Education.”
42. McAlevey, No Shortcuts, 20–29, 102.
43. Kate Bahn interview with author; see also Kate Bahn, “The ABCs of Labor Market Frictions: New Estimates of Monopsony for Early Career Teachers in the U.S. and Implications for Caring Labor” (PhD diss., The New School for Social Research University, 2015); Emma García and Elaine Weiss, “Low Relative Pay and High Incidence of Moonlighting Play a Role in the Teacher Shortage, Particularly in High-Poverty Schools,” Economic Policy Institute, May 9, 2019, www.epi.org/publication/low-relative-pay-and-high-incidence-of-moonlighting-play-a-role-in-the-teacher-shortage-particularly-in-high-poverty-schools-the-third-report-in-the-perfect-storm-in-the-teacher-labor-marke; Kevin Prosen, “A Letter to New York City’s School Teachers,” Jacobin, May 12, 2014, www.jacobinmag.com/2014/05/a-letter-to-new-york-citys-school-teachers.
44. Valerie Strauss, “Chicago Promised That Closing Nearly 50 Schools Would Help Kids in 2013. A New Report Says It Didn’t,” Washington Post, May 24, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2018/05/24/chicago-promised-that-closing-nearly-50-schools-would-help-kids-in-2013-a-new-report-says-it-didnt. The Janus case was officially between Mark Janus, a child support specialist who worked for the state of Illinois and contended that he should not have to pay representation fees, and the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME). The suit was originally filed by Bruce Rauner, the wealthy governor of Illinois, and shortly after the Supreme Court decision, Janus left his public-sector job to join the conservative think tank that had helped bankroll his suit. Mitchell Armentrout, “Mark Janus Quits State Job for Conservative Think Tank After Landmark Ruling,” Chicago Sun-Times, July 20, 2018, https://chicago.suntimes.com/2018/7/20/18409126/mark-janus-quits-state-job-for-conservative-think-tank-gig-after-landmark-ruling; Sarah Jaffe, “With Janus, the Court Deals Unions a Crushing Blow. Now What?,” New York Times, June 27, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/opinion/supreme-court-janus-unions.html; Heather Gies, “A Blow but Not Fatal: 9 Months After Janus, AFSCME Reports 94% Retention,” Salon, April 6, 2019, www.salon.com/2019/04/06/a-blow-but-not-fatal-9-months-after-janus-afscme-reports-94-retention_partner.
45. Sarah Jaffe, “The Chicago Teachers Strike Was a Lesson in 21st-Century Organizing,” The Nation, November 16, 2019, www.thenation.com/article/archive/chicago-ctu-strike-win; Sarah Jaffe, “Inside the Hard Road to Transform the Teacher’s Movement into Real Power,” Medium, October 19, 2018, https://gen.medium.com/inside-the-hard-road-to-transform-the-teachers-movement-into-real-power-f5932fc8ab6f; Samantha Winslow, “Saint Paul Teachers Strike for Their Students’ Mental Health,” Labor Notes, March 10, 2020, www.labornotes.org/2020/03/saint-paul-teachers-strike-their-students-mental-health.
46. Sarah Jaffe, “How the New York City School System Failed the Test of Covid-19,” The Nation, June 16, 2020, www.thenation.com/article/society/schools-teachers-covid.
47. Jacob Bogage, “Thousands of U.S. Workers Walk Out in ‘Strike for Black Lives,’” Washington Post, July 20, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/07/20/strike-for-black-lives.
48. Kyle Stokes, “After Deal with Teachers Union, LAUSD Students Can Expect (Some) Live Lessons Every Day,” LAist, August 3, 2020, https://laist.com/2020/08/03/coronavirus_distance_learning_lausd_los_angeles_teachers_union_live_video_lessons.php.
49. Zoie Matthew, “In a Dramatic Reversal, the L.A. City Budget Will Contain No New Funds for Police,” Los Angeles, June 3, 2020, www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/garcetti-agrees-to-reductions-in-lapds-share-of-city-funds; United Teachers Los Angeles, “UTLA Statement on LAUSD Vote to Defund School Police Budget by 35%,” July 1, 2020, www.utla.net/news/utla-statement-lausd-vote-defund-school-police-budget-35.
1. Bryce Covert, “The Demise of Toys ‘R’ Us Is a Warning,” The Atlantic, July/August 2018, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/07/toys-r-us-bankruptcy-private-equity/561758; Sapna Maheshwari and Vanessa Friedman, “The Pandemic Helped Topple Two Retailers. So Did Private Equity,” New York Times, May 14, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/business/coronavirus-retail-bankruptcies-private-equity.html.
2. Sarah Jaffe, “America’s Massive Retail Workforce Is Tired of Being Ignored,” Racked, June 20, 2017, www.racked.com/2017/6/20/15817988/retail-workers-unions-american-jobs.
3. European Commission, “Which Sector Is the Main Employer in the EU Member States?,” Eurostat, October 24, 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20171024-1; Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Charts of the Largest Occupations in Each Area,” BLS.gov, May 2019, www.bls.gov/oes/current/area_emp_chart/area_emp_chart.htm; Bethany Biron, “The Last Decade Was Devastating for the Retail Industry. Here’s How the Retail Apocalypse Played Out,” Business Insider, December 23, 2019, www.businessinsider.com/retail-apocalypse-last-decade-timeline-2019-12; Derek Thompson, “What in the World Is Causing the Retail Meltdown of 2019?” The Atlantic, April 10, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/04/retail-meltdown-of-2017/522384; Abha Bhattarai, “‘Retail Apocalypse’ Now: Analysts Say 75,000 More U.S. Stores Could Be Doomed,” Washington Post, April 10, 2019; Françoise Carré and Chris Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better: Retail Jobs Across Countries and Companies (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2017), 1.
4. Peter Ikeler, Hard Sell: Work and Resistance in Retail Chains (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2016), loc. 379, 385, 389, Kindle.
5. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 395, 402.
6. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 394, 410–411, 419, 421, 431.
7. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 427, 433, 436, 442, 451–452; Tamara Draut, Sleeping Giant: How the New Working Class Will Transform America (New York: Doubleday, 2016), 44; Bethany Moreton, To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 54–55; Dana Frank, Women Strikers Occupy Chain Stores, Win Big (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012), 8, 29; Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890–1940 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 229.
8. Benson, Counter Cultures, 4, 26, 79, 125–126, 130, 187; Frank, Women Strikers Occupy, 19.
9. Benson, Counter Cultures, 20, 23, 125, 128, 209–210, 228, 230–233, 245.
10. Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), loc. 144, 159, Kindle; Benson, Counter Cultures, 127.
11. Hochschild, Managed Heart, loc. 1410, 1421, 1445.
12. Martin Gelin, “The Misogyny of Climate Deniers,” New Republic, August 28, 2019, https://newrepublic.com/article/154879/misogyny-climate-deniers; Jonas Anshelm and Martin Hultman, “A Green Fatwā? Climate Change as a Threat to the Masculinity of Industrial Modernity,” NORMA 9, no. 2 (2014): 84–96, https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2014.908627; Frank, Women Strikers Occupy, 8, 29; Benson, Counter Cultures, 131, 155, 166, 180, 229.
13. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 478–488; Frank, Women Strikers Occupy, 11–14; Benson, Counter Cultures, 236.
14. Frank, Women Strikers Occupy, 13–14, 19–20, 24, 37, 40–41.
15. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 496–499, 525–527, 531, 550; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 8, 13; Nelson Lichtenstein, The Retail Revolution: How Wal-Mart Created a Brave New World of Business (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009), 54, 83.
16. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 54; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 5, 28, 37, 51.
17. Lichtentstein, Retail Revolution, 11, 14, 19–20, 24.
18. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 36–38; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 5, 51, 54, 61, 65, 71–72, 76–77.
19. Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 79–80; Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 41.
20. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 83, 89–90, 126, 94; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 103, 106, 116; Hochschild, Managed Heart, loc. 2095.
21. Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 50, 120.
22. Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 184–186; Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 82; Valerie Strauss, “The ‘Walmartization’ of Public Education,” Washington Post, March 17, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2016/03/17/the-walmartization-of-public-education; Walton Family Foundation, “2020 K-12 Education Strategic Plan,” www.waltonfamilyfoundation.org/our-work/k-12-education; Moreton, God and Wal-Mart, 135.
23. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 246; Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage, 1993), loc. 6124, Kindle; Bethany Moreton, “On Her Book To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise,” Rorotoko, November 3, 2009, http://rorotoko.com/interview/20091104_moreton_bethany_serve_god_wal-mart_christian_free_enterprise/?page=2.
24. Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 205, 92; Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 580, 583, 586, 607, 609, 614, 654.
25. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 6120; Gabriel Winant, “Where Did It All Go Wrong?,” The Nation, February 7, 2018, www.thenation.com/article/organized-labors-lost-generations; Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 99; Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 2041; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 219.
26. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 331, 690, 767, 1478, 1511; James Cairns, The Myth of the Age of Entitlement: Millennials, Austerity and Hope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017), 66; Yasemin Besen-Cassino, The Cost of Being a Girl: Working Teens and the Origins of the Gender Wage Gap (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2017), 89, 92, 99–100; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 28.
27. Liza Featherstone, Selling Women Short: The Landmark Battle for Workers’ Rights at Wal-Mart (New York: Basic Books, 2009), loc. 101, 137, 231–237, 420, 779, Kindle; Liza Featherstone, “‘Dukes v. Wal-Mart’ and the Limits of Legal Change,” The Nation, June 21, 2011, www.thenation.com/article/dukes-v-wal-mart-and-limits-legal-change; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338 (2011).
28. Featherstone, Selling Women Short, loc. 1936, 1996, 2020; Besen-Cassino, Cost of Being a Girl, 104–105, 107, 109; Sofia Resnick, “Hobby Lobby Allegedly Fired Employee Due to Pregnancy,” Rewire, July 29, 2014, https://rewire.news/article/2014/07/29/hobby-lobby-allegedly-fired-employee-due-pregnancy; Sarah Jaffe, “Why Harris and Hobby Lobby Spell Disaster for Working Women,” In These Times, June 30, 2014, http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/16894/scotus_rules_against_female_workers.
29. Featherstone, Selling Women Short, loc. 1936, 1996, 2020; Besen-Cassino, Cost of Being a Girl, 104–105, 107, 109; Catherine Ruetschlin and Dedrick Asante-Muhammad, “The Retail Race Divide: How the Retail Industry Is Perpetuating Racial Inequality in the 21st Century,” Demos, June 2, 2015, www.demos.org/research/retail-race-divide-how-retail-industry-perpetuating-racial-inequality-21st-century; “Transgender Need Not Apply: A Report on Gender Identity Job Discrimination,” Make the Road New York, March 2010, www.maketheroadny.org/pix_reports/TransNeedNotApplyReport_05.10.pdf.
30. Besen-Cassino, Cost of Being a Girl, 82–85, 94, 97, 117; Daniel Lavelle, “Want a Shop Job? You’ve Got to Have the X Factor,” The Guardian, February 27, 2018, www.theguardian.com/money/2018/feb/27/x-factor-want-a-shop-job-auditions.
31. Besen-Cassino, Cost of Being a Girl, 82–85, 94, 97, 117; Mindy Isser, “The Grooming Gap: What ‘Looking the Part’ Costs Women,” In These Times, January 2, 2020, http://inthesetimes.com/article/22197/grooming-gap-women-economics-wage-gender-sexism-make-up-styling-dress-code.
32. Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 38; Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce”; Aaron Braun, “Dispatches from the Labor Market,” Full Stop, July 16, 2014, www.full-stop.net/2014/07/16/features/essays/aaron-braun/dispatches-from-the-labor-market.
33. Benson, Counter Cultures, 158; Lichtenstein, Retail Revolution, 112–114; Joseph Williams, “My Life as a Retail Worker: Nasty, Brutish, and Poor,” The Atlantic, March 11, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/03/my-life-as-a-retail-worker-nasty-brutish-and-poor/284332; Graham Snowdon, “Get Happy!! Japanese Workers Face Smile Scanner,” The Guardian, July 7, 2009, www.theguardian.com/money/blog/2009/jul/07/japanese-smile-scanning; Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce”; Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 1185.
34. Ikeler, Hard Sell, loc. 1408, 1418; Draut, Sleeping Giant, 155; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 29–30, 72; Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce.”
35. Cairns, Age of Entitlement, 58; Office for National Statistics, “Contracts That Do Not Guarantee a Minimum Number of Hours: April 2018,” www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/articles/contractsthatdonotguaranteeaminimumnumberofhours/april2018; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 1–2, 111, 149.
36. Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce.”
37. Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce”; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 209.
38. Jaffe, “Massive Retail Workforce”; Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Retail Sales Workers: Summary,” April 10, 2020, www.bls.gov/ooh/sales/retail-sales-workers.htm, Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 18.
39. Emily Guendelsberger, “‘The Most Physically Painful Experience of My Life’: One Month Working in an Amazon Warehouse,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 11, 2019, www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/amazon-warehouse-on-the-clock-emily-guendelsberger-book-excerpt-20190711.html. See also Emily Guendelsberger, On the Clock: What Low-Wage Work Did to Me and How It Drives America Insane (New York: Little, Brown, 2019); Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 215.
40. Hochschild, Managed Heart, loc. 3026.
41. Ikeler, Hard Sell, 1836, 1845, 2719–2720.
42. Abha Bhattarai, “Pandemic Bankruptcies: A Running List of Retailers That Have Filed for Chapter 11,” Washington Post, August 3, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/27/retail-bankrupcy-chapter11; Charisse Jones, “Walmart Workers Will Call Out of Work, Use Tracker to Protect Themselves from COVID-19,” USA Today, April 29, 2020, www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/04/29/coronavirus-leads-some-walmart-workers-call-out-work/3047692001; Sarah Jaffe, “Belabored Stories: Will Workers’ Gains Outlive the Crisis?,” Dissent, April 7, 2020, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/belabored-stories-will-workers-gains-outlive-the-crisis.
43. Michael Corkery, “Charles P. Lazarus, Toys ‘R’ Us Founder, Dies at 94,” New York Times, March 22, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/obituaries/charles-p-lazarus-toys-r-us-founder-dies-at-94.html; Carré and Tilly, Where Bad Jobs Are Better, 47, 199.
44. Chavie Lieber, “Why Bankrupt Toys R Us Might Not Be Dead After All,” Vox, October 3, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/the-goods/2018/10/3/17932344/toys-r-us-liquidation-coming-back.
45. Vanessa Romo, “New Jersey Mandates Severance Pay for Workers Facing Mass Layoffs,” NPR, January 22, 2020, www.npr.org/2020/01/22/798727332/new-jersey-mandates-severance-pay-for-workers-facing-mass-layoffs.
46. Eliza Ronalds-Hannon and Lauren Coleman-Lochner, “Toys R Us Workers Win $2-Million Settlement on Severance,” Los Angeles Times, June 17, 2019, www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-toys-r-us-bankruptcy-pay-20190627-story.html.
1. EJ Dickson, “How Nothing and Everything Has Changed in the 10 Years Since George Tiller’s Murder,” Rolling Stone, May 31, 2019, www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/george-tiller-death-abortion-10-year-anniversary-842786; Carole Joffe and Tracy Weitz, “The Assassination of Dr. Tiller: The Marginality of Abortion in American Culture and Medicine,” Dissent, November 10, 2009, www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-assassination-of-dr-tiller-the-marginality-of-abortion-in-american-culture-and-medicine.
2. Deb Gruver, “South Wind Women’s Center Prepares to Open, Offer Women’s Care,” Wichita Eagle, February 6, 2013, www.kansas.com/news/article1108157.html; Rebecca Burns, “Planned Parenthood’s Union Busting Could Have a Chilling Effect for Workers Everywhere,” In These Times, June 25, 2018, https://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/21237/planned_parenthood_union_busting_trump_labor; Aída Chávez, “Planned Parenthood Is Asking Donald Trump’s Labor Board for Help Busting Its Colorado Union,” The Intercept, May 23, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/05/23/planned-parenthood-union-nlrb.
3. Anna North, “The Trump Administration Is Demanding That Planned Parenthood Affiliates Give Back Their PPP Loans,” Vox, May 23, 2020, www.vox.com/2020/5/23/21268539/planned-parenthood-80-million-ppp-loans-coronavirus.
4. Jesse Paul, “These Employees Survived the Planned Parenthood Shooting. They Say the Organization Could Have Done More to Help Them,” Colorado Sun, December 2, 2019, https://coloradosun.com/2019/12/02/planned-parenthood-shooting-colorado-springs-employee-stories; Rachel Larris, “What You Need to Know About Indicted Anti-Choice Activist David Daleiden,” Media Matters for America, January 26, 2016, www.mediamatters.org/james-okeefe/what-you-need-know-about-indicted-anti-choice-activist-david-daleiden.
5. Amy Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing: Philanthropy’s Creation and Destruction of the Common World” (PhD diss., City University of New York, 2019), loc. 742–755, Kindle; Lester M. Salamon and Chelsea L. Newhouse, “The 2019 Nonprofit Employment Report,” Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, January 2019, http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2019/01/2019-NP-Employment-Report_FINAL_1.8.2019.pdf.
6. Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1163–1288.
7. Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1180–1182, 1306–1347; Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage, 1993), loc. 302, Kindle.
8. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 358; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1375–1376, 1408–1412, 1456–1457.
9. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 212; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1166–1167, 1378–1379, 1398–1400.
10. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 417, 429, 431, 442, 469, 530, 552; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1514–1518.
11. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “in the shadow of the shadow state,” in INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence, The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017), 45; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1167–1170, 1526–1534; Alice Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked: A Concise History (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2018), loc. 1702–1708, 1715–1719, Kindle; Salar Mohandesi and Emma Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” in Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression, ed. Tithi Bhattacharya (London: Pluto Press, 2017), 48.
12. Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked, loc. 1731–1759.
13. Angela Y. Davis, Women, Race and Class (New York: Vintage, 1983), 59–66; Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked, loc. 1774, 1846; Andrea Smith, “introduction: The Revolution Will Not Be Funded,” in Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 3; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1566–1567; Melissa Gira Grant, “The Unfinished Business of Women’s Suffrage,” New Republic, August 10, 2020, https://newrepublic.com/article/158828/19th-amendment-women-suffrage-felony-vote-disenfranchisement.
14. Saidiya Hartman, Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2019), loc. 1654, Kindle; Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked, loc. 1789–1798, 1830–1839, 1853–1856, 1864; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1541–1554, 1579–1581.
15. Schiller interview with author; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1556–1561, 1643–1673; Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked, loc. 1883–1900; Eileen Boris, Art and Labor: Ruskin, Morris, and the Craftsman Ideal in America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), 122, 126, 127, 131–132; Eva Kittay, Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality and Disability (London: Routledge, 1999), 126.
16. Boris, Art and Labor, 131–139, 180–182.
17. Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked, loc. 1926, 1938–1948, 1953–1956; Boris, Art and Labor, 186–187.
18. Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked, loc. 1929–1936, 1970, 1972, 1976–1982, 1987–2003, 2007–2019; Mohandesi and Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” 49.
19. Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1563–1564, 1571–1573, 1583–1588, 1592–1612; Mohandesi and Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” 48–50; Kittay, Love’s Labor, 126–127.
20. Schiller interview; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1149–1151, 1716–1743, 1799–1800, 1819–1822, 1827–1838; Leslie Albrecht, “Americans Slashed Their Charitable Deductions by $54 Billion After Republican Tax-Code Overhaul,” Marketwatch, July 11, 2019, www.marketwatch.com/story/americans-slashed-their-charitable-deductions-by-54-billion-after-trumps-tax-overhaul-2019-07-09; Smith, “Introduction,” 4.
21. Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1633–1637; Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked, loc. 2037–2057, 2072.
22. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 1077–1232, 1336, 2710–2713; Boris, Art and Labor, 190; Mohandesi and Teitelman, “Without Reserves,” 55.
23. Kessler-Harris, Women Have Always Worked, loc. 2145–2165; Smith, “introduction,” 5, 7; Dylan Rodriguez, “the political logic of the non-profit industrial complex,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 23.
24. Planned Parenthood, “Our History,” 2020, www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/our-history; Megan Seaholm, “Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: Birth Control in America by Linda Gordon,” Not Even Past, March 18, 2012, https://notevenpast.org/womans-body-womans-right-birth-control-america-1976; Jill Lepore, “Birthright: What’s Next for Planned Parenthood,” New Yorker, November 7, 2011, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/2011/11/14/birthright-jill-lepore.
25. Lepore, “Birthright.”
26. Smith, “introduction,” 5–7; Robert L. Allen, “from Black Awakening in Capitalist America,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 54–58; Eric Tang, “non-profits and the autonomous grassroots,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 218–219.
27. Tang, “nonprofits,” 219; Paul Kivel, “social service or social change?,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 138.
28. Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, loc. 3986–4000, 4439–4570, 4698–5471, 3116.
29. Selma James, Sex, Race, and Class: The Perspective of Winning (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), 127–128, 212.
30. Salamon and Newhouse, “2019 Nonprofit Employment Report”; Elizabeth Todd-Breland, A Political Education: Black Politics and Education Reform in Chicago Since the 1960s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 212; Smith, “introduction,” 7–8; Gilmore, “shadow state,” 45.
31. Nicolas Lemann, “Citizen 501(c)(3),” The Atlantic, February 1997, www.the atlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/02/citizen-501c3/376777.
32. Tang, “non-profits and the autonomous grassroots,” 220; Soniya Munshi and Craig Willse, “foreword,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, loc. 136, 255, 263, 272–283, 291, 311.
33. Tang, “non-profits and the autonomous grassroots,” 224–226; Smith, “introduction,” 7, 10; Tithi Bhattacharya, “Introduction: Mapping Social Reproduction Theory,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 2; Nancy Fraser, “Crisis of Care? On the Social-Reproductive Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 23, 33; Tithi Bhattacharya, “How Not to Skip Class: Social Reproduction of Labor and the Global Working Class,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory, 75; James, Sex, Race and Class, 171.
34. Fiona Harvey and Anushka Asthana, “‘Chilling’ Lobbying Act Stifles Democracy, Charities Tell Party Chiefs,” The Guardian, June 6, 2017, www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/06/chilling-lobbying-act-stifles-democracy-write-charities-party-chiefs; “Lobbying: Union Anger over ‘Cynical’ Coalition Move,” June 4, 2013, www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-22760075.
35. Smith, “introduction,” 7, 10; Rodriguez, “the political logic of the non-profit,” 29–33; Gilmore, “shadow state,” 45–47; Madonna Thunder Hawk, “native organizing before the non-profit industrial complex,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 105–107; Adjoa Florência Jones de Almeida, “radical social change: Searching for a New Foundation,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 187.
36. Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (London: Zer0 Books, 2009), 28; Mark Fisher, K-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher, ed. Darren Ambrose (London: Repeater Books, 2018), loc. 7422–7465, Kindle; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1936–1937, 2205–2215; Tiffany Lethabo King and Ewuare Osayande, “the filth on philanthropy: Progressive Philanthropy’s Agenda to Misdirect Social Justice Movements,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 83; Ana Clarissa Rojas Durazo, “we were never meant to survive: Fighting Violence Against Women and the Fourth World War,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 124.
37. Amara H. Pérez, Sisters in Action for Power, “between radical theory and community praxis: Reflections on Organizing and the Non-Profit Industrial Complex,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 90–97.
38. Kayla Blado, “The Answer to Burnout at Work Isn’t ‘Self-Care’—It’s Unionizing,” In These Times, August 14, 2019, http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/22017/burn-out-work-self-care-union-national-nonprofit.
39. Jonathan Timm, “The Plight of the Overworked Nonprofit Employee,” The Atlantic, August 24, 2016, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/08/the-plight-of-the-overworked-nonprofit-employee/497081.
40. The Soros story has been repeated many times and can be found in Yael Friedman, “Is Philanthropy Subverting Democracy?,” The Conversationalist, October 25, 2019, https://conversationalist.org/2019/10/25/how-philanthropy-is-subverting-democracy, and also in Christine E. Ahn, “democratizing american philanthropy,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 74; Stephanie Guilloud and William Cordery, “fundraising is not a dirty word: Community-based Economic Strategies for the Long Haul,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 109–112; Pérez, “between radical theory and community praxis,” 97; Alisa Bierria, “pursuing a radical antiviolence agenda inside/outside a non-profit structure,” in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 152.
41. Durazo, “we were never meant to survive,” 115–116; Kivel, “social service or social change?,” 142; Itzbeth Menjívar, “The Social Justice Sector Has an Internal Racism Problem,” Sojourners, June 11, 2019, https://sojo.net/articles/social-justice-sector-has-internal-racism-problem; Kimberly McIntosh, “Race Equality and Justice in the Charity Sector,” Joseph Rowntree Foundation, October 1, 2019, www.jrf.org.uk/blog/race-equality-and-justice-charity-sector; Vanessa Daniel, “Philanthropists Bench Women of Color, the M.V.P.s of Social Change,” New York Times, November 19, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/opinion/philanthropy-black-women.html.
42. Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “Five Years Later, Do Black Lives Matter?” Jacobin, September 30, 2019, https://jacobinmag.com/2019/09/black-lives-matter-laquan-mcdonald-mike-brown-eric-garner.
43. Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 1882–1916, 2069–2070, 2400–2402; “Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of the Law, Dean Spade,” book review, in Lies: A Journal of Materialist Feminism 1 (2012), https://libcom.org/library/lies-journal-marxist-feminism.
44. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 177; Schiller, “Caring Without Sharing,” loc. 521–522, 582–585; Silvia Federici, Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), loc. 66, 70, 74–75, 81–85, Kindle; Hala Al-Karib, “The Dangers of NGO-isation of Women’s Rights in Africa,” Al Jazeera English, December 13, 2018, www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/dangers-ngo-isation-women-rights-africa-181212102656547.html; Smith, “introduction,” 11.
45. Jonathan Matthew Smucker, Hegemony How-To: A Roadmap for Radicals (Brooklyn, NY: AK Press, 2017), 33–34, 38; Schiller interview; Daisy Rooks, “The Cowboy Mentality: Organizers and Occupational Commitment in the New Labor Movement,” Labor Studies Journal 28, no. 33 (2003), https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X0302800302; “Guide for the Exploited Nonprofit Workers,” Tituba’s Revenge, no. 1 (December 2011), https://titubasrevenge.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/tituba_newsletter_1_dec20111.pdf.
46. Yasmin Nair, “Fuck Love,” YasminNair.com, November 1, 2011 https://yasminnair.com/fuck-love; Bethany Moreton and Pamela Voeckel, “Learning from the Right,” in Labor Rising: The Past and Future of Working People in America, ed. Daniel Katz and Richard Greenwald (New York: New Press, 2012), 34–36.
47. “Guide for the Exploited”; Ann Goggins Gregory and Don Howard, “The Nonprofit Starvation Cycle,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall 2009, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_nonprofit_starvation_cycle; Cory Doctorow, “Exploitation of Workers Becomes More Socially Acceptable if the Workers Are Perceived as ‘Passionate’ About Their Jobs,” BoingBoing, May 22, 2019, https://boingboing.net/2019/05/22/weaponized-satisfaction.html; Jae Yun Kim, Troy H. Campbell, Steven Shepherd, and Aaron C. Kay, “Understanding Contemporary Forms of Exploitation: Attributions of Passion Serve to Legitimize the Poor Treatment of Workers,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 1 (2020): 121–148, https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000190.
48. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Nonprofits Account for 12.3 Million Jobs, 10.2 Percent of Private Sector Employment, in 2016,” August 31, 2018, www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2018/nonprofits-account-for-12-3-million-jobs-10-2-percent-of-private-sector-employment-in-2016.htm; Rachel Swain, “Overview of the UK Charity Sector,” Prospects, September 2019, www.prospects.ac.uk/jobs-and-work-experience/job-sectors/charity-and-voluntary-work/overview-of-the-uk-charity-sector; Ramsin Canon, “Nonprofit Workers Need Unions, Too,” Jacobin, August 19, 2019, www.jacobinmag.com/2019/08/nonprofits-industrial-complex-socialist-organizing.
49. Stephanie Russell-Kraft, “The Aggressive Anti-Union Campaign at StoryCorps,” The Nation, July 17, 2017, www.thenation.com/article/the-aggressive-anti-union-campaign-at-storycorps.
50. Sarah Jaffe, “Nonprofit Workers Join the Movement to Unionize,” The Progressive, November 19, 2019, https://progressive.org/dispatches/nonprofit-workers-unionize-jaffe-191119; Nonprofit Professional Employees Union, “Nonprofit Professional Employees Union Files Unfair Labor Practice Against National Center for Transgender Equality Leadership for Retaliation Against Staff Organizing,” November 15, 2019, https://npeu.org/news/2019/11/15/nonprofit-professional-employees-union-files-unfair-labor-practice-against-national-center-for-transgender-equality-leadership-for-retaliation-against-staff-organizing; Ellen Davis, “SPLC Management Won’t Voluntarily Recognize Labor Union,” Nonprofit Quarterly, November 15, 2019, https://nonprofitquarterly.org/splc-management-wont-voluntarily-recognize-labor-union; Independent Workers of Great Britain, “IWGB Charity Workers Branch,” 2020, https://iwgb.org.uk/page/iwgb-charity-workers-branch.
51. Kayla Blado, personal communication with author.
52. Independent Workers of Great Britain, “IWGB Charity Workers Branch Statement on COVID-19,” 2020, https://iwgb.org.uk/page/iwgb-charity-workers-branch-covid-19-statement.
53. Canon, “Nonprofit Workers”; Sigal Samuel, “Racial Justice Groups Have Never Had So Much Cash. It’s Actually Hard to Spend It,” Vox, June 19, 2020, www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/6/19/21294819/minnesota-freedom-fund-donations-police-protests; Samantha Cooney, “Planned Parenthood Has Received 300,000 Donations Since the Election,” Time, December 27, 2016, https://time.com/4618359/planned-parenthood-election-donations.
54. Gilmore, “shadow state,” 51.
55. Cecile Richards (@CecileRichards), Twitter, June 27, 2018, 7:30 a.m., https://twitter.com/cecilerichards/status/1011980006086578182; Caroline Lewis, “Kirk Adams & Cecile Richards,” Crain’s New York, accessed August 8, 2020, www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/kirk-adams-cecile-richards; Sarah McCammon, “After Years in the Trenches, Planned Parenthood’s Cecile Richards Will Step Down,” NPR, January 26, 2018, www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/26/580733009/after-years-in-the-trenches-planned-parenthoods-cecile-richards-will-step-down; Burns, “Planned Parenthood’s Union Busting”; Natalie Kitroeff and Jessica Silver-Greenberg, “Planned Parenthood Is Accused of Mistreating Pregnant Employees,” New York Times, December 20, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/business/planned-parenthood-pregnant-employee-discrimination-women.html.
56. Kitroeff and Silver-Greenberg, “Planned Parenthood”; Jessica Rubio, nurse practitioner, quoted in Erin Heger, “Planned Parenthood Has a History of Trying to Beat Back Labor Unions,” Rewire, July 19, 2018, https://rewire.news/article/2018/07/19/planned-parenthood-history-trying-beat-back-labor-unions; Coworker.org, “Planned Parenthood Employees Need Paid Parental and Medical Leave,” Coworker, www.coworker.org/petitions/planned-parenthood-employees-need-paid-parental-and-medical-leave.
57. Claude Solnik, “Planned Parenthood, ACLU, Refugee Charities Get ‘Trump Bump,’” Long Island Business News, April 26, 2017, https://libn.com/2017/04/26/planned-parenthood-aclu-refugee-charities-get-trump-bump; Kitroeff and Silver-Greenberg, “Planned Parenthood”; PPRM Bargaining Unit, Facebook, June 17, 2018, www.facebook.com/PPRMBargainingUnit/photos/a.243437136213043/255802201643203.
58. Erin Heger, “‘Frustrating,’ ‘Confusing’: Planned Parenthood Workers Grapple with Organization’s Union Fight,” Rewire, June 14, 2018, https://rewire.news/article/2018/06/14/frustrating-confusing-planned-parenthood-workers-grapple-organizations-union-fight.
59. A report from the Economic Policy institute said of Trump’s NLRB: “Under the Trump administration, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has systematically rolled back workers’ rights to form unions and engage in collective bargaining with their employers, to the detriment of workers, their communities, and the economy. The Trump board has issued a series of significant decisions weakening worker protections under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA/Act). Further, the board has engaged in an unprecedented number of rulemakings aimed at overturning existing worker protections. Finally, the Trump NLRB general counsel (GC) has advanced policies that leave fewer workers protected by the NLRA and has advocated for changes in the law that roll back workers’ rights.” Celine McNicholas, Margaret Poydock, and Lynn Rhinehart, “Unprecedented: The Trump NLRB’s Attack on Workers’ Rights,” Economic Policy Institute, October 16, 2019, www.epi.org/publication/unprecedented-the-trump-nlrbs-attack-on-workers-rights; Joey Bunch, “Lawmakers Back Denver Planned Parenthood Workers’ Union Cause,” Colorado Politics, June 13, 2018, www.coloradopolitics.com/news/lawmakers-back-denver-planned-parenthood-workers-union-cause/article_5f4df23c-d39a-5e9c-a840-615bfc46a422.html.
60. Chávez, “Planned Parenthood.”
61. Dennis Carter, “Planned Parenthood Drops Its Fight Against Unionizing Workers in Colorado,” Rewire, August 17, 2018, https://rewire.news/article/2018/08/17/planned-parenthood-drops-its-fight-against-unionizing-workers-in-colorado.
62. “Mass Exodus at Boulder Women’s Health Center: Whistleblowers Disclose Damning Allegations That Contributed to Institutional Breakdown,” The Nation Report, September 17, 2019, www.thenationreport.org/mass-exodus-at-boulder-womens-health-center-a-whistleblower-discloses-damning-allegations-that-contributed-to-institutional-breakdown; Charlie Brennan, “Nearly Half of Boulder Valley Women’s Health Center Staff Leaves, Citing Leadership,” Boulder Daily Camera, August 27, 2019, www.dailycamera.com/2019/08/27/nearly-half-of-boulder-valley-womens-health-center-staff-leaves-citing-leadership.
63. Alex Caprariello, “Planned Parenthood Employees Laid Off, Claim It’s Retaliation for Voicing Concerns,” KXAN News, April 10, 2020, www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/planned-parenthood-employees-laid-off-claim-its-retaliation-for-voicing-concerns; Melissa Gira Grant, “A Worker Uprising at Planned Parenthood,” New Republic, June 18, 2020, https://newrepublic.com/article/158224/planned-parenthood-covid-racism-union.
1. Megan Garber, “David Foster Wallace and the Dangerous Romance of Male Genius,” The Atlantic, May 9, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/05/the-world-still-spins-around-male-genius/559925; Cristina Nehring, A Vindication of Love: Reclaiming Romance for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Harper, 2009), 3.
2. Garber, “David Foster Wallace”; Miya Tokumitsu, Do What You Love: And Other Lies About Success and Happiness (New York: Regan Arts, 2015), 2.
3. John Berger, Landscapes: John Berger on Art, ed. Tom Overton (New York: Verso, 2016), loc. 753, Kindle; Lewis Hyde, The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World, 25th Anniversary Edition (New York: Vintage, 2009), 186–189; Howard S. Becker, Art Worlds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 14.
4. Berger, Landscapes, loc. 949–965; Hyde, The Gift, 249.
5. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 82–84, 143; John Patrick Leary, “How ‘Creativity’ Became a Capitalist Buzzword,” LitHub, March 11, 2019, https://lithub.com/how-creativity-became-a-capitalist-buzzword. See also John Patrick Leary, Keywords: The New Language of Capitalism (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019).
6. John Berger, Ways of Seeing (New York: Penguin, 2008), 4, 11; Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1969 [1935]) 2, 6–7; Ben Davis, 9.5 Theses on Art and Class (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2013), loc. 1318–1320, Kindle.
7. Becker, Art Worlds, 14–15, 353; Davis, Art and Class, loc. 1446–1448, 2906–2909; Berger, Ways of Seeing, 30–31, 49, 51–52; Berger, Landscapes, loc. 2944–2946.
8. Becker, Art Worlds, 15, 100, 354; Berger, Landscapes, loc. 2750–2752, 2768–2777; Berger, Ways of Seeing, 42; Julia Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers: Radical Practice in the Vietnam War Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 1–13; Williams, Keywords, 41.
9. Berger, Ways of Seeing, 5–7; Frans Hals Museum, “Regents of the Old Men’s Alms House,” www.franshalsmuseum.nl/en/art/regents-of-the-old-mens-alms-house.
10. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 1452–1461; Becker, Art Worlds, 109.
11. Becker, Art Worlds, 354; Raymond Williams, Culture and Society: Coleridge to Orwell, 1780–1950 (London: Vintage, 2017), 1, 4, 48–56, 66–67; Williams, Keywords, 41–42; Eileen Boris, Art and Labor: Ruskin, Morris, and the Craftsman Ideal in America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), xii.
12. George Orwell, All Art Is Propaganda: Critical Essays, ed. George Packer (Boston: Mariner Books, 2009), 255; Berger, Landscapes, loc. 894–906; Williams, Culture and Society, 71.
13. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 2924–2925; Becker, Art Worlds, 182.
14. Williams, Culture and Society, 183–187, 207; Andrew Ross, No Collar: The Hidden Cost of the Humane Workplace (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 4; Boris, Art and Labor, xi–xv, 14–15, 138, 153, 156.
15. D. Anthony White, Siqueiros: Biography of a Revolutionary Artist (Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing, 2009), loc. 424–430, 722–723, 875–878, 930–933, 1058–1061, 1261–1298, 1351–1398, 2045–2047, 2149–2155, Kindle; Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers, 3–13.
16. Angela Y. Davis, “Art on the Frontline: Mandate for a People’s Culture,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 1998), 235–239, 250–253; E. Doss, “Looking at Labor: Images of Work in 1930s American Art,” Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts 24 (2002): 231–257, https://doi.org/10.2307/1504189; “The Future of America: Lewis Hine’s New Deal Photographs,” International Center of Photography, www.icp.org/browse/archive/collections/the-future-of-america-lewis-hines-new-deal-photographs; E. Doss, “Toward an Iconography of American Labor: Work, Workers, and the Work Ethic in American Art, 1930–1945,” Design Issues 13, no. 1 (1997): 53–66, https://doi.org.10.2307/1511587; A. Joan Saab, For the Millions: American Art and Culture Between the Wars (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 2, 6–8, 15, 24–27.
17. Saab, For the Millions, 15–17, 20, 31–32, 34–38.
18. Saab, For the Millions, 40–42, 54–59, 61–63, 140–141; Doss, “Looking at Labor,” 250.
19. Saab, For the Millions, 80, 44, 163, 165–166, 171–173; Berger, Landscapes, loc. 2536–2579.
20. Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers, 2–13; Leary, “How ‘Creativity’ Became a Capitalist Buzzword”; Saab, For the Millions, 173, 181. John Berger, typically, had a different understanding: “The majority of Russian painting is bad—the new developments are still embryonic. The majority of Western art is equally bad, but for the opposite reasons. In one case it is a question of art being too superficially literal; in the other of it being too profoundly remote. They have made art cheap. We have made it a luxury.” Berger, Landscapes, loc. 2577–2579.
21. Mark Fisher, K-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher, ed. Darren Ambrose (London: Repeater Books, 2018), loc. 8650, 12654, 12706, 12777; Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers, 5–13; Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Verso, 2018), loc. 6692–6694, Kindle.
22. Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers, 1–13.
23. Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers, 1–13.
24. Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers, 1–13; Sarah Resnick, “Issues & Commentary: Organizing the Museum,” Art in America, April 1, 2019, www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/museum-unions-issues-commentary-organizing-the-museum-63617.
25. Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers, 4–13; Davis, Art and Class, loc. 283–285; Federica Martini, “Art History Cold Cases: Artists’ Labour in the Factory,” in Vanina Hofman and Pau Alsina, coords., “Art and Speculative Futures,” Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Artnodes, no. 19 (2017): 1–8, http://dx.doi.org/10.7238/a.v0i19.3099.
26. Martina Tanga, “Artists Refusing to Work: Aesthetic Practices in 1970s Italy,” Palinsesti 1, no. 4 (2015): 35–49.
27. Bolanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 6692–6734, 8381–8386, 8711–8715, 9329–9331.
28. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 2956–2972.
29. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 47; Astra Taylor, The People’s Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age (New York: Metropolitan, 2014), 56–59, 66; Kate Oakley, “‘Art Works’—Cultural Labour Markets: A Literature Review,” Creativity, Culture and Education, October 2009, 29.
30. Berger, Landscapes, loc. 2668–2689; Becker, Art Worlds, ix–x, 23, 113.
31. Becker, Art Worlds, x, 1–5, 9–10, 13.
32. Kerry Guinan interview with author.
33. Becker, Art Worlds, 34–36, 52, 77–81, 91–97, 103–106, 172, 350.
34. Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (London: Zer0 Books, 2009), 76; Davis, Art and Class, loc. 210–213, 241–249, 274–275, 280–283, 438–441, 481–484, 492–497, 2917–2919; Oakley, “Art Works,” 25–25.
35. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 298–300, 249–250, 1276–1297, 1298–1318, 1422–1431; Susan Jones, “By Paying Artists Nothing, We Risk Severing the Pipeline of UK Talent,” The Guardian, May 19, 2014, www.theguardian.com/culture-professionals-network/culture-professionals-blog/2014/may/19/paying-artists-nothing-uk-talent; Susan Jones, “Rethinking Artists: The Role of Artists in the 21st Century,” Seoul Art Space, Seoul Foundation for Arts and Culture International Symposium, November 4, 2014, https://sca-net.org/resources/view/rethinking-artists-the-role-of-artists-in-the-21st-century. The 2018 US study was done by researchers affiliated with crowdfunding site Kickstarter, which itself is a reminder that most working artists’ lives involve asking other people for money. “A Study on the Financial State of Visual Artists Today,” 2018, The Creative Independent, https://thecreativeindependent.com/artist-survey; Angella d’Avignon, “Got to Be Real,” The Baffler, March 7, 2019, https://thebaffler.com/latest/got-to-be-real-davignon.
36. Claire McCaughey, “Comparisons of Arts Funding in Selected Countries: Preliminary Findings,” Canada Council for the Arts, October 2005, www.creativecity.ca/database/files/library/comparisonsofartsfunding27oct2005.pdf; Drew Wylie Projects, “Scottish Parliament—Arts Funding Inquiry Comparative Analysis,” May 2019, www.parliament.scot/S5_European/Inquiries/CTEEA_Arts_Funding_Research.pdf; Jones, “Rethinking Artists”; Danish Artist Union, accessed August 11, 2020, www.artisten.dk/Forside/The-Danish-Artist-Union; Oakley, “Art Works,” 130.
37. Mark Brown, “Arts Industry Report Asks: Where Are All the Working-Class People?,” The Guardian, April 16, 2018, www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/apr/16/arts-industry-report-asks-where-are-all-the-working-class-people; Jones, “Rethinking Artists”; Alexander Billet and Adam Turl, “The Ghost Ship Is Our Triangle Fire,” Red Wedge Magazine, December 12, 2016, www.redwedgemagazine.com/online-issue/ghostship; Jillian Steinhauer, “How Wealthy Are Artists’ Parents?,” Hyperallergic, March 21, 2014, https://hyperallergic.com/115957/how-wealthy-are-artists-parents.
38. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 1429–1490; Hito Steyerl, “If You Don’t Have Bread, Eat Art!: Contemporary Art and Derivative Fascisms,” E-Flux, October 2016, www.e-flux.com/journal/76/69732/if-you-don-t-have-bread-eat-art-contemporary-art-and-derivative-fascisms; Oakley, “Art Works”; Rachel Corbett, “Why Are Artists Poor? New Research Suggests It Could Be Hardwired into Their Brain Chemistry,” ArtNet, July 2, 2018, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/why-are-artists-poor-research-suggests-it-could-be-hardwired-1310147.
39. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 1658–1721; Natasha Lennard, “New York City’s Cops Are Waging War on Subway Performers,” Vice, May 7, 2014, www.vice.com/en_us/article/nem9vm/new-york-citys-cops-are-waging-war-on-subway-performers.
40. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 1542–1544; Becker, Art Worlds, 260–267; d’Avignon, “Got to Be Real,” 24–25; Tokumitsu, Do What You Love, 46–47.
41. Ben Davis and Sarah Cascone, “The New Museum’s Staff Is Pushing to Unionize—and Top Leadership Is Not at All Happy About It,” ArtNet, January 10, 2019, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/new-museum-union-drive-1436788; Resnick, “Organizing the Museum”; Frances Anderton, “Marciano Art Foundation and the Value of ‘Art Labor,’” KCRW, November 12, 2019, www.kcrw.com/culture/shows/design-and-architecture/marciano-and-art-labor-shortlisted/marciano-art-foundation-and-the-value-of-art-labor; Benjamin Sutton, “An Online Spreadsheet Revealed Museum Workers’ Salaries,” Artsy, June 3, 2019, www.artsy.net/news/artsy-editorial-online-spreadsheet-revealed-museum-workers-salaries.
42. Stephen Tracy, “Milieu Insight Response and Clarification on The Sunday Times Essential Workers Poll,” Milieu, June 15, 2020, https://mili.eu/insights/sunday-times-essential-workers-poll-response; Sarah Jaffe, “Belabored Stories: Someday the Museums Will Reopen,” Dissent, March 30, 2020, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/belabored-stories-someday-the-museums-will-reopen; Sarah Jaffe, “The Union Drive at the Philadelphia Museum of Art,” Dissent, June 15, 2020, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/the-union-drive-at-the-philadelphia-museum-of-art; Zachary Small, “Workers at Philadelphia Museum of Art Vote to Join Union,” New York Times, August 6, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/08/06/arts/workers-at-philadelphia-museum-of-art-vote-to-join-union.html.
43. Bill Mazza, personal communication with author.
44. Heather Abel, “The Baby, the Book and the Bathwater,” Paris Review, January 31, 2018, www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/01/31/baby-book-bathwater; Rufi Thorpe, “Mother, Writer, Monster, Maid,” Vela Magazine, n.d., http://velamag.com/mother-writer-monster-maid.
45. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 1778–1862.
46. Fisher, K-punk, loc. 8289–8297; Jeremy Lovell, “Hirst’s Diamond Skull Sells for $100 Million,” Reuters, August 30, 2007, www.reuters.com/article/us-arts-hirst-skull-idUSL3080962220070830; Davis, Art and Class, loc. 2074–2093, 2246–2248; Julia Halperin and Brian Boucher, “Jeff Koons Radically Downsizes His Studio, Laying Off Half His Painting Staff,” ArtNet, June 20, 2017, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/jeff-koons-radically-downsizes-his-studio-laying-off-half-his-painting-staff-998666; Pernilla Holmes, “The Branding of Damien Hirst,” ArtNews, October 1, 2007, www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/the-branding-of-damien-hirst-176.
47. Becker, Art Worlds, 77; Lucia Love, Interview with author; Paddy Johnson and Rhett Jones, “Jeff Koons Lays Off Workers Amidst Reports of Unionization,” Art F City, July 18, 2016, http://artfcity.com/2016/07/18/jeff-koons-lays-off-workers-amidst-reports-of-impropriety; Eileen Kinsella, “Jeff Koons Lays Off Over a Dozen Staffers After They Tried to Unionize,” ArtNet, July 19, 2016, https://news.artnet.com/art-world/jeff-koons-lays-off-staff-members-563018.
48. Halperin and Boucher, “Jeff Koons Radically Downsizes”; Valeria Ricciulli, “Domino Sugar Factory: A Guide to the Megaproject’s Buildings,” Curbed, November 11, 2019, https://ny.curbed.com/2019/11/11/20954204/domino-sugar-factory-redevelopment-williamsburg-brooklyn-buildings; Dia: Beacon, “Richard Serra, Long-Term View, Dia Beacon,” www.diaart.org/program/exhibitions-projects/richard-serra-collection-display; Doreen St. Félix, “Kara Walker’s Next Act,” Vulture, April 17, 2017, www.vulture.com/2017/04/kara-walker-after-a-subtlety.html; Christopher Beam, “Kehinde Wiley’s Global Reach,” April 20, 2012, https://nymag.com/arts/art/rules/kehinde-wiley-2012-4.
49. Benjamin, “Art in the Age”; Taylor, People’s Platform, 44–66, 168–169, 175.
50. Molly Crabapple, interview with author; Malcolm Harris, Kids These Days: The Making of Millennials (New York: Back Bay Books, 2018), 179; Steven Rosenbaum, “Death of Vine Should Be a Lesson to Other Social Media Platforms,” Forbes, November 2, 2016, www.forbes.com/sites/stevenrosenbaum/2016/11/02/death-vine-lesson-social-media.
51. Fisher, K-punk, loc. 8034; OK Fox and Love interview with author; Billet and Turl, “Ghost Ship.”
52. Davis, Art and Class, loc. 2825–2827; Devyn Springer, “Cultural Worker, Not a ‘Creative,’” Medium, October 23, 2018, https://medium.com/@DevynSpringer/cultural-worker-not-a-creative-4695ae8bfd2d; Alison Stine, “Why Art Matters, Even in Poverty,” TalkPoverty, April 18, 2016, https://talkpoverty.org/2016/04/18/why-art-matters-even-in-poverty.
53. Art, Architecture, Activism, “Spare Room Project,” 2019, www.spareroomproject.ie.
1. Imagine Canada, “Non-Profit Sector Continues to Grow,” press release, March 5, 2019, www.imaginecanada.ca/en/360/non-profit-sector-continues-grow.
2. Ross Perlin, Intern Nation: How to Earn Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy (New York: Verso, 2012), loc. 94, Kindle, pp. 1–3, 196; Josh Sanburn, “The Beginning of the End of the Unpaid Internship,” Time, May 2, 2012, http://business.time.com/2012/05/02/the-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-unpaid-internship-as-we-know-it.
3. Perlin, Intern Nation, 23–24.
4. Kathleen M. Kuehn, “Hope Labor as, Well, Hope Labor,” KMKuehn.com, July 15, 2013; Kathleen Kuehn and Thomas F. Corrigan, “Hope Labor: The Role of Employment Prospects in Online Social Production,” Political Economy of Communication 1, no. 1 (2013): 9–25.
5. Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Verso, 2018), loc. 3103–3104, Kindle; Kuehn and Corrigan, “Hope Labor.”
6. Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 3494–3496, 3932–3933, 3939–3940, 5091–5100; Miya Tokumitsu, Do What You Love: And Other Lies About Success and Happiness (New York: Regan Arts, 2015), 87.
7. Perlin, Intern Nation, 45, 46; Alexandre Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship: The Social and Legal Antecedents of the Intern Economy,” TripleC 13, no 2 (2015): https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v13i2.625; Olivia B. Waxman, “How Internships Replaced the Entry-Level Job,” Time, July 25, 2018, https://time.com/5342599/history-of-interns-internships.
8. Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 46–48; Waxman, “How Internships Replaced the Entry-Level Job.”
9. Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 47–51.
10. Perlin, Intern Nation, 51–53.
11. Perlin, Intern Nation, 53–56.
12. Lydia Dishman, “How I Made Ends Meet as an Unpaid Intern (and Why It Was Worth It),” Fast Company, January 16, 2019, www.fastcompany.com/90289973/how-i-made-ends-meet-as-an-unpaid-intern-and-why-it-was-worth-it.
13. Waxman, “How Internships Replaced the Entry-Level Job”; Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 30–31; Helen B. Holmes, “How the Unpaid Internship Became America’s Favorite Corporate Scam,” Mel Magazine, 2018, https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/how-the-unpaid-internship-became-americas-favorite-corporate-scam; Sanburn, “Beginning of the End.”
14. Perlin, Intern Nation, 31; Ryan Park, “Why So Many Young Doctors Work Such Awful Hours,” The Atlantic, February 21, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/02/doctors-long-hours-schedules/516639; Sarah Jaffe, “16-Hour Shifts, But Not a Real Worker?,” In These Times, October 23, 2013, http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/15785/16_hour_shifts_but_not_a_real_worker.
15. Perlin, Intern Nation, 32–33; Sanburn, “Beginning of the End”; Karl E. Stromsem, “The Work of the National Institute of Public Affairs, 1934–1949: A Summary” (Washington, DC: National Institute of Public Affairs, 1949).
16. Perlin, Intern Nation, 32–33; Sanburn, “Beginning of the End.”
17. Holmes, “The Unpaid Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 65–72; Natalie Bacon, “Unpaid Internships: The History, Policy, and Future Implications of ‘Fact Sheet #71,’” Ohio State Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal 6, no. 1 (2011): 67–96; Walling v. Portland Terminal Co., 330 U.S. 148 (1947).
18. Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship”; Perlin, Intern Nation, 34–36, 90; Waxman, “How Internships Replaced the Entry-Level Job.”
19. Perlin, Intern Nation, 68, 212.
20. Perlin, Intern Nation, 2–3, 14, 28, 36–39, 45, 96; Sanburn, “The Beginning of the End”; Frenette, “From Apprenticeship to Internship.”
21. Guy Standing, The Precariat (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), loc. 589, 3026, 2900, Kindle.
22. Perlin, Intern Nation, 26–27, 134; Malcolm Harris, Kids These Days: The Making of Millennials (New York: Back Bay Books, 2018), 91–94.
23. Tokumitsu, Do What You Love, 96; Harris, Kids These Days, 91; Madeleine Schwartz, “Opportunity Costs: The True Price of Internships,” Dissent, Winter 2013, www.dissentmagazine.org/article/opportunity-costs-the-true-price-of-internships.
24. Kathi Weeks, “‘Hours for What We Will’: Work, Family, and the Movement for Shorter Hours,” Feminist Studies 35, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 101–127; Schwartz, “Opportunity Costs.”
25. Perlin, Intern Nation, loc. 203, pp. 85, 86, 89–90.
26. Perlin, Intern Nation, 80–82; Bacon, “Unpaid Internships”; Blair Hickman and Christie Thompson, “How Unpaid Interns Aren’t Protected Against Sexual Harassment,” ProPublica, August 9, 2013, www.propublica.org/article/how-unpaid-interns-arent-protected-against-sexual-harassment.
27. Perlin, Intern Nation, 100–106; Laurel Wamsley, “New Congresswoman Will Pay Her Interns $15 an Hour. Is That a Big Deal?,” NPR, December 6, 2018, www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674378315/new-congresswoman-will-pay-her-interns-15-an-hour-is-that-a-big-deal; William Cummings, “Ocasio-Cortez Decries Congressional Pay, Vows to Give Interns ‘at Least’ $15 an Hour,” USA Today, December 14, 2019, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/12/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-interns/2224892002; Sanjana Karanth, “Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Explains Why Interns Should Be Paid with More Than Experience,” HuffPost, July 25, 2019, www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-paid-interns_n_5d3a061fe4b004b6adbd0edd.
28. Perlin, Intern Nation, 83–84, 118, 122, 132, 137–138; Kuehn and Corrigan, “Hope Labor”; Harris, Kids These Days, 22.
29. Lauren Lumpkin, “Coronavirus Blew Up Summer Internships, Forcing Students and Employers to Get Creative,” Washington Post, May 3, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/coronavirus-blew-up-summer-internships-forcing-students-and-employers-to-get-creative/2020/05/03/7f2708ae-83dd-11ea-a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html; Perlin, Intern Nation, 45.
30. Perlin, Intern Nation, 61, 167–169; Christy Romer, “Almost 90% of Arts Internships Are Unpaid,” Arts Professional, November 23, 2018, www.artsprofessional.co.uk/news/almost-90-arts-internships-are-unpaid; Hakim Bishara, “The Association of Art Museum Directors Calls on Museums to Provide Paid Internships,” Hyperallergic, June 20, 2019, https://hyperallergic.com/506184/the-association-of-art-museum-directors-calls-on-museums-to-provide-paid-internships.
31. Perlin, Intern Nation, 152–155, 146–148; Standing, The Precariat, loc. 1877.
32. Perlin, Intern Nation, 163, 181–183; Trevor Smith, “How Unpaid Internships Reinforce the Racial Wealth Gap,” American Prospect, February 4, 2019, https://prospect.org/education/unpaid-internships-reinforce-racial-wealth-gap. See also Nathalie Olah, Steal as Much as You Can: How to Win the Culture Wars in an Age of Austerity (London: Repeater, 2019).
33. Perlin, Intern Nation, 186, 194–196; Schwartz, “Opportunity Costs”; Standing, The Precariat, loc. 1856; Amalia Illgner, “Why I’m Suing over My Dream Internship,” The Guardian, March 27, 2018, www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/27/why-im-suing-over-my-dream-internship; Yuki Noguchi, “An Intern at 40-Something, and ‘Paid in Hugs,’” NPR, April 1, 2014, www.npr.org/2014/04/01/293882686/an-intern-at-40-something-and-paid-in-hugs; Dishman, “How I Made Ends Meet.”
34. Susannah Cullinane, Deanna Hackney, and Kaylee Hartung, “Intern Killed by Lion Died ‘Following Her Passion,’” CNN, January 1, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/31/us/lion-escapes-intern-family/index.html; Illgner “Why I’m Suing”; Sanburn, “Beginning of the End.”
35. Sanburn, “Beginning of the End”; Waxman, “How the Internship Replaced the Entry-Level Job.”
36. Perlin, Intern Nation, 185, 199–200; Standing, The Precariat, 183–187; Rebecca Greenfield, “Unpaid Internships Are Back, with the Labor Department’s Blessing,” Bloomberg, January 13, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-10/unpaid-internships-are-back-with-the-labor-department-s-blessing.
37. James Cairns, The Myth of the Age of Entitlement: Millennials, Austerity and Hope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017), 84–87.
38. Eleni Schirmer, “Pay Your Interns Now,” Jacobin, March 21, 2019, https://jacobinmag.com/2019/03/quebec-unpaid-internships-strike-university.
39. Ingrid Peritz, “Quebec Students Stage Walkout over Unpaid Internships,” Globe and Mail, November 21, 2018, www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-quebec-students-stage-walkout-over-unpaid-internships; Caroline St-Pierre, “More Than 50,000 Quebec Students to Strike over Unpaid Internships,” CTV News, November 19, 2018, www.ctvnews.ca/canada/more-than-50-000-quebec-students-to-strike-over-unpaid-internships-1.4183316.
40. St-Pierre, “Students to Strike.”
1. Stanley Aronowitz, The Last Good Job in America: Work and Education in the New Global Technoculture (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001); Philip G. Altbach, “The Deterioration of the Academic Estate: International Patterns of Academic Work,” in The Changing Academic Workplace: Comparative Perspectives, ed. Philip G. Altbach (Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for International Higher Education, Lynch School of Education, Boston College, September 2000), 11–33.
2. H. Perkin, “History of Universities,” in International Handbook of Higher Education, ed. J. J. F. Forest and P. G. Altbach, Springer International Handbooks of Education, vol. 18 (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007).
3. Paula Young Lee, “The Musaeum of Alexandria and the Formation of the Muséum in Eighteenth-Century France,” Art Bulletin 79, no. 3 (September 1997): 385–412, https://doi.org/10.2307/3046259; Sujit Choudhary, “Higher Education in India: A Socio-Historical Journey from Ancient Period to 2006–07,” Journal of Educational Enquiry 8, no. 1 (2009); Lili Yang, “The Public Role of Higher Learning in Imperial China,” Centre for Global Higher Education, Working Paper no. 28, October 2017; Raquel Lopez, “Did Sons and Daughters Get the Same Education in Ancient Greece?,” National Geographic, August 28, 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2019/07-08/education-in-ancient-greece.
4. Perkin, “History of Universities”; Altbach, “The Deterioriation of the Academic Estate”; Roberto Moscati, “Italian University Professors in Transition,” in Altbach, The Changing Academic Workplace, 144–174.
5. Perkin, “History of Universities”; Moscati, “Italian University Professors in Transition,” 144–174; Philip G. Altbach, “Academic Freedom: International Realities and Challenges,” in Altbach, The Changing Academic Workplace, 261–277.
6. Perkin, “History of Universities”; University of Oxford, “Introduction and History,” www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/history?wssl=1.
7. R. R. Palmer, “How Five Centuries of Educational Philanthropy Disappeared in the French Revolution,” History of Education Quarterly 26, no. 2 (1986): 181–197; Heike Mund, “Knowledge Is Power: Humboldt’s Educational Vision Resonates on 250th Birthday,” DW, June 22, 2017, www.dw.com/en/knowledge-is-power-humboldts-educational-vision-resonates-on-250th-birthday/a-39363583; David Sorkin, “Wilhelm Von Humboldt: The Theory and Practice of Self-Formation (Bildung), 1791–1810,” Journal of the History of Ideas 44, no. 1 (January–March 1983): 55–73, https://doi.org/10.2307/2709304; Altbach, “Academic Freedom,” 261–277.
8. Perkin, “History of Universities”; Altbach, “Academic Freedom,” 261–277; Jürgen Enders, “A Chair System in Transition: Appointments, Promotions, and Gate-Keeping in German Higher Education,” Higher Education 41, no. 1 (2001): 3–25; Barbara Ehrenreich and John Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream: The Rise and Fall of the Professional-Managerial Class (New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, February 2013), www.rosalux-nyc.org/wp-content/files_mf/ehrenreich_death_of_a_yuppie_dream90.pdf.
9. Perkin, “History of Universities,” 568–592, 609–611, 595–597, 597–606; Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Robert Lee and Tristan Ahtone, “Land-Grab Universities,” High Country News, March 30, 2020, www.hcn.org/issues/52.4/indigenous-affairs-education-land-grab-universities; Library of Congress, Primary Documents in American History: Morrill Act, www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/morrill.html; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 93.
10. Perkin, “History of Universities”; Joseph Thompson, “The GI Bill Should’ve Been Race Neutral, Politicos Made Sure It Wasn’t,” Military Times, November 9, 2019, www.militarytimes.com/military-honor/salute-veterans/2019/11/10/the-gi-bill-shouldve-been-race-neutral-politicos-made-sure-it-wasnt; Brandon Weber, “How African American WWII Veterans Were Scorned by the G.I. Bill,” The Progressive, November 10, 2017, https://progressive.org/dispatches/how-african-american-wwii-veterans-were-scorned-by-the-g-i-b.
11. Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 93–94; Ellen Schrecker, “Academic Freedom in the Age of Casualization,” in The University Against Itself: The NYU Strike and the Future of the Academic Workplace, ed. Monika Krause, Mary Nolan, Michael Palm, and Andrew Ross (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), loc. 452–454, Kindle.
12. Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Verso, 2018), loc. 1269–1273, Kindle.
13. Enders, “A Chair System,” 36–60; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 34–36.
14. Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 423–426, 429–444; Altbach, “Academic Freedom,” 261–277.
15. Ashley Dawson and Penny Lewis, “New York: Academic Labor Town?,” in Krause et al., The University Against Itself, loc. 238–251; Aaron Bady and Mike Konczal, “From Master Plan to No Plan: The Slow Death of Public Higher Education,” Dissent, Fall 2012, www.dissentmagazine.org/article/from-master-plan-to-no-plan-the-slow-death-of-public-higher-education.
16. Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 251–274. Historian Kim Phillips-Fein explains the crisis thus: “As is the case today, in the 1970s the city’s economic problems were not solely of its own making: they had their roots in federal policies that favored suburbia and made it easy for manufacturers to relocate. The funding structure of Great Society programs such as Medicaid placed a heavy burden on New York’s government. And as the financial sector was deregulated in the 1970s, banks became less inclined to hold municipal bonds. These were the background conditions that spurred the 1975 fiscal crisis, but the reason it became so charged was that under the pressures of default, the city had to reverse longstanding commitments the city had made to poor and working-class New Yorkers.” Kim Phillips-Fein, “Rethinking the Solution to New York’s Fiscal Crisis,” New York Review of Books, NYR Daily, July 16, 2020, www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/07/16/rethinking-the-solution-to-new-yorks-fiscal-crisis. See also Kim Phillips-Fein, Fear City: New York’s Fiscal Crisis and the Rise of Austerity Politics (New York: Metropolitan, 2017).
17. Angela Y. Davis, “Speech Delivered at the Embassy Auditorium,” Los Angeles, California, June 9, 1972, http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/blackspeech/adavis.html; Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 4421–4423; Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 460–466; Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990), 64; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 91; Bady and Konczal, “From Master Plan to No Plan.”
18. Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 11–33; Michael Shattock, “The Academic Profession in Britain: A Study in the Failure to Adapt to Change,” Higher Education 41, no. 1/2 (2001): 27–47; Anne Applebaum, “Thatcher’s Elimination of Tenure Leaves Professors in Outrage,” Associated Press, July 11, 1988, https://apnews.com/940a913d0a84b91ff72512c4af09386a.
19. Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling, 145, 152–153, 199; Gabriel Winant, “Professional-Managerial Chasm,” n+1, October 10, 2019, https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/professional-managerial-chasm.
20. Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling, 12, 15, 200, 246; Winant, “Professional-Managerial Chasm”; Perkin, “History of Universities.”
21. William Davies, The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being (London: Verso, 2015), loc. 1765–1837, Kindle. Stanley Aronowitz noted in 2000 that the coming of the “knowledge economy” has been hailed many times: “Anticipating by nearly forty years the current mania over the ‘new’ economy in the wake of the broad application of automation and cybernation to the industrial and service workplaces, Andre Gorz and Serge Mallet similarly announced the birth of a new working class of qualified knowledge producers.… Unlike the assembly-line worker, the knowledge worker was fully qualified to run every aspect of the production process, from design to execution. What prevented this was simply the arbitrary authority of management and the power of capital.” Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 16; Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream.
22. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 17, 39–40, 101; Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Perkin, “History of Universities”; Henry A. Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War on Higher Education, (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014), loc. 2166–2167, Kindle; Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 11–33.
23. Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 477–489; Abigail Hess, “The Cost of College Increased by More Than 25% in the Last 10 Years—Here’s Why,” CNBC, December 13, 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/12/13/cost-of-college-increased-by-more-than-25percent-in-the-last-10-years.html; Robert Anderson, “University Fees in Historical Perspective,” History and Policy, February 8, 2016, www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/university-fees-in-historical-perspective; Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 12–13.
24. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 30–33.
25. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 42; Sarah Jaffe, “‘Injury to All’ at Rutgers University,” Dissent, June 22, 2020, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/injury-to-all-at-rutgers-university.
26. Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 496–497; Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 11–33.
27. Monika Krause, Mary Nolan, Michael Palm, and Andrew Ross, “Introduction,” in Krause et al., The University Against Itself, loc. 58–59; Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 216–217, 220–221; Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 532–534; Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 40; Philip G. Altbach, “Introduction,” in Altbach, The Changing Academic Workplace, ix–x; Altbach, “Academic Freedom,” 273–274; Erin Hatton, Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), loc. 168–169, 737–739, 750–753, Kindle; Adam Kotsko, “Not Persuasion, but Power: Against ‘Making the Case,’” Boston Review, May 6, 2020, http://bostonreview.net/forum/higher-education-age-coronavirus/adam-kotsko-not-persuasion-power-against-%E2%80%9Cmaking-case%E2%80%9D.
28. Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 29.
29. Altbach, “Deterioration of the Academic Estate,” 13–14, 27–28; “Faculty in the Global Network,” New York University, www.nyu.edu/faculty/faculty-in-the-global-network.html.
30. Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling, 76, 81–82; Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 230–231.
31. Hatton, Coerced, loc. 158–165, 191–194, 207–209, 228–242, 281–299, 305–307, 354–374.
32. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 36; Schrecker, “Academic Freedom,” loc. 553–554.
33. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 22, 39–40, 43; Gwendolyn Bradley, “How Managerial Are Faculty?,” American Association of University Professors, May–June 2014, www.aaup.org/article/how-managerial-are-faculty; Hatton, Coerced, loc. 154–155, 748–750, 756–758.
34. Krause et al., “Introduction,” 26–49, 79–80, 90–93; Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 305–306, 311–312; Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War, loc. 341–344, 575–578.
35. Jeff Goodwin, “Which Side Are We On? NYU’s Full-Time Faculty and the GSOC Strike,” in Krause et al., University Against Itself, loc. 2365; “Joint Statement of New York University and GSOC and SET, UAW,” November 26, 2013, www.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu/publicAffairs/documents/20131126-JointStmntNYUgsocSETuaw.pdf.
36. Aronowitz, Last Good Job, 97–98; Krause et al., “Introduction,” loc. 62–63; Dawson and Lewis, “New York,” loc. 327–328; James Cairns, The Myth of the Age of Entitlement: Millennials, Austerity and Hope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017), 83; Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (London: Zer0 Books, 2009), 42.
37. Tressie McMillan Cottom, Lower Ed: The Troubling Rise of For-Profit Colleges in the New Economy (New York: New Press, 2017), 6–11, 84, 96, 180.
38. Ehrenreich and Ehrenreich, Death of a Yuppie Dream; Camilo Maldonado, “Price of College Increasing Almost 8 Times Faster Than Wages,” Forbes, July 24, 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/camilomaldonado/2018/07/24/price-of-college-increasing-almost-8-times-faster-than-wages; College Tuition Inflation Calculator, In 2013 Dollars, www.in2013dollars.com/College-tuition-and-fees/price-inflation; Alex Press, “On the Origins of the Professional-Managerial Class: An Interview with Barbara Ehrenreich,” Dissent, October 22, 2019, www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/on-the-origins-of-the-professional-managerial-class-an-interview-with-barbara-ehrenreich.
39. Angela Y. Davis, “Black Women and the Academy,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 1998), 222–224; Mark Fisher, K-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher, ed. Darren Ambrose (London: Repeater Books, 2018), loc. 5876, 7888–7889, Kindle; Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War, loc. 1055–1103; Jeevan Vasagar and Jessica Shepherd, “Browne Review: Universities Must Set Their Own Tuition Fees,” The Guardian, October 12, 2010, www.theguardian.com/education/2010/oct/12/browne-review-universities-set-fees; Sirin Kale, “An Oral History of the 2010 Student Protests,” Vice UK, December 12, 2019, www.vice.com/en_uk/article/qjddzb/oral-history-2010-student-protests.
40. Paul Mason, Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions (London: Verso, 2012); Jodi Dean, Crowds and Party (New York: Verso, 2016), loc. 314, Kindle; Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War, loc. 1130–1132, 2930–2931, 3481–3484.
41. Katerina Bodovski, “Why I Collapsed on the Job,” Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15, 2018, www.chronicle.com/article/Why-I-Collapsed-on-the-Job/242537; Social Sciences Feminist Network Research Interest Group, “The Burden of Invisible Work in Academia: Social Inequalities and Time Use in Five University Departments,” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 39, Special Issue 39: Diversity & Social Justice in Higher Education (2017): 228–245; Tressie McMillan Cottom, “‘Who Do You Think You Are?’: When Marginality Meets Academic Microcelebrity,” Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, no. 7 (2015), https://adanewmedia.org/2015/04/issue7-mcmillancottom.
42. Yasmin Nair, “Class Shock: Affect, Mobility, and the Adjunct Crisis,” Contrivers’ Review, October 13, 2014, www.contrivers.org/articles/8.
43. Jaffe, “Injury to All.”
44. Kotsko, “Not Persuasion, but Power”; Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling, 262.
45. Gareth Brown and David Harvie, “2+ Years of Militancy in Universities: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?” Plan C, February 17, 2020, www.weareplanc.org/blog/2-years-of-militancy-in-universities-what-do-we-know-and-where-do-we-go; Amia Srinivasan, “Back on Strike,” London Review of Books, December 3, 2019, www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2019/december/back-on-strike; Interview with Claire English.
46. “Fordham Faculty Ratify First Contract, Win 67%–90% Raises for a Majority of Adjuncts,” SEIU: Faculty Forward, July 2018, http://seiufacultyforward.org/fordham-faculty-ratify-first-contract-win-67-90-raises-majority-adjuncts; Daniel Moattar, “These Faculty Organizing Victories Show Labor Doesn’t Need the Courts on Its Side,” In These Times, August 31, 2018, https://inthesetimes.com/article/iowa-fordham-unions-seiu-trump-janus-faculty.
47. “Fordham Faculty Ratify First Contract.”
1. Studio Gobo Home Page, www.studiogobo.com.
2. Jamie Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade: Consoles, Controllers and Class Struggle (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019), loc. 1244–1247, Kindle; Chella Ramanan, “The Video Game Industry Has a Diversity Problem—But It Can Be Fixed,” The Guardian, March 15, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/15/video-game-industry-diversity-problem-women-non-white-people; Eve Crevoshay, Sarah Hays, Rachel Kowert, Raffael Boccamazzo, and Kelli Dunlap, “State of the Industry 2019: Mental Health in the Game Industry,” TakeThis, 2019, www.takethis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/TakeThis_StateOfTheIndustry_2019.pdf.
3. Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 1200–1209; David Jenkins, “Programmers Win EA Overtime Settlement, EA_Spouse Revealed,” GamaSutra, April 26, 2006, www.gamasutra.com/view/news/100005/Programmers_Win_EA_Overtime_Settlement_EASpouse_Revealed.php.
4. Laura Sydell, “The Forgotten Female Programmers Who Created Modern Tech,” NPR, October 6, 2014, www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/10/06/345799830/the-forgotten-female-programmers-who-created-modern-tech; Walter Isaacson, “Walter Isaacson on the Women of ENIAC,” Fortune, September 18, 2014, https://fortune.com/2014/09/18/walter-isaacson-the-women-of-eniac. See also Walter Isaacson, The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014); Miss Cellania, “Ada Lovelace: The First Computer Programmer,” Mental Floss, October 13, 2015, http://mentalfloss.com/article/53131/ada-lovelace-first-computer-programmer.
5. John Patrick Leary, “The Innovator’s Agenda,” The Baffler, March 2019, https://thebaffler.com/outbursts/the-innovators-agenda-leary. See also John Patrick Leary, Keywords: The New Language of Capitalism (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019); Judy Wacjman, Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), loc. 9.
6. Tasnuva Bindi, ”Women Didn’t Just Recently Start Coding, They Actually STOPPED Coding Decades Ago,” Startup Daily, February 24, 2015, www.startupdaily.net/2015/02/women-didnt-just-recently-start-coding-actually-stopped-coding-decades-ago; Alyson Sheppard, “Meet the ‘Refrigerator Ladies’ Who Programmed the ENIAC,” Mental Floss, October 13, 2013, http://mentalfloss.com/article/53160/meet-refrigerator-ladies-who-programmed-eniac; Isaacson, “Women of ENIAC”; Sydell, “Forgotten Female Programmers.”
7. Brenda D. Frink, “Researcher Reveals How ‘Computer Geeks’ Replaced ‘Computer Girls,’” Stanford Clayman Institute for Gender Research, June 1, 2011, https://gender.stanford.edu/news-publications/gender-news/researcher-reveals-how-computer-geeks-replaced-computer-girls; Sydell, “Forgotten Female Programmers.”
8. Sheppard, “Refrigerator Ladies”; Sydell, “Forgotten Female Programmers”; Bindi, “Women Didn’t Just Recently Start Coding”; Frink, “Computer Geeks”; Astra Taylor and Joanne McNeil, “The Dads of Tech,” The Baffler, October 2014, https://thebaffler.com/salvos/dads-tech.
9. Frink, “Computer Geeks”; Taylor and McNeil, “Dads of Tech.”
10. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 10–11, 107.
11. Hafner and Lyon, Wizards, 12–14, 19–20.
12. Hafner and Lyon, Wizards, 44, 53.
13. In the United Kingdom, where Alan Turing’s research laid the foundations for a digital computer that could hold programs in its memory, David Davies emerged from the team to put forth the concept that would be called “packet switching” at nearly the same time as American programmers. (Turing also invented an early version of a video game, a computer program that could play chess.) “Alan Turing: Creator of Modern Computing,” BBC Teach, 2020, www.theatlantic.com/timelines/z8bgr82; Colin Drury, “Alan Turing: The Father of Modern Computing Credited with Saving Millions of Lives,” The Independent, July 15, 2019, www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-turing-50-note-computers-maths-enigma-codebreaker-ai-test-a9005266.html; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 262; Lyon and Hafner, Wizards, 79.
14. Hafner and Lyon, Wizards, 85.
15. Hafner and Lyon, Wizards, 123–190, 206–207.
16. Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 185, 220, 250, 990–993; Astra Taylor, The People’s Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age (New York: Metropolitan, 2014), 18; Lyon and Hafner, Wizards, 214–218.
17. Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 327.
18. Lyon and Hafner, Wizards, 113, 259; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, 232; Corey Pein, Live Work Work Work Die: A Journey into the Savage Heart of Silicon Valley (New York: Metropolitan, 2018), loc. 1705–1707, 1711, Kindle.
19. Alex Press, “Code Red,” n+1, Spring 2018, https://nplusonemag.com/issue-31/politics/code-red.
20. Bindi, “Women Didn’t Just Recently Start Coding”; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 2134–2137, 422–429, 2142–2165; Sydell, “Forgotten Female Programmers”; Miriam Posner, “Javascript Is for Girls,” Logic Magazine, March 15, 2017, https://logicmag.io/intelligence/javascript-is-for-girls; Mark J. Perry, “Chart of the Day: The Declining Female Share of Computer Science Degrees from 28% to 18%,” American Enterprise Institute, December 6, 2018, www.aei.org/carpe-diem/chart-of-the-day-the-declining-female-share-of-computer-science-degrees-from-28-to-18.
21. Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 1718–1723; Andrew Ross, No Collar: The Hidden Cost of the Humane Workplace (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 3, 9–10; Taylor, People’s Platform, 11–12.
22. Ross, No Collar, 10–12; E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Open Road Media, 2016), loc. 11160–11211, Kindle; Joanne McNeil, Lurking: How a Person Became a User (New York: MCD, 2020), loc. 837–839, Kindle.
23. J. K. Siravo, “The London Hackspace: Exploring Spaces of Integration and Transformation in a Hacker Community” (Architectural Design Year 3 History and Theory Dissertation, University College London, 2013).
24. As Andrew Ross wrote, “When elements of play in the office or at home/offsite are factored into creative output, then the work tempo is being recalibrated to incorporate activities, feelings, and ideas that are normally pursued during employees’ free time.” Ross, No Collar, 19–20; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 1038–1039.
25. McNeil, Lurking, loc. 196–198.
26. Moira Weigel, “Coders of the World, Unite: Can Silicon Valley Workers Curb the Power of Big Tech?,” The Guardian, October 31, 2017, www.theguardian.com/news/2017/oct/31/coders-of-the-world-unite-can-silicon-valley-workers-curb-the-power-of-big-tech; Taylor, People’s Platform, 14; Paolo Gerbaudo, The Digital Party: Political Organisation and Online Democracy (London: Pluto Press, 2018), loc. 1484, 1493, Kindle.
27. Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 60, 72–74, 82, 107; Leary, “Innovator’s Agenda”; Dylan Love, “Steve Jobs Never Wrote Computer Code for Apple,” Business Insider, August 29, 2013, www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-never-wrote-computer-code-for-apple-2013-8; Taylor and McNeil, “Dads of Tech”; Posner, “Javascript”; ”The Smart, the Stupid, and the Catastrophically Scary: An Interview with an Anonymous Data Scientist,” Logic Magazine, March 15, 2017, https://logicmag.io/intelligence/interview-with-an-anonymous-data-scientist/; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 1179–1181; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 983; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc.1114–1115.
28. Jodi Kantor and David Streitfeld, “Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace,” New York Times, August 15, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/technology/inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-in-a-bruising-workplace.html. Andrew Ross, too, had noted the similarity to “extreme sports,” another innovation of the 1990s. Ross, No Collar, 12.
29. Kate Losse, “Sex and the Startup: Men, Women, and Work,” Model View Culture, March 17, 2014, https://modelviewculture.com/pieces/sex-and-the-startup-men-women-and-work; Kate Losse, The Boy Kings: A Journey into the Heart of the Social Network (New York: Free Press, 2012), 5, 6, 9, 13–14, 25, 36, 38.
30. Losse, Boy Kings, 30, 36, 49, 53, 54, 58.
31. Losse, Boy Kings, 105, 109, 122.
32. Losse, Boy Kings, 74–75, 137; Losse, “Sex and the Startup”; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 1830–1831; Astra Taylor, “The Automation Charade,” Logic Magazine, August 1, 2018, https://logicmag.io/05-the-automation-charade; Adrian Chen, “The Laborers Who Keep Dick Pics and Beheadings out of Your Facebook Feed,” Wired, October 23, 2014, www.wired.com/2014/10/content-moderation; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 46–48, 247–249; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 1081–1084, 1102; Miranda Hall, “The Ghost of the Mechanical Turk,” Jacobin, December 16, 2017, www.jacobinmag.com/2017/12/middle-east-digital-labor-microwork-gaza-refugees-amazon.
33. Losse, Boy Kings, 183; Kat Stoeffel, “If You Cover Egg Freezing, You Better Cover Day Care,” The Cut, October 15, 2014, www.thecut.com/2014/10/you-cover-egg-freezing-also-cover-day-care.html; Ray Fisman and Tim Sullivan, “The Internet of ‘Stuff Your Mom Won’t Do for You Anymore,’” Harvard Business Review, July 26, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/07/the-internet-of-stuff-your-mom-wont-do-for-you-anymore; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 270; Taylor and McNeil, “Dads of Tech”; Geoff Nunberg, “Goodbye Jobs, Hello ‘Gigs’: How One Word Sums Up a New Economic Reality,” NPR, January 11, 2016, www.npr.org/2016/01/11/460698077/goodbye-jobs-hello-gigs-nunbergs-word-of-the-year-sums-up-a-new-economic-reality; Susie Cagle, “The Sharing Economy Was Always a Scam,” OneZero, March 7, 2019, https://onezero.medium.com/the-sharing-economy-was-always-a-scam-68a9b36f3e4b; Sarah Kessler, “Pixel & Dimed On (Not) Getting By in the Gig Economy,” Fast Company, March 18, 2014, www.fastcompany.com/3027355/pixel-and-dimed-on-not-getting-by-in-the-gig-economy; Kevin Roose, “Does Silicon Valley Have a Contract-Worker Problem?,” New York, September 18, 2014, http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/09/silicon-valleys-contract-worker-problem.html; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 895. See also Emily Guendelsberger, On the Clock: What Low-Wage Work Did to Me and How It Drives America Insane (New York: Little, Brown, 2019).
34. Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 1130; Greg Bensinger, “‘MissionRacer’: How Amazon Turned the Tedium of Warehouse Work into a Game,” Washington Post, May 21, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/05/21/missionracer-how-amazon-turned-tedium-warehouse-work-into-game; Catie Keck, “Amazon Goes Full Black Mirror by Turning Grueling Warehouse Work into a Video Game,” Gizmodo, May 22, 2019, https://gizmodo.com/amazon-goes-full-black-mirror-by-turning-grueling-wareh-1834936825; Noam Scheiber, “How Uber Uses Psychological Tricks to Push Its Drivers’ Buttons,” New York Times, April 2, 2017, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/02/technology/uber-drivers-psychological-tricks.html; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 1901–1903; Alberto Mora, “Does Gamification Work in the Software Development Process?,” HCI Games, 2015, http://hcigames.com/gamification/gamification-work-software-development-process.
35. Wacjman, Pressed for Time, 62, 71; Miya Tokumitsu, Do What You Love: And Other Lies About Success and Happiness (New York: Regan Arts, 2015), 59.
36. Andrew Ross noted, “77.7 percent of companies acknowledged routine electronic monitoring of their employees, a figure that had doubled since 1997.” Ross, No Collar, 11–12; Tokumitsu, Do What You Love, 57; Bryan Clark, “Facebook Employees Are Next-Level Paranoid the Company Is Watching Them,” The Next Web, February 13, 2018, https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2018/02/13/facebook-employees-are-next-level-paranoid-the-company-is-watching-them; Nicholas Thompson, “Inside the Two Years That Shook Facebook—and the World,” Wired, February 12, 2018, www.wired.com/story/inside-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-2-years-of-hell; Evgeny Morozov, “The Digital Hippies Want to Integrate Life and Work—But Not in a Good Way,” The Guardian, December 3, 2017, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/03/digital-hippies-integrate-life-and-work-wework-data-firms; Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 318, 474, 942, 947–953; Gerbaudo, Digital Party, loc. 1490; Lizzie Widdicombe, “The Rise and Fall of WeWork,” New Yorker, November 6, 2019, www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-rise-and-fall-of-wework.
37. Posner, “Javascript”; Clive Thompson, “The Next Big Blue-Collar Job Is Coding,” Wired, February 8, 2017, www.wired.com/2017/02/programming-is-the-new-blue-collar-job; Samantha Cole, “This Company Will Pay You to Learn to Code, and Take 15 Percent of Your Income Later,” Vice, March 28, 2019, www.vice.com/en_us/article/yw878x/modern-labor-coding-bootcamp-will-pay-you-to-learn-to-code.
38. Toshio Meronek, “Mark Zuckerberg’s Immigration Hustle,” Splinter, March 12, 2015, https://splinternews.com/mark-zuckerbergs-immigration-hustle-1793846366.
39. Julia Carrie Wong, “Tesla Factory Workers Reveal Pain, Injury and Stress: ‘Everything Feels Like the Future but Us,’” The Guardian, May 18, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/18/tesla-workers-factory-conditions-elon-musk; Caroline O’Donovan, “Elon Musk Slams Tesla Union Drive, Promises Workers Free Frozen Yogurt,” BuzzFeed, February 24, 2017, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/musk-slams-union-drive-in-email-to-employees.
40. Kate Losse, “Cults at Scale: Silicon Valley and the Mystical Corporate Aesthetic,” 2015, http://dismagazine.com/discussion/72970/kate-losse-cults-at-scale; Taylor and McNeil, “Dads of Tech.”
41. Pein, Live Work Work Work Die, loc. 1009.
42. Vivian Ho, “‘It’s a Crisis’: Facebook Kitchen Staff Work Multiple Jobs to Get By,” The Guardian, July 22, 2019, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jul/22/facebook-cafeteria-workers-protest; Weigel, “Coders of the World, Unite”; Press, “Code Red”; Sean Captain, “How Tech Workers Became Activists, Leading a Resistance Movement That Is Shaking Up Silicon Valley,” Fast Company, October 15, 2018, www.fastcompany.com/90244860/silicon-valleys-new-playbook-for-tech-worker-led-resistance.
43. Ben Tarnoff, “Coding and Coercion,” Jacobin, April 11, 2018, www.jacobinmag.com/2018/04/lanetix-tech-workers-unionization-campaign-firing; Sean Captain, “How a Socialist Coder Became a Voice for Engineers Standing Up to Management,” Fast Company, October 15, 2018, www.fastcompany.com/90250388/the-advocate-bjorn-westergard; Shaun Richman and Bill Fletcher Jr., “What the Revival of Socialism in America Means for the Labor Movement,” In These Times, October 9, 2017, http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/20587/labor-movement-workers-socialism-united-states; Tekla S. Perry, “Startup Lanetix Pays US $775,000 to Software Engineers Fired for Union Organizing,” Spectrum, November 12, 2018, https://spectrum.ieee.org/view-from-the-valley/at-work/tech-careers/startup-lanetix-pays-775000-to-software-engineers-fired-for-union-organizing.
44. Wendy Liu, “Silicon Inquiry,” Notes from Below, January 29, 2018, https://notesfrombelow.org/article/silicon-inquiry; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 226–232, 240–242; Monica Torres, “As Tech Employees Party, Contract Workers Get Left Out,” HuffPost, August 1, 2019, www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/contractors-holiday-party-employee-benefits_n_5c2c335ae4b0407e9085e368; Anonymous, “Organizing Tech: Insights into the Tech World’s Sudden Rebellion,” It’s Going Down, October 16, 2018, https://itsgoingdown.org/organizing-tech-insights-into-the-tech-worlds-sudden-rebellion.
45. Sam Levin, “Google Accused of ‘Extreme’ Gender Pay Discrimination by US Labor Department,” The Guardian, April 7, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/07/google-pay-disparities-women-labor-department-lawsuit; Kate Conger, “Exclusive: Here’s the Full 10-Page Anti-Diversity Screed Circulating Internally at Google [Updated],” Gizmodo, August 5, 2017, https://gizmodo.com/exclusive-heres-the-full-10-page-anti-diversity-screed-1797564320; McNeil, Lurking, loc. 232–234; Daisuke Wakabayashi and Katie Benner, “How Google Protected Andy Rubin, the ‘Father of Android,’” New York Times, October 25, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/technology/google-sexual-harassment-andy-rubin.html.
46. Emily Sullivan and Laurel Wamsley, “Google Employees Walk Out to Protest Company’s Treatment of Women,” NPR, November 1, 2018, www.npr.org/2018/11/01/662851489/google-employees-plan-global-walkout-to-protest-companys-treatment-of-women; Claire Stapleton, Tanuja Gupta, Meredith Whittaker, Celie O’Neil-Hart, Stephanie Parker, Erica Anderson, and Amr Gaber, “We’re the Organizers of the Google Walkout. Here Are Our Demands,” The Cut, November 1, 2018, www.thecut.com/2018/11/google-walkout-organizers-explain-demands.html.
47. Johana Bhuiyan, “Google Workers Demand the Company Stop Selling Its Tech to Police,” Los Angeles Times, June 22, 2020, www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2020-06-22/google-workers-demand-company-stop-selling-tech-to-police; Annie Palmer, “Amazon Employees Plan ‘Online Walkout’ to Protest Firings and Treatment of Warehouse Workers,” CNBC, April 16, 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/04/16/amazon-employees-plan-online-walkout-over-firings-work-conditions.html.
48. Weigel, “Coders of the World Unite”; Seth Fiegerman, “Google’s Parent Company Now Has More Than 100,000 Employees,” CNN Business, April 29, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/29/tech/alphabet-q1-earnings/index.html; “Facebook: Number of Employees, 2009–2020 | FB,” MacroTrends, www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/FB/facebook/number-of-employees.
49. Cecilia D’Anastasio, “Striking Voice Actors Didn’t Get Everything They Wanted, But It Was a Start,” Kotaku, September 16, 2017, https://kotaku.com/striking-voice-actors-didnt-get-everything-they-wanted-1818822686; Woodcock, Marx at the Arcade, loc. 1325–1341.
50. Allegra Frank, “Pro-Union Voices Speak Out at Heated GDC roundtable,” Polygon, March 22, 2018, www.polygon.com/2018/3/22/17149822/gdc-2018-igda-roundtable-game-industry-union; Allegra Frank, “This Is the Group Using GDC to Bolster Game Studio Unionization Efforts,” Polygon, March 21, 2018, www.polygon.com/2018/3/21/17145242/game-workers-unite-video-game-industry-union.
51. “Fire Activision CEO Bobby Kotick for Pocketing Millions While Laying Off 800 Workers,” Coworker.org, petition, 2019, www.coworker.org/petitions/fire-activision-ceo-bobby-kotick-for-pocketing-millions-while-laying-off-800-workers; Jeff Grubb, “Game Workers Unite Org Calls for Activision CEO’s Job After Layoffs,” Venture Beat, February 13, 2019, https://venturebeat.com/2019/02/13/fire-bobby-kotick.
52. Game Workers Unite, UK, union homepage, www.gwu-uk.org.
53. Tom Ley, “They Turned Spider-Man into a Damn Cop and It Sucks,” Deadspin, September 10, 2018, https://theconcourse.deadspin.com/they-turned-spider-man-into-a-damn-cop-and-it-sucks-1828944087.
54. Ben Quinn, “‘Unlawful and Vicious’: Union Organiser Sacked by Games Company,” The Guardian, October 3, 2019, www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/oct/03/ustwo-austin-kelmore-union-organiser-sacked-games.
55. GamesIndustry Staff, “Games Industry Donates to Black Lives Matter and More to Support US Protests,” GamesIndustry.biz, June 24, 2020, www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-06-03-games-industry-donates-to-black-lives-matter-and-more-in-support-of-us-protests.
1. Western Collegiate Hockey Association, “WCHA 20th Anniversary Team: Meghan Duggan, Wisconsin,” WCHA.com, www.wcha.com/women/articles/2018/12/wcha-20th-anniversary-team-meghan-duggan-wisconsin.php.
2. Seth Berkman, “Women Get a Spotlight, but No Prize Money, in New N.H.L. All-Star Event,” New York Times, January 24, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/01/24/sports/hockey/nhl-skills-competition-women.html; Sportsnet Staff, “CWHL Announces It Will Pay Players in 2017–18,” Sportsnet, September 1, 2017, www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/cwhl-announces-will-pay-players-2017-18; D’Arcy Maine, “How Much Will the Top Players in the NWHL Make This Season?,” ESPN, September 30, 2015, www.espn.com/espnw/athletes-life/the-buzz/story/_/id/13778661/how-much-top-players-nwhl-make-season.
3. Maine, “How Much.”
4. Berkman, “Women Get Spotlight.”
5. Mary Bellis, “A Brief History of Sports,” ThoughtCo., August 23, 2019, www.thoughtco.com/history-of-sports-1992447.
6. Bellis, “Brief History”; Mark Perryman, Why the Olympics Aren’t Good for Us, and How They Can Be (New York: OR Books, 2012), loc. 159–162, Kindle; Dave Zirin, A People’s History of Sports in the United States: 250 Years of Politics, Protest, People, and Play (New York: New Press, 2008), 1–2; Garth Vaughan, “The Colored Hockey Championship of the Maritimes,” Birthplace of Hockey Museum, October 3, 2001, www.birthplaceofhockey.com/hockeyists/african-n-s-teams/segr-integr; Associated Press, “Canada Stamps Honor on Pre-NHL All-Black Hockey League,” AP, January 23, 2020, https://apnews.com/db727ad26c7f8c74cc6c2debb3b98ea1; National Hockey League (@NHL), Twitter, June 19, 2020, 4:24 p.m., https://twitter.com/NHL/status/1274000088034168834.
7. Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 97–98, 162–167, 597–602.
8. Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 167–172; Dave Zirin, What’s My Name, Fool? Sports and Resistance in the United States, loc. 274–284, Kindle; Robert J. Szczerba, “Mixed Martial Arts and the Evolution of John McCain,” Forbes, April 3, 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/robertszczerba/2014/04/03/mixed-martial-arts-and-the-evolution-of-john-mccain.
9. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 284–293, 2722–2724.
10. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 293–298, 777–784; Zirin, People’s History, 26–27.
11. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 360–469.
12. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 805–810, 298–302; Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 151–159. See also Robert McChesney, The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2008).
13. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 543–665.
14. Taylor Branch, “The Shame of College Sports,” The Atlantic, October 2011, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-shame-of-college-sports/308643.
15. Branch, “The Shame of College Sports”; Timothy Michael Law, “Football’sCancer,” Los Angeles Review of Books, September 10, 2015, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/footballs-cancer-exploitative-labor-in-americas-favorite-sport; Chuck Slothower, “Fort Lewis’ First ‘Student-Athlete,’” Durango Herald, September 25, 2014, https://durangoherald.com/articles/79431.
16. Chris Koentges, “The Oracle of Ice Hockey,” The Atlantic, March 2014, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/03/the-puck-stops-here/357579; Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 305–308; John Molinaro, “From Humble Beginnings: The Birth of the World Cup,” Sportsnet, June 9, 2018, www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/from-humble-beginnings-the-birth-of-the-world-cup; Vaughan, “The Colored Hockey Championship”; Associated Press, “Canada Stamps Honor,” https://apnews.com/db727ad26c7f8c74cc6c2debb3b98ea1.
17. Branch, “Shame of College Sports”; Zirin, People’s History, 113, 127; Howard Bloom, “NFL Revenue-Sharing Model Good for Business,” Sporting News, September 14, 2014, www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/nfl-revenue-sharing-television-contracts-2014-season-business-model-nba-nhl-mlb-comparison-salary-cap.
18. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 1430–1440.
19. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 1502–1562.
20. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 1440–1497, 1574–1576; Zirin, People’s History, 194, 205; Dave Zirin, Welcome to the Terrordome: The Pain, Politics and Promise of Sports (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2007), loc. 552–557, Kindle; Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 177–178; William C. Rhoden, “Early Entry? One and Done? Thank Spencer Haywood for the Privilege,” New York Times, June 29, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/sports/basketball/spencer-haywood-rule-nba-draft-underclassmen.html; Business & Economics Research Advisor: A Series of Guides to Business and Economics Topics, “The Sports Industry,” Summer 2005 (updated December 2016), www.loc.gov/rr/business/BERA/issue3/football.html.
21. Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 545–552; Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 338–339, 762–764, 1033–1037.
22. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 771–902.
23. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 911–913.
24. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 1037–1258; John Wesley Carlos and Dave Zirin, The John Carlos Story: The Sports Moment That Changed the World (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2013).
25. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 2714–2742.
26. Zirin, People’s History, 95, 119; Lindsay Parks Pieper, “They Qualified for the Olympics. Then They Had to Prove Their Sex,” Washington Post, February 22, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/02/22/first-they-qualified-for-the-olympics-then-they-had-to-prove-their-sex.
27. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 2793–2820, 2696–2702.
28. “Title IX Frequently Asked Questions,” NCAA.org, www.ncaa.org/about/resources/inclusion/title-ix-frequently-asked-questions#title; Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 2576–2590; Britni de la Cretaz, “Almost Undefeated: The Forgotten Football Upset of 1976,” Longreads, February 2019, https://longreads.com/2019/02/01/toledo-troopers.
29. Eric Anthamatten, “What Does It Mean to ‘Throw Like a Girl’?” New York Times, August 24, 2014, https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/what-does-it-mean-to-throw-like-a-girl; Autumn Whitefield-Madrano, “The Beauty in Watching Women Want,” HuffPost, July 2, 2015, www.huffpost.com/entry/the-beauty-in-watching-women-want_b_7712570.
30. Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 93–95, 977–979, 1231–1243.
31. Dave Zirin elaborates, “In 1984, Los Angeles Police Chief Daryl Gates oversaw the jailing of thousands of young Black men in the infamous ‘Olympic Gang Sweeps.’ As Mike Davis has written, it took the reinstatement of the 1916 Anti-Syndicalism Act, a law aimed at the revolutionary union, the Industrial Workers of the World, to make these Stalinesque jailings a reality. The 1916 bill forbade hand signals and modes of dress that implied IWW membership. The L.A. politicos of the ’80s modernized the bill to include high fives and bandanas, making the case that Blood and Crip Joe Hills were overrunning the city. It was in the Gates sweeps that the seeds for the L.A. Rebellion of 1992, as well as the first music video by a fledging rap group called N.W.A., were planted. The Atlanta Games in 1996 were no different.” Zirin, Welcome to the Terrordome, loc. 2007–2013; Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 977–987, 180–195, 1016–1017; Judy Celmer, “1984 Olympics Gets Auto Sponsor,” United Press International, August 19, 1981, www.upi.com/Archives/1981/08/19/1984-Olympics-gets-auto-sponsor/7234367041600. See also Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Verso, 2018 [1990]).
32. Branch, “Shame of College Sports”; Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 193–199; Erin Hatton, Coerced: Work Under Threat of Punishment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020), loc. 1870–1877, Kindle.
33. Perryman, Olympics Aren’t Good, loc. 1209–1230, 965–977; William Davies, The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being (London: Verso, 2015), loc. 1883–1940, Kindle; Malcolm Harris, Kids These Days: The Making of Millennials (New York: Back Bay Books, 2018), 173.
34. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 1417–1418, 2986–2998, 3095–3096. See also Dave Zirin, Bad Sports: How Owners Are Ruining the Games We Love (New York: Scribner, 2010); Hillary Hoffower and Taylor Borden, “The 20 Richest Billionaires Who Own Sports Teams, Ranked,” Business Insider, January 30, 2020, www.businessinsider.com/richest-billionaire-sports-team-owners-2018-9.
35. Sheiresa Ngo, “Alex Rodriguez Net Worth and How He Makes His Money,” Showbiz CheatSheet, March 10, 2019, www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/alex-rodriguez-net-worth-and-how-he-makes-his-money.html; Teddy Mitrosilis, “Alex Rodriguez and the 15 Richest Contracts in MLB History,” Fox Sports, October 20, 2016, www.foxsports.com/mlb/gallery/new-york-yankees-alex-rodriguez-contract-richest-baseball-deals-of-all-time-080716; Forbes America’s Richest Families List, “#75 Steinbrenner Family,” 2015, www.forbes.com/profile/steinbrenner/#ce5c7a45854f; Travis Waldron, “Minor League Baseball Players Allege Wage Violations in Lawsuit Against MLB,” ThinkProgress, February 13, 2014, https://archive.thinkprogress.org/minor-league-baseball-players-allege-wage-violations-in-lawsuit-against-mlb-196348b96335; Associated Press, “Minor League Baseball Players Can Seek Wage Increases, Appeals Court Rules,” August 17, 2019, www.si.com/mlb/2019/08/17/minor-league-baseball-wages-appeals-court; Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 1427–1429.
36. Zirin, Welcome to the Terrordome, loc. 736–870; Ian Gordon, “Inside Major League Baseball’s Dominican Sweatshop System,” Mother Jones, March/April 2013, www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/03/baseball-dominican-system-yewri-guillen.
37. Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 3229–3323, Zirin, Welcome to the Terrordome, loc. 2241–2243.
38. John Branch, “Derek Boogaard: A Brain ‘Going Bad’” New York Times, December 5, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/12/06/sports/hockey/derek-boogaard-a-brain-going-bad.html; Law, “Football’s Cancer.”
39. Mark Fainaru-Wada and Simon Baumgart, “‘Who Does This to People?’” ESPN, August 25, 2017, www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/page/enterpriseNFLWives/wives-former-nfl-players-left-navigate-concussion-settlement.
40. Harris, Kids These Days, 132–143.
41. Branch, “Shame of College Sports”; John Duffley, “In 40 States, Sports Coaches Are the Highest Paid Public Employees,” FanBuzz, December 31, 2019, https://fanbuzz.com/national/highest-paid-state-employees.
42. Branch, “Shame of College Sports”; Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 3156–3215; ESPN News Services, “Clowney: Pay College Athletes,” ESPN, February 13, 2014, www.espn.com/nfl/draft2014/story/_/id/10449257/jadeveon-clowney-says-college-athletes-paid.
43. Hatton, Coerced, loc. 197–200, 226–227, 739–748, 942–946, 970–981, 1272–1280, 1294–1297, 1729–1734.
44. Lester Munson, “NLRB Decision Very Well-Reasoned,” ESPN, March 26, 2014, www.espn.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/10678393/nlrb-director-decision-follows-road-map-laid-northwestern-quarterback-kain-colter-legal-team; Ben Strauss, “N.L.R.B. Rejects Northwestern Football Players’ Union Bid,” New York Times, August 17, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/18/sports/ncaafootball/nlrb-says-northwestern-football-players-cannot-unionize.html.
45. Tom Farrey, “Jeffrey Kessler Files Against NCAA,” ESPN, March 17, 2014, www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/10620388/anti-trust-claim-filed-jeffrey-kessler-challenges-ncaa-amateur-model; Jemele Hill, “The NCAA Had to Cut Athletes a Better Deal,” The Atlantic, October 30, 2019, www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/10/ncaa-had-cut-student-athletes-better-deal/601036; Steve Berkowitz and Jori Epstein, “NCAA’s $208.7 Million in Legal Settlement Money Finally Reaching Athletes’ Mailboxes,” USA Today, December 15, 2019, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/2019/10/04/ncaas-208-7-million-legal-settlement-reaching-athletes-mailboxes/3859697002; Marc Tracy, “The N.C.A.A. Lost in Court, but Athletes Didn’t Win, Either,” New York Times, March 11, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/03/11/sports/ncaa-court-ruling-antitrust.html.
46. Ross Dellenger, “Coronavirus Liability Waivers Raise Questions as College Athletes Return to Campus,” Sports Illustrated, June 17, 2020, www.si.com/.amp/college/2020/06/17/college-athletes-coronavirus-waivers-ohio-state-smu; Anya van Wagtendonk, “Covid-19 Is Exposing Inequalities in College Sports. Now Athletes Are Demanding Change,” Vox, August 2, 2020, www.vox.com/2020/8/2/21351799/college-football-pac-12-coronavirus-demands; Lia Assimakopoulos, “College Football Players Attempt to Unionize as Hope for a Season Dies Out,” NBC Washington, August 10, 2020, www.nbcwashington.com/news/sports/nbcsports/college-football-players-attempt-to-unionize-as-hope-for-a-season-dies-out/2386941.
47. Sarah Jaffe, “Why Are US Women’s World Cup Champs Paid Like Chumps?” Dame, July 6, 2015, www.damemagazine.com/2015/07/06/why-are-us-womens-world-cup-champs-paid-chumps; Rachel Grozanick, “Women’s Soccer Shouldn’t Be Expected to Redeem FIFA,” bitch media, June 23, 2015, www.bitchmedia.org/post/womens-soccer-shouldnt-be-expected-to-redeem-fifa; Sara Hendricks, “The Entire U.S. Women’s Soccer Team Sued the Soccer Federation for Gender Discrimination,” Refinery29, March 9, 2019, www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/03/226544/us-womens-soccer-lawsuit-world-cup; Travis Waldron, “On Equal Pay Day, U.S. Women’s Soccer Players Finally Strike a Deal,” HuffPost, May 4, 2017, www.huffpost.com/entry/us-womens-soccer-players-pay_n_58e4faf4e4b03a26a3682a42.
48. Associated Press, “Colin Kaepernick, NFL Settle Collusion Lawsuit,” Hollywood Reporter, February 15, 2019, www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/colin-kaepernick-nfl-settle-collusion-lawsuit-1187235; Dave Zirin, “Colin Kaepernick’s Message to Chicago Youth: ‘Know Your Rights,’” The Nation, May 10, 2017, www.thenation.com/article/archive/colin-kaepernicks-message-to-chicago-youth-know-your-rights; Kofie Yeboah, “A Timeline of Events Since Colin Kaepernick’s National Anthem Protest,” The Undefeated, September 6, 2016, https://theundefeated.com/features/a-timeline-of-events-since-colin-kaepernicks-national-anthem-protest.
49. Aaron McMann, “Jim Harbaugh: Colin Kaepernick ‘Is Right,’ Like Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson,” Mlive, June 23, 2020, www.mlive.com/wolverines/2020/06/jim-harbaugh-colin-kaepernick-is-right-like-muhammad-ali-jackie-robinson.html; Joanne Rosa, “Spike Lee Calls NFL Commissioner’s Apology Excluding Colin Kaepernick ‘Weak,’” ABC News, June 12, 2020, https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/spike-lee-calls-nfl-commissioners-apology-excluding-colin/story?id=71203109; Brakkton Booker, “Roger Goodell on Colin Kaepernick’s Possible Return to NFL: ‘I Welcome That,’” NPR, June 16, 2020, www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/16/878810674/roger-goodell-on-colin-kaepernicks-possible-return-to-nfl-i-welcome-that.
50. Sarah Jaffe, “Don’t Call It a Boycott: NBA Players Are Inspiring a Strike Wave,” The Progressive, August 27, 2020, https://progressive.org/dispatches/dont-call-it-a-boycott-jaffe-200827; Dave Zirin, “The Sports Strikes Against Racism Have Not Been Coopted,” The Nation, August 31, 2020, www.thenation.com/article/society/nba-blm-strike.
51. Sarah Jaffe, “The Subversive Brilliance of Marshawn Lynch,” The Week, January 28, 2015, https://theweek.com/articles/536184/subversive-brillianceof-marshawn-lynch; Zirin, What’s My Name, loc. 3980–3981, 3983–3985.
52. Sarah Jaffe, “Why the U.S. Women’s Hockey Players Are Planning to Strike,” Dissent, March 17, 2017, www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/u-s-womens-hockey-players-planning-strike.
53. OlympicTalk, “Meghan Duggan, Following a Trailblazer’s Path, Plans Post-Pregnancy Return to U.S. Hockey Team,” NBCSports, October 4, 2019, https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2019/10/04/meghan-duggan-pregnancy-comeback-hockey; Seth Berkman, “Contract Fight with U.S.A. Hockey Over, Hard Work Begins for Women’s Team,” New York Times, April 1, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/sports/hockey/usa-hockey-womens-team.html.
54. Berkman, “Contract Fight Over”; Seth Berkman, “U.S. Women’s Team Strikes a Deal with U.S.A. Hockey,” New York Times, March 28, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/03/28/sports/hockey/usa-hockey-uswnt-boycott.html; Barry Svrluga, “The U.S. Women’s Hockey Team Fights the Good Fight—and Wins,” Washington Post, March 29, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/the-us-womens-hockey-team-fights-the-good-fight—and-wins/2017/03/29/28bce0ce-1432-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html; Todd Kortemeier, “Hockey Gold Medalist Meghan Duggan Gives Birth to Son, with Wife Gillian Apps, on Leap Day,” TeamUSA.org, March 6, 2020, www.teamusa.org/News/2020/March/06/Hockey-Gold-Medalist-Meghan-Duggan-Gives-Birth-To-Son-With-Wife-Gillian-Apps-On-Leap-Day.
55. Emily Kaplan, “Sorting Out the Current Landscape of Professional Women’s Hockey,” ESPN, September 20, 2019, www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/27643375/sorting-current-landscape-professional-women-hockey.
56. Rick Maese, “Women’s Hockey Stars Announce Boycott of North American Pro League,” Washington Post, May 2, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/05/02/womens-hockey-stars-announce-boycott-north-american-pro-league; Cindy Boren, “As They Seek a New League, Women’s Hockey Stars Form Players Association,” Washington Post, May 20, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/05/20/they-seek-new-league-womens-hockey-stars-form-players-association.
57. Greg Wyshynski, “PWHPA Postpones Weeklong Hockey Tour in Japan Due to Coronavirus,” ESPN, February 24, 2020, www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/28771533/pwhpa-postpones-weeklong-hockey-tour-japan-due-coronavirus; John Wawrow, “Pro Women’s Hockey Association Unveils Five-City Regional Plan,” AP, May 13, 2020, www.theoaklandpress.com/sports/pro-womens-hockey-association-unveils-five-city-regional-plan/article_9ac847cc-9552-11ea-8064-630e10c266f2.html.
58. Greg Levinsky, “US Women’s Hockey Captain Meghan Duggan Subs in for Danvers Gym Teacher Battling Coronavirus,” Boston.com, April 11, 2020, www.boston.com/sports/local-news/2020/04/11/meghan-duggan-subs-in-danvers-gym-teacher-coronavirus.
1. Silvia Federici, “Wages Against Housework,” Power of Women Collective and Falling Wall Press, 1975, https://caringlabor.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/silvia-federici-wages-against-housework.
2. Mark Fisher, K-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher, ed. Darren Ambrose (London: Repeater Books, 2018), loc. 8971, Kindle.
3. Adam Kotsko, Neoliberalism’s Demons: On the Political Theology of Late Capital (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018), loc. 1891, Kindle; Paul Mason, Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions (London: Verso, 2012); Linda Jacobson, “Strike Tracker: Tentative Agreement Reached in St. Paul Public Schools,” Education Dive, March 13, 2020, www.educationdive.com/news/tracker-teachers-on-strike/547339.
4. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (New York: International Publishers, 2012 [1971]), loc. 6023, 7398, Kindle; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 6897, 7015, 10054.
5. Alyssa Battistoni, “Alive in the Sunshine,” Jacobin, January 12, 2014, https://jacobinmag.com/2014/01/alive-in-the-sunshine; Phillip Frey and Christoph Schneider, “The Shorter Working Week: A Powerful Tool to Drastically Reduce Carbon Emissions,” Autonomy, May 2019, http://autonomy.work/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Fridays4FutureV2.pdf; Philipp Frey, “The Ecological Limits of Work: On Carbon Emissions, Carbon Budgets and Working Time,” Autonomy, May 2019, http://autonomy.work/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/The-Ecological-Limits-of-Work-final.pdf; Fisher, K-punk, 10054.
6. Guy Standing, The Precariat (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), loc. 416, 421, 423, 2806–2809, 2811–2813, Kindle.
7. George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier (London: Penguin, 2001 [1937]), loc. 3774–3777, Kindle; Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, trans. Martin Nicolaus (New York: Penguin, 2005), 690–712.
8. Silvia Federici, Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), loc. 2, Kindle.
9. Selma James, Sex, Race, and Class: The Perspective of Winning (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), 149; Andrew Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014), loc. 3225–3281.
10. Cristina Nehring, A Vindication of Love: Reclaiming Romance for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Harper, 2009), 3; bell hooks, All About Love: New Visions (New York: William Morrow, 2018), 178; Naomi Cahn and June Carbone, “Just Say No,” Slate, April 22, 2014, https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/white-working-class-women-should-stay-single-mothers-argue-the-authors-of-marriage-markets-how-inequality-is-remaking-the-american-family.html. See also Naomi Cahn and June Carbone, Marriage Markets: How Inequality Is Remaking the American Family (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); Laura Kipnis, Against Love: A Polemic (New York: Vintage, 2009), 19.
11. Alexandra Topping, “One in 10 Do Not Have a Close Friend and Even More Feel Unloved, Survey Finds,” The Guardian, August 12, 2014, www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/aug/12/one-in-ten-people-have-no-close-friends-relate; Tim Balk, “More Than 20% of Millennials Claim to Have No Friends, Poll Finds,” New York Daily News, August 3, 2019, www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-millenials-no-friends-yougov-poll-20190804-ek5odkrxmvbfhex7ytvp2p6rwy-story.html; Sarah Jaffe, “The Cost to Connect,” Rhizome, December 20, 2012, https://rhizome.org/editorial/2012/dec/20/instagame/; Keir Milburn, Nadia Idle, and Jeremy Gilbert, #ACFM Trip 11: Friendship, podcast, June 26, 2020, https://novaramedia.com/2020/06/26/acfm-trip-11-friendship.
12. Sarah Jaffe, “The Relational Economy,” Dissent, Summer 2020, www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-relational-economy.
13. Samhita Mukhopadhyay, Outdated: Why Dating Is Ruining Your Love Life (Seattle: Seal Press, 2011), 15; Kathi Weeks, “Down with Love: Feminist Critique and the New Ideologies of Work,” Verso Blog, February 13, 2018, www.versobooks.com/blogs/3614-down-with-love-feminist-critique-and-the-new-ideologies-of-work; Nancy Fraser, “Crisis of Care? On the Social-Reproductive Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism,” in Social Reproduction Theory: Remapping Class, Recentering Oppression, ed. Tithi Bhattacharya (London: Pluto Press, 2017), 23.
14. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, loc. 7816–7987; Michael Ballaban, “When Henry Ford’s Benevolent Secret Police Ruled His Workers,” Jalopnik, March 23, 2014, https://jalopnik.com/when-henry-fords-benevolent-secret-police-ruled-his-wo-1549625731; Kipnis, Against Love, 37.
15. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost, loc. 3318–3325; Kipnis, Against Love, 21, 154.
16. James, Sex, Race and Class, 229; Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 36; Merri Lisa Johnson, ed., Jane Sexes It Up: True Confessions of Feminist Desire (Seattle: Seal Press, 2002), 50.
17. Nadia Idle, Jeremy Gilbert, and Keir Milburn, #ACFM Trip 8: Acid Urbanism, podcast, February 16, 2020, https://novaramedia.com/2020/02/16/acfm-acid-urbanism; Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Verso, 2018), loc. 9514–9519, Kindle; Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, 4.
18. Kipnis, Against Love, 36.
19. William Morris, Signs of Change: The Aims of Art, Marxists Internet Archive, taken from 1896 Longmans, Green, and Co. edition, originally prepared by David Price for Project Gutenberg, www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1888/signs/chapters/chapter5.htm; Kipnis, Against Love, 40.
20. Tera Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors After the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 3.
21. Edwidge Danticat, Create Dangerously: The Immigrant Artist at Work (New York: Vintage, 2011), 18; Fisher, K-punk, loc. 9755–9759; Caroline Knapp, Appetites: Why Women Want (Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2011), 41.
22. Judy Wacjman, Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), loc. 166–167, Kindle.
23. Wacjman, Pressed for Time, 170; Kathi Weeks, “‘Hours for What We Will’: Work, Family, and the Movement for Shorter Hours,” Feminist Studies 35, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 115.
24. Ben Davis, 9.5 Theses on Art and Class (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2013), loc. 3008–3026, Kindle; Kipnis, Against Love, 114; Standing, The Precariat, loc. 3072.
25. Tithi Bhattacharya, “Introduction: Mapping Social Reproduction Theory,” in Bhattacharya, Social Reproduction Theory; Boltanski and Chiapello, New Spirit of Capitalism, loc. 8557–8559.
26. Federici, Revolution at Point Zero, loc. 112; Barbara Ehrenreich, Dancing in the Streets: A History of Collective Joy (New York: Holt, 2007), 259–260; James, Sex, Race and Class, 101.
27. Joshua Clover, Riot. Strike. Riot. (New York: Verso, 2019), loc. 1233–1240, Kindle; Amia Srinivasan, “Back on Strike,” London Review of Books, December 3, 2019, www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2019/december/back-on-strike.
28. Elijah Walker and Pierre-Antoine Louis, “After a Week of Turmoil, a Community Rallies,” New York Times, June 3, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/us/george-floyd-protest-minneapolis-community.html; Mariame Kaba, “Yes, We Mean Literally Abolish the Police,” New York Times, June 12, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/opinion/sunday/floyd-abolish-defund-police.html; Shane Burley, “Life and Times at the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone,” Roar Magazine, June 16, 2020, https://roarmag.org/essays/life-and-times-at-the-capitol-hill-autonomous-zone; Viewpoint Staff, “‘A Political Form Built out of Struggle’: An Interview on the Seattle Occupied Protest,” Viewpoint Magazine, June 17, 2020, www.viewpointmag.com/2020/06/17/a-political-form-built-out-of-struggle-an-interview-on-the-seattle-occupied-protest.
29. Fisher, K-punk, loc. 10039–10147, 12912.
30. Sarah Katherine Lewis, Sex and Bacon: Why I Love Things That Are Very, Very Bad for Me (Seattle: Seal Press, 2008), 256.
31. Angela Y. Davis, “Women and Capitalism: Dialectics of Oppression and Liberation,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 1998), 179.