APPENDICES
1 GLOSSARY OF ART TERMS
FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE more important technical terms used in Chinese art. For convenience, they have been arranged by categories in such a way that similar or contrasting terms appear together. Chinese terms are given in the column to the left and Japanese to the right.
2 CHRONOLOGY
INCLUDED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLE, ARRANGED chronologically by Chinese dynasties, are the names more frequently encountered in Chinese art history. Japanese artists mentioned in this book are likewise listed, being indicated by italics.
SHANG (YIN), ca. 1766-1122 B. C.
CHOU, ca. 1122-221
Laotzu, 6th cent.
Confucius, 6th cent.
Chuangtzu, 330-270
WARRING STATES, ca. 481-221
CH'IN, 221-206
WESTERN HAN, 206 B. C.—a. d. 25
EASTERN HAN, a. d. 25-220
SIX DYNASTIES, 220-589
Ku K'ai-chih, ca. 344-406
Hsieh Ho, late 5th cent.
SUI, 581-618
T'ANG, 618-759
Wang Wei, 698-759
Chang Hsüan, fl. 713-42
Wu Tao-tzu, 8th cent.
Li Ssu-hsün, 651-716
Yen Li-pen, d. 673
Han Kan, 8th cent.
Li Chao-tao, late 8th cent.
Li Chen, fl. 780-804
FIVE DYNASTIES, 907-60
Kuan Hsiu, 832-912
Ching Hao, 9th/10th cent.
Kuan T'ung, early 10th cent.
Li Ai-chih, early 10th cent.
Li Sheng, early 10th cent.
uan T'ung, early 10th cent.
Tung Yuan, middle 10th cent.
Shih K'o, middle 10th cent.
NORTHERN SUNG, 960-1127
Chu Jan, fl. 960-80
Li Ch'eng, late 10th cent.
Fan K'uan, ca. 990-1030
Hsu Tao-ning, 10th/11th cent.
Kuo Hsi, 1020-90
Su Tung-p'o (Su Shih), 1036-1101
Li Lung-mien, 1040-1100
Mi Fei, 1051-1107
Su Kuo, 1072-1123
Chao Ta-nien, fl. 1080-1100
Emp. HuiTsung,1082-1135
Ts'ui Po, late 11 th cent.
SOUTHERN SUNG, 1127-1279
Li T'ang, fl. 1100-30
Li Ti, ca. 1100-97
Mi Yu-jen, 1085-1165
Chao Po-chü, 12 th cent.
Li Sung, 1168-1243
Hsia Kuei, 1180-1230
Mu Ch'i (Fa Ch'ang), ca. 1181- 1239
Ma Yüan, 1190-1224
Yen Tz'u-p'ing, fl. late 12th cent.
Liu Sung-nien, fl. 1190-1230
Ma Lin, 12th cent. Liang K'ai, ca. 1200
Ying Yü-chien, middle 13th cent.
Chen Jung, fl. middle 13th cent.
Yin-t'o-lo (Indara), 13th cent.
Kung K'ai, fl. ca. 1260-80
YUAN, 1279-1368
Kao K'o-kung, 1248-1310
Chao Meng-fu, 1254-1322
Huang Kung-wang, 1269-1354
Wu Chen, 1280-1354
Ni Tsan, 1301-74
Wang Meng, 1308-86
KaoJan-hui, 13th/14th cent.
Fang Ts'ung-i, fl. 1340-80
Yen Hui, 14th cent.
MING, 1368-1644
Shen Chou (Shen Shih-t'ien), 1427-1509
Shubun, until 1448
Sesshū, 1420-1506
Tai Chin, 15th cent.
Kanō Masambu, 1434-1530
Shih Chung, ca. 1437-1517
Wu Wei, 1458-1508
Liu Chun, 15th cent.
Wen Cheng-ming, 1470-1567
T'ang Yin, 1470-1523
Lti Chi, fl. 1488-1506
Wang Hai-yün, fl. 1500
Sesson, 1504-ca. 1589
Ch'iu Ying, fl. 1522-60
Hsu Lin, early 16th cent.
Hasegawa Tōhaku, 1543-90
Kanō Eitoku, 1543-90
Tung Ch'i-ch'ang, 1555-1636
Li Shih-ta, ca. 1556-1620
Kanō Sanraku, 1559-1635
Mo Shih-lung, 1567-1601
Chang Hung, 1580-1660
Miyamoto Musashi (Nilen), 1584-1645
Lan Ying, 1585-1664
Wang Shih-min,1592-1680
Wang To, 1592-1652
Wang Chien, 1598-1677
Ch'en Hung-shou, 1599-1652
Kanō Tanyu, 1602-74
Sōlatsu, early 17th cent.
Ch'en Chia-yen, fl. early 17th cent.
Kanō Naonobu, 1607-50
Kanō Tasunnbu, 1613-85
CH'ING, 1644-1912
Chu Ta (Pa-ta Shan-jen), 1626-1705
Wang Wu, 1632-90
Wang Hui, 1632-1720 (1717)
YünShou-p'ing (Yün Nan-t'ien), 1633-90
Kanō Tsunenobu, 1636-1713
Wang Chien-chang, early 17th cent.
Wang Yüan-ch'i, 1642-1715
Emp. Shun Chih, reigned 1644-62
Kung Hsien, fl. 1660-1700
Oeata Kōrin, 1658-1 716
Shih T'ao (Tao Chi), fl. ca. 1660-1710
Kao Ch'i-p'ei, 1672-1734
Chin Nung, 1687-1764
Huang Shen, 1687-1788
Hakuin, 1685-1768
Lang Shih-ning (Giuseppe Castiglione),1688-1768
Chiao Ping-chen, fl. 1680-1720
Cheng Hsieh, 1693-1765
Shen Ch'üan (Shen Nan-p'in), fl. 1725-80
Hanmobu, 1724-70
Murayama Ōkyo, 1733-95
Shi T'ieh-sheng, 1746-1803
ShibaKōkan, 1747-1818
Kuhiro Unzen, 1759-1811
Chu Ch'eng, middle 19th cent.
Taki Ken (Katei), 1830-1901
REPUBLIC, 1912-49
Ch'i Pai-shih, 1863-1957
Yokoyama Taikan, 1868-1958
P'u Ju (P'u Hsin-yü), b. 1887
Kao Ch'i-feng, 1889-1933
Liu Hai-su, b. 1895
Hsü Pei-hung, 1896-1953
Hu P'ei-hung, early 20th cent.
Chang Ta-ch'ien, b. 1899
Ch'i Kung, 20th cent.
Hsu Yen-sun, 20th cent.
Yeh Ch'ien-yü b. 1907
Lin Feng-mien, b. 1901 (1906?)
Li K'o-jan, 20th cent.
Chiang Chao-ho, 20th cent.
Ch'en Wen-hsi, 20th cent.
P'u Chin (P'u Hsüeh-chai), born?
P'u Ch'üan (P'u Sung-ch'üang), b. 1912
Tseng Yu-ho, b. 1923
3 ART SYMBOLISM
THE FOLLOWING IS A SHORT LIST OF SOME OF the symbols more commonly encountered in Chinese art. See also the section on Symbol and Rebus beginning on page 272.
ANT. In Chinese characters, "the tidy animal"; virtue; love of fatherland; also egoism.
APPLE. The blossom symbolizes feminine beauty. Rebus (p'ing) for peace.
APRICOT. Feminine beauty. The seed symbolizes the shape of the human eye.
AXE. Go-between in a marriage; an allusion to a song from the Shi Ching: "One cannot fell a tree without an axe, nor arrange a marriage without a go-between."
AZALEA. Feminine beauty; medicinal plant.
BAMBOO. A great wealth of symbolism, including virtue, constancy, friendship even in adversity, longevity.
BAT. Happiness. Rebus for long life.
BEE. Diligence; thrift. Rebus (feng) for the granting of a princely title.
BO TREE. Perception; enlightenment; meditation; Buddhist tradition.
BROOM. Insight; wisdom. Attribute of the poet-sage Shih-te, who sweeps away all everyday cares with a broom.
BUFALLO. Zodiac sign. Spring; agriculture; man's subjugation of nature. In Ch'an Buddhism, the eternal principle of life, truth in action.
BUTTERFLY. Joy; tendency to love. See also under Cat.
CARP. Quarrelsome; soldierly endurance; youth; success in examinations. If the carp gets past the rapids of Lung-men (Dragon Gate), it changes into a dragon.
CAT. Defender of the silkworm; protection against evil spirits. Rebus (mao) for an old man over seventy; hence, good wishes for a long life. A cat chasing a butterfly, because of a rebus between butterfly and an eighty-year-old man: may a man who has reached his seventies also reach his eighties.
CHERRY. Feminine beauty.
CHRYSANTHEMUM. Autumn; friendliness; a pleasant life after retirement.
CICADA. Resurrection; happiness; eternal youth. A jade cicada is often put into the mouth of a dead person.
COCK. Zodiac sign. Symbolizes the five virtues of being literary, warlike, courageous, benevolent, and faithful. On a rooftop: a bad omen.
CORAL. Long life; promotion in official duties.crane. A bird of mythical powers; messenger of the Immortals; carrier of souls to the Western paradise. Longevity.
CRICKET. Summer; courage.
DEER. Long life, because of the animal's power of finding the mushrooms that give longevity; profits from official position.
DOG. Zodiac sign. Dog's arrival: future wealth.
DOVE. Stupidity; sensuality; also faithfulness and love of children.
DRAGON. Zodiac sign. Imperial power; symbol of strength, kindness, change, and therefore life itself; alertness; protection; a godlike being.
DRAGONFLY. Summer; fickleness; weakness.
DUCK. With lotus: feeling of contentment. Pair of Mandarin ducks: marital faithfulness.
EAGLE AND FALCON. In Ch'an Budhism: courage; power of vision; the fighting man.
FAN. Emblem of Chung Li-ch'üan, one of the eight adepts of Taoism. Cast-aside fan: a neglected wife.
FISLH. Harmony and married bliss. Rebus (yü) for wealth and abundance.
FLY-WHISK. In Buddhism, the priestly function. In Taoism, leadership.
FOOTPRINT OF THE BUDDHA. Nirvana achieved. May also contain a number of other symbols.
FOX. Great wealth of symbolism, including supernatural strength; ability to change; magic; practical joking.
FROG. Three-legged toad: the unattainable. Emblem of the adept Liu Hai; symbol of earning money.
FUNGUS. Kind of mushroom, plant of immortality; grows best under virtuous rulers.garnet-apple. Hope of numerous progeny; numerous issue.
GOOSE. Marriage, because geese are always in pairs; wedding present.
GOURD. Mystery and necromancy; the universe in a nutshell. Emblem of Li T'ieh-kuai, one of the eight Taoist adepts.
HAND OF THE BUDDHA. A citrus fruit looking like a hand arranged in one of the Buddhist hand symbols; wealth.
HARE. Zodiac sign. Long life; the moon.
HORSE. Zodiac sign. Speed; endurance. See also under Monkey.
JASMINE. Feminine beauty; sweetness.
KINGFISHER. Magnificent beauty; married love, because they fly in pairs.
LION. Valor and strength as requisites of wisdom. Buddha on a lion throne: Buddha's teaching echoing through the universe like the roaring of lions.
LOTUS: Freeing of the soul through perception; summer; fertility; purity; completeness (growing in spotless beauty out of the swamp). Emblem of Ho Hsien-ku, one of the eight Taoist adepts, who holds a lotus-fruit cup.
LUTE. One of the four emblems of the scholarly pursuits of music, literature, chess, and painting.
MAGNOLIA. Feminine beauty; spring.
MAGPIE. Omen of good luck; announcer of guests; wedding, because of rebus (hsi) for happiness, particularly when two magpies are shown (shuang hsi, shared joy).
MIRROR. Married bliss; insight into the future.
MONKEY. Zodiac sign. Skill, but also a sense of fun; human hubris, but also superhuman abilities. In Ch'an Buddism, the human heart, suggested by the saying Hsin yuan, i ma (The heart is like a gibbon, the mind like a horse). The many gibbons shown in painting (e. g., Mu Ch'i) express the heart, i. e., the emotional life.
MOON. The essence of the feminine. The hare lives in the moon, where it distils the elixir of long life; the three-legged toad also lives in the moon.
MULBERRY TREE. Diligence; a comfortable home; love for children.
MUSHROOM. See Fungus.
MYSTIC KNOT. Immortality; the eight Buddhist commandments.
NARCISSUS. Happiness.
ORCHID. Love; beauty; elegance; refinement; many descendents; the perfect human being, ox. See Buffalo.
PA KUA. The eight diagrams of the Book of Changes, still used by fortunetellers today. Protection against misfortune; wealth. Over the entrance to a house: happiness.
PALM. Withdrawn life.
PARROT. Sometimes, a warning for wives to be faithful to their husbands.
PEACH. Marriage; immortality; spring. The God of Long Life was born from a peach.
PEACOCK. Beauty; dignity; high rank.
PEARL. Protection against fire; magic powers. One of the eight precious things.
PEONY. Beauty; love; affection; spring; happiness.
PERMISSION. Joy.
PHOENIX. Beauty; summer and sun; the emperor. Legendary bird which appears in times of prosperity and happiness.
PIG. Actually the wild boar. Zodiac sign. Richness of the forest.
PINE. Because of its evergreen quality, long life, faithfulness.
PLANE. Self-discipline. Self-education.
PLUM. Winter; long life; together with pine and bamboo, friendship.
RAT. Zodiac sign. Shyness; malice; diligence; prosperity.
SHEEP. Zodiac sign. Love of children; withdrawn life (goat, ram).
SILKWORM. Diligence.
SNAKE. Zodiac sign. Flattery; malice; cunning. Also admired for its supernatural powers and its relationship to the dragon. Together with the tortoise, becomes a Yang and Yin symbol.
START. Very rich in symbolism. Great Bear: seat of the highest Taoist god.
SUN. Masculine principle; rulers of the earth.
SUN DIAL: good government.
SWALLOW. Messenger of success or of love.
AWORD. Wisdom; insight; perception. A Buddhist symbol.
TIGER. Zodiac sign. Military prowess; scarer of evil spirits; god of prosperity; masculine strength.
TOAD. See Frog.
TORTOISE. One of the four mythical animals; symbol of the universe (the dome of heaven and earth over the waters); long life; winter. Since the tortoise can only fertilize through thought, children of unknown fathers are called tortoise eggs. River god. Bearer of memorial tablets.
UNICORN. Ch'i-lin in Chinese, kirin in Japanese. Happiness coming in moments of history; nobility of character; good will (compounded of two elements, the masculine ch'i and the feminine lin); perfect good. One of the four great mythical animals, the others being dragon, phoenix, and tortoise.
WATER BUFFALO. See Buffalo.
WILLOW. Buddhist symbol for modesty or feminine beauty.
WUTUNG TREE. The tree on which the phoenix alights.