Introduction
The sun burned brightly on 11 September 1815. Anyone traveling to Vertus, 100 miles from Paris, beheld an awe-inspiring sight: more than 150,000 men dressed in parade uniforms deployed on a vast field near the town. Around noon, the soldiers marched past Emperor Alexander I of Russia and his entourage, thundering shouts of “hurrah” and playing music. The scene was breathtaking indeed, a triumphant conclusion to the titanic struggle between two opposing worlds and a showcase of Russian military might and success.
Only three years earlier, Europeans watched in suspense as Emperor Napoleon led more than 500,000 men into Russia. However, within a year, the once-mighty Grand Army was destroyed and tens of thousands of its soldiers killed, captured, or frozen to death in the vastness of Russia. After the Russian army emerged victorious from the depths of the East, it marched across the continent into the heart of France. Despite many defeats along the way, on 11 September 1815, few questioned whether the final victory over Napoleon would have been possible without the Russian army and its officers.
When discussing the Russian army during the Age of Napoleon, people often forget that, unlike other European powers, Russia was at war for virtually all of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Russian army participated in the seven campaigns against France (1799, 1805, 1806-1807, 1812-1814); three Russo-Turkish Wars (1769-1774, 1787-1791, 1806-1812); the annexation of the Crimea (1783-1784); the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813); two Russo-Swedish Wars (1789-1791, 1808-1809); two partitions of Poland (1792-1794); and annexations of the principalities in Georgia and Northern Caucasus. Therefore, in this study the term “Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars” includes all of these military operations.
Many Russian officers rose to prominence during this period. The names of Generals Mikhail Kutuzov, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly, Peter Bagration, Peter Wittgenstein, and many others evoke memories of Russian triumphs, glorious days gone by, numerous battles fought, and victories celebrated. For decades, their names were venerated in Russia. These officers spent the best years of their lives serving in the Russian armies. Some were talented commanders and administrators; others were less gifted leaders and arrogant courtiers. They came from all over the world—Alexander Langeron, Antoine Jomini, and Emmanuel St. Priest from France; Peter Bagration, Ivan Djavakhishvili (Zhevakhov), and Levan Panchulidze from Georgia; Joseph O’Rourke from Ireland; Mikhail Barclay de Tolly from Scotland; Levin Bennigsen, Peter Wittgenstein, Karl Clausewitz, and others from various German states. Russia embraced them all and, in return, they defended their adopted Motherland. Many paid the ultimate price for the well-being of Russia.
The idea for this volume originated during work on my dissertation at the Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution at Florida State University. When researching numerous archival materials, I found myself wishing there were dictionaries describing Russian officers similar to the classical studies on the French officer corps by Georges Six and C. Mullié, and on the British officers by John A. Hall.1 Left on my own, I began gathering biographical details on the Russian senior officers. In late 2002, I contacted Robert Burnham, the editor of the fine Napoleon Series (www.napoleon-series.org), one of the best on-line collections related to the Age of Napoleon. I proposed creating an online dictionary of the Russian officer corps. Robert supported me in this undertaking and, encouraged by the response, I decided to expand the number of biographical sketches and combine them into a single volume. The result you now hold in your hands.
The Russian Officer Corps in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is divided into two parts. The first section contains information on the development of the Russian officer corps and analytical tables on enlistment, education, social status, and experience of the Russian officers.2 I did not include any material on officer uniforms because Alexander Viskovatov’s superb work on this topic is much better than anything I could produce.3 The second section of this book contains more than 800 biographies of these officers, arranged in alphabetical order. I included biographies of both junior and senior officers. Although some of them, particularly those of lieutenants and captains, at first blush appear unimportant based on their contributions to the war effort, they illustrate the technicalities of the Russian officer corps and in my opinion, help flesh out this study.
This book could not have been completed without the assistance of individuals too numerous to mention. I cannot possibly list everyone, so if you are not named, you know who you are and know that I am in your debt. I will be forever grateful to Dr. Donald D. Horward, who changed my life when he invited me from the faraway Republic of Georgia to study the Age of Napoleon under his direction. It was indeed a dream come true! I am thankful to Darrin McMahon and Samuel “Skip” Vichness, whose support made it possible for me to complete the manuscript.
This book would not have been made without tremendous help from my publisher, Theodore P. Savas, of Savas Beatie LLC. Ted saw its potential and took a real risk to publish it.
Matt De La Matter and Dana Lombardy helped with editing the manuscript and offered many helpful comments and suggestions that greatly improved its value. Lee Merideth did a superb job formatting and preparing numerous files and images for print, and Sarah Stephan of Savas Beatie LLC assisting with the final proofing.
Thanks also to the Strozier Library Special Collections and Documents Department staff at Florida State University: Dr. Lucia Patrick, Deborah Rouse, and Patricia Brinkely were courteous and helpful. The Interlibrary Loan Section (ILS) of the Strozier Library was remarkable and indispensable. The staff helped locate materials, and provided me with hundreds of volumes from libraries throughout the United States. Without their quick and effective help, my work would have continued for many more years.
My contact with scholars and enthusiasts at the Napoleon Series Discussion Forum was beneficial. To name just a few: Steven Smith, Robert Goetz, Robert Burnham, George Nafziger, Digby Smith, Robert Mosher, Howie Muir, Robert Ouvrard, Tom Holmberg, Tony Broughton, Alain Chappet, Kevin Kiley, and Rory Muir all helped me with numerous details of the Napoleonic campaigns. I am indebted to Jack Sigler, Kenny Johnson, Josh Moon, Jason Musteen, and Rick Black for their wonderful discussions at the Napoleon seminars. My Russian friends Alexander Zhmodikov and Boris Megorsky greatly assisted me in acquiring Russian sources. I am especially grateful to my Georgian friends Shalva Lazariashvili, Paata Buchukuri, George Zabakhidze, and Dmitri Khocholava, each of whom cheered me on despite our distance apart. I will forever cherish their friendship.
Finally, I would like to thank my family, whose blessings and support have kept me moving forward against all hardships. Last but not least, I am indebted to my dear Anna for her constant encouragement and ceaseless aid in all my undertakings. Without you, nothing would have been accomplished.