Notes

Chapter 1: Why Do We Love Water So Much?

1. Robert Krulwich, “Born Wet, Human Babies Are 75 Percent Water. Then Comes the Drying,” 26 November 2013, http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2013/11/25/247212488/born-wet-human-babies-are-75-percent-water-then-comes-drying.

2. On the face of it this is a simple poetic statement, but in fact it is quite a profound and transformative claim. Kurt Vonnegut, Welcome to the Monkey House (New York: Delacorte Press, 1968), xiii.

3. J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, and J. Sachs, eds., World Happiness Report 2013 (New York: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2013), 3.

4. Ibid., 4.

5. S. Lyubomirsky, K. M. Sheldon, and D. Schkade, “Pursuing happiness: the architecture of sustainable change,” Review of General Psychology 9, no. 2 (2005), 111–31.

6. World Happiness Report 2013, 58.

7. J. H. Fowler and N. A. Christakis, “Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study,” British Medical Journal 337, no. 2338 (5 December 2008), http://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a2338.

8. World Happiness Report 2013, 69.

9. Madhu Kalia, “Assessing the Economic Impact of Stress—The Modern Day Hidden Epidemic,” Metabolism 51, no. 6, Suppl. 1 (2002), 49–53.

Chapter 2: Water and the Brain: Neuroscience and Blue Mind

1. K. Smith, “Brain imaging: fMRI 2.0: Functional magnetic resonance imaging is growing from showy adolescence into a workhorse of brain imaging,” Nature 484 (4 April 2012): 24–26, http://www.nature.com/news/brain-imaging-fmri-2-0-1.10365.

2. D. P. McCabe and A. D. Castel, “Seeing is believing: The effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning,” Cognition 107 (2008), 343–52, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803985.

3. Michael Posner, “Researchers develop ‘camera’ that will show your mind,” The Globe and Mail, 4 February 2011, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/researchers-develop-camera-that-will-show-your-mind/article565631.

4. A further development of EEG technology, magnetoencephalography (MEG), measures magnetic fields created by electrical activity in the brain to locate neuronal activity with greater precision. While the MEG machines are more like MRIs in that they are large, use powerful magnets, and must be shielded to avoid environmental interference, they are like EEGs in that the data they receive are not corrupted if the subject moves (unlike MRIs or fMRIs).

5. S. Satel and S. O. Lilienfeld, Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 38.

6. A. Wright, “Brain Scanning Techniques (CT, MRI, fMRI, PET, SPECT, DTI, DOT),” white paper (Carmarthen, U.K.: Cerebra, 2010), http://www.cerebra.org.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Research%20PDF%27s/Brain%20scanning%20techniques.pdf.

7. In 2010, neuroscientists used fMRI in more than 1,500 published articles, while the number of papers using PET or SPECT scans leveled off between 2000 and 2010. Papers citing data gathered by EEG or MEG also increased, but the total was more than a third below that of fMRI. See “Brain imaging: fMRI 2.0,” by Kerri Smith, Nature, 484, no. 7392 (4 April 2012), http://www.nature.com/news/brain-imaging-fmri-2-0-1.10365.

8. This description is based on the article “MRI brain scan: what it feels like,” by Anni Sofferet, http://voices.yahoo.com/mri-brain-scan-feels-like-7644620.html, and “What does having an fMRI scan involve?” from the University of Manchester website, http://www.bbmh.manchester.ac.uk/resilience/fMRI/fMRIrisks.

9. Wright, “Brain Scanning Techniques.” 8–9.

10. Lizzie Buchen, “Neuroscience Illuminating the Brain,” http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100505/full/465026a.html. Today, some of the most exciting neuroscience research is being done by using optogenics to study neural circuitry in the brains of animals.

11. Cambridge Research Systems has developed two devices based on fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy), which measures hemodynamic changes associated with neuron behavior. See http://www.crsltd.com/tools-for-functional-imaging/tomographic-fnirs-imaging/nirscout.

12. Kenneth Saladin, Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 520. For an excellent essay on the distraction of discursive thought, see “We are lost in thought” by neuroscientist Sam Harris, in This Will Make You Smarter: New Scientific Concepts to Improve Your Thinking, John Brockman, ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2012), 211–13.

13. Nikhil Swaminathan, “Why does the brain need so much power?” Scientific American, 29 April 2008, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-the-brain-need /s. Based on the study “Tightly coupled brain activity and cerebral ATP metabolic rate,” by Fei Du, Xiao-Hong Zhu, Yi Zhang, Michael Friedman, Nanyin Zhang, Kamil Ugurbil, and Wei Chen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 17 (2008), 6409–14; published ahead of print 28 April 2008, doi:10.1073/pnas.0710766105.

14. The figure of 100 billion was challenged in 2009 by a researcher in Brazil. Dr. Suzana Herculano-Houzel and her team took the brains of four adult men who had died of nonneurological diseases, combined them, and dissolved the cell membranes within the brains. She took a sample of this “brain soup,” counted the cell nuclei of the neurons present, and then extrapolated the total from there. On average, she found, the human brain contains 86 billion neurons, 14 billion fewer than the previous estimate. She also discovered that the proportion of nonneuronal cells to neurons (estimated to be as much as 10 to 1), was actually close to equal: 86.1 neurons to 84.6 nonneuronal cells. See “Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain,” by Frederico A. C. Azevedo, Ludmila R. B. Carvalho, Lea T. Grinberg, José Marcelo Farfel, Renata E. L. Ferretti, Renata E. P. Leite, Wilson Jacob Filho, Roberto Lent, Suzana Herculano-Houzel. Journal of Comparative Neurology 513, no. 5 (2009), 532–41.

15. Mahzarin Banaji, “A solution for collapsed thinking: signal detection theory,” in This Will Make You Smarter, 389–93.

16. See the website for the Human Connectome Project, http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org. See also Marco Iacoboni, “Like attracts like,” in This Will Make You Smarter, 330–32.

17. See S. Herculano-Houzel, “The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain,” Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 3 (9 November 2009), 31, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19915731.

18. John Medina, Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School (Seattle: Pear Press, 2008), 31–32.

19. Studies show that mammalian brains normally lose about half of their synapses from childhood to puberty. See G. Chechik, I. Mellijson, and E. Ruppin, “Neuronal regulation: a mechanism for synaptic pruning during brain maturation,” Neural Computation 11, no. 8 (15 November 1999), 2061–80, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10578044.

20. Mark Changzi, Harnessed: How Language and Music Mimicked Nature and Transformed Ape to Man (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2011), see page 27 for a diagram.

21. David Pizarro, “Everyday Apophenia,” in This Will Make You Smarter, 394.

22. For an interesting discussion of perception and whether the brain gathers data from the senses and then uses them to make a prediction (“bottom-up” processing) or compares data against predictive models already stored in the brain (“top-down” processing), see Andy Clark, “Predictive Coding,” in This Will Make You Smarter, 132–34.

23. Gerald Smallberg, neurologist, “Bias Is the Nose for the Story,” in This Will Make You Smarter, 43–45. There are also fascinating studies of how the brain “sees” a baseball before it can truly perceive it. See Y. Anwar, “Hit a 95 mph baseball? Scientists pintpoint how we see it coming,” UC Berkeley Newscenter, 8 May 2013, http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/05/08/motion-vision. The study referenced is G. W. Maus, J. Fischer, and D. Whitney, “Motion-dependent representation of space in area MT+,” Neuron 78, no. 3 (8 May 2013), 554–62, http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273%2813%2900257-2.

24. David Eagleman, Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain (New York: Pantheon, 2011), 22.

25. Norman Doidge writes in The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science (New York: Penguin, 2007), “Merzenich.… found that as neurons are trained and become more efficient, they can process faster. This means that the speed at which we think is itself plastic. Speed of thought is essential to our survival” (67). Also see M. Merzenich, Soft Wired (San Francisco: Parnassus, 2013).

26. M. Quallo, C. Price, K. Ueno, T. Asamizuya, K. Cheng, R. Lemon, and A. Iriki, “Gray and White Matter Changes Associated with Tool-Use Learning in Macaque Monkeys,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 43 (27 October 2009), 18379–84, http://www.pnas.org/content/106/43/18379. A well-known study of London taxi drivers showed that their hippocampi (the region in the brain involved in memory formation) were physically larger than in non-taxi-driving individuals of a similar age. E. A. Maguire, D. G. Gadian, I. S. Johnsrude, C. D. Good, J. Ashburner, R. S. Frackowiak, and C. D. Frith, “Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 8 (27 April 2000), 4398–4403, http://www.pnas.org/content/97/8/4398.full.

27. L. Jiang, H. Xu, and C. Yu, “Brain connectivity plasticity in the motor network after ischemic stroke,” Neural Plasticity, 2013, article ID 924192, http://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2013/924192.

28. In Brain Rules, John Medina cites the example of a neurosurgeon who combined the brain maps of 117 of his patients, to discover that there was only one region of the brain where even 79 percent had a critical language area. Medina writes that before operating, “[The surgeon] has to map each individual’s critical function areas because he doesn’t know where they are” (65–66).

Chapter 3: The Water Premium

1. Details of the 2003 Coastal Trail Expedition can be found at http://www.californiacoastaltrail.info.

2. “Neighbors dig deep in bidding war over narrow strip of real estate,” AOL Real Estate, 5 September 2013, http://realestate.aol.com/blog/writers/aol-real-estate-editors/rss.xml.

3. G. Bachelard, Water and Dreams: An Essay on the Imagination of Matter, trans. E. R. Farrell (Dallas: The Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture, 1983), 32–33.

4. D. G. Myers and E. Diener, “Who is happy?,” Psychological Science 6 (1995), 10–19.

5. R. T. Howell, “How many happy balls are in your beaker?,” Psychology Today, 31 July 2012, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/cant-buy-happiness/201207/how-many-happy-balls-are-in-your-beaker.

6. World Happiness Report 2013, 3 (see chap. 1, n. 2).

7. J. P. Forgas, “When sad is better than happy: Negative affect can improve the quality and effectiveness of persuasive messages and social influence strategies,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007), 513–28, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103106000850.

8. L. Kováč, “The biology of happiness: chasing pleasure and human destiny,” European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Reports 13, no. 4 (April 2012), 297–302, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321158/#!po=5.55556.

9. B. L. Fredrickson, K. M. Grewen, K. A. Coffey, S. B. Algoe, A. M. Firestine, J. M. G. Arevalo, J. Ma, and S. W. Cole, “A functional genomic perspective on human well-being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, published online before print 29 July 2013, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1305419110.

10. S. Lyubomirsky, K. M. Sheldon, and D. Schkade, “Pursuing happiness: the architecture of sustainable change,” Review of General Psychology 9, no. 2 (2005), 111–31.

11. Kováč, “The biology of happiness,” 5.

12. Barbara L. Fredrickson, Karen M. Grewen, Kimberly A. Coffey, Sara B. Algoe, Ann M. Firestine, Jesusa M. G. Arevalo, Jeffrey Ma, and Steven W. Cole, “A functional genomic perspective on human well-being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, published online before print 29 July 2013, doi:10.1073/pnas.1305419110.

13. M. A. Max-Neef, Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and Further Reflections (New York and London: Apex Press, 1991), 32–33.

14. Winifred Gallagher, The Power of Place: How Our Surroundings Shape Our Thoughts, Emotions, and Actions (New York: Poseidon, 1993), 125.

15. Daniel J. Siegel, Mindsight: The New Science of Personal Transformation (New York: Bantam Books, 2011), 111.

16. Sally Satel and Scott O. Lilienfeld write, “Fibrous pathways run from the frontal lobes, which are associated with impulse control and risk assessment, to the amygdala, which is linked to the primitive impulses of aggression, anger, and fear, among other emotions. Optimally, the frontal lobes modulate the amygdala, a working relationship that depends on a well-functioning connection between the two” (Brainwashed, 99; see chap. 2, n. 5).

17. For a discussion of the function of dopamine in addiction, see chapter 6.

18. M. E. Raichle, A. M. MacLeod, A. Z. Snyder, W. J. Powers, A. D. Gusnard, and G. L. Shumlan, “A default mode of brain function,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 2 (January 2001), 676–82.

19. These “flashbulb” memories are often a feature of PTSD and can be difficult to erase. See chapter 5; also B. M. Law, “Seared in our memories,” Monitor on Psychology 42, no. 8 (September 2011), 60, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/09/memories.aspx.

20. For an excellent discussion of how emotions are involved in almost every decision we make, see Terrence J. Sejnowski, “Nature Is More Clever Than We Are,” in This Explains Everything, John Brockman, ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2013), 328–31.

21. Zajonc, R. B. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences need no inferences.” American Psychologist 35, no. 2 (February 1980), 151–75.

22. G. W. Kim, G. W. Jeong, T. H. Kim, H. S. Baek, S. Oh, H. Kang, S. W. Lee, Y. S. Kim, and J. K. Song, “Functional neuroanatomy associated with natural and urban scenic views in the human brain: 3.0T functional MR imaging.” Korean Journal of Radiology 11, no. 5 (September–October 2010), 507–13, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930158.

23. T. H. Kim, G. W. Jeong, H. S. Baek, G. W. Kim, T. Sundaram, H. K. Kang, S. W. Lee, H. J. Kim, and J. K. Song, “Human brain activation in response to visual stimulation with rural and urban scenery pictures: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.” The Science of the Total Environment 408, no. 12 (15 May 2010), 2600-2607, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299076.

24. X. Yue, E. A. Vessel, and I. Biederman, “The neural basis of scene preferences,” Neuroreport 18, no. 6 (16 April 2007), 525-29, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413651.

25. M. White, A. Smith, K. Humphreys, S. Pahl, D. Snelling, and M. Depledge, “Blue space: the importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 30, no. 4 (2010), 482–93.

26. M. Gross, “Can science relate to our emotions?” Current Biology 23, no. 12 (17 June 2013), R501–4, http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822%2813%2900681-7.

27. K. S. Kassam, A. R. Markey, V. L. Cherkassky, G. Lowenstein, and M. A. Just, “Identifying emotions on the basis of neural activation,” PLoS ONE 8, no. 6 (2013), e66032, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066032, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066032.

28. R. Hanson, Hardwiring Happiness: The New Brain Science of Contentment, Calm, and Confidence (New York: Crown, 2013), 10.

29. W. A. Cunningham and T. Kirkland, “The joyful, yet balanced, amygdala: moderated responses to positive but not negative stimuli in trait happiness,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (18 May 2013), epub ahead of print, doi: 10.1093/scan/nst045, http://scan.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/05/17/scan.nst045.abstract.

30. Loretta Graziano Breuning, “Are You Addicted to Empathy?,” Psychology Today, 17 October 2013, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/your-neurochemical-self/201310/are-you-addicted-empathy.

31. Kim et al., “Functional neuroanatomy,” 507–13, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930158/#__ffn_sectitle.

32. G. MacKerron and S. Mourato, “Happiness is greater in natural environments,” Global Environmental Change 23, no. 5 (October 2013), 992–1000, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378013000575.

33. A. W. Vemuri and R. Costanza, “The role of human, social, built, and natural capital in explaining life satisfaction at the country level: toward a National Well-Being Index (NWI),” Ecological Economics 58 (2006), 119–33, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092180090500279X.

34. J. M. Zelenski and E. K. Nisbet, “Happiness and feeling connected: the distinct role of nature relatedness,” Environment and Behavior 46, no. 1 (January 2014), 3–23, http://eab.sagepub.com/content/46/1/3.abstract. Published online before print, doi: 10.1177/0013916512451901.

35. Elise Proulx, “3 insights from the frontiers of positive psychology,” Huffington Post, 13 August 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/13/positive-psychology-insights_n_3745523.html?view=print&comm_ref=false.

36. C. O’Brien, “A footprint of delight: exploring sustainable happiness,” NCBW Forum (1 October 2006), 1–12, www.bikewalk.org/pdfs/forumarch1006footprint.pdf.

37. M. Gross, “Can science relate to our emotions?”

38. MacKerron and Mourato, “Happiness is greater,” 6.

39. J. Pretty, J. Peacock, R. Hine, M. Sellens, N. South, and M. Griffin, “Green exercise in the UK countryside: effects on health and psychological well-being, and implications for policy and planning,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 50, no. 2 (March 2007), 211–31, www.greenexercise.org/pdf/JEPM%20-%20CRN%20Study.pdf.

40. MacKerron and Mourato, “Happiness is greater,” 7.

41. Ibid., 3.

42. F. Brereton, J. P. Clinch, and S. Ferreira, “Happiness, geography, and the environment,” Ecological Economics 65, no. 2 (1 April 2008), 386–96, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907003977.

43. J. Barton and J. Pretty, “What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis,” Environmental Science & Technology 44 (May 2010), 3947–55, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20337470.

44. S. Volker and T. Kistemann, “ ‘I’m always entirely happy when I’m here!’ Urban blue enhancing human health and well being in Cologne and Düsseldorf, Germany,” Social Science & Medicine 91 (August 2013), 141–52, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273410.

45. According to the official website, San Antonio’s River Walk, or Paseo del Rio, is the top tourist destination in the state of Texas, and the largest urban ecosystem in the nation. Steps away from the Alamo, it provides “a serene and pleasant way to navigate the city,” http://www.thesanantonioriverwalk.com.

46. U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. Census 2010, http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml.

47. “Neuroeconomics: The Cost of Love,” Duke Magazine, 25 July 2013, http://dukemagazine.duke.edu/article/neuroeconomics-the-cost-of-love.

48. Leaf Van Boven and Thomas Gilovich, “To Do or to Have? That is the Question,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 6 (2003), 1193–1202.

49. NOAA’s State of the Coast website, U.S. Population Living in Coastal Watershed Counties, http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/population/welcome.html.

50. Elise Proulx, “3 Insights.”

51. Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976; reprint 2001). Notes from Amazon.com book description, http://www.amazon.com/Space-Place-The-Perspective-Experience/dp/0816638772/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1387149668&sr=8-1&keywords=space+and+place+the+perspective+of+experience.

52. Other factors include value of nearby properties and the size and shape of the lot. “ECU Prof Studies Value of Beach Property,” East Carolina University press release, 20 September 1993, http://www.ecu.edu/cs-admin/news/newsstory.cfm?ID=31.

53. Les Christie, “Floating Homes: What It Costs to Live on the Water,” CNN Money, 15 June 2012, http://realestate.aol.com/blog/2012/06/15/cnn-floating-home.

54. M. J. Seiler, M. T. Bond, and V. L. Seiler, “The Impact of World Class Great Lakes Water Views on Residential Property Values,” Appraisal Journal 69, no. 3 (2001), 287–95.

55. Avalon is a sad example of how expensive oceanfront properties can end up: the town’s beaches, and many of its homes, were destroyed by Hurricane Sandy in 2012.

56. Christopher Major and Kenneth Lusht, “The Beach Study: An Empirical Analysis of the Distribution of Coastal Property Values,” Department of Insurance and Real Estate, Smeal College of Business, Pennsylvania State University, http://www.gradschool.psu.edu/index.cfm/diversity/mcnair/papers2003/majorpdf.

57. S. Yu, S. Han, and C. Chai, “Modeling the Value of View in Real Estate Valuation: A 3-D GIS Approach,” working paper 2004, http://prres.net/Papers/Yu_Modelling_The_Value_Of_View.Pdf.

58. Courtney Trenwith, “Palm Jumeirah Property Prices Soar in Q2,” Arabian Business, 4 July 2013, http://www.arabianbusiness.com/palm-jumeirah-property-prices-soar-in-q2-507755.html.

59. Brian Milligan, “How Much Should You Pay for a Sea View?,” BBC News, 11 July 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23255452.

60. J. Luttik, “The Value of Trees, Water and Open Space as Reflected by House Prices in the Netherlands,” Landscape and Urban Planning 48, no. 3–4 (May 2000), 161–67.

61. V. Grigoriadis, “Bohemian Cove,” Vanity Fair, March 2011, http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/features/2011/03/paradise-cove-201103.

62. The Expedia 2013 Flip Flop Report surveyed preferences among 8,606 beachgoers in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, http://viewfinder.expedia.com/news/expedia-2013-flip-flop-report?brandcid=social.vf.Expedia%20Guest%20Author.Features.d60a33a7-50ee-63e1-bbde-ff000073f150.

63. The number of cruise ship passengers forecast for 2011 source: Cruise Industry Overview 2013: The State of the Cruise Industry, the Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association, http://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2013-cruise-industry-overview.pdf.

64. White et al., “Blue space.”

65. Ekart Lange and Peter V. Schaeffer, “A Comment on the Market Value of a Room with a View,” Landscape and Urban Planning 55, no. 2 (2001), 113–20.

66. M. White, “Health and Well Being from Coastal Environments,” presented to Delivering Sustainable Coasts, SUSTAIN International Conference, Southport (UK), 18–19 September 2012, 2, http://www.sustain-eu.net/news/visits/sefton/presentations/white.pdf.

67. Hillary Huffer, “The Economic Value of Resilient Coastal Communities,” NOAA draft report, 18 March 2013, 2, http://www.ppi.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/EconomicValueofResilientCoastalCommunities.pdf.

68. National Ocean Economics Program 2009, State of the U.S. Ocean and Coastal Economies, http://www.oceaneconomics.org/NationalReport.

69. Economists make a clear distinction between market (pharmaceuticals) and nonmarket (a view and its associated stress reduction) goods and services. While our current understanding using ecosystem service valuation methods is incomplete, nonmarket value must—and will—be included in policy- and decision-making processes.

70. “Europe Floods 2013’s Costliest Natural Disaster,” Associated Press, 9 July 2013, http://www.weather.com/news/europe-floods-2013s-costliest-natural-disaster-20130709.

71. According to the New England Center for Investigative Reporting, over the past four decades of destruction and repair the house at 48 Oceanside Drive, Scituate, Massachusetts (south of Boston)—with a great view of stunning beaches and dramatic cliffs—has been damaged at least nine times and the federal flood insurance program has spent upwards of $750,000 to rebuild it, http://necir.org.

72. M. White, S. Pahl, K. Ashbullby, S. Herbert, and M. Depledge, “Feelings of Restoration from Recent Nature Visits,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 35 (September 2013), 40–51. Interestingly, in a 2011 study researchers found that restorativeness experienced from visiting coastal areas was heightened when (1) the ambient temperature was cooler than the monthly average for the area, and (2) the water and air quality were better than normal. See J. A. Hipp and O. A. Ogunseitan, “Effect of Environmental Conditions on Perceived Psychological Restorativeness of Coastal Parks,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 31, no. 4 (2011), 421–29.

73. In 2008 a couple in New Jersey sued the state for building a protective sand dune between their house and the water that blocked their ocean view. The jury in the case awarded them $375,000 in compensation for the lost value of their property—even though the protective dune saved their $2 million home from being destroyed by Superstorm Sandy in October 2012. (In 2013 the verdict was overturned by the New Jersey Supreme Court.)

74. http://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-bp-oil-spill.

75. Suzanne Goldenberg, “US Government Assessment of BP Oil Spill ‘Will Not Account for Damage,’ ” The Guardian, 11 July 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/11/us-assessment-bp-oil-spill-damage.

76. “BP Oil Spill Caused Significant Psychological Impact Even to Nearby Communities Not Directly Touched by Oil,” University of Maryland School of Medicine press release, 17 February 2011, http://umm.edu/news-and-events/news-releases/2011/bp-oil-spill-caused-significant-psychological-impact-even-to-nearby-communities-not-directly-touched-by-oil#ixzz2fHgTriAd.

77. Samuel L. Clemens, Life on the Mississippi (Boston: H. O. Houghton, 1883).

Chapter 4: The Senses, the Body, and “Big Blue”

1. Scientists now state that we have anywhere from ten to thirty different senses, including temperature, the vestibular sense (allowing us to sense our spatial orientation, as well as its direction, and speed), a sense of time, a sense of intuition (some researchers believe this is actually the ability to sense danger in the environment), and, according to recent research, the ability to discern quantities visually—a “number sense” (B. M. Harvey, B. P. Klein, N. Petridou, and S. O. Dumoulin, “Topographic Representation of Numerosity in the Human Parietal Cortex,” Science 341, no. 6150 (6 September 2013), 1123–26, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6150/1123.abstract.). Many of those thirty senses, however, have to do with perceiving the internal world—blood sugar levels, respiratory rate, hunger, thirst, pain, the gag reflex, and even the sense of fullness in the bladder or colon.

2. Byte quantities differ depending on whether one is talking about disk storage or processor storage (the later including twenty-four more of the smaller component).

3. See Marcus E. Raichle,” The Brain’s Dark Energy,” Scientific American, March 2010, 44–49. Your brain can fill in missing information that your senses can’t perceive; for example, you never see the “blind spots” in your field of vision in both your left and right eye because your brain automatically fills in the necessary visual data.

4. There’s a specific location in the brain, the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), at the intersection of the occipital (vision), temporal (hearing), and parietal (touch) lobes, that’s designed to receive, process, and integrate sensory data in such a way that the world makes sense.

5. Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), 60.

6. In “The Brain’s Dark Energy,” Dr. Raichle theorizes that, because so little visual information is used to formulate our conscious perceptions (100 bits per second), “the brain probably makes constant predictions about the outside environment in anticipation of paltry sensory inputs reaching it from the outside world” (47). There is also an excellent essay on how the brain creates perceptual maps from sensory data by physicist Frank Wilczek: “Hidden Layers,” in Brockman, This Will Make You Smarter, 188–91.

7. Gerald Smallberg, “Bias Is the Nose for the Story,” in Brockman, This Will Make You Smarter, 43.

8. While these individuals could see color, they had no idea what those colors were, and had to be taught. For an excellent description of the experience of gaining vision after years of blindness, see “Into the Light” by Robert Kurson, Esquire, June 2005, http://www.esquire.com/features/ESQ0605BLIND_114. See also “Vision Following Extended Congenital Blindness,” by Yuri Ostrovsky, Aaron Andalman, and Pawan Sinha, Psychological Science 17, no. 12 (2006), 1009–14.

9. Eagleman, Incognito, p. 41 (see chap. 2, n. 25). See also “The blind climber who ‘sees’ with his tongue,” by Buddy Levy, Discover, 23 June 2008, http://discovermagazine.com/2008/jul/23-the-blind-climber-who-sees-through-his-tongue.

10. Laura Sewall, “The skill of ecological perception,” in Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind, Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes, and Allen D. Kanner, eds. (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995), 206.

11. “Brain Plasticity,” http://merzenich.positscience.com/about-brain-plasticity.

12. Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous, ix.

13. While in the future we all may be able to immerse ourselves in a complete Star Trek “holodeck” kind of virtual experience, in today’s virtual reality environments many of the senses we rely upon in the real world are not stimulated to the same degree. In a 2013 study, researchers in Los Angeles compared place cells (which indicate our position in space) active in rats running in an immersive virtual reality system versus the real world. Twice as many neurons in place cells were active in the real world as in virtual reality. The researchers theorized that “vestibular and other sensory cues present in [the real world] are necessary to fully activate the place-cell population.” P. Ravassard, A. Kees, B. Williers, D. Ho, D. Aharoni, J. Cushman, Z. M. Aghajan, and M. R. Mehta, “Multisensory control of hippocampal spatiotemporal selectivity,” Science 340, no. 6138 (14 June 2013), 1342–46.

14. V. S. Ramachandran, The Tell-Tale Brain, Kindle locations 1245–59 and 1280–1303.

15. Hayley Dixon, “Blue Lagoon dyed black to deter swimmers,” The Telegraph, 11 June 2013, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/10112837/Blue-Lagoon-dyed-black-to-deter-swimmers.html.

16. Natalie Angier, “True Blue Stands Out in an Earthly Crowd,” New York Times, 23 October 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/23/science/with-new-findings-scientists-are-captivated-by-the-color-blue.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&. Also “Are Some Things Universally Beautiful? Part 1 of the TED Radio Hour episode What Is Beauty,” 19 April 2013, http://m.npr.org/story/174726813.

17. “True Colors—Breakdown of Color Preferences by Gender,” http://blog.kissmetrics.com/gender-and-color.

18. Leo Widrich, “Why is Facebook blue? The science behind colors in marketing,” Fast Company, 16 May 2013, http://www.fastcompany.com/3009317/why-is-facebook-blue-the-science-behind-colors-in-marketing.

19. Angier, “True Blue.”

20. Susana Martinez-Conde, “The Color of Pain,” Scientific American, 15 August 2013, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/illusion-chasers/2013/08/15/the-color-of-pain/ - respond.

21. G. Vandewalle, S. Schwartz, D. Grandjean, C. Wuillaume, E. Balteau, C. Degueldre, M. Schabus, C. Phillips, A. Luxen, D. J. Dijk, and P. Maquet, “Spectral quality of light modulates emotional brain responses in humans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 24 September 2010, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/10/14/1010180107.abstract.

22. Angier, “True Blue.”

23. “Different colors describe happiness and depression,” MSNBC LiveScience, 8 February 2010, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35304133/ns/technology _and_science-science.

24. Adam Alter, Drunk Tank Pink, and Other Unexpected Forces That Shape How We Think, Feel, and Behave (New York: Penguin, 2013), 157–58.

25. Vanderwalle et al., “Spectral quality,” 24 September 2010, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1010180107.

26. Christian Jarrett, “Colors affect mental performance, with blue boosting creativity,” http://www.bps-research-digest.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/colours-affect-mental-performance-with.html#.URE_ahI018I.twitter. Study cited: Ravi Mehta, Rui (Juliet) Zhu, “Blue or Red? Exploring the Effect of Color on Cognitive Task Performances,” Science 323, no. 5918 (27 February 2009), 1226–29.

27. In 1996 Eric Charlesworth reviewed BLUE Magazine in the October–November issue of Inside Media. Alas, the publication was slightly ahead of the wave and published its final issue in March 2000, http://www.bluemagazine.com.

28. R. G. Coss, S. Ruff, T. Simms, “All that glistens II: the effects of reflective surface finishes on the mouthing activity of infants and toddlers,” Ecological Psychology 15, no. 3 (2003), 197–213.

29. Bachelard, Water and Dreams, 145 (see chap. 3, n. 3).

30. K. Abe, K. Ozawa, Y. Suzuki, and T. Sone, “The effects of visual information on the impression of environmental sounds,” Inter-Noise 99, 1177–82. Cited in Josh H. McDermott, “Auditory Preferences and Aesthetics: Music, Voices, and Everyday Sounds,” in Neuroscience of Preference and Choice: Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms, Raymond J. Dolan and Tali Sharot, eds. (London: Elsevier Press, 2012).

31. A SmartPlanet interview with David Z. Hambrick, associate professor of psychology at Michigan State University, reminded me that television shows, 3-D movies, and smartphone apps are unlikely to replace the cognitive and emotional values and services provided by being outside in nature. Christie Nicholson, “New evidence fails to replicate the very study upon which the brain-training game industry depends,” 28 May 2012, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/thinking-tech/qa-new-evidence-shows-brain-training-games-dont-work.

32. Charles Fishman, The Big Thirst: The Secret Life and Turbulent Future of Water (New York: Free Press, 2012), 311.

33. K. A. Rose, I. G. Morgan, J. Ip, et al., “Outdoor Activity Reduces the Prevalence of Myopia in Children,” Ophthalmology 115, no. 8 (2008), 1279–85.

34. There is no such thing as water with no taste and smell, but most water providers are very aware that their customers expect their water to taste and smell “good.” There’s even a foundation (the Water Research Foundation, formerly AwwaRF) “dedicated to advancing the science of water by sponsoring cutting-edge research and promoting collaboration.” See “Advancing the Science of Water: AwwaRF and Research on Taste and Odor in Drinking Water,” 2007, http://www.waterrf.org/resources/StateOfTheScienceReports/TasteandOdorResearch.pdf.

35. See Esther Inglis-Arkell, “What really causes that amazing after the rain smell?,” 20 August 2013, http://io9.com/what-really-causes-that-amazing-after-the-rain-smell-1167869568; Andrea Thompson, “Key found to the smell of the sea,” 1 February 2007, http://www.livescience.com/4313-key-smell-sea.html, and Katharina D. Six, Silvia Kloster, Tatiana Ilyina, Stephen D. Archer, Kai Zhang, and Ernst Maier-Reimer, “Global warming amplified by reduced sulfur fluxes as a result of ocean acidification,” Nature Climate Change 2013, published 25 August 2013, doi:10.1038/nclimate1981, http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate1981.html.

36. “Cognitive Facilitation Following Intentional Odor Exposure,” Sensors 11 (2011), 5469–88, doi:10.3390/s110505469.

37. J. Lehrner, G. Marwinski, P Johren, and L. Deecke, “Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office,” Physiology & Behavior 86, nos. 1–2 (15 September 2005), 92–95.

38. In “How Taste Works,” Sarah Dowdey writes, “Chemical stimuli activate the chemoreceptors responsible for gustatory and olfactory perceptions. Because taste and smell are both reactions to the chemical makeup of solutions, the two senses are closely related. If you’ve ever had a cold during Thanksgiving dinner, you know that all of the subtlety of taste is lost without smell.” http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/taste.htm.

39. Charles Spence, “Auditory contributions to flavour perception and feeding behaviour,” Physiology & Behavior 107, no. 4 (5 November 2012), 505–15, doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.022. Epub 2012 May 2.

40. Francesca Bacci and David Melcher, eds., “Sound bites: how sound can affect taste,” excerpted from Art and the Senses (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), http://blog.oup.com/2011/08/sound-bites.

41. A hint to Japanese philosophy where the five elements are Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Void. In this tradition sui or mizu, meaning “water,” represents the fluid, formless things in the world. In addition to oceans and waterways, plants are also included under sui as they adapt, grow, and change according to the environment, direction of sunlight, and changing seasons. Bodily fluids such as blood are also represented by sui as are—interestingly enough—cognitive and emotional tendencies toward adaptation, flexibility, and change.

42. Leanne Shapton, Swimming Studies (New York: Penguin, 2012), 188.

43. “Interbeing: What scientific concept would improve everybody’s cognitive toolkit?,” Edge.org 2001, http://www.edge.org/response-detail/10866.

44. Sally Adee, “Floater,” 21 October 2011, The Last Word on Nothing website, http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2011/10/21/floater.

45. John C. Lilly and Phillip Hensen Bailey Lilly, The Quiet Center: Isolation and Spirit (Oakland, CA: Ronin, 2003), 117.

46. Seth Stevenson, “Embracing the Void,” 15 May 2013, Slate.com, http://www.slate.com/articles/life/anything_once/2013/05/sensory_deprivation_flotation_tanks_i_floated_naked_in_a_pitch_black_tank.html.

47. Anette Kjellgren, Hanne Buhrkall, and Torsten Norlander, “Preventing sick leave for sufferers of high stress-load and burnout syndrome: a pilot study combining psychotherapy and the flotation tank,” International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy 11, no. 2 (2011), 297–306.

48. Anette Kjellgren, Hanna Edebol, Tommy Nordén, and Torsten Norlander, “Quality of life with flotation therapy for a person diagnosed with attention deficit disorder, atypical autism, PTSD, anxiety and depression,” Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2, no. 3 (July 2013), 134–38.

49. Sven Å. Bood, Ulf Sundequist, Anette Kjellgren, Torsten Norlander, Lenneart Nordström, Knut Nordenström, and Gun Nordström, “Eliciting the relaxation response with the help of flotation-REST (restricted environmental stimulation technique) in patients with stress-related ailments,” International Journal of Stress Management 13, no. 2 (May 2006), 154–75, http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2006-07100-002.

50. H. Edebol, S. Åke Bood, T. Norlander, “Chronic whiplash-associated disorders and their treatment using flotation-REST (restricted environmental stimulation technique),” Qualitative Health Research 18, no. 4 (April 2008), 480–88, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18354047.

51. D. G. Forgays and D. K. Forgays, “Creativity enhancement through flotation isolation,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 12, no. 4 (December 1992), 329–35.

52. Thomas H. Fine and Roderick Borrie, “Flotation REST in Applied Psychophysiology,” http://floatforhealth.net/Flotation%20research.htm.

Chapter 5: Blue Mind at Work and Play

1. 2012 Sports, Fitness and Leisure Activities Topline Participation Report, Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, 2012 Physical Activity Council. Recreational boating statistic from 2012 Recreational Boating Statistical Abstract, National Marine Manufacturers Association, 2013. “Of the estimated 232.3 million adults in the U.S. in 2012, 37.8 percent, or 88 million, participated in recreational boating at least once during the year. This is a six percent increase from 2011 and the largest number of U.S. adults participating in boating since NMMA began collecting the data in 1990. Recreational boating participation has steadily increased since 2006.”

2. World Health Organization [WHO] Fact Sheet No. 347, “Drowning,” October 2012, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs347/en. And, according to the Centers for Disease Control page “Drowning Risks in Natural Water Settings,” “In the U.S. drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury death for children ages 1 to 14 years, and the fifth leading cause for people of all ages,” http://www.cdc.gov/features/dsdrowningrisks.

3. Centers for Disease Control, Healthy Swimming Fast Facts, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/fast_facts.html.

4. If a 200-pound body is 80 percent water and 15 percent fat, here are the calculations for how much it weighs in water:

200 × 20% = 40 lbs.

200 × 15% = 30 lbs.

40 – 30 = 10 lbs.

5. Oliver Sacks, “Water Babies,” The New Yorker, 26 May 1997.

6. See “Healing Waters,” by Dr. Bruce E. Becker, Aquatics International, June 2007, 27–32.

7. H. Boecker, T. Sprenger, M. E. Spilker, G. Henricksen, M. Koppenhoefer, K. J. Wagner, M. Valet, A. Berthele, and T. R. Tolle, “Runner’s High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain,” Cerebral Cortex 18, no. 11 (2008), 2523–31.

8. B. Draganski and C. Gaser, “Changes in Gray Matter Induced by Training,” Nature 427, no. 6972 (22 January 2004), 311–12.

9. “In young animals, exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis and improves learning.… After 1 month, learning was tested in the Morris water maze. Aged runners showed faster acquisition and better retention of the maze than age-matched controls. The decline in neurogenesis in aged mice was reversed to 50% of young control levels by running. Moreover, fine morphology of new neurons did not differ between young and aged runners, indicating that the initial maturation of newborn neurons was not affected by aging.” H. van Praag, T. Shubert, C. Zhao, and F. H. Gage, “Exercise Enhances Learning and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Aged Mice,” Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 38 (1 September 2005), 8680–85.

10. C. C. Irwin, R. L. Irwin, N. T. Martin, and S. R. Ross, “Constraints Impacting Minority Swimming Participation: Phase II Qualitative Report,” Department of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Memphis, 30 June 2010.

11. D. J. Linden, “Exercise, pleasure and the brain: Understanding the biology of ‘runner’s high,’ ” in The Compass of Pleasure, excerpted in Psychology Today, 21 April 2011, http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/mating.

12. Zald reports that there are some interesting studies showing that the brains of risk-takers produce and process dopamine differently than those who are less daring. Risk-takers have less of a certain kind of dopamine receptor, which means they need more dopamine to feel the same “hit” of pleasure that an ordinary person gets with less risk.

13. Bridget Reedman, “Scientists Froth on Surf Stoke,” 22 November 2011, http://www.theinertia.com/environment/scientists-froth-on-surf-stoke.

14. Source: Surfing Statistics, http://www.statisticbrain.com/surfing.

15. I’ll never forget the day world-famous and much beloved “Crocodile Hunter” Steve Irwin died. On September 4, 2006, he had an encounter with an Australian bull ray estimated to weigh about 220 pounds. Irwin was snorkeling in about six feet of water while filming a documentary titled Ocean’s Deadliest off the coast of Australia with my friend Philippe Cousteau. Irwin was swimming just above the stingray when the animal used the barb on its tail in defense and punctured a hole in his heart. From a distance I provided consoling support to Philippe via e-mail and text messages as he and the crew responded to Steve’s injury and death. I can only imagine the tragic turn of the day from euphoric Blue Mind to utter shock and sadness as the world lost a true champion for the ocean and wildlife.

16. For an excellent discussion, see “The Physics of Diving,” http://www.scubadiverinfo.com/2_physics.html.

17. Sue Austin’s TED talk, “Deep sea diving… in a wheelchair,” December 2012, http://www.ted.com/talks/sue_austin_deep_sea_diving_in_a_wheelchair.html.

18. Elizabeth R. Straughan, “Touched by water: the body in scuba diving,” Emotion, Space and Society 5 (2012), 19–26.

19. Ibid., 22.

20. D. Conradson, “Experiential economies of stillness: The place of retreat in contemporary Britain,” in Therapeutic Landscapes: Geographies of Health, Allison Williams, ed. (Ashgate: Hampshire, U.K., 2007), 33.

21. W. P. Morgan, “Psychological characteristics of the female diver,” in Women in Diving, W. P. Fife, ed. (Bethesda, MD: Undersea Medical Society, 1987), 45–54; and W. P. Morgan, “Interaction of anxiety, perceived exertion, and dyspnea in the person-respirator interface,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 13 (1981), 73–75.

22. See the Shallow Water Blackout Prevention website, http://shallowwaterblackoutprevention.org.

23. H. Tamaki, K. Kohshi, S. Sajima, J. Takeyama, T. Najamura, H. Ando, T. Ishitake, “Repetitive breath-hold diving causes serious brain injury,” Undersea Hyperbaric Medicine 37, no. 1 (2010), 8.

24. B. Nevo and S. Breitstein, Psychological and Behavioral Aspects of Diving (Flagstaff: Best, 1999), cited in Psychology of Diving by Salvatore Capodieci, http://www.psychodive.it/psychology-of-diving13.

25. A. Bonnet, “Régulation émotionnelle et conduites à risques,” doctoral dissertation, 2003, Université de Provence, Aix-Marseille I, reported in A. Bonnet, L. Fernandez, A. Piolat, and J. Pedinielli, “Changes in Emotional States Before and After Risk Taking in Scuba Diving,” Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 2 (2008), 25–40.

26. Treatyse on Fysshynge with an Angle, attributed to Dame Juliana Berners, first published as part of the second edition of The Boke of St. Albans in 1496 in England. See also an early article on women fishing by Elizabeth Shaw Oliver, “Angling: One of the Privileges of the Modern Woman,” Country Life in America 16, no. 2 (June 1909), 171.

27. Diane M. Kuehn, “Elements identified as strongly influencing fishing participation for both males and females were opportunity, perceived ability, and fishing-related customs during childhood…” in “A Discriminant Analysis of Social and Psychological Factors Influencing Fishing Participation,” cited in “Proceedings of the 2005 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium,” 10-12 April 2006, General technical report NE, 341, 410–19.

28. For Australian data, see “Identifying the Health and Well-being Benefits of Recreational Fishing,” by A. McManus, W. Hunt, J. Storey, and J. White, Centre of Excellence for Science, Seafood and Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia, 2011. For U.S. data, see the 2012 Sports, Fitness and Leisure Activities Topline Participation Report, Sports & Fitness Industry Association.

29. J. Ormsby, “A Review of the Social Motivational and Experiential Characteristics of Recreational Anglers from Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef Region,” Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Research Publication No. 78, February 2004.

30. S. M. Holland and R. B. Ditton, “Fishing Trip Satisfaction: A Typology of Anglers,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12 (1992), 28–32.

31. “Identifying the Health and Well-being Benefits of Recreational Fishing.”

32. Ibid., 30–32.

33. Faith Salie, “A baited question: Why do men love fishing?,” 15 July 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-3445_162-57472468/a-baited-question-why-do-men-love-fishing.

34. Brian Fagan, Beyond the Blue Horizon: How the Earliest Mariners Unlocked the Secrets of the Oceans (New York: Bloomsbury, 2012), 2.

35. J. Liu, K. Dietz, J. M. DeLoyht, X. Pedre, D. Kelkar, J. Kaur, V. Vialou, M. K. Lobo, D. M. Dietz, E. J. Nestler, J. Dupree, and P. Casaccia, “Impaired adult myelination in the prefrontal cortex of socially isolated mice,” Nature Neuroscience 15 (2012), 1621–23.

36. “Solo Sailing and Psychological Failure,” http://www.associatedglobaltransportservices.com/solo-sailing-psychological-failure.

37. These are extreme cases of isolation, and while a few end in tragedy, it takes a heck of a lot of ocean, time, and stress to send someone completely over the edge. Time spent at sea for the other 99.999 percent is a healing and enjoyable experience.

38. From 2000 to 2010, commercial fishers averaged 124 deaths per 100,000 workers, compared with 4 per 100,000 among all U.S. workers. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Injuries, Illnesses and Fatalities: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries,” current and revised data, Washington, D.C. (2012).

39. M. Murray, “The Use of Narrative Theory in Understanding and Preventing Accidents in the Fishing Industry,” in “International Fishing Industry Safety and Health Conference,” 24 October 2000, 245.

40. D. Sneed, “Morro Bay fishing is back from the depths,” The Tribune, 3 July 2010, http://www.sanluisobispo.com/2010/07/03/1203763/morro-bay-fishing-is-back-from.html#storylink=cpy.

Chapter 6: Red Mind, Gray Mind, Blue Mind: The Health Benefits of Water

1. W. Zhong, H. Maradit-Kremers, J. L. St. Sauver, B. P. Yawn, J. O. Ebbert, V. L. Roger, D. J. Jacobson, M. E. McGree, S. M. Brue, W. A. Rocca, “Age and sex patterns of drug prescribing in a defined American population,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 88, no. 7 (July 2013), 697–707, http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2813%2900357-1/abstract. The researchers studied prescription records for Olmstead County, Minnesota, in 2009 and, according to Jennifer St. Sauver, the results were comparable to those found elsewhere in the United States. See “Nearly 7 in 10 Americans are on prescription drugs,” Science Daily, 6 June 2013, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130619132352.htm.

2. I. Kirsch, B. J. Deacon, T. B. Huedo-Medina, A. Scorboria, T. J. Moore, and B. T. Johnson, “Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: A meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration,” PLoS Medicine, 26 February 2008, doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045, http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045.

3. J. J. Radley, A. B. Rocher, M. Miller, W. G. Janssen, C. Liston, P. R. Hopf, B. S. McEwen, and J. H. Morrison, “Repeated stress induces dendritic spine loss in the rat medial prefrontal cortex,” Cerebral Cortex 16, no. 3 (March 2006), 313–20, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15901656.

4. B. S. McEwen and S. Chattarji, “Molecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity and pharmacological implications: The example of tianeptine,” European Neuropsychopharmacology 14, suppl. 5 (December 2004), S497–502, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550348.

5. R. M. Sapolsky, “Gluocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders,” Archives of General Psychiatry 57, no.10 (October 2000), 925–35.

6. A. Keller, K. Litzelman, et al., “Does the Perception that Stress Affects Health Matter?,” Health Psychology 31, no. 5 (September 2012), 677–84.

7. My colleague Julia Townsend was recently prescribed surfing by her allergist, with excellent results. She wrote:

“I’ve had asthma and allergies my entire life. My biggest allergen is an indoor irritant, dust. When I moved from cold and frosty New England to the Monterey Bay Area six and a half years ago I anticipated that my allergies would be less intense. I quickly learned that Monterey is one of the worst places in the country for dust allergies. Why? My understanding is that dust grows in dark, damp, cold areas. Cue the fog that accompanies the local weather year-round. A couple of years ago, while seeking help with curtailing my allergies I was lucky enough to be referred to Dr. Jeffrey Lehr. Among other strategies, he mentioned that I should surf more. His reasoning as I recall was that the ocean can give allergy sufferers a break from land and household based allergens. For those with rhinitis saltwater delivers the additional benefit of soothing nasal passages. I have remembered Dr. Lehr’s advice and used it in conjunction with traditional medicine and household upkeep. I have also had primary care physicians that have recommended surfing as a tool for stress management.”

This idea is spreading fast. The Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy has a collaborative program with medical professionals called Park Prescriptions, http://www.parksconservancy.org/assets/programs/igg/pdfs/park-prescriptions-2010.pdf.

8. M. White, A. Smith, et al., “Blue space: the importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 30 (2010), 482–93.

9. Risk-seekers usually score high for novelty-seeking. Dr. David Zald, who studies dopamine and addiction, has shown that many risk-takers actually have fewer inhibitors for dopamine in their brains, which means they receive a greater “rush” from new or risky behaviors. See chapters 4 and 6.

10. According to the Centers for Disease Control, in 2009 the top ten causes of death in the United States, in order, were heart disease, cancer, respiratory disease, stroke, accidents, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, kidney disease, and suicide. All of those diseases can be a result of, or exacerbated by, chronic stress. See “Psychological Stress and Disease” by Sheldon Cohen, Ph.D., Denise Janicki-Deverts, Ph.D., and Gregory E. Miller, Ph.D., Journal of the American Medical Association 298, no. 14 (10 October 2007), 1685–87.

11. Studies cited in Rick Hanson, Buddha’s Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love and Wisdom (Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 2009), 56–58.

12. Amy Arnsten, Carolyn M. Mazure, and Rajita Sinha, “This is Your Brain in Meltdown,” Scientific American 306 (April 2012), 48–53, published online: 20 March 2012.

13. Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, The Distraction Addiction (New York and Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2013), 10.

14. Ibid., 11.

15. Daniel Goleman, Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence (New York: HarperCollins, 2013), 203.

16. Kate Parkinson-Morgan, “Anthropology professor Monica Smith investigates multitasking as ancient ability in new book,” Daily Bruin, UCLA, 7 January 2011.

17. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/impactful-distraction.

18. Pang, The Distraction Addiction, 59.

19. Peter Bregman, 18 Minutes: Find Your Focus, Master Distraction, and Get the Right Thiings Done (New York: Business Plus, 2011), 122–23.

20. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/impactful-distraction.

21. http://lindastone.net/qa.

22. Pang, The Distraction Addiction, 64.

23. Doidge, The Brain That Changes Itself, 68 (see chap. 2, n. 26)

24. Eyal Ophir, Clifford Nass, and Anthony D. Wagner, “Cognitive control in media multitaskers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 37 (15 September 2009), 15583–87, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/08/21/0903620106.abstract.

25. Bregman, 18 Minutes, 220–21.

26. Douglas T. Kenrick, “Subselves and the Modular Mind,” in This Will Make You Smarter, 123–34.

27. For a discussion of the psychological benefits experienced by many extreme athletes, see “The Psychology of Extreme Sports: Addicts, not Loonies,” by Joachim Vogt Isaksen, http://www.popularsocialscience.com/2012/11/05/the-psychology-of-extreme-sports-addicts-not-loonies.

28. Laura Parker Roerden, “Your Mind on Blue and a ‘Lucky’ Karina Dress Giveaway,” Ocean Matters blog, 24 May 2013, http://www.oceanmatters.org/category/staff.

29. S. Kaplan, “The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15 (1995), 169–82.

30. Quoted in Eric Jaffe, “This Side of Paradise: Discovering Why the Human Mind Needs Nature,” Association for Psychological Science Observer 23, no. 5 (May/June 2010), http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2010/may-june-10/this-side-of-paradise.html.

31. Marc G. Berman, John Jonides, and Stephen Kaplan, “The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature,” Psychological Science 19, no. 2 (December 2008), 1207–12.

32. See “The Brain in the City,” by Richard Coyne, http://richardcoyne.com/2013/03/09/the-brain-in-the-city. This article was based upon the study “The urban brain: analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile EEG,” by Peter Aspinall, Panagiotis Mavros, Richard Coyne, and Jenny Roe, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 6 March 2013, http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2013/03/05/bjsports-2012-091877.abstract.

33. In 1980 Calgon produced a TV ad that has stuck with me. An actress begins by listing the stresses of her life and then escapes to the serenity of her bath. Woman: “The traffic, the boss, the baby, the dog, that does it! Calgon, take me away!” Announcer: “Lose your cares in the luxury of a Calgon bath… as it lifts your spirits,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJsnR-KDbFc.

34. Hippocrates, On Airs, Waters, and Places, part 7, trans. Francis Adams. Made available through the Internet Classics archive, © 1994–2000, Daniel C. Stevenson, Web Atomics, http://classics.mit.edu//Hippocrates/airwatpl.html.

35. M. Toda, K. Morimoto, S. Nagasawa, and K. Kitamura, “Change in salivary physiological stress markers by spa bathing,” Biomedical Research 27, no. 11 (2006), 11–14.

36. K. Mizuno, M. Tanaka, K. Tajima, N. Okada, K. Rokushima, and Y. Watanabe, “Effects of mild-stream bathing on recovery from mental fatigue,” Medical Science Monitor 16, no. 1 (January 2010), 8–14, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20037494.

37. B. A. Levine, “Use of hydrotherapy in reduction of anxiety,” Psychological Reports 55, no. 2 (October 1984), 526.

38. J. S. Raglin and W. P. Morgan, “Influence of vigorous exercise on mood states,” Behavior Therapist 8 (1985), 179–83, cited in J. D. Kreme and D. Scully, Psychology in Sport (Florence, KY: Routledge, 1994), 176.

39. See R. D. Benfield, T. Hortobágyi, C. J. Tanner, M. Swanson, M. M. Heitkemper, and E. R. Newton, “The effects of hydrotherapy on anxiety, pain, neuroendocrine responses, and contraction dynamics during labor,” Biologic Research for Nursing 12, no. 1 (July 2010), 28–36, http://brn.sagepub.com/content/12/1/28.short. Showers also have proven effective in decreasing tension and anxiety, and increasing levels of relaxation; see M. A. Stark, “Therapeutic showering in labor,” Clinical Nursing Research 22, no. 3 (August 2013), 359–74, http://cnr.sagepub.com/content/22/3/359.

40. J. Hall, S. M. Skevington, P. J. Maddison, and K. Chapman, “A randomized and controlled trial of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis,” Arthritis Care and Research 9, no. 3 (June 1996), 206–15, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8971230.

41. See Y. Saeki, “The effect of foot-bath with or without the essential oil of lavender on the autonomic nervous system: a randomized trial,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 2000), 2–7, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10812753.

42. V. Neelon and M. Champagne, “Managing cognitive impairment: the current bases for practice,” in Key Aspects of Eldercare: Managing Falls, Incontinence and Cognitive Impairment, S. Funk, E. Tournquist, and M. Champagne, eds. (New York: Springer, 1992), 122–31.

43. Summary in C. J. Edmonds, R. Crombie, and M. R. Gardner, “Subjective thirst moderates changes in speed of responding associated with water consumption,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7, art. 363 (2013), published online 16 July 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712897.

44. M-M. G. Wilson and J. E. Morley, “Impaired cognitive function and mental performance in mild dehydration,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, suppl. 2 (2003), S24–29, http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v57/n2s/full/1601898a.html.

45. M-M. G. Wilson and J. E. Morley, citing J. L. Warren, W. E. Bacon, T. Harris, A. M. McBean, D. J. Foley, and C. Phillips, “The burden and outcomes associated with dehydration among US elderly,” American Journal of Public Health 84 (1994), 1265–69; and D. K. Miller, H. M. Perry, and J. E. Morley, “Relationship of dehydration and chronic renal insufficiency with function and cognitive status in older US blacks,” in Hydration and Aging: Facts, Research, and Intervention in Geriatric Series, B. Vellas, J. L. Albarede, and P. J. Garry, eds. (New York: Serdi and Springer, 1998), 149–59.

46. C. J. Edmonds, R. Crombie, and M. R. Gardner, citing Y. Bar-David, J. Urkin, and E. Kozminsky, “The effect of voluntary dehydration on cognitive functions of elementary school children,” Acta Paediatrica 94, no. 11 (November 2005), 1667–73, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16303708; R. Fadda, G. Rappinett, D. Grathwohl, M. Parisi, R. Fanari, C.M. Caio, et al., “Effects of drinking supplementary water at school on cognitive performance in children,” Appetite 59, no. 3 (2012), 730–37, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22841529; F. Bonnet, E. Lepicard, L. Cathrin, C. Letellier, F. Constant, N. Hawili, et al., “French children start their school day with a hydration deficit,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 60, no. 4 (2012), 257–63, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22677981; G. Friedlander, “Hydration Status of Children in the US and Europe, Optimal Hydration: New Insights,” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Food and Nutrition Conference and Expo (Philadelphia: Nestlé Nutrition Institute, 2012), available online at: http://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/Events/All_Events/Documents/ADA%202012/NNI_FNCE_PpP.pdf; and J. Stookey, B. Brass, A. Holliday, A.I. Arieff, “What is the cell hydration status of healthy children in the USA? Preliminary data on urine osmolality and water intake,” Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 11 (2012), 2148–56, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281298.

47. C. J. Edmonds, R. Crombie, and M. R. Gardner, citing C. J. Edmonds and D. Burford, “Should children drink more water? The effects of drinking water on cognition in children,” Appetite 52, no. 3 (2009), 776–79, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501780; C. J. Edmonds and B. Jeffes, “Does having a drink help you think? 6–7 year old children show improvements in cognitive performance from baseline to test after having a drink of water,” Appetite 53, no. 3 (2009), 469–72, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19835921; and P. Booth, B. G. Taylor, and C. J. Edmonds, “Water supplementation improves visual attention and fine motor skills in schoolchildren,” Education and Health 30, no. 3 (2012), 75–79, http://sheu.org.uk/x/eh303pb.pdf.

48. As of 2013, according to statistics compiled by Beverage Digest, U.S. adults consumed 58 gallons of water per year, which equals around 20 ounces per day. They also drank 44 gallons of soda per year—down from 54 gallons in 1998. See J. Hamblin, “How much water do people drink?” The Atlantic online, 12 March 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/03/how-much-water-do-people-drink/273936.

49. Quoted in H. Mount, “The summer holidays—and where we do like to be,” Telegraph online, 17 August 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/9482952/The-summer-holidays-and-where-we-do-like-to-be.html.

50. R. Knowles, “George III in Weymouth,” 27 July 2012, http://www.regencyhistory.net/2012/07/george-iii-in-weymouth.html.

51. M. H. Depledge and W. J. Bird, “The Blue Gym: Health and wellbeing from our coasts,” Marine Pollution Bulletin 58, no. 7 (July 2009), 947–48.

52. “Professor Mike Depledge Blue Gym.mov,” uploaded 1 December 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq44KhBSgQA.

53. B. M. Wheeler, M. White, W. Stahl-Timmins, M. H. Depledge, “Does living by the coast improve health and wellbeing?” Health & Place 18, no. 5 (September 2012), 1198–1201, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829212001220.

54. K. J. Ashbullby, S. Pahl, P. Webley, and M. P. White, “The beach as a setting for families’ health promotion: A qualititative study with parents and children living in coastal regions in Southwest England,” Health & Place 23 (September 2013), 138–47, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829213000877.

55. A. Bauman, B. Smith, L. Stoker, B. Bellew, and M. Booth, “Geographical influences upon physical activity participation: evidence of a ‘coastal effect,’ ” Australia and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 23, no. 3 (June 1999), 322–24.

56. Wheeler et al., “Does living by the coast,” 1200.

57. C. J. Thompson, K. Boddy, K. Stein, R. Whear, J. Barton, and M. H. Depledge, “Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review,” Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 5 (March 2011), 1761–72, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291246.

58. J. Barton and J. Pretty, “What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis,” Environmental Science & Technology 15, no. 44 (May 2010), 3947–55, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20337470.

59. Heroes on the Water video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZQFKPaVNMQ.

60. Hurricane Sandy created just such a problem for Captain Joel Fogel, who wrote that he was devastated by the effects of the storm on the Barrier Beach Islands in New Jersey. “It’s a year later and I still get a little sick when I watch the ocean,” he said. And following the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, thousands of people in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, and Florida reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress.

61. T. Tanielian and L. H. Jaycox, eds., Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2008), 12.

62. In sleep, explains Michio Kaku, “when the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is shut down, we can’t count on the rational, planning center of the brain. Instead, we drift aimlessly in our dreams, with the visual center giving us images without rational control. The orbitofrontal cortex, or the fact-checker, is also inactive. Hence dreams are allowed to blissfully evolve without any constraints from the laws of physics or common sense. And the temporoparietal lobe, which helps coordinate our sense of where we are located using signals from our eyes and inner ear, is also shut down, which may explain our out-of-body experiences while we dream.” Michio Kaku, The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 2014), 173.

63. H. Frumkin, “Beyond toxicity: Human health and the natural environment,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 20, no. 3 (2001), 234–40.

64. “Rivers of Recovery: Results,” http://www.riversofrecovery.org/what-we-do/medical-research/results.

65. Jaimal Yogis, The Fear Project: What Our Most Primal Emotion Taught Me About Survival, Success, Surfing… and Love (New York: Rodale, 2012), 179.

66. “Darryl ‘Flea’ Virostko,” http://fleahab.net/about-fleahab.

67. E. Jeffries, “The pleasure principle,” Nature Climate Change 3, no. 9 (September 2013), 776–77.

68. See Winifred Gallagher, The Power of Place, 137–38 (see chap. 3, n. 14).

69. D. S. Vonder Hulls, L. K. Walker, and M. Powell, “Clinicians’ perceptions of the benefits of aquatic therapy for young children with autism: A preliminary study,” Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 26, nos.1–2 (2006), 13–22.

70. C. Pan, “Effects of water exercise swimming program on aquatic skills and social behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders,” Autism 14, no. 1 (January 2010), 9–28.

71. S. D. James, “Surfing turns autistic kids into rock stars,” ABC News via Good Morning America, 20 August 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/surfing-transforms-autistic-kids-rock-stars/story?id=20004325.

72. Kara Collins, on the Surfers for Autism website, http://surfersforautism.org/?page_id=19.

73. L. Jake, “Autism and the role of aquatic therapy in recreational therapy treatment services,” 1 September 2003, http://www.recreationtherapy.com/articles/autismandquatictherapy.htm.

74. “Autistic children crave being in water,” WestBend Culture of Safety, 29 April 2011, http://www.cultureofsafety.com/2011/04/autistic-children-crave-being-in-water.

75. Naoki Higashida, The Reason I Jump (New York: Random House, 2007; trans. 2013), 71–72.

76. http://www.patagonia.com.au/journal/2012/changing-lives.

77. J. Soboroff, interviewer, “Ocean a comfort zone for children with autism,” Huffpost Live, originally aired 17 November 2012, http://live.huffingtonpost.com/r/segment/autism-in-the-water/509bffb72b8c2a65e1000492.

Chapter 7: Blue Unified: Connection and Water

1. Michael J. Fox, Lucky Man: A Memoir (New York: Hyperion, 2002), 242–43.

2. http://www.today.com/entertainment/michael-j-fox-i-never-really-went-anywhere-4B11248002.

3. William James, “The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature,” in William James: Writings 1902–1910 (New York: Library of America, 1988), 349.

4. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/mindfulness-grows-popularity-and-profits.

5. David Gelles, “The Mind Business,” Financial Times, 24 August 2012.

6. Clint Eastwood’s 1971 directorial debut, Play Misty for Me, features a romantic montage of the lead actors (Eastwood and Donna Mills) strolling by the Carmel, California, seaside, backed by Roberta Flack’s recording of the Ewan MacColl torch song “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face.” The bucolic scene sharply contrasts with the rest of this psychological thriller, whose tagline was “The scream you hear may be your own,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypSPbIAApuQ.

7. “Management in the Age of Complexity,” Harvard Business Review, March 2014.

8. Pang, The Distraction Addiction, 83 (see chap. 6, n. 13).

9. Goleman, Focus, 17 (see chap. 6, n. 15).

10. S. McMains and S. Kastner, “Interactions of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms in human visual cortex,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 2 (12 January 2011), 587–97, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228167.

11. N. H. Mackworth, “The breakdown of vigilance during prolonged visual search.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1 (1948), 6–21.

12. In a Fast Company blog post, Laura Vanderkam gives an example of one company’s z-mail policy (http://www.fastcompany.com/3019655/how-to-be-a-success-at-everything/should-your-company-practice-zmail-the-case-for-inbox-curf). It would be excruciatingly hard to come up with many more such American or British firms. In France, a recent labor deal declared that workers have no obligation to look at their work-related e-mail, or answer or check their phones, outside of work hours; this includes employees working for some of the same social media and web-based companies that contribute to our Red Mind distraction, http://www.nbcnews.com/business/careers/pardonnez-moi-boss-i-cant-answer-phone-now-im-chez-n77106. In Germany, companies such as VW, Puma, and BMW have all established policies to restrict out-of-office e-mailing, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10276815/Out-of-hours-working-banned-by-German-labour-ministry.html?utm_source=nextdraft&utm_medium=email.

13. http://www.fastcodesign.com/3020896/asides/addicted-to-your-phone-its-your-fault-wired-says.

14. Jeffrey Kluger, “Accessing the creative spark,” Time, 9 May 2013, http://business.time.com/2013/05/09/assessing-the-creative-spark.

15. S. Liu, H. M. Chow, Y. Xu, M. G. Erkkinen, K. E. Swett, M. W. Eagle, D. A. Rizik-Baer, and A. R. Braun, “Neural correlates of lyrical improvisation: an fMRI study of freestyle rap,” Scientific Reports 2, art. 834 (15 November 2012), http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/121115/srep00834/full/srep00834.html.

16. Ibid.

17. D. W. Winnicott, “Transitional objects and transitional phenomena: a study of the first not-me possession,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 34, no. 2 (1953), 89–97, http://nonoedipal.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/transitional-objects-and-transitional-phenomenae28094a-study-of-the-first-not-me-possession.pdf.

18. Alexandra Enders, “The importance of place: where writers write and why,” Poets & Writers, March/April 2008, http://www.pw.org/content/importance_place_where_writers_write_and_why_0?cmnt_all=1.

19. Gallagher, The Power of Place, 133 (see chap. 3, n. 14).

20. “The work habits of highly successful writers,” Postscripts, 23 May 2006, http://notorc.blogspot.com/2006/05/work-habits-of-highly-successful_23.html.

21. Alexandra Alter, “How to write a great novel,” The Wall Street Journal, 13 November 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703740004574513463106012106.html.

22. David Wallace-Wells, “A brain with a heart,” New York, 4 November 2012, http://nymag.com/news/features/oliver-sacks-2012-11.

23. Oliver Sacks, “Water babies: why I love to swim,” The New Yorker, 26 May 1997, http://archives.newyorker.com/?iid=15566&crd=0&searchKey=Water%20Babies#folio=044.

24. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03ybpf8.

25. Ariane Conrad, “Water, water everywhere: Ran Ortner’s love affair with the sea,” The Sun, no. 438 (June 2012), http://thesunmagazine.org/issues/438/water_water_everywhere.

26. B. R. Conway and A. Rehding, “Neuroaesthetics and the trouble with beauty,” PLoS Biology 11, no. 3 (19 March 2013), e1001504. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001504, http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001504.

27. Ibid.

28. Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by water, yet his fascination focused more on the physical and ecological aspects of water than the cognitive and emotional aspects: “Water is sometimes sharp and sometimes strong, sometimes acid and sometimes bitter, sometimes sweet and sometimes thick or thin, sometimes it is seen bringing hurt or pestilence, sometimes health-giving, sometimes poisonous. It suffers change into as many natures as are the different places through which it passes. And as the mirror changes with the color of its subject, so it alters with the nature of the place, becoming noisome, laxative, astringent, sulfurous, salty, incarnadined, mournful, raging, angry, red, yellow, green, black, blue, greasy, fat or slim. Sometimes it starts a conflagration, sometimes it extinguishes one; is warm and is cold, carries away or sets down, hollows out or builds up, tears or establishes, fills or empties, raises itself or burrows down, speeds or is still; is the cause at times of life or death, or increase or privation, nourishes at times and at others does the contrary; at times has a tang, at times is without savor, sometimes submerging the valleys with great floods. In time and with water, everything changes.”

29. While many believe that “paying too much attention to those artsy-fartsy, touchy-feely elements will eventually dumb us down and screw us up…” writes Daniel Pink in A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future (New York: Penguin, 2006), “… the future belongs to a very different kind of person with a very different kind of mind—creators and empathizers, pattern recognizers, and meaning makers. These people—artists, inventors, designers, storytellers, caregivers, consolers, big picture thinkers—will now reap society’s richest rewards and share its greatest joys” (17, 1).

30. My brave brother-in-law Jon Imber continued to paint by swaying his entire body and eventually by attaching a paintbrush to his head. Diagnosed with ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s disease, in the fall of 2012, he soon lost the use of his hands and arms. “To this artist, it’s evident that to paint is to live,” http://www.pressherald.com/news/Jon_Imber_renowned_New_England_painter_dies_html.

31. P. Stokowski, “Symbolic aspects of water,” in Water and People: Challenges at the Interface of Symbolic and Utilitarian Values, S. F. McCool, R. J. Clark, and G. H. Stankey, eds. (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, January 2008), 32.

32. Ivan Illich, H₂O and the Waters of Forgetfulness (London: Marion Boyars, 2000), 24–25.

33. D. Hofstadter and E. Sander, “Analogy: The vital talent that fuels our minds,” New Scientist, 2915 (9 May 2013), http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21829150.400-analogy-the-vital-talent-that-fuels-our-minds.html.

34. Ibid.

35. David A. Havas and James Matheson, “The Functional Role of the Periphery in Emotional Language Comprehension,” Frontiers in Psychology, 27 May 2013, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00294.

36. J. Ackerman, C. Nocera, and J. Bargh, “Incidental Haptic Sensations Influence Social Judgments and Decisions,” Science 238 (25 June 2010), 1712.

37. See D. Western, P. S. Blagov, K. Harenski, C. Kilts, and S. Hamann, “Neural bases of motivated reasoning: an fMRI study of emotional constraints on partisal political judgment in the 2004 U.S. presidential election,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (2006), 1947–58, http://psychsystems.net/lab/06_Westen_fmri.pdf.

38. Goleman, Focus, 43 (see chap. 6, n. 15).

39. M. Slepian and N. Ambady, “Fluid Movement and Creativity,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 141, no. 4 (November 2012), 625–29.

40. Ibid.

41. Keith J. Holyoak and Paul Thagard, Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought (Boston: MIT Press, 1995), 12.

42. D. Franklin, “How hospital gardens help patients heal” (published in print as “Nature that Nurtures”), Scientific American 306 (March 2012), 24–25, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nature-that-nurtures.

43. S. Sherman, J. Varni, R. Ulrich, V. Malcarne, “Post-occupancy evaluation of healing gardens in a pediatric cancer center,” Landscape and Urban Planning 73, no. 2 (October 2005), 167–83.

44. R. S. Ulrich, O. Lunden, and J. L. Eltinge, “Effects of exposure to nature and abstract pictures on patients recovering from heart surgery,” Psychophysiology 30, suppl. 1 (1993), 7, cited in S. Mitrione, “Therapeutic responses to natural environments: Using gardens to improve health care,” Minnesota Medicine 91, no. 3 (March 2008), 31–34, http://www.minnesotamedicine.com/PastIssues/PastIssues2008/March2008/ClinicalMitrioneMarch2008/tabid/2488/Default.aspx.

45. One ongoing study is tracking the responses of people who are shown scenes of blue (water) environments while cycling on stationary bicycles indoors. Mat White reports that there is “a lot less activity in the brain when the sea is shown… which tells us that it’s probably less stressful and more familiar to the core human being.”

46. D. Cracknell, M. P. White, S. Pahl, W. J. Nichols, and M. H. Depledge, “Sub-aquatic biodiversity and psychological well-being: a preliminary examination of dose-response effects in an aquarium setting,” Journal of Environmental Psychology, in press.

47. A. Katcher, H. Segal, and A. Beck, “Comparison of contemplation and hypnosis for the reduction of anxiety and discomfort during dental surgery,” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 27, no. 1 (1984), 14–21, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00029157.1984.10402583#preview.

48. Bryan C. Pijanowski, Luis J. Villanueva-Rivera, Sarah L. Dumyahn, Almo Farina, Bernie L. Krause, Brian M. Napoletano, Stuart H. Gage, and Nadia Pieretti, “Soundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape,” BioScience 61, no. 3 (March 2011), 203–16, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.6.

49. Lisa Goines and Louis Hagler, “Noise Pollution: A Modern Plague,” Southern Medical Journal, 100 (March 2007), 287–94.

50. E. van Kempen and W. Babisch, “The quantitative relationship between road traffic noise and hypertension: a meta-analysis,” Journal of Hypertension 30, no. 6 (June 2012), 1075–86; M. Sorensen, Z. J. Andersen, R. B. Nordsborg, S. S. Jensen, K. G. Lillelund, R. Beelen, E. B. Schmidt, A. Tjonneland, K. Overvad, and O. Raaschou-Nielsen, “Road traffic noise and incident myocardial infarction: a prospective cohort study, PLoS One 7, no. 6 (20 June 2012), http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039283; D. Prasher, “Is there evidence that environmental noise is immunotoxic?,” Noise Health 11, no. 44 (July-September 2009), 151–55.

51. W. Passchier-Vermeer and W. F. Passchier, “Noise exposure and public health.” Environmental Health Perspectives 108, supp. 1 (March 2000), 123–31.

52. While there are many studies on the effects of music on mood, relaxation, and concentration, the number of studies utilizing nature sounds is much smaller. One is J. J. Alvarsson, S. Wiens, and M. E. Nilsson, “Stress recovery during exposure to nature sound and environmental noise,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, no. 3 (March 2010), 1036–46.

53. The sounds of oceans, rain, wind, and so on usually have more energy at low frequencies than at high (Voss and Clarke, 1975), and feature slow temporal modulations (Attias & Schreiner, 1997; Singh & Theunissen, 2003), rather than prominent modulations in the roughness range.

54. Chiba University researcher Dr. Yoshifumi Miyazaki and colleagues demonstrated that creek sounds can induce changes in blood flow in the brain indicative of a relaxed state, opposite of what is encountered during mental and cognitive stress and exhaustion. Y. Tsunetsugu, B.-J. Park, and Y. Miyazaki, “Trends in research related to ‘Shinrin-yoku’ (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing) in Japan,” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 2010), 27–37. Also described in E. M. Selhub and A. C. Logan, Your Brain On Nature: The Science of Nature’s Influence on Your Health, Happiness and Vitality (Mississauga, Ontario: Wiley, 2012), 97.

55. A 1992 study in Huntsville, Alabama, had postoperative coronary artery bypass graft patients listen to ocean sounds at night in the recovery ward. They reported better sleep depth, awakening, return to sleep, quality of sleep, and total sleep scores. J. W. Williamson, “The effects of ocean sounds on sleep after coronary artery bypass graft surgery,” American Journal of Critical Care 1, no. 1 (July 1992), 91–97, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1307884.

56. A. N. Abd El Aziz, K. Jahangir, Y. Kobayashi, F. Norliyana, and Jamil A. Amad, “Evaluation of the Effect of Preoperative Natural Water Fountain Melody on Teenagers’ Behavior—Preliminary Study,” American Journal of Sociological Research 2, no. 4 (2012), 78–81, http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.sociology.20120204.04.html.

57. M. D. Hunter, S. B. Eickhoff, R. J. Pheasant, M. J. Douglas, G. R. Watts, T. F. D. Farrow, D. Hyland, J. Kang, I. D. Wilkinson, K. V. Horoshenkov, and P. W. R. Woodruff, “The state of tranquility: Subjective perception is shaped by contextual modulation of auditory connectivity,” Neuroimage 53 (2010), 611.

58. L. S. Berk and B. Bittman, “A video presentation of music, nature’s imagery and positive affirmations as a combined eustress paradigm modulates neuroendocrine hormones,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 19, suppl. (1997), 174.

59. Jian Kang, Urban Sound Environment (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2007).

60. Top-selling sound machines feature ocean, rain, waterfall, heartbeat, and rainforest settings.

61. Just as the smiley face emoticon :-) can now elicit a neural response similar to that of a human face, so might those small fishbowls with faux pirate treasure and ceramic sea turtles suggest their much larger real-world analogue. Douglas Main, “Human Brains Now Understand Smiley Emoticon Like A Real Face,” Scientific American, 10 February 2014, http://www.popsci.com/article/science/human-brains-now-understand-smiley-emoticon-real-face.

62. Lumosity website, http://www.lumosity.com/about, accessed 22 February 2014.

63. Posit Science website, http://www.positscience.com/, accessed 22 February 2014.

64. At the 2014 Digital Kids Conference, the media research firm the Michael Cohen Group presented results of a nationwide survey that polled 350 parents about play habits of their children twelve and younger. Touchscreens ranked highest, with 60 percent of parents claiming their child uses a touchscreen “often” and roughly 38 percent claiming “very often,” beating out kids’ toys such as dolls and action figures, arts and crafts, and construction-based toys, which all had a roughly 50 percent usage rate on the poll. Gaming consoles were at 50 percent, and other simple children’s toys such as vehicles, puzzles, and board games were closer to 40 percent, http://mcgrc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MCGRC_Digital-Kids-Presentation_0220142.pdf.

65. C. M. Tennessen and B. Cimprich, “Views to nature: effects on attention,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15, no. 1 (1995), 77–85, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0272494495900160.

66. R. A. Atchley, D. L. Strayer, and P. Atchley, “Creativity in the wild: improving creative reasoning through immersion in natural settings,” PLoS One 7, no. 12 (2012), e51474, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051474.

67. T. Hartig, M. Mang, and G. W. Evans, “Restorative effects of natural environment experiences,” Environment and Behavior 23, no. 1 (1991), 3–26, http://eab.sagepub.com/content/23/1/3.abstract.

68. Terrapin Bright Green LLC, “The Economics of Biophilia: Why Designing with Nature in Mind Makes Financial Sense,” white paper (New York: Terrapin Bright Green, 2012), 13, http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/downloads/The%20Economics%20of%20Biophilia_Terrapin%20Bright%20Green%202012e.pdf.

69. S. Kaplan, “The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15, no. 3 (September 1995), 169–82, http://willsull.net/resources/KaplanS1995.pdf.

70. M. Berman, J. Jonides, and S. Kaplan, “The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature,” Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (December 2008), 1207–12, http://pss.sagepub.com/content/19/12/1207.abstract.

71. A recent Buildings magazine article notes how even green building approaches can degrade acoustics. “Acoustics: The Biggest Complaint in LEED-Certified Office Buildings,” http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/14557/title/acoustics-the-biggest-complaint-in-leed-certified-office-buildings.aspx.

72. Study described by Catherine Franssen at Blue Mind 2, 5 June 2012.

73. C. Zhong, A. Dijksterhuis, A. Galinsky, “The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Creativity,” Psychological Science 19, no. 9 (September 2008), 912–18, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02176.x.

74. B. Baird, J. Smallwood, M. D. Mrazek, J. W. Y. Kam, M. S. Franklin, and J. W. Schooler, “Inspired by distraction: mind wandering facilitates creative incubation,” Psychological Science 23, no. 10 (October 2012), 1117–22, http://pss.sagepub.com/content/23/10/1117.

75. Konrad Lorenz, King Solomon’s Ring: New Light on Animal Ways (New York: Penguin, 1997; first published by Thomas Y. Crowell, 1952), 15.

76. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, “Finding flow,” excerpted from Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books, 1997), in Psychology Today, 1 July 1997, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199707/finding-flow.

77. Steven Kotler, West of Jesus (New York: Bloomsbury, 2006), 138–39.

78. Janata is more apt to use the term “groove” than “flow” when referring to that particular neurological response to music.

79. Janata has shown that in musical flow we are engaging both the directed attention-focus networks of the brain and the positive emotion/memory/self-reflective default-mode network. “Even though these two networks seem to operate in opposition, if you think of situations we enjoy, they necessarily involve both,” he says.

80. Interview with Ellen Langer by Alison Beard, “Mindfulness in the Age of Complexity,” Harvard Business Review, March 2014.

81. Matt Richtel, “Outdoors and out of reach, studying the brain,” The New York Times, 15 August 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/16/technology/16brain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

82. Quoted in Richard Louv, The Nature Principle: Human Restoration and the End of Nature-Deficit Disorder (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin, 2011), 36.

83. R. W. Emerson, The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Brooks Atkinson (New York: Modern Library, 1964), 901.

Chapter 8: Only Connect

1. “MIDWAY: A Message from the Gyre, a short film by Chris Jordan,” http://vimeo.com/25563376.

2. Matthieu Ricard is a Buddhist monk who left a scientific career as a molecular biologist in France to study Buddhism in the Himalayas more than forty years ago. He’s been the French interpreter for His Holiness the Dalai Lama since 1989. Matthieu donates the proceeds from his work and much of his time to thirty humanitarian projects in Asia.

3. The phrase “implanted with electrodes” likely activated your empathy for macaques!

4. J. M. Kilner, A. Neal, N. Weiskopf, K. J. Friston, and C. D. Frith, “Evidence of mirror neurons in human inferior frontal gyrus,” The Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 32 (13 August 2009), 10153–59, http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/32/10153.short.

5. Siegel, Mindsight, 61 (see chap. 3, n. 15).

6. U. Dimberg and M. Thunberg, “Empathy, emotional contagion, and rapid facial reactions to angry and happy facial expressions,” PsyCh Journal 1, no. 2 (2012), 118–27, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pchj.4/abstract.

7. C. Nicholson, “Q&A: Art Glenberg, on how the body affects the mind,” Smart Planet 09 (8 March 2013), http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/pure-genius/qa-art-glenberg-on-how-the-body-affects-the-mind.

8. C. Lamm, J. Decety, and T. Singer, “Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain,” Neuroimage 54, no. 3 (1 February 2011), 2492–502, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20946964.

9. T. H. Huxley, “Goethe: Aphorisms on Nature,” Nature 1, no. 1 (4 November 1869), 1, http://www.nature.com/nature/about/first/aphorisms.html.

10. A. J. Howell, R. L. Dopko, H. Passmore, and K. Buro, “Nature connectedness: associations with well-being and mindfulness,” Personality and Individual Differences 15, no. 2 (July 2011), 166–71, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886911001711.

11. N. Weinstein, A. K. Przybylski, and R. M. Ryan, “Can nature make us more caring? Effects of immersion in nature on intrinsic aspirations and generosity,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35 (October 2009), 1315–29, http://psp.sagepub.com/content/35/10/1315.abstract.

12. Gallagher, The Power of Place, 210 (see chap. 3, n. 14).

13. Sigurd F. Olson, The Singing Wilderness (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 8.

14. Siegel, Mindsight, 232.

15. A. Juric, “Why we are called to the wild,” Inner Landscapes for Inner Explorers blog, 14 June 2013, http://www.innerlandscapes.org/blog/2013/6/14/why-we-are-called-to-the-wild.html.

16. M. N. Shiota, D. Keltner, and A. Mossman, “The nature of awe: elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept,” Cognition and Emotion 21, no. 5 (2007), 944–63, http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/dacherkeltner/docs/shiota.2007.pdf.

17. S. R. Kellert with the assistance of V. Derr, A National Study of Outdoor Wilderness Experience (Washington, D.C.: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1998), cited in P. Heintzman, “Spiritual outcomes of wilderness experience: a synthesis of recent social science research,” Park Science 28, no. 90 (Winter 2011–12), 89–92.

18. Z. Josipovic, I. Dinstein, J. Weber, and D. J. Heeger, “Influence of meditation on anti-correlated networks in the brain,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 5 (2012), 183, http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00183/abstract.

19. L. M. Fredrickson and D. H. Anderson, “A qualitative exploration of the wilderness experience as a source of spiritual inspiration,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 19 (1999), 21–39, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494498901104.

20. A. H. Maslow, Preface to Religions, Values, and Peak-Experiences (New York: Viking, 1970; reprint Penguin, 1994), xvi.

21. A. H. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being (New York: Start Publishing, Kindle edition, 2012), Kindle locations 1539–40.

22. See L. Smith, “A qualitative analysis of profound wildlife encounters,” Journal of Dissertation 1, no. 1 (2007), http://www.scientificjournals.org/journals2007/articles/1194.pdf; E. Hoffman, “What was Maslow’s view of peak-experiences?,” Psychology Today blog, 4 September 2011, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-peak-experience/201109/what-was-maslows-view-peak-experiences; M. McDonald, S. Wearing, and J. Ponting, “The nature of peak experiences in Wilderness,” The Humanistic Psychologist 37 (2009), 370–85, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08873260701828912?journalCode=hthp20#preview; and Fredrickson and Anderson, “A qualitative exploration.”

23. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, Kindle locations 1583–84.

24. J. Yogis, Saltwater Buddha: A Surfer’s Quest to Find Zen on the Sea (Somerville, MA: Wisdom, 2009), 157.

25. K. S. Bricker and D. L. Kerstetter, “Symbolic uses of river recreation resources: whitewater boaters’ special places on the South Fork of the American River,” in Water and People: Challenges at the Interface of Symbolic and Utilitarian Values, S. F. McCool, R. J. Clark, and G. H. Stankey, eds. (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 2008), 161–62.

26. My cousin Matt Claybaugh has led an Ocean Wilderness Therapy program for the state of Hawaii serving youth at risk as well as adults. “In twenty years of taking people to sea, sail trainees from ages 4 to 80, I have yet to return when there wasn’t a feeling of personal transformation shared by all,” he told me.

27. Eastern religions use many ocean metaphors to describe the mind. The name Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dalai Lama, has the word for ocean in it twice (roughly meaning Ocean Wisdom, Ocean Teacher).

28. In 1929 Freud wrote about what his friend (Rolland, uncredited) believed was the “true source of religious sentiments”: “It is a feeling which he would like to call a sensation of ‘eternity,’ a feeling as of something limitless, unbounded—as it were, ‘oceanic.’ ” Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. J. Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1961), 11.

29. Euripides, “Iphigenia in Tauris,” in The Complete Greek Drama, trans. R. Potter (New York: Random House, 1938), line 1193, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0112%3Acard%3D1153.

30. E. Woody, “People of the River—People of the Salmon, Wana Thlama-Nusuxmí Tanánma,” in Water and People, 183.

31. I. Foster, Wilderness, a Spiritual Antidote to the Everyday: A Phenomenology of Spiritual Experiences in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, master’s thesis (Missoula: University of Montana, 2012), p. 65, http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06262012-124555/unrestricted/Foster.pdf.

32. Ibid., 147.

33. Ibid., 242.

34. Ibid., 150. Quote edited for style.

35. Ibid., 207. Quote edited for style.

36. M. Foster, “Bluefin Tuna Sells for Incredible Record $1.76 Million at Tokyo Fish Auction (VIDEO),” Huffington Post Food, 1 January 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/05/bluefin-tuna-sells-for-incredible-record-tokyo-fish-auction_n_2415722.html?view=screen.

37. http://www.catalinaop.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=b_w1, accessed 25 February 2014.

38. M. Foster.

39. S. K. Narula, “Sushinomics: how bluefin tuna became a million-dollar fish,” The Atlantic, January 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/sushinomics-how-bluefin-tuna-became-a-million-dollar-fish/282826.

40. J. Adelman and A. Mukai, “Tuna sold at record price is overfished, study says,” Bloomberg News, 8 January 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-09/tuna-species-sold-at-record-price-faces-overfishing-study-says.html.

41. “Price of bluefin tuna falls at Tokyo auction,” Associated Press, reported in The Guardian, 5 January 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/05/bluefin-tuna-tokyo-auction.

42. Ibid.

43. Along the 2.5-mile walk from the hotel to the venue to give a TED talk at a 2009 conference in Santa Monica about plastic pollution, I counted (and picked up) 346 pieces of plastic from the street and sidewalk.

44. http://www.sandiego.gov/thinkblue/news/videos.shtml, accessed 26 February 2014.

45. M. Roberts, “The touchy-feely (but totally scientific!) methods of Wallace J. Nichols,” Outside, December 2011, http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/nature/The-Touchy-Feely-But-Totally-Scientific-Methods-Of-Wallace-J-Nichols.html.

46. B. Latané and J. M. Darley, “Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10, no. 3 (1968), 215–21, http://psych.princeton.edu/psychology/research/darley/pdfs/Group%20Inhibition.pdf.

47. M. van Vugt, “Are we hardwired to damage the environment?” Psychology Today blog, 20 June 2012, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/naturally-selected/201206/are-we-hardwired-damage-the-environment.

48. L. T. Harris and S. T. Fiske, “Social groups that elicit disgust are differentially processed in mPFC,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 1 (2007), 45–51, http://intl-scan.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/1/45.full.

49. O. Klimecki, M. Ricard, and T. Singer, “Empathy versus compassion: lessons from 1^st and 3^rd person methods,” in Compassion: Bridging Practice and Science, T. Singer and M. Bolz, eds. (Munich: Max Planck Society, 2013), 279.

50. For a summary of research on this topic, see F. Warneken, “The development of altruistic behavior: helping in children and chimpanzees,” Social Research 80, no. 2 (Summer 2013), 431–42.

51. J. A. Grant, “Being with pain: a discussion of meditation-based analgesia,” in Compassion: Bridging Practice and Science, 265.

52. Ashar et al., “Towards a neuroscience of compassion: a brain systems-based model and research agenda,” in press (available at waterlab.colorado.edu/files/Ashar_et_al_Neurosci_of_Compassion_in_press.pdf), accessed 7 February 2014, p. 3.

53. C. A. Hutcherson, E. M. Seppala, and J. L. Gross, “Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness,” Emotion 8, no. 5 (2008), 720–24.

54. Ibid., 1177.

55. D. DeSteno, “The morality of meditation: gray matter,” New York Times, 5 July 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/07/opinion/sunday/the-morality-of-meditation.html?_r=0.

56. Although in 1980 country music recording artist Eddie Rabbitt found fame and fortune by essentially repeating the phrase “I Love a Rainy Night”: “Well, I love a rainy night, It’s such a beautiful sight, I love to feel the rain on my face, taste the rain on my lips… Showers washed all my cares away, I wake up to a sunny day ’cos I love a rainy night, yeah, I love a rainy night!”

57. T. Roszak, “Where psyche meets Gaia,” in Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind, ed. T. Roszak (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1995), 16.

58. C. Swain, “You’ve got to get wet,” in Oceans, Jon Bowermaster, ed. (New York: PublicAffairs, 2010), 258.

59. Gallagher, The Power of Place, 214 (see chap. 3, n. 14).

60. J. Macy, “Working through environmental despair,” in Ecopsychology, 253–54.

61. P. Lehner, “BP Oil disaster at one year: grasping the regional economic impacts,” Switchboard: National Resources Defense Council Staff blog, 13 April 2011, http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/plehner/gulf_fishing_and_tourism_indus.htm.

62. A. Casselman, “A year after the spill, ‘unusual’ rise in health problems,” National Geographic News, 20 April 2011, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/04/110420-gulf-oil-spill-anniversary-health-mental-science-nation.

63. “New Clinical-Disaster Research Center,” press release, University of Mississippi Department of Psychology, undated, http://psychology.olemiss.edu/psychology-team-conducts-research-on-bp-oil-spill-aftermath/, accessed 27 February 2014.

64. L. M. Grattan, S. Roberts, W. T. Mahan Jr., P. K. McLaughlin, W. S. Otwell, and J. G. Morris Jr., “The early psychological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on Florida and Alabama communities,” Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (2011), 838–43, http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1002915.

65. Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous, x (see chap. 4, n. 5).

66. D. Kahan, “Fixing the communications failure,” Nature 463 (2010), 296–97.

67. For a full description of this lesson, see D. Goleman, L. Bennet, and Z. Bartow, Ecoliterate: How Educators Are Cultivating Emotional, Social, and Ecological Intelligence (New York: Jossey-Bass, 2012), 1–2.

68. Kirsten Weir, “Your cheating brain,” New Scientist, 21 (March 2014), 35–37.

69. A. Grant, Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success (New York: Viking, 2013), 166.

70. K. J. Wyles, S. Pahl, M. White, S. Morris, D. Cracknell, and R. C. Thompson, “Towards a marine mindset: visiting an aquarium can improve attitudes and intentions regarding marine sustainability,” Visitor Studies 16, no. 1 (2013), 95–110.

71. Bem is perhaps best known for his controversial parapsychology claims. I can’t speak to that research, but his insight into other aspects of the mind and behavior were widely praised, and on this point I think he’s incredibly perceptive.

72. T. D. Wilson, “We are what we do,” in This Explains Everything: Deep, Beautiful, and Elegant Theories of How the World Works, John Brockman, ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 2013), 354–55.

73. Quoted in Gallagher, The Power of Place, 216 (see chap. 3, n. 14).

74. David Foster Wallace, A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again (New York: Little, Brown, 1997), 262.

75. I. Keskinen, “Fear of the water and how to overcome it,” paper presented at the Australian Swimming Coaches and Teachers Association (ASCTA) Convention, Broadbeach, Australia, May 2000, http://users.jyu.fi/~ikeskine/artikkeli1.htm.

76. R. Louv, The Nature Principle, 44–45 (see chap. 7, n. 76).

77. David Gelles, “The Mind Business,” Financial Times, 24 August 2012.

Chapter 9: A Million Blue Marbles

1. LeBaron Meyers is vice president for strategic partnerships at UrbanDaddy, a company that makes an extremely popular smartphone app that quickly guides undecided urbanites to the hippest nightlife and eatery options in cities around the world, based on self-ranking of the user’s instantaneous, changing interests and mood. She called that glass blue marble a “killer app.”

2. The sequels to James Cameron’s box-office-record-setting film Avatar are water themed, but it’s the “King of the World” scene in Titanic, with a young Leonardo DiCaprio in the bow of the ship, arms outstretched and face to the sky, that stands out as one of the ultimate cinematographic Blue Mind moments, http://www.imdb.com/video/imdb/vi2676989977.

3. Ben Freiman is a high school senior who was born in Monterey, California, and never truly left the sea behind. He was recognized as an Ocean Hero by Save Our Shores for his tireless work to keep our coast clean, and gave a speech at his bar mitzvah to spread ocean awareness, which led to his attendance at the first Blue Mind conference. Since then, he has taken a high school marine biology course and hopes to continue studying in this field and broadening the world’s appreciation of the gift of the ocean.

4. A. Reinert, “The blue marble shot: our first complete photograph of Earth,” The Atlantic, 12 April 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/the-blue-marble-shot-our-first-complete-photograph-of-earth/237167.

5. Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (New York: Random House, 1994), 6, 7.

6. Giordano Bruno was an itinerant, rebellious, misfit, and insatiably curious sixteenth-century Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, and poet known most for his cosmological theories. Among other ideas, he proposed that the sun was just a star moving in space and that the universe included an infinite number of worlds populated by intelligent beings. For these and other heretical ideas Bruno was tried, found guilty, and in 1600 burned at the stake by the Roman Inquisition. By our modern definition Bruno isn’t considered to have been a scientist, although later scholars and commentators regarded him as a martyr for free thought and modern scientific ideas. Neil deGrasse Tyson included a depiction of Bruno’s story in the remake of the PBS series Cosmos, from which this quote was sourced.