Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
- An Account of the Fair Intellectual-Club of Edinburgh, 1720, 207, 208–209, 212, 215, 217–218, 262n5, 264n13, 264n17
- Accumulation, 132
- Aesthetic poetry, 186
- Aesthetics
- histories of, 186–187
- as keyword for culture, 186
- as matters of taste, 135
- of sense vs. taste, 189
- Agency
- and history, 62–63
- and history of ideas, 89–90
- and the modern subject, 58, 62–63
- Algee-Hewitt, Mark, 49, 241, 250n1, 260n17
- Algorithm
- and Darwin, 2, 72, 229–231, 233–235, 237, 265n7
- and doubling, 231
- and reality, 233
- and speed, 234–235
- and system, 24, 229–230, 233, 239
- Alphabet, 42, 111, 128
- Alphabetization, 111, 128
- Alsted, Johann Heinrich
- Encyclopaedia, 27, 107
- and Ramus, 38
- Systema Mnemonicum Duplex, 27
- Systema Systematum, 27
- Ancients vs. moderns, 18–19, 44
- Anthologies, 181
- Antiquarianism, 109
- Appendix, 135, 136
- Apple computer, and invisibility vs. augmentation, 222
- Arblaster, Anthony, 168–169
- Aristotle, 18, 85, 94, 255n11
- Arnold, Matthew, 173, 177, 182, 185
- Asiatic Society, 59
- Augmentation, 215, 217, 222, 223
- Austen, Jane, 160, 181
- Emma, 198
- and modern self, 198
- Author, the, 66, 174, 188
- Authorship
- and culture, 185
- and the subject, 205
- Autobiography
- and confession, 177–178, 260n20
- and development, 195–196, 198, 260n20
- and life, 195–199
- and the subject, 183
- and vitae, 199
- Autopoiesis, 58, 63
- Babbage, Charles, 236, 237
- Bacon, Francis
- Advancement of Learning, 25, 26, 27
- aphorisms and essays, 90, 132
- and good fortune, 44, 256n1
- The Great Instauration, 3, 39, 45, 110, 250n8
- Great Renewal, 68–69
- and guesswork, 84
- handshake, 25, 26, 28–29, 59, 103, 126
- and histories, 45, 48, 59, 65, 67, 75
- and idols of mind, 44, 84
- and imagination, 82, 86, 157
- and knowing and making, 26
- and literary history, 4–5, 65–66, 71
- and method, 19
- and new resources, 12, 18–19, 44
- Novum Organum, 26–27, 40, 45, 75, 250n8
- plan for the advancement of knowledge, 9, 12, 20, 26, 44–48, 57, 73, 84
- scaling up, 39–40
- and system, 20, 28–29, 40, 73, 75, 90–91, 154
- and things as they are, 39, 47–48, 75, 82, 84, 197
- and tools, 68–69
- Bankes, Thomas, 54, 55, 56, 59
- Barbauld, Anna, 158–159, 160, 163, 181–182, 258n7
- Baumgarten, Alexander, 186
- Bayes, Thomas, 124
- Bayle, Peter, Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, 74, 113–114
- Bazerman, Charles, 101
- Belcher, William, Intellectual Electricity, 126–127, 129, 130–131
- Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert, 20–22
- Bell Laboratories, 49, 242
- Bender, John, 51
- Bentham, Jeremy, 150
- Berkeley, George, 108
- Big books, 36, 233–234, 251n16
- Biographical histories, 114
- Biography, 114–115
- Biology, call for new, 64–65
- Blackmore, Richard, 76
- Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 187
- Blake, William, 203
- Jerusalem, 176
- The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, 178
- Blaming the system. See also System, as object of blame; System, The, blaming
- and blaming the self, 205
- and Enlightenment, 76
- and Liberalism, 166, 170, 171
- politics as, 163–168
- politics of, 156–163
- Born, Daniel, 170
- Boundaries
- and content, 28, 30, 37
- and system, 7, 29–30, 37, 58, 103
- Boyle, Robert, 33, 53
- Branches
- of knowledge, 128
- of learning, 109
- Brigham, Linda C., 58
- Britain
- and institutional reform, 165–167
- Reform Bill, 167–168, 170
- system and politics in, 74
- system and print in, 74
- technological revolution, 190–191
- war with France and inflation, 165–166
- British Museum, 119, 256n20
- Brown, Homer, 158–159
- Bruce, Fergus, 220–222
- Buchan, James, 126
- Burke, Edmund, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful, 186, 187, 188
- Burke, Peter, A Social History of Knowledge, 71–72
- Burton, John, 110–111, 132, 256n16
- Butler, Marilyn, 258n4
- Byron, Lord, Don Juan, 176, 180–181
- Calculus
- invention of, 254n4
- in music, 254n5
- and system, 93, 239
- Canonization, 67
- Capitalism, 48, 58, 63, 164, 165, 169, 219
- Carley, Kathleen, 211
- Cassirer, Ernst, 90
- Chambers, Ephraim, Cyclopedia, 85–89, 91, 100, 103, 111, 121, 128, 254n5
- Clark, Peter, British Clubs and Societies, 212
- Clark, William, 53
- Classification, 112, 114, 174
- Close reading, 67, 184
- Clubs
- and the associational world, 212
- and conferences, 218–219
- and interfaces, 206–218
- self-regulation, 217
- as social incarnations of system, 217–218
- Cobbett, William, 166
- Cockney School, 176, 180
- Cohen, I. B., 254n8, 255n13
- Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 61, 135, 180, 186–188
- Collection, 109, 111, 112, 119, 256n20
- Collins, William, 186, 258n6
- Commentary, 84
- Completeness, 131–132, 142
- Complexity and simplicity, 151
- Computable universe, informational nature of, 77
- A Computable Universe: Understanding and Exploring Nature as Computation (Zenil), 3, 237
- Computation, 206
- Computational universe, 7, 72, 238–239
- Computer mouse, 222–223
- Computer programming, 229
- Computer science, 210
- Computer systems, handshake for, 29
- Condillac, Abbé de, 74, 104, 105, 133
- Conferences, 218–219
- Conjectural histories, 172, 261n3
- Consilience, 227, 236
- Conversation, 132, 137, 217, 218–219
- Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, 9, 20–21, 22, 27, 237
- Copyright, 70, 95
- Cotes, Roger, 87, 157
- Crabbe, George, 181, 260n12
- Crick, Francis, 232
- Criticism
- professionalization of, 181
- and Wordsworth, 184
- Cross referencing, 86, 111, 113
- Culture
- and authors, 185
- as critical taste, 186
- and difference, 172
- doubling of, 172–173
- and Enlightenment, 172
- first use of term in modern sense, 171
- and formal structure of system, 172
- high, 173
- and history of blame, 173
- instituting of, 189
- and literature, 173–175, 195
- and sublime, 260n17
- superiority, and empire building, 194
- and system, 189
- totalizing function of, 172
- Culture of diagram, 51
- Cummings, Robert, 250n10
- Cybernetics, 49
- d’Alembert, Jean Le Rond, 111
- Dancing
- and modernity, 218–224
- and women, 220–222
- Dards, Mrs., 54–55
- Darwin, Charles
- and algorithmic systems, 2, 72, 229–231, 233–235, 237, 265n7
- and “if/then” format, 230–231
- and Malthus, 230
- On the Origin of Species, 64
- and the “universal acid
- and the Whole Enchilada, 228–229, 234–235
- Darwinian evolution, 64–65
- Dawkins, Richard, 210, 232, 263n6
- De Bolla, Peter, 54, 250n9
- Deconstruction, 171, 259n2
- Dedisciplinary, 235
- Deduction, 40, 179
- Demonstration, 97–99
- Dennett, Daniel, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, 228–231, 236
- Departments, English, 61–62, 135, 173, 175, 191
- DeQuincey, Thomas, “The Poetry of Pope
- Derrida, Jacques, 171, 201, 259n2, 260n20
- Descartes, René, 104, 252n1
- Deutsch, David
- and Constructor Theory, 253n13
- and explanations, 41, 101
- and guesswork, 12, 82, 84, 88
- on knowledge, 41–42
- and knowledge and the world, 264n1
- and virtual reality, 232–233
- Development
- and autobiography, 195–196, 198, 260n20
- history as, 63
- and modern subject, 183, 198
- Diagrams
- culture of, 51
- percent of texts with the search term “system,” 18, 241–242, 250n1
- of report and title page, 207–208
- scholastic, 56, 85
- tectonic maps, 49–57, 242–245
- tree, 38–39, 128
- Dialectic
- and Hegel and Marx, 62
- and the quantitative, 38
- of Scholasticism, 19
- Diderot, Denis, 86, 111
- Digital humanities, 252n3
- Digital retroaction, 206
- Disciplinarity, 44, 61–62, 130, 182, 257n2, 257n5
- Discipline
- and change, 228
- distinction between humanistic and scientific, 62
- formation of, 61–62
- narrow-but-deep areas of specialization, 5, 53, 56, 67, 129–130, 149, 164, 205
- of subjects, 149
- Disinterestedness, 179
- DNA, 232
- The Earth’s Motion and Sun’s Stability (Paolo Anonio Foscarini), 20–21
- Ebola, 210–211, 263n7
- Edinburgh Review, 89, 115, 128, 159–160, 179, 182
- Education, as system, 149
- Edwards, Paul, 6–7
- Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO), 50, 241, 245
- Einstein, Albert, 20
- Electronic databases, 18, 23–24, 33
- Electronic medium, relationship to print medium, 27
- Electronic technologies, and clubs, 219–220
- Ellison, Joseph, 168
- Embedding
- as end in itself, 132
- of philosophy into poetry, 180
- and specialization, 121, 130–145
- and stretching, 138–142
- of systems in essay, 131, 153
- of systems into other forms, 129–130, 150, 154, 159–160
- of systems in verse, 130, 133, 134–135, 190
- of systems within systems, 115, 116–119
- Encyclopedia, and master systems, 128
- Encyclopedia Britannica
- definition of history in 1771, 46–47
- and emergence, 112
- protodisciplinary systems, 56–57, 128–129, 149
- turn toward system, 111–112
- Encyclopédie, 74, 86, 126, 128
- Encyclopedism, 7, 41
- Engelbart, Douglas
- and augmentation, 215, 217, 222, 223
- Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework, 206, 207, 208, 219
- and energy flow into outside world, 217
- H-LAM/T (Human using Language, Artifacts, Methodology, in which he is Trained), 207, 208
- and improvement, 209, 217
- and “system-engineering problem
- and the windows and mouse desktop, 222–224
- English Literature, 136, 173, 184, 191
- “English system, the,” 74, 164–165
- Enlightenment
- and blaming the system, 76
- and culture, 172
- empirical philosophy, 198
- encyclopedic scaling up of systems, 12, 41, 129
- engine of, 93
- as event in history of mediation, 69, 120
- and genres, 1–3
- and guesswork, 88
- and idea that the world could be known, 92, 231
- vs. Romanticism, 257n2
- and saturation, 254n2
- Scottish, 74
- social function of knowledge in, 257n2
- and system, 2, 18, 72, 110, 121
- Wordsworth and, 185, 190
- Epic, loss of power, 157, 258n6
- Epistemological visualism, 28
- Epistemology. See also Knowledge
- and confidence, 125, 189
- and consensus, 219
- and disciplinarity, 236
- and guesswork, 82, 84
- and the self, 195
- and system, 20, 27–28
- Error correction, 41, 88, 101, 138
- Esprit de système, 74, 90
- Esprit systèmatique, 74, 90
- Essay
- as discrete addition to knowledge, 132
- embedding of systems in, 131, 153
- percentage of eighteenth-century titles containing essay vs. essays, 247
- vs. system, 33–35, 71–72
- toward system, 111, 131, 132
- Ewing, Thomas, 143
- Experimental history, 40, 75, 110
- Experimental Philosophy Club, 164
- Explanation, 41, 101, 132, 249n2
- Facebook, 219
- Face-to-face interaction, 211–212, 263n9, 263n10
- Fair Intellectual-Club
- and “character of members,” 221–222, 235
- and conversation, 209
- and dancing, 220–222
- and harangue, 209, 210, 215–216
- and improvement, 209, 212, 214, 219
- “Order and Method
- rules and constitution of, 209, 215, 216
- and Scotland, 208–213, 214, 221–222
- social function, 219
- and writing, 209–210, 212, 214, 217
- Feingold, Mordechai, 103
- Feminism, 170
- Fiction, in system, 157
- Field, 59
- Fielding, Henry
- Joseph Andrews, 157
- Tom Jones, 43, 44, 60, 157
- Findlen, Paula, 256n20
- Fischer, David, 165–166
- Fixed stars, 82–83
- Fletcher, Andrew, 258n7
- Forman, Simon, 18, 250n3
- Foscarini, Paolo Anonio, 21
- Foucault, Michel, 257n6
- France, system in, 74
- Frankenstein syndrome, 69
- Frankfurt School, 69
- The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, 229
- French Revolution, 156, 196
- Galileo
- The Assayer, 97–98
- contrast of philosophers to historians, 46
- Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems, 10, 27
- discussion of Copernicus, 20–22, 76
- The Earth’s Motion and Sun’s Stability, 20–21
- History and Demonstrations Concerning Sunspots, 18
- and mathematical language, 97–98
- and method, 20, 22
- publication strategy, 249n6
- relationship to his tools, 17–19
- Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger), 1, 2, 4, 8–10, 22–23
- spyglass, 12, 19–20, 22, 237
- “System of the World,” 7, 10, 20
- and systems within systems, 20, 22, 27, 29, 37, 46, 55, 57–58
- Gaskell, Peter, 170
- GEM (graph embedder) analysis, 244, 245
- Gender
- and doubling of culture, 259n4
- and Fair Intellectual-Club, 209–222
- and genre, 204
- and knowledge, 254n9
- and liberalism, 168–170
- and Polwhele’s attack, 170
- Generic platform, of system and history, 53, 57
- Genre
- definitions, 30, 251n14
- dynamism, 2
- as empirical not logical, 30, 85
- as form of mediation, 70, 89
- generic embedding, 34, 36
- as groupings that change over time, 30, 48, 85
- history as, 43, 46
- interrelations with other genres, 2, 34–35, 68, 92
- origin in proliferation of print, 32
- system as, 1–3, 29–36, 89
- of transactions, 60
- Gibbon, Edward, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 56, 59, 62
- Gilmartin, Kevin, 166
- Gitelman, Lisa, 236
- Glorious Revolution, 74, 164
- Goclenius, Rodolphus, Lexicon Philosophicum, 46
- Godwin, William
- An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, 156–157, 215
- and Malthus, 131, 134, 153, 154–156
- “Of Avarice and Profusion
- system-in-a-novel, 159, 160–163
- Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams, 36, 47, 157, 160–163, 178, 205, 263n6
- Goldsmith, Oliver, The Present State of Polite Learning in Europe, 106–107
- Gothic, 186, 189
- Grady, Thomas, 149
- Granger, James, 114–115, 116, 132
- Grant, Edward, 94, 238
- Grassi, Orazio (pseud. Lothario Sarsi), 97–98
- Graveyard School, 186
- Gravity, 40, 95, 105
- Gray, John, 118
- Gray, Thomas, 186, 188
- Guesswork, 12, 73, 84, 85–88, 90, 96–97, 138
- Guillory, John, 70
- Hall, A. Rupert, 95
- Hall, Marie Boas, 95
- Halley, Edmond, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 254n8, 255n10
- Harding, Sandra, 254n9
- Hays, Mary
- advertisement, 136
- Appeal to the Men of Great Britain in Behalf of Women, 136–138, 139, 204–205
- Memoirs of Emma Courtney, 138–139
- and self, 173, 204–205
- and system, 130, 133
- from system to outline, 181
- Hazlitt, William, 184, 185, 190
- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 62
- Heliocentrism, 9, 21
- Heriot’s Hospital, Edinburgh, 208
- Hill, Aaron, 220
- Historia, 4, 12, 46, 67–68
- Historia: Empiricism and Erudition in Early Modern Europe (Pomata and Siraisi), 43, 46
- Historicity, 18
- History
- and adventures, 47–48
- and agency, 62–63
- and biography, 115
- causal narratives of, 63
- definition of in 1771, 46–47
- as development, 63
- and disciplines, 61–62
- and the empirical, 46–48, 54, 56
- experimental, 40, 75, 110
- as a genre, 43, 46, 48
- as historia, 4, 12, 46, 67–68
- within history, 68
- and literary history, 66, 67–68
- multiple histories, 5, 12, 40, 42, 43–48, 57, 67–68, 75, 90, 110, 228
- narrowing of, 60, 63
- and the novel, 60–61
- of science, 12, 88
- and system, tectonic proximity of, 43–57, 50, 52, 55
- and temporality, 56
- and things as they are, 62
- universal, 56, 57
- History of blame, 5, 75, 76–77, 154, 205, 235–236
- History of ideas
- and history of mediation, 69–71, 228, 258n4
- and human agency, 89–90, 254n9
- and idealism vs. materialism, 70
- and modern subject, 58, 62–63, 131
- as narcissism of modernity, 205
- rather than histories of a genre, 30, 43–44, 131, 254n9
- and sentiment, 123
- History of mediation, 68–74, 114, 120, 131
- Enlightenment as event in, 69, 120
- and formation of culture, 204
- and genre and knowledge, 254n9
- vs. history of ideas, 69–71, 228, 258n4
- and irony, 84
- and “Newtonian Moment
- and Romanticism, 177
- and system, 5, 13, 72, 89
- writing as primary form of mediation, 212
- History of the real, 5, 212, 228
- H-LAM/T (Human using Language, Artifacts, Methodology, in which he is Trained), 208
- Holt, Francis Ludlow, 143
- Hooke, Robert, 95–99
- Hopkins, Samuel, 121
- Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), 64
- Humanities, 173, 179
- Human sciences, systematizing of, 150, 185, 186, 261n3
- Human system
- and conversation, 261
- and Engelbart, 222
- and technology, 222
- Hume, David, 41, 108, 117, 126, 178, 185, 192, 260n8
- Hunt, Leigh, 176
- Hypothesis, 86–88, 89, 97–100
- Ideas. See also History of ideas
- disciplinary-specific histories of, 160
- vs. system, 29–34, 89, 160, 215
- “war of ideas,” 156, 258n4
- Improvement, 209, 212, 214, 219
- Induction, 82, 84, 88, 109
- Information
- vs. knowledge, 41–42
- and the real, 237
- Information visualization, 49, 241–245
- Infrastructure, 5–7
- Instituting, 13
- Institution, as part of encompassing system, 152
- Institutionalization, 151–152, 159
- Intellectual, and culture, 172
- Interdisciplinarity, 57, 227, 228
- Interfaces, and clubs, 206–218
- Inverse-square law, 95, 97, 102, 254n8
- Invisible hand, 124, 164, 169
- Jacobite Rebellion, 110, 213
- Jardine, Alexander, 26–27, 136
- Jeffrey, Francis, 89, 171, 176, 179, 201
- Johnson, Samuel, 71, 90
- and big books, 36
- definition of conversation, 218
- definition of dictionary, 111
- A Dictionary of the English Language, 7, 32–33, 110
- Rasselas, 158
- and systems made of anecdotes, 36–37
- Jones, Edward Thomas, 142
- Jones, William, “Discourse on the Institution” of the Asiatic Society, 59
- Jupiter, with four of its moons, 82–83
- Kant, Immanuel, 62–63, 185
- Kaoukji, N., 26–27
- Kaufer, David, 211
- Keats, John, 176
- Keckermann, Bartholomäus, 27, 38
- Keller, Evelyn Fox, 254n9
- Kelley, Donald R., 46, 53, 57, 62, 72–73, 161, 253n6
- Kelly, Kevin, 38, 152, 204, 217, 261n3, 266n10
- Kent, William, 111
- Kineograph, 23
- Knowable spaces, 40–41, 239
- Knowledge
- administration of, 6, 66
- aural vs. visual, 27–28
- branching model of, 129–130
- as complete, 165
- detached parts of, 57, 61, 129, 149
- division of, 44
- and gender, 254n9
- vs. information, 41–42
- literature of, 174
- long-form, 36
- and nature, 26
- organization of, 53, 112, 129–130, 227, 229, 257n2
- and power, 264n1
- and probable behaviors, 123–125, 153
- reorganization of, 53–54, 61, 126–130
- and self, 195–196
- shaping, 36–37
- short-form, 39
- that renders the world, 236
- that works in the world, 30
- threefold realm of, 173
- and truth, 122, 130
- and understanding, 126
- useful, 33, 122
- and virtual reality, 232
- visualizations of, 12, 49, 241–245
- Lake School, 176, 179–180
- Laski, Harold J., 169
- Laws
- of human nature, 196, 197, 198, 201, 260n20
- of nature, 40–41, 102, 109, 110
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 234, 254n4
- Levy, Anita, 170
- Liberalism
- logic of, 173
- and politics of blame, 166, 171
- and the system, 163–168
- and women, 168–170
- Liberal vs. conservative, 166
- LinkedIn, 219
- Literary history, 65–68, 174–175
- and The Author, 66, 174, 188
- Baconian, 4–5, 12, 65–66, 71
- narrowing of, 66–67
- and system, 173–174
- of system studies, 68
- tools of, 67
- Literary studies, 61–62, 191, 249n2
- Literary taste, 186, 187
- Literature
- and authors, 183
- cultural institution of, 173–175, 182
- disciplinary category of, 158
- doubling of culture into its high form, 185
- of knowledge, 174
- vs. literature, 173, 174
- of power, 174
- and Romanticism, 183
- as safe, 224
- Lives, 195
- Lloyd, Geoffrey, 53
- Lloyd, Seth, 237–238, 239
- Locke, John, Thoughts on Education, 91–92, 235–236
- Lower classes, 115, 133–134, 196, 230
- Luhmann, Niklas, 49, 58, 62, 68
- Lunar systems, 2, 20, 27, 29, 237
- Macaulay, Thomas, 167–168
- Mallet, David, 262n5
- Malthus, Thomas Robert
- An Essay on the Principle of Population, 36, 121, 130–131, 136
- and embedded systems, 130–131, 133–134, 149, 152–156, 230
- revision of Essay, 153
- and truth, 153
- Manley, Delarivier, title of 1714 work, 47
- Marrinan, Michael, 51
- Martin, Benjamin, 115, 116
- Marx, Karl, 62
- Mass market, 191
- Master systems, 115–121, 135–136
- eclipse of, 128–129, 131, 133, 164
- effects of making, 121
- and human sciences, 239
- Adam Smith and, 121–126
- Mathematics
- language of, 233
- and nature, 94
- and structure of the universe, 92
- McElroy, Davis D., 262n5
- McGann, Jerome, 260n12
- McLuhan, Marshall, 18, 27
- and print, 31–32
- and probes, 31–32
- McNally, David, 164
- Media, 69, 203
- Mediation. See also History of mediation
- genre as form of, 70, 89
- monsters of, 107
- and technological and the human, 261n3
- as work done by tools, 69
- Mellor, Anne, Mother of the Nation, 169
- Memory systems, 150
- Merquior, J. G., 164
- Metaphysics, 102–103
- Method
- and Francis Bacon, 19, 39–40, 44, 90, 254n3
- and the calculus, 93
- and commentary, 84
- and compiling systems, 27
- and Douglas Engelbart, 224
- and the Fair Intellectual-Club, 214–217, 222
- linked to France, 33
- and Galileo, 20, 22, 23
- and William Godwin, 161
- and Oliver Goldsmith, 106
- and Hume, 108
- and Thomas Macaulay, 167
- as a “machine
- of the mind, 22
- and Newton, 93, 96
- and Newtonian natural philosophy, 51
- and Sadie Plant and women, 220
- and Ramism, 38–39, 46
- and rhetoric, 254n3
- and the Royal Society, 219
- and scholasticism, 90
- and system, 105–106, 229
- and technology, 38
- and theory, 33
- as a “way through
- and John Wesley and conferences, 218–219
- Methodism, 218–219
- Michael, Ian, 191
- Middle-class culture, 194–195
- Mill, James, 142
- Mill, John Stuart, 168–169, 184
- Miracles, and religion, 178
- Mitchell, Joseph, 262n5
- Mitchell, Robert, 259n12
- Modernity
- and dancing, 218–224
- disciplines of, formation, 55–56
- and narcissism, 205
- and simplification through specialization, 136
- and system, 13, 151
- Modern subject
- and agency, 58, 62–63, 205
- and depth, 198–199
- and development, 183, 198
- and history of ideas, 58, 62–63, 131
- and the “I,” 183, 196, 204–205, 263
- and system, 58–59, 62
- and Wordsworth, 198, 205
- Mole, Tom, 139–140, 143
- Moore’s Law, 265n4
- Moral philosophy, 41, 123, 126, 192
- Moral sentiments, 41
- Morin, Edgar, 265n6
- Morrison, Charles, 143
- Morrison, James, 26, 264n1
- Museums, 119, 256n20
- Music
- calculus in, 254n5
- system in, 177, 254n5
- NASA, 81, 100
- Natural philosophy, 40, 95, 105, 126
- Natural sciences, 173
- Natural selection, 228–229
- Nature
- and knowledge, 26
- laws of, 40–41, 102, 109, 110
- and mathematics, 94
- and system, 110–112, 135
- Newton, Isaac
- “as if” exception, 93–95, 101–102, 110, 123
- and attitudes toward and use of system, 103
- “bodies in motion
- books of, 93–94
- and the calculus, 92–95, 99, 100, 239, 254n4
- vs. Descartes, 104
- “General Scholium,” 87, 104
- and God, 104–105, 255n13
- and guesswork, 73, 88, 96–97, 100, 104, 138, 201, 239
- and Halley, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 254n8, 255n10
- and Hooke, 95–99, 122, 254n8, 255n10
- and hypothesis, demonstration, and philosophy, 97–99
- and inclusion of System in the Principia, 95–99, 122
- mathematical style, 117, 123, 194–195
- and the metaphysical, 76
- as the “Newtonian System
- Opticks, 87, 101
- and philosophy and communication, 97–101
- Principia Mathematica, 94–101, 174
- publication record, 100–101
- and rules, 40, 42, 102–103, 105, 185
- and simplicity, 102, 255n11
- and structure, 238–239
- system as turn to nature, 112
- “System of the World,” 12, 39, 40–41, 56, 92–93, 101, 117, 239
- A Treatise of the System of the World, image from onboard Voyager 1, 81–82
- Newtonianism, 189, 239
- “Newtonian Moment,” 73, 103
- Nixon, Cheryl, Novel Definitions, 60
- Novel
- historical, 60–61
- as information system, 159–160, 182
- institution of, 158
- rise of, 159
- and system, 156–163
- Nussbaum, Felicity, 114
- Ockhamite, 102
- Oldys, William, Biographica Britannica, 113, 115
- Olson, Richard, 125
- Ong, Walter
- and discourse, 27–28, 98
- and how system took hold, 22, 24
- linking of system to print, 28, 30–31, 38
- and logic of containment, 28–29, 30, 37
- on philosophical system(s), 17, 22, 39
- on system and epistemological change, 27–28
- and system in the plural, 22, 45–46
- and technology, 37–38
- and title pages, 28, 251n14
- Open vs. closed systems, 30
- Organization of knowledge, 53, 112, 129–130, 227, 229, 257n2
- Organon
- new, 24, 26, 46, 59
- old, 19
- Outline, 138–139, 181, 204
- Packham, Catherine, 123–124
- Papps, Thomas, 142–143
- Paradox of fit, 252n3
- Parts and wholes, 37–38, 41, 46, 88, 91, 93, 100, 157, 172, 190, 218
- Payne, John, 139–140
- Pedagogy, 91–92
- Pennecuik, Alexander, 262n5
- Personification
- of abstract qualities, 186, 188, 194
- of agency, 62–63, 89–90, 205
- Wordsworth and, 188, 189, 194
- Petty, William, 164, 168
- Phillipson, Nicholas, 122, 126
- Philosophy
- and communication, 97–101
- embedded into poetry, 180
- empirical, 198
- English philosophy, 116–117, 192
- moral philosophy, 41, 123, 126, 192
- natural philosophy, 40, 95, 105, 126
- and Newton, 95–100
- Physical
- vs. abstract, 2
- and the real, 76–77
- Physics, 2, 6, 9, 20, 252n1
- Plain Dealer, 220
- Plant, Sadie, Zeros and Ones, 213–214, 220, 263n9, 263n10
- Pleasure, 192
- Poetry
- aesthetic, 186
- modern, 193
- and philosophy, 180
- vs. prose, 191–194
- Political arithmetic, 168
- Political economy, 163–166
- Politics
- of blame, 156–163, 170–171
- and liberalism, 171
- and system, in Britain, 74
- Polwhele, Richard, 170, 259n13
- Pomata, Gianna, 43, 46
- Poor Law, 167–168
- Pope, Alexander, An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, 34
- Popkin, Richard, 113
- Pornography, 211
- Porter, Lucy, 264n13
- Pownall, Thomas, 41, 119
- A Treatise on the Study of Antiquities, 108–110
- Print
- naturalization of, 32
- proliferation of, 3, 127, 132, 140, 182, 191, 235
- and system, in Britain, 74
- Wordsworth and, 191–192, 193
- Probability, 124, 130, 241
- Professionalism, 130
- Professionalization, 36, 54, 62, 129
- Proliferation
- of print, 3, 127, 132, 140, 182, 191, 235
- of system, 27, 32, 93, 104, 150
- Property, and system, 142–143
- Protocols, 7
- Protodisciplines, 132, 149
- Publication strategies
- Bacon, 45
- Galileo, 249n6
- Newton, 100–101, 234
- Wolfram, 234
- Quantitative, 38
- Quantum mechanics, qubits, 237–238
- Radcliffe, David, 172
- Ramism, 38, 46, 51, 85, 91
- Ramus, Peter, 37–39
- Rasch, William, 58
- Realism, 161
- Reality
- and algorithmic systems, 233
- informational nature of, 237
- Re:Enlightenment Project, 11, 227–239
- Reform Bill, 167–168, 170
- Regression line, 241
- Reid, Ian, 191
- Reiss, Timothy, 38–39
- Remediation, of scholastic forms, 114, 116
- Representation, 70
- Reverse engineering, 161
- Reverse vicariousness, 211–212
- Review, 175, 199
- Romanticism, 175–182
- and gender, 181
- and generations, 176, 179–180
- and history of mediation, 177
- and periodization, 181, 183
- as reaction to all that came before, 197
- and Romantic, 259n6
- and Schools, 176, 179–180
- and system, 176–182
- Romantic period, 61, 179
- Rothstein, Eric, 158
- Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 74, 175, 177–178
- Royal Society, 59, 96
- Rules
- of clubs, 217
- of Fair Intellectual-Club, 209, 215, 216
- Newton and, 40, 42, 102–103, 105
- systematized, 150
- of taste, 126
- Wolfram and, 233–234
- Satire, 34
- Saturation, 127–128
- Scalability
- as mode of completion, 132
- system as a scalable technology, 36–42
- Wordsworth and, 200
- Scatter plots, 241–242
- Schaffer, Simon, 53
- Scholasticism
- Bacon on, 19
- and commentary and questions, 84
- and cutting of ties to authority, 88, 90
- reliance on authoritative texts, 84–85
- and turn toward system, 12, 20
- Schools
- and Romanticism, 176, 179–180
- and system, 176
- Science
- history of, 12, 88
- vs. the humanities, 179
- speculative, 94, 102–103
- Scientism, 113
- Scotland
- and Act of Union, 164, 213
- and Adam Smith, 116–117, 163–164
- and clubs and societies, 212–213
- conjectural histories, 261n3
- and culture, 213
- and Darien, 213
- and English philosophy, 116–117, 192
- Fair Intellectual-Club, 208–213, 214, 221–222
- and improvement, 212–213, 219, 221–222
- and the project of Enlightenment, 74
- Scott, Walter, 60–61, 70, 158, 159, 160
- Secret society, 209
- Selby-Bigge, L. A., 260n8
- Self
- blaming, 205
- as primary object of knowledge, 195–196
- and system, 204–205
- Self-improvement, 115
- Selfish gene, 210–211
- Sentiments, 123–126
- The Shapes of Knowledge from the Renaissance to Enlightenment (Kelley and Popkin), 72–73
- Shaw, Peter, 59
- Shelley, Mary, 107
- Simplicity
- and complexity, 151
- and Newton, 102, 255n11
- and system, 105–107, 110, 133
- Simpson, David, Romanticism, Nationalism, and the Questions of Theory, 33–34, 48, 91, 195
- Siraisi, Nancy G., 43, 46
- Siskin, Clifford, 69, 204, 206, 236, 254n2, 261n3
- Skepticism, 108
- Skinner, Andrew, 125–126
- Sloane, Hans, 119, 256n20
- Smellie, William, and Encyclopaedia Britannica, 111–112
- Smellie, William (rival of John Burton), 110–111
- Smith, Adam
- and “invisible hand
- and master systems, 121–126, 153, 158, 163–164, 222, 232
- on Newton’s system, 85, 92–95, 96, 231
- and Scotland, 116–117, 121-122, 124, 163, 192, 222
- and sentiments, 123–126
- “the simple system
- The Theory of Moral sentiments, 41, 117–118, 124–125, 169
- The Wealth of Nations, 41, 118, 121, 123, 131, 169
- Social sciences, 170, 173
- Society of Antiquaries, 109
- Solar system, 103
- Sonnet, 200
- Southey, Robert, 134
- Specialization, 54, 142–143
- Stars and moons
- fixed, 82–83
- wandering, 1, 20, 250n4
- Stow, David, 145, 149
- Stretching, and embedding, 138–142
- Stubbs, George, 110–111
- Sublime, 189, 260n17
- Summas, 84–85
- Susskind, Leonard, Lecture I of “The Theoretical Minimum,” 1, 2, 3
- Sync magazine, 223, 264n16
- Synecdoche, 101
- System
- and agency, 58
- algorithmic, 24, 229–230, 233, 239
- as analytic tool, 181
- and anecdote, 36–37
- apotheosis of, 115
- appearance of word in English, 74
- and boundaries, 7, 29–30, 37, 58, 103
- and calculus, 93
- and collection, 112
- critique and affirmation, 107–110
- as defined by Johnson, 32–33
- and the divine will, 77
- doubling, 20, 27, 99, 231
- of education, 143
- effects of, 121
- embedded and specialized, 121, 130–145
- embedded and stretched, 138–142
- embedded into other forms, 129–130, 150, 154, 159–160
- embedded within systems, 115, 116–119
- in enemy mode, 39
- and Enlightenment, 2, 18, 72, 110
- and error correction, 41
- esprit de systeme vs. esprit systematique, 74, 90
- vs. essay, 33–35, 71–72, 110–111
- in essays, 131
- etymology of, 37
- of exclusion, 181
- as exploding, 42, 89, 154
- in fiction, 157, 158
- first appearances of word in English, 10
- and the formation of disciplines, 61–62
- in France, 74
- and France vs. England, 33–34
- as a genre, 1–3, 29–36, 89
- as a Greek term, 37
- and guesswork, 88–90
- and history, 63–65
- and history, tectonic proximity of, 43–57, 50, 52, 55, 109
- and history of mediation, 5, 13, 72, 89
- how it took hold, 24–29
- and human behavior, 149
- vs. hypothesis, 86–88
- as an idea, 30, 32, 33–34, 89, 160, 215
- vs. ideas, 29–34, 89, 160, 215
- and illustration of knowledge, 1740-1779, 51–52
- and infrastructure, 6
- and institution, 152
- as invented or discovered, 86–87, 93, 104, 158, 232–233
- and jump to universality, 42
- love of, 85, 169, 259n12
- Luhmann and, 49, 58, 62
- lunar, 2, 20, 27, 29, 237
- and machine, 257n2
- makers of, 233
- as marker of change, 238
- master systems, 115–120
- as materially in the world, 3
- and method and order, 215
- and miracle, 178
- as mode of (re)production, 233
- and modernity, 13, 151
- and music, 177, 254n5
- and natural philosophy, 105
- and nature, 110–112, 135
- and new science in England, 73
- Newtonian, 101 (see also Newton, Isaac, Principia Mathematica)
- and Newtonian natural philosophy, 1700-1739, 50–51
- as object of blame, 3–4, 40, 74–76, 90, 103, 106, 139, 151–156, 168, 256n15
- organizational, 119
- vs. outline, 138
- and parts and wholes, 37–38, 41, 46, 88, 91, 93, 100, 157, 190, 218
- and pedagogy, 91–92
- percentage of texts with system on title pages, 133, 241–242
- as performative, 239
- persistence of, 237–239
- philosophical, 17, 39, 93, 125, 158, 185, 193, 205
- and philosophy and poetry, 180
- in the plural, 22, 27, 45–46
- and politics in the United Kingdom, 74
- as primary mode of understanding, 239
- and print in Britain, 74
- and professionalization, 36, 54, 129
- and the project of Enlightenment in Scotland, 74
- proliferation of, 27, 32, 93, 104, 150
- and property, 142–143
- raising, 138–145
- and ratio of parts to principles, 74, 105, 133, 134
- and the real, 93–101, 154, 233
- references to in print during eighteenth century, 17–18, 34–35
- in relationship to other terms with which it shares title pages, 1700–1800, 50–56
- relationship to the world, 232–233
- and religion, 126, 178
- that renders the world, 236
- scalability, 2–3, 7, 11, 28, 58, 68, 88, 106–107, 116, 118, 229
- as a scalable technology, 36–42
- and scholasticism, 85
- and Schools, 176
- and self, 204–205
- of the sexes, 137–138
- and shaping of knowledge, 1, 7, 8, 39, 48, 101, 119
- sighting, 17–24
- and simple vs. complex, 106, 114, 151, 229–230
- and simplicity, 105–107, 110, 133
- social incarnations of, 13, 150–152, 217, 218, 222
- solar, 103
- in space and in knowledge, 26–27
- and speaking to itself, 38, 152, 161, 182, 198, 200, 217, 266n10
- spirit of, 90, 108, 124–125, 135, 136
- and the subject, 58–59, 62
- and sympathy, 193
- as The System (see System, The)
- vs. system, 165
- within system, 20, 28–29, 68
- and systematize, 150–151
- and systems theory, 2, 3, 7, 49, 65, 103
- and technology, 37–38
- vs. theory, 89
- as a thing in the world, 103
- towards, 107–115
- travel of into other forms, 12, 130, 134–136, 140, 152–156, 161, 174
- turn toward in encyclopedias, 112–115, 113
- and the virtual, 77
- Wallerstein and, 48–49, 58
- as a way of constituting the world, 24, 103
- Wiener and, 49
- wired or wireless, 20
- of the world, 3
- and world change, 2
- and writing, 91
- writing upon, 134
- System, The, 151, 155–156, 160
- blaming, 13, 154, 167–168
- Systematic, 253n7
- The Systematic, or Imaginary, Philosopher: A Comedy in Five Acts, 74–75
- Systematic Man, 143–144
- Systematization
- and assimilation into culture, 260n15
- and institutionalization, 151–152, 159
- of parts into wholes, 172
- Systematize, etymology of, 150
- System modeling, 103
- Systems biology, 65, 253n10
- Systems Biology website, Harvard University, 65
- Systems sociology, 65
- Technodeterminism, 31, 261n3
- Technologia, 37
- Technology
- and delay, 236–237, 266n8
- and the human, 261n3
- and social relations, 217
- and system, 37–38
- Tectonic plates, 252n2
- Tectonics, 12, 49–57, 242–245, 252n3
- cardinality of maps, 50–51
- etymology of, 54
- formation of disciplines of modernity, 55–56
- and new forms of knowledge, 53–54
- system in relationship to other terms with which it shares title pages, 1700–1800, 50–56
- Texts, 213–214
- Theory, 33–34, 89, 117–118
- Thermodynamics, 103
- Thermostat, 152–153, 161, 204, 217
- This Is Enlightenment (Siskin and Warner), 62–63, 69, 73, 254n2
- Thomson, James, 262n5
- Title pages
- of Account of the Fair-Intellectual-Club in Edinburgh, 207, 208–209
- in ECCO, 51–56
- Ong and, 28, 251n14
- percentage of texts with system on title pages, 133, 241–242
- and the reader, 28, 251n14
- system in relationship to other terms with which it shares title pages, 1700–1800, 50–56
- Tractates, 84–85
- Traveling, of embedded systems, 12, 130, 134–136, 140, 152–156, 161, 174
- Tree diagrams, 38, 39
- Tree of life, 63
- Tresch, John, The Romantic Machine, 257n2
- Truth vs. probability, 130
- Tytler, Alexander, Plan and outline of a course of lectures on Universal History, Ancient and Modern, 56, 59
- “Universal acid
- Universal history, 56, 57
- Universality, jump to, 42
- Van Helden, Albert, 9
- Vertical gene transfer (VGT), 64
- Virtual reality, 232–233
- Visualizations, of information, 12, 49, 241–245
- Vitae, 199
- Voltaire, 126
- Voyager 1, image from Newton’s A Treatise of the System of the World, 81–82, 91
- Wallerstein, Immanuel, 48–49, 58, 68
- Walpole, Horace, 42, 111
- Warner, William, 62–63, 69, 204, 206, 236, 254n2, 261n3, 266n8
- Watson, James, 232
- Watts, Isaac, The Improvement of the Mind, 32–33, 111
- Weber, Max, 49
- Weinberger, David, Too Big to Know, 36, 37, 39, 251n16
- Wesley, John, 218
- White, Gilbert, 133
- “Whole Enchilada
- and clubs, 235
- and Darwin, 228–229, 234–235
- Wiener, Norbert, 49
- Williams, Hank, 42
- Williams, Raymond, 32, 172, 210, 261n3, 262n4
- Culture and Society, 203
- Keywords, 203
- The Long Revolution, 203
- Wilson, E. O., 227
- Wilson, John, 180, 190
- Woese, Carl, 63–65, 67, 68, 253n10
- Woese time, 67
- Wolfe, Cary, 58
- Wolfram, Stephen
- and Darwin, 234–235
- vs. Deutsch, 233
- “New Science,” 233–234, 265n2
- and simplicity/complexity, 234
- on systems, 238–239
- Wollstonecraft, Mary, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 136–137, 170
- Women
- and clubs, 208–222
- and dancing, 220–222
- exclusion from Romantic period, 181
- hands of, 168–170
- and improvement, 209, 212, 214, 219
- and technology, 214
- Wordsworth, Dorothy, 191, 195
- Wordsworth, William, 183–186
- advertisement, 134, 136, 192, 193
- and aesthetics, 183
- An Evening Walk, 191, 193
- and autobiography, 195–199
- The Borderers, 193
- and close reading, 67, 184
- collaboration with Coleridge, 189–190, 192–194
- and culture, 188
- and depth, 198–199
- Descriptive Sketches, 191, 193
- and development, 195–196, 198, 260n20
- embedded systems in verse, 130, 133, 134–135, 190
- and Enlightenment, 185, 190
- The Excursion, 201
- and French Revolution, 190, 196–197, 198
- and Great Decade, 183, 200, 201
- and language of poetry, 193, 194–195
- “Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey
- Lyrical Ballads and Other Poems, 134, 190, 192, 193
- and man, 196, 197
- and the middle class, 194–195
- and modern critical practice, 184
- and new social systems, 191
- and Newtonianism, 189
- “Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood
- and philosophical system, 185, 193, 205
- and pleasure, 194
- and the poet, 194
- Preface to Lyrical Ballads, 188
- The Prelude, 195, 196–199, 200, 205, 260n20
- and print, 191–192, 193
- and the reader, 201
- The Recluse, 180, 190
- “Salisbury Plain
- and scalability, 200
- and schools, 179–180
- and the sonnet, 200
- Sonnets Dedicated to Liberty and Order, 200
- Sonnets upon the Punishment of Death, 200
- and spirit of the age, 184
- and system making, 176, 184–185, 194–195, 199–202, 257n2
- and vitae, 199
- and Wordsworthians, 184–185
- World history, 59
- Writing
- and Fair Intellectual-Club, 209–210, 212, 214, 217
- and gathering of humans into groups, 210–212, 213
- institutionalization of, 173
- and order and method of conversation, 217
- and system, 91
- upon system, 134
- Yeo, Richard, 111
- Yoder, Laura, 119