Lifetimes and Other Significant Dates
CHAPTER 1
Pythagoras c. 570–500 B.C.
Thales fl. c. 585 B.C.
Anaximander 610–546 B.C.
Diogenes Laertius fl. c. A.D. 193–217
Porphyry c. A.D. 233–306
Iamblichus of Chalcis c. A.D. 260–330
CHAPTER 2
Babylonian exile of the Hebrews 598/7 and 587/6 to 538 B.C.
Rule of the Samian tyrant Polykrates 535–522 B.C.
CHAPTERS 3–6
Pythagoras’ arrival in Croton 532/531 B.C.
Croton defeats and destroys Sybaris 510 B.C.
Death or disappearance of Pythagoras 500 B.C.
Second decimation of the Pythagoreans 454 B.C.
CHAPTER 7
Philolaus c. 474–399? B.C.
Parmenides 515 or 540–mid-5th century B.C.
Melissus early 5th century–late 5th century B.C.
Zeno of Elea c. 490–mid to late 5th century B.C.
Socrates c. 470–399 B.C.
CHAPTER 8
Plato 427–347 B.C.
Archytas 428–347 B.C.
Dionysius the Elder c. 430–367 B.C.
Dionysius the Younger 397–343 B.C.
Aristoxenus of Tarentum fl. fourth century B.C.
CHAPTER 9
Socrates c. 470–399 B.C.
Plato 427–347 B.C.
CHAPTER 10
Aristotle 384–322 B.C.
Theophrastus 372–287 B.C.
Alexander the Great 356–323 B.C.
Heracleides Ponticus 387–312 B.C.
Dicaearchus of Messina fl. c. 320 B.C.
Euclid fl. c. 300 B.C.
CHAPTER 11
Cicero 106–43 B.C.
Numa ruled c. 715–673 B.C.
Ennius c. 239–c. 160 B.C.
Marcus Fulvius Nobilior 2nd century B.C.
Cato the Elder 234–149 B.C.
Pliny the Elder A.D. 23–79
Posidonius c. 135–51 B.C.
Sextus Empiricus fl. 3rd century A.D.
Eudorus of Alexandria fl. c. 25 BC
Nigidius Figulus fl. no later than 98–27 B.C.
Vitruvius fl. 1st century B.C.
Occelus of Lucania after Aristotle
CHAPTER 12
Eudorus of Alexandria fl. c. 25 B.C.
Sotion 1st century A.D.
Seneca c. 4 B.C.–A.D. 65
‘Sextians’ 1st century A.D.
Apollonius of Tyana 1st century A.D.
Alexander of Abonuteichos c. A.D. 110–170
Julia Domna died A.D. 217
Philostratus A.D. 170–c. 245
Philo of Alexandria 20 B.C.–A.D. 40
Ovid 43 B.C.–A.D. 17
Plutarch A.D. 45–125
Moderatus of Gades 1st century A.D.
Theon of Smyrna c. A.D. 70–130/140
Nicomachus fl. c. A.D. 100
Numenius of Apamea fl. late 2nd century A.D.
Ptolemy c. A.D. 100–c. 180
CHAPTER 13
Diogenes Laertius fl. A.D. 193–217
Porphyry c. A.D. 233–306
Iamblichus of Chalcis c. A.D. 260–330
Longinus A.D. 213–273
Plotinus A.D. 204–270
Macrobius A.D. 395–423
Boethius c. A.D. 470–524
CHAPTER 14
Hunayn 9th century
Brethren of Purity 10th century
Al-Hasan 10th century
Aurelian 9th century
John Scotus Eriugena c. 815–c. 877
Regino of Prüm died 915
Raymund of Toledo 1125–1152
King Roger of Sicily 1095–1154
Bernard of Chartres 12th century
Nicole d’Oresme 14th century
Nicholas of Cusa 1401–1464
Franchino Gaffurio 1451–1522
CHAPTER 15
Petrarch 1304–1374
Nicholas of Cusa 1401–1464
Leon Battista Alberti 1407–1472
Marsilio Ficino 1433–1499
Pico della Mirandola 1463–1494
Giorgio Anselmi 15th century
Nicolaus Copernicus 1473–1543
Andrea Palladio 1508–1580
Tycho Brahe 1546–1601
CHAPTER 16
Philipp Melanchthon 1497–1560
Tycho Brahe 1546–1601
Michael Mästlin 1550–1631
Johannes Kepler 1571–1630
CHAPTER 17
Vincenzo Galilei late 1520s–1591
Galileo Galilei 1564–1642
William Shakespeare c. 1564–1616
John Milton 1608–1674
John Dryden 1631–1700
Joseph Addison 1672–1719
René Descartes 1596–1650
Robert Hooke 1635–1703
Robert Boyle 1627–1691
Isaac Newton 1642–1727
Gottfried Leibniz 1646–1716
Carl Linnaeus 1707–1778
William Wordsworth 1770–1850
Pierre-Simon de LaPlace 1749–1827
Filippo Michele Buonarroti 1761–1837
Hans Christian Oersted 1777–1851
Michael Faraday 1791–1867
James Clerk Maxwell 1831–1879
CHAPTER 18
Bertrand Russell 1872–1970
Arthur Koestler 1905–1983