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abnormal: definition of, 14, 330. See also mental disorders/illness; normal-abnormal
abortion, 105–6
abuse/adversity, childhood: anxiety and, 308; attachment and, 199–202, 206–7, 326, 327; biology of normal and, 326–27, 328; BPD and, 213; brain development and, 103–10, 116–17; fear and, 308; memory and, 19–20; mental disorders/illness and, 18, 19–20; nature and nurture and, 94, 103–10, 116–17, 119–21, 122, 328; normal-abnormal and, 118; oxytocin and, 217; PTSD and, 300; in Romania, 105–8, 131, 135; sensitive periods and, 110, 326; trust and, 222
acrophobia, 316
adaptation: biology of normal and, 325, 327, 337; biology of nurture and, 132, 135–36; of brain, 96, 135–36, 143–44; Darwin’s theory about, 7; mind reading and, 143–44; normal-abnormal debate, 118
addiction, 269, 270–73, 313
adrenaline. See epinephrine
aggression, 58, 68, 103, 153, 154, 178, 180, 327, 336–37
agoraphobia, 294, 295, 296, 305, 309
agreeableness, 60–62
Aigner-Clark, Julie, 84, 85, 88
Ainsworth, Mary, 196, 203
airplane flight (fear example), 284–87, 288, 321
Albert B. See “Little Albert”
Allport, Gordon, 59
Am I Hot or Not (web site), 227–28
American Academy of Pediatrics, 86
American Kennel Club, 63
American Psychiatric Association, 15, 28, 329
amnesia, dissociative, 21
amygdala: anxiety and, 291, 296, 305–6, 307, 309; attachment and, 189; BDNF gene and, 306, 307; biology of normal and, 327; BPD and, 213; damage to, 179; emotional memory and, 310, 313, 315, 320; emotional reactions and, 179, 180, 181; facial recognition and, 101, 141; fear and, 216–17, 284, 285–86, 288, 289, 290, 296, 304, 305–6, 307, 310; functions of, 55, 76; mind reading and, 141; oxytocin and, 216–17; PTSD and, 304; serotonin and, 70, 72, 73, 80, 112; temperament and, 54–56, 58, 66–67, 70, 72, 73, 80, 327; trust and, 216–17, 218, 220; vasopressin in, 216–17
Amytal, 19
anger, 13, 104, 118, 122, 154, 172, 213, 327, 336–37
animals: Big Five and, 62; children raised by, 93–94; domestication of, 150–54; interspecies communication and, 150; mind reading and, 142–43, 150–54; mother-child bonding among, 190–91, 197; and quest to understand mind and brain, 2; same-sex behavior among, 253, 260; temperament of, 154; theory of mind of, 148–49, 150, 154, 154n. See also cats; chimpanzees; dogs; monkeys
anorexia, 24
Anthony, Helen, 274
antidepressants. See drugs/medications
antipsychiatry movement, 28
antipsychotics. See drugs/medications
anxiety: benefits of, 291–92; biology of normal and, 336; childhood abuse/adversity and, 103, 108, 109, 118, 308; cognition and, 305–6; compassion fatigue and, 183; definition of, 291, 331, 336; disorders, 4, 279, 294–97, 301–10, 312–15, 316, 331, 336, 337; environment and, 305; experiences and, 305, 308; fear and, 294–97; genes/genetics and, 73, 79–81, 305–8, 306n, 309; harm-avoidance mechanism and, 33, 70; health and, 293–94; nature and nurture and, 103, 108, 109, 112, 118, 128, 304–8; neurotransmitters and, 72; normal-abnormal boundary and, 166–67, 309; prevalence of, 295–96; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; resilience and, 128; separation, 202; serotonin and, 68, 70, 80, 112; shrinking penis case and, 24–25, 26–27; stranger, 202, 204; stress and, 305, 308; temperament and, 57, 306; treatment for, 79–80, 306, 309–10, 312–15, 316, 336, 337; vulnerability to, 277, 309; Williams syndrome and, 183. See also emotional memory; fear; specific disorder
Apicella, Coren, 248–50
approach, 4, 53–57, 65–66, 189, 200, 217
Archives of General Psychiatry, 12
Asperger, Hans, 158n
Asperger syndrome, 13, 159, 159n, 163–64, 167
attachment: abuse/adversity and, 103, 199–202, 206–7, 326, 327; behaviorism and, 196, 197; biology of normal and, 325, 326, 327; biology of, 186–226; birth and, 187–88; BPD and, 207–13, 222; brain plasticity and, 135; connecting and, 223–26; culture and, 204; disorders of, 206–7; evolution and, 191, 199, 216; experiences and, 224; fear and, 189, 198, 200; genes/genetics and, 191, 192–93, 224; goodness of fit and, 204–5, 224; of importance to ideas, 195–97; infants innate need for, 198–99, 204; “internal working models” for, 205, 212; mirroring and, 177; mother-child, 187–90, 192, 194–95, 196–204, 213–14; natural selection and, 187, 193, 195, 199, 200, 205; nurture and, 95, 103, 126–27, 135, 204–5; oxytocin and, 187–93, 194, 215, 216–18, 224–25; patterns of, 203–6; psychoanalytic theory and, 195–96, 197; sensitive periods and, 325, 326; separation of mother-child and, 196–99, 200–201, 202–4, 211–12; Strange Situation and, 202–4, 211; stress and, 200–201; survival and, 199; temperament and, 211, 214; trust and, 201, 205, 207–14, 217. See also mating; attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD), 16, 58, 76, 77, 79, 108, 330, 336
attractiveness/beauty: averageness and, 237–41, 248; biology of, 229–30, 231–34, 260–64; common elements of, 236–37; competition and, 232, 233; culture and, 230, 234–36, 247–51, 262, 263, 273; environment and, 235, 249–50, 251; evolution/natural selection and, 228, 229, 231–32, 234–35, 236–37, 239, 241–42, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 260–64, 273; experiences and, 263, 273; as fundamental mental process, 30; “good genes” and, 236–43, 237n; ideals of, 229, 230–31; media and, 228–29, 230–31; menstruation and, 243–47; “myth” of, 229–30; parental investment theory and, 233, 236, 237; pleasing cues and, 234–36; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; reproduction and, 231–32, 234, 236–37, 243; sexual dimorphism and, 237, 242–43; “supernormal stimuli” and, 250–51; symmetry and, 237, 241–42, 245, 249–50; universal standards of, 247–51. See also sexual desires; sexual orientation
Auschwitz experience, 122–23, 125, 127
“authorities”: definition of normal and abnormal and, 14
autism: Asperger and, 158n; biology of normal and, 333, 336, 337; causes of, 12, 160–64, 163n; definition of psychiatric disorders and, 11–12, 13; diagnosis and treatment of, 13, 158–59, 159n, 333, 337; genes/genetics and, 161–64, 163n, 165, 333; lying and, 168; oxytocin and, 216, 225, 337; prevalence of, 11–12, 13, 159, 330; reading other faces and, 216; research funding for, 12; spectrum of disorders of, 13, 159; spectrum of normal and, 164–67, 168; theory of mind and, 158–59, 160–66
Autism Speaks, 12
averageness, 237–41, 248
avoidance, 189, 203–4, 205, 217, 301. See also harm-avoidance
avoidance and numbing symptoms, 301
AVPR1A (vasopressin receptor), 192–93, 193n, 194
baby brain enrichment products, 83–88
“Baby Einstein” videos, 83, 84–85, 86, 88, 129
baby strollers, 119–21
“balancing selection,” 75–76
Barbie doll, 230
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 160, 163, 164, 213
Baylor College of Medicine: trust studies at, 222–23
BBC Internet survey: of attractiveness/beauty, 263
BDNF gene, 306–7, 306n, 308
beauty. See attractiveness/beauty
Beck, Aaron, 313
Beck, Hall, 323
bedtime fears, 34
Beethoven, Ludwig von, 88
“Before They Were Famous” test, 140
behavior: biology of, 114; controlling, 212–13; definition of normal and abnormal and, 14, 28, 29–33; genetics and, 62–63; impact of childhood abuse/adversity on, 103, 108; individual differences in, 68; proximate and ultimate causes of, 231; temperament and, 55. See also behavior therapies; behaviorism; type of behavior
behavior therapies, 313–14, 315, 316–17, 321–22. See also cognitive-behavioral therapy
behaviorism, 2, 52, 83, 196, 197, 280–83, 295, 312, 313
Belyaev, Dmitry K., 152–54
bereavement, 30–33
beta-blockers, 311, 312
Bettelheim, Bruno, 161
Big Five, 59–62, 78
biology of normal: benefits of mapping, 329–30; culture and, 327; and definition of normal, 6; definition of, 6, 43, 43n, 324; disorders and, 329–37; DSM and, 329–33, 334, 336; environment and, 326, 328; experiences and, 325–27, 329; genes/genetics and, 43n, 79–81, 326–27, 328, 329, 332–33, 336; goal of, 337; human diversity and, 6–8; human nature and, 6–8; natural selection and, 6–7; nature and nurture and, 327, 328–29; proposal concerning, 333–37; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4, 5; themes about, 325–29; trajectories and, 7–8; understanding of mental illness and, 8
bipolar disorder, 4, 12–13, 29, 67, 210, 295, 332, 333, 336, 337
birth: attachment and, 187–88
birth order effect, 257–59
Blair, James, 179, 180, 181
Blanchard, Ray, 257–58, 266
blank slate theory, 7, 83, 196, 235, 280–81
blind people, 172
“Blur effect,” 86
Bogaert, Anthony, 257–58
“boldness vs. shyness” temperament, 51–52, 53–57, 58, 70, 71–73, 74, 76–78, 80
borderline personality disorder (BPD), 15, 16, 207–13, 221–23, 224, 225
Bornstein, Judy, 124, 125
Bornstein, Mike, 122–26, 127, 129
Bornstein, Sophie, 123
Bowlby, John, 196, 197, 198–99, 202, 203, 205
brain: “change” of, 82; definition of mental illness and, 17, 27–30; distribution of normal and, 40–41; early differences in, 47–48; environment and, 89–91, 94–95, 96, 98, 111–14, 119; experiences and, 81, 82–136; functions of, 30; genetics and, 29, 46–81, 111–14; GPS in, 133–34; line between normal-disorder and, 17, 27; loss of abilities in, 97–99; mind and, 2, 5–6; misunderstandings about development of, 131–32; need for understanding of, 27–30; of other people, 154–56; plasticity of, 48, 83, 91, 95, 96, 127, 132, 133, 135–36, 306, 326–27; quest to understand, 2–4; renewal of, 127; size of, 223–24; “windows of opportunity” for development of, 89–91, 132, 133. See also biology of normal; imaging studies; “sensitive periods”; specific topic or part of brain
Brainy Baby videos, 86
Brockway, Robert, 276
brothers: sexual orientation and, 257–60, 257n
Broussais, François-Joseph-Victor, 6
Bruer, John T., 131–32
Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), 106–8
bullying, 59
Bundy, Ted, 177, 181–82
burnout, 184–85
“butterfly effect,” 129, 329
cabbies, London, 134
Call, Josep, 148
callousness, 180, 182
Cambridge University: autism test at, 164
Campbell, Don, 85
Cannon, Walter B., 292–93
caregivers, 205n. See also mothers
Carter, Sue, 191
castration anxiety, 25
cataract study, 90–91
cats: Wiesel-Hubel study of, 90–91, 90n, 94, 95
Centers for Disease Control, U.S., 11, 159
cerebral cortex, 72
chameleon effect, 174, 175
cheating, 219–20, 241. See also promiscuity
“chemical imbalance” views, 2
Chess, Stella, 49–50, 51
chimpanzees: theory of mind of, 148–49, 150, 151
Chislon, Greg, 65–66
The Chosen (movie), 125
chromatin remodeling, 112–14
Chua (Amy) family, 50–51
cingulate cortex, 155–56
Cleckley, Hervey, 178
clonazepam, 302
cognition: anxiety and, 305–6; biology of normal and, 327; biology of nurture and, 129–33; childhood abuse/adversity and, 106–8; enrichment and, 131; mind and, 2; mind reading and, 137, 142; Mozart Effect and, 85–86; videos effects on, 83–89. See also cognitive-behavioral therapy; type of cognition
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 79, 80, 309, 313–15, 316
communication, interspecies, 150
compassion fatigue, 182–85
competition, 30, 138, 147, 232, 233, 325
conditioning: for fear, 278–85, 287–90, 296, 297, 298, 305–6, 313, 322–23; Pavlov’s studies on, 279–80, 313; Watson’s/Skinner’s studies on, 280–83, 313
conduct disorder, 108, 178–79
conscientiousness, 60–62, 78
contamination fears, 36–40
controlling behavior, 212–13
cookies-juice experiment, disgusting, 38–39
Coolidge, Cassius Marcellus, 137
cooperation, 30, 60, 144, 147, 149, 152, 154, 222–23, 225
copy number variations (CNVs), 162, 163n, 191, 336
Cornell Medical College: anxiety studies at, 307
Corning, Tim, 44–46, 47, 54, 57, 79, 80, 81
corticosterone, 200, 201
cortisol, 56, 115, 117, 127, 194, 289, 291
Cosmides, Leda, 219–20
Crane, Sarah (patient), 17–18
critical periods. See sensitive periods
culture: attachment and, 204; attractiveness/beauty and, 230, 234–36, 247–51, 262, 263, 273; biology of normal and, 327; definition of normal and abnormal and, 8, 14, 23–24, 27–30; diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and, 16; DSM categories and, 17; mind reading and, 143, 144, 149; recovered memory phenomenon and, 19; temperament and, 60, 61–62; universality of emotions and, 172, 173
culture-bound syndrome, 21
cuteness, 190
d-cycloserine (DCS), 315, 316–17
D4/DRD4 receptor, 76–77
Da Costa, Jacob Mendez, 299
Dalayrac, Nicolas, 21–22
danger: exposure to, 308
Darwin, Charles, 6–7, 7n, 55, 99–100, 172, 173, 232
Davis, Michael, 315
de Moivre, Abraham, 40
death: by fear, 202–4
delusional disorder, 25
dementias, 337
Denby, David, 228
depression: anxiety and, 302–3; biology of normal and, 330, 336, 337; biology of nurture and, 103, 108, 109, 110, 116–17, 118, 126, 128; BPD and, 210; and causes of chronic disability, 332; childhood abuse/adversity and, 103, 108, 109, 110, 116–17, 118; culture and, 24; definition of mental illness and, 24, 25, 29; diagnosis and treatment of, 30–33, 79–80, 306, 313, 337; genetics and, 79–81; grieving and, 31; humor theory and, 49; impact on individuals and families of, 29; maternal care study and, 116–17; neurogenesis and, 127, 128; normal side of, 30–33; prevalence of, 295, 330; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; serotonin and, 68; shrinking penis and, 25; temperament and, 49, 68, 79
deviant sexual arousal, 265–66
dhat, 27
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): anxiety and, 295; autism criteria in, 159n; biology of normal and, 329–33, 334, 336; BPD and, 209; criteria for diagnosing disorders in, 16–17, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30–31, 33; influence of, 16; limitations of, 17; primary goal of, 17; as psychiatry’s bible, 331–33; psychopathy category in, 178; PTSD and, 300–301; revision of, 329–30; sexual disorders and, 265, 270; standard classifications in, 329–30, 332–33, 334, 336; usefulness of, 332–33
“difficult child” temperament, 49–50, 51
disgust, 36, 37, 38–40, 173–74, 175–76
disruptive behavior disorders, 58
dissociative amnesia, 21
dissociative identity disorder (DID), 18–19
distress or impairment standard, 30, 35, 265, 266, 270, 271, 273. See also “harmful dysfunction” model, Wakefield’s
DNA: autism and, 162–63; mind reading and, 168. See also chromatin remodeling; genes/genetics; methylation; transcription factors
DNA promoters, 111–12, 192–93
dogs, 62–63, 137, 150–54, 279–80
domestication: of animals, 150–54
dopamine, 72, 76–77, 189, 193, 195
doublesex gene, 256n
Down syndrome, 160
drugs/medications: biology of normal and, 337; blockage/erasure of painful memory and, 310–11, 314, 315–17, 320–22; collusion between pharmaceutical industry and psychiatry and, 12, 13; impact of, 29; increase in use of, 330; side effects of, 337. See also pharmaceutical industry
Duchaine, Bradley, 139–40
Dugard, Jaycee, 201
“easy child” temperament, 49–51
Eclipse (horse), 237–38
Edwards, John, 214
eHarmony, 59
Ekman, Paul, 168–69, 170, 172
Eloisa to Abelard (Pope), 317–18
emotional contagion, 176, 176n, 177
emotional memory: behavior therapies/CBT and, 313–14, 315, 316–17; biology of normal and, 337; blockage/erasure of painful, 310–12, 317–22; drugs/medications and, 310–11, 314, 315–17, 320–22; fear/anxiety and, 296–97, 302–4, 337; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; remembering process and, 318–19; rewriting of, 310, 317–22; treatments for, 315–22; window of opportunity and, 310–12
emotions: biology of nurture and, 129–33; categories of, 172; childhood abuse/adversity and, 103–5; on faces of others, 54–57, 70, 73, 101–3, 107–8; importance of, 283–84; as language of social communication, 174; mind reading and, 142; processing of, 95, 97; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 2; reading of, 172–77; universality of, 172–73. See also emotional memory; specific emotion
empathy: Big Five and, 60; BPD and, 211, 213; cognitive, 176–77; compassion fatigue and, 182–85; and distribution of normal, 41; of dogs, 150; emotional, 176–77, 179; as fundamental mental process, 30; importance of, 177; life without, 177–82; mind reading and, 138, 141, 147, 176; mother-child attachment and, 190; oxytocin and, 216, 226; psychopathy and, 177–82, 184, 185; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 5–6; reading feelings and, 174–77; theory of mind and, 176–77
enrichment, 83–88, 129–33, 326
environment: anxiety and, 305; attractiveness/beauty and, 235, 249–50, 251; autism and, 165; biology of normal and, 326, 328; BPD and, 211; brain development and, 89–91, 94–95, 96, 98, 111–14, 119; childhood abuse/adversity and, 103–8; definition of, 62n; genetics and, 82–83, 111–14; mind reading and, 141–42, 168; nature and nurture and, 131, 132, 133, 135, 328; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 2; reading feelings and, 174; role in normal-abnormal of, 41; sensitive periods and, 326; sexual orientation and, 259; temperament and, 48, 51–52, 58–59, 62, 64, 67, 81; trajectories and, 7–8
epigenetics, 112–14, 116–17, 118, 129, 163n, 308, 328–29
epilepsy, 336
epinephrine, 291, 292, 310, 311, 312
Erickson, Erik, 214
Estonia: fox farms in, 152–54
estrogen, 188, 189, 234, 243, 244–45, 246, 259
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (movie), 317–18
evolution: attachment and, 191, 199, 216; attractiveness/beauty and, 228, 229, 231–32, 234–35, 236–37, 239, 241–42, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 260–64, 273; biology of normal and, 43n, 325; convergent, 149; fear and, 278; harm-avoidance and, 33; mind reading and, 138, 147–49, 154n, 168; nature and nurture and, 131, 135; organization of mind and, 28; reading feelings and, 173; role in normal-abnormal of, 41; sexual orientation and, 254; temperament and, 46, 47, 57, 73–74, 76–77; trajectories and, 7–8; trust and, 219. See also natural selection
experience-dependent learning, 96, 102, 132, 133, 135, 288
experience-expectant learning, 95, 96, 97, 101, 106, 131, 141–42, 297–98, 325–26
experiences: anxiety and, 305, 308; attachment and, 224; attractiveness/beauty and, 263, 273; behaviorism and, 196; biology of normal and, 136, 325–27, 329; brain development and, 111–14, 127, 135; as changing genes, 111–14; dialogue between brain and, 81, 82–136; emotional memories and, 48, 283–84; fear and, 298; genetics and, 46, 82–136; impact of early life, 82–136; learning from, 325; mind and, 2, 135; mind reading and, 141–42, 156; nature and nurture and, 82–136; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 2, 4, 5–6; reading feelings and, 182; as remodeling the brain, 96; role in normal-abnormal of, 41; sensitive periods and, 326; temperament and, 48, 59, 67, 70, 76; trajectories and, 7–8
extraversion, 60–62, 78, 80
eyes, 142, 160, 225, 262
F5 neurons, 175
faces: anger in, 327; attractiveness/beauty and, 236, 239, 242–44, 248–49, 261; autism and, 160, 216; baby, 190; BPD and, 213; cuteness of, 190; emotions/feelings on other, 54–57, 70, 73, 101–3, 107–8, 172–74, 175–76, 178, 179, 180, 216, 217; fearful, 101–3, 173–74, 179, 180, 306, 309, 327; mind reading and, 138–43, 144, 169; moles on, 242; of mothers, 101; Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and, 213; recognition of, 138, 139–43, 144, 178, 216; symmetry of, 245; trust and, 216, 217, 218; Williams syndrome and, 66
false beliefs, 146–47, 149, 156, 157, 160, 168, 171
Family Research Council, 253
Fatal Attraction (movie), 209
fear: anxiety and, 294–97; attachment and, 189, 198, 200; of being caught, 181–82; benefits of, 277; biology/anatomy of, 216–17, 274–323; biology of normal and, 327, 336, 337; BPD and, 213; as category of emotion, 172; childhood abuse/adversity and, 109, 110, 122, 123, 308; conditioning for, 278–85, 287–90, 296, 297, 298, 305–6, 312, 313, 322–23; as contagious, 274–76; crocodile, 297–98; death by, 202–4; definition of, 277, 291; disorders of, 279, 294–95, 296, 304–8; domestication of animals and, 154; emotional memory and, 278, 284, 286, 287, 289–90, 310–12; evolution and, 278; experiences and, 297–98; extinction of, 289–90, 302, 304, 306, 307, 310, 312–22; on faces, 173–74, 179, 180, 327; genes/genetics and, 4, 298, 306–7; most common, 277, 297; nurture and, 101–3, 109, 110, 115, 116, 118, 122, 123; origins of, 277–78; oxytocin and, 189, 216–17, 225; as phobia, 45, 296–97; psychopathy and, 179–80; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; reading feelings and, 173–74, 179–80, 181–82; recognition of, 101–3; temperament and, 56, 57, 71–73; as tool for mobilizing opinion and action, 275–77; trust and, 216–17, 218; as weapon of war, 276–77. See also emotional memory; type of fear
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 169, 170
feelings: of other people, 325; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; reading of, 172–85; too much sensitivity to other people’s, 182–85
feral children, 93–94
“fertile female” hypothesis, 255
fight-or-flight responses, 56, 72, 284, 286, 291, 292, 293
filial imprinting, 89–90, 197
finger ratios, 259–60
foot fetishes, 267
forensic professionals, 169
forgetting, 289–90
foster care, 105–8, 106n, 131, 206
fox farms, Estonia, 152–54
Fox, Nathan, 106
Fragile X syndrome, 162
Franklin, Aretha, 225
“fraternal birth order effect,” 257–60
Freud, Sigmund, 16, 52, 83, 116, 118, 136, 195–96, 197, 294–95
Frith, Uta, 160
fruit flies study, 255–56, 260
fusiform gyrus, 101, 141
G proteins, 72
Galen, 49, 52
Galton, Francis, 7, 7n, 238–39
Gandhi, Mahatma, 51
Garrido, Phillip, 201
Garver-Apgar, Christine, 241
Gaspard Itard, Jean Marc, 94
gay uncle hypothesis, 254–55
geeks, 165, 227
geese study, Lorenz’s, 89–90, 95, 197
Gelernter, Joel, 72–73
gene expression, 111–14, 115, 118, 328, 329
genes/genetics: biology of normal and, 43n, 79–81, 136, 326–27, 328, 329, 332–33, 336; brain and, 29, 46–81, 111–14; change in, 111–14; diagnosis of mental illness and, 332–33; duplication of, 191; environment and, 82–83, 111–14; experiences and, 46, 82–136; individual differences and, 7; mental disorders and, 29; missing, 65–67, 71–72, 327; nature and nurture and, 135, 328; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 2, 3, 4, 5; role in normal-abnormal of, 41; specialization of, 111; variations in, 64–65. See also epigenetics; heritability; specific gene or topic
glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1) gene, 115–16, 117
glutamate neurotransmitter, 288–89, 290, 315
glycine neurotransmitter, 315
Gmelin, Eberhard, 22
Gold, Jamie, 137
Goodman, Aviel, 264–65
“goodness to fit” concept, 50–51, 204–5, 224
Grandin, Temple, 165
gratification, 197
Greenough, William, 95, 96, 132
Groves, James, 210
guilt, 30, 161, 177, 181, 182
Gunderson, John, 209
Hacking, Ian, 6
Hadza society, 247–50
hand sanitizers, 36
Hare, Brian, 150–51, 154
Hariri, Ahmad, 70
Harlow, Harry, 197–99
harm-avoidance: biology of normal and, 325; evolution and, 28, 33; fear and, 277, 278; functions of mind and, 4; as fundamental mental process, 28, 30; normal-abnormal definition and, 33–36; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; serotonin transporter and, 70; temperament and, 48, 53–57, 65, 70, 74; trust and, 216
harmful dysfunction model, Wakefield’s, 28, 29–30, 31–33, 43, 335
Harold (sexual disorder case study), 264–65
Harrelson, Woody, 130
health: anxiety and, 293–94; averageness and, 239
Hearst, Patricia, 201
Heider, Fritz, 147
heritability, 63–65, 71, 162, 256, 260, 305, 307–8, 329
heterozygosity, 75, 239
hippocampus: anxiety and, 291, 296; BDNF gene and, 306; biology of nurture and, 134; fear and, 284, 285–86, 290, 296, 304, 306; functions of, 127; neurogenesis and, 127, 128; temperament and, 72
Hippocrates, 49, 52
histocompatibility complex (MHC), 239–41
histones, 113, 114
historical tradition: definition of normal-abnormal and, 14
Holmes, Sylvia, 274
homosexuality, 15, 28, 252–60, 261
Hong, James, 227–28
Hubel, David, 90–91, 90n, 94, 95
human nature: biology of normal and, 6–8; Darwin’s views about, 6–7
humors theory, 2, 48–53
Hyman, Steven, 333
hypersexual disorder, 270–71, 272
hypothalamus, 191, 286
ideas: attaching importance to, 195–97
imaging studies: anxiety and, 296, 309; attachment and, 190, 194; attractiveness/beauty and, 261; autism and, 163; biology of nurture and, 134; BPD and, 213; empathy and, 175–76; facial recognition and, 141; fear and, 37, 39–40, 278, 306, 307; London cabbies and, 134; mind reading and, 141, 155; of psychopathy, 179; PTSD and, 304; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 3; sexual desires and, 269; temperament and, 55–56, 57–58, 70, 73, 80; trust and, 218, 222, 223
imitation. See empathy
immune system: sexual orientation and, 257–58
individual differences, 6–8
information sharing, 143–44, 149. See also joint attention
Insel, Thomas, 191, 192, 337
institutionalized children, 206–7. See also Romania: abused children in
insula, 37, 39, 40, 73, 175–76, 223, 296, 305–6
intelligence, 7, 85–86, 86n, 106–8, 154, 336, 337
intent, 30, 144, 150, 172, 214
Internet: pornography on, 267–68, 269–70
Iraq War, 312
irritable heart syndrome, 299
Izard, Carroll, 172
James, William, 14, 43, 334, 335
Japan: language development in, 98
joint attention, 142–44, 150, 160
Jones, Mary Cover, 312–13
Jung, Carl, 52
Kafka, Martin, 270–71
Kagan, Jerome, 48, 52–54, 55, 56, 72
Kanner, Leo, 158, 158n, 160–61
Kanwisher, Nancy, 141, 155
Karolinska Institutet: attachment study at, 193
Kendler, Kenneth, 334
knowledge, 48
“The Knowledge,” 134
Korean children: autism study of, 159
koro, 25–27
Kuhl, Patricia, 97, 98
language: autism and, 159; biology of normal and, 325, 326; brain plasticity and, 135; childhood abuse/adversity and, 106; development of, 87–89, 87n, 95, 97–99, 98n, 106; and emotions as language of social communication, 174; learning second, 90; mind reading as, 167; mothers role in learning, 98n; nature and nurture and, 135; reading feelings and, 173; sensitive periods and, 325, 326
lap-dancing, 245–46
Lassie (TV show), 150
Laura (mother-child separation example), 196–97
Leahy, Michael, 269–70
learning: behaviorism and, 281; from experiences, 325; lifelong, 83; Pavlov’s studies on conditioning and, 279–80; statistical, 98, 98n. See also conditioning
Leckman, James, 34
LeDoux, Joseph, 285, 320–21
L’Enfant Sauvage (movie), 94
Leslie, Alan, 145–46, 160
Lexapro, 68
lie detectors, 167–71
limbic system, 56, 175, 189, 213, 220, 269
Liquid Trust, 186–87, 215, 226
literature: repressed memory in, 20–21
lithium, 13
Little Albert (conditioning case study), 281–83, 298, 312, 322–23
Little, Anthony, 249–50
Lombardo, Michael, 163
“long-term potentiation,” 288, 289
Lorenz, Konrad, 89–90, 95, 190, 197
love, 5–6, 194–95, 216, 223, 224, 327. See also attachment
Lyons-Ruth, Karlen, 211–12
Lysenko, Trofim, 153
Madoff, Bernie, 214
mammals: attachment among, 188–93
mania, 29
manic-depressive illness, 15
marital conflict: oxytocin and, 225–26
Marlowe, Frank, 249–50
Massachusetts General Hospital: attractiveness/beauty study at, 260–61
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): attractiveness/beauty study at, 260–61
mathematics, 164, 165
mating: biology of normal and, 325; connecting and, 224; functions of mind and, 4; as fundamental mental process, 28, 30; oxytyocin and vasopressin and, 190–94; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; strategies for, 233–34, 233n, 235–36; temperament and, 74. See also attractiveness/beauty; sexual orientation
McHugh, Paul, 20
McNally, Richard J., 301–2
Meaney, Michael, 115–17, 118, 126
media: attractiveness/beauty and, 228–29, 230–31
medical education, 185
Meet the Parents (movie), 169
memory: anxiety and, 302–4; BDNF gene and, 306, 307; benefits of, 283–84; biology of normal and, 325; consolidation process and, 287, 312; declarative, 321; of fear, 278, 283–84, 286, 287, 289–90; forgetting and, 289–90; formation of, 48, 287–89; natural selection and, 289, 319; nature and nurture and, 133–34; Pavlov’s studies on conditioning and, 279–80; reconsolidation of, 319–21; and remembering process, 318–19; spatial, 133–34; updating and changing, 319–22; vulnerability of, 319–20. See also emotional memory
menstruation, 243–47
mental disorders/illness: biological basis of, 29; biology of normal and, 8, 329–37; as biomedical disorders, 28–29; definitions of, 11–43, 329–30, 335; diagnosing and treating, 16–17, 331–37; genetics and, 29; humor theory and, 2; as perturbations of normal, 5; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; risk for, 68; as social constructions, 28, 29; values and, 28, 29; Wakefield “harmful dysfunction” definition of, 28, 29–30, 31–33, 43, 335. See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); distress or impairment standard; specific disorder/illness
mentalizing. See mind reading
Merritte, Douglas, 323
metarepresentation, 145–46
methionine, 307, 307n
methylation, 112–13, 114, 115, 116, 117
mice: temperament in, 71–73
Milad, Mohammed, 304
Miller, Zell, 85, 129
mind: ancient theories about, 2; blank slate theory of, 7, 83, 196, 235, 280–81; brain and, 2, 5–6; environment and, 2; experiences and, 2, 135; function of, 2; genes/genetics and, 2; hidden features of, 1; impact of nurture on, 114, 115–18; line between normal-disorder and, 13–14, 17, 27, 33; need for understanding of, 27–30; quest to understand, 2–4; uniqueness of, 2; universal features of, 2. See also biology of normal; mind reading
mind reading: adaptation and, 143–44; aggression and, 153; by animals, 142–43, 150–54; biology of, 137–85; bluffers and lie detectors and, 167–71; competition and, 138, 147; cooperation and, 144, 147, 149, 152; culture and, 143, 144, 149; empathy and, 138, 141, 147, 176; environment and, 141–42, 168; evolution and, 138, 147–49, 154n, 168; experience and, 141–42, 156; facial expressions and, 138–43, 169; false beliefs and, 146–47, 149, 156, 157, 160, 168, 171; genes/genetics, mind reading and, 141, 151–52, 153, 156, 161–62, 163; importance of, 156; joint attention/information sharing and, 142–44, 149; as language, 167; mindblindness and, 157–60; mother-child attachment and, 190; natural selection and, 138, 141, 147, 154, 168; nature-nurture debate and, 141, 156–57; oxytocin and, 216; pedagogy and, 143–44; pretend and, 144–46, 156, 159, 160; social cognition and, 137, 142, 149, 152; spectrum of normal and, 164–67; super skills for, 167–71; thinking about thinking and, 146–49, 154–56, 164; trust and, 147. See also feelings: reading of; theory of mind
mindblindness, 157–60
Mineka, Susan, 298
mirror neuron system (MNS), 175, 176, 177
Mitchell, S. L., 22
monkeys: Harlow’s maternal-infant bonding study of, 197–99
Montague, Read, 222–23
mood, 68, 72, 301, 336–37. See also specific disorder
moral behavior; empathy and, 177, 180, 184
“more is better” premise: nurture and, 129–33
morphine, 312
Moss, Howard, 52
mothers: birth and, 187–88; child attachment to, 187–90, 192, 194–95, 196–204, 213–14, 336; emotional empathy and, 176; faces of, 101, 142; immune system of, 257–59; influence on temperament of, 58; language development and, 98n; and maternal instincts, 188–90, 336; and maternal love, 194–95, 216, 223; nature and nurture and, 92–93, 98n, 101, 115–18, 122–26, 127, 328; overprotective, 58; oxytocin and, 187–88; “refrigerator, “ 161; separation of child and, 196–99, 200–201, 202–4, 211–12; smiles of, 176; trust and, 208, 214
Mozart Effect, 83, 84, 85–86
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 84, 85, 330
multiple personality disorder (MPD), 18–23
musical abilities, 84, 85–86, 86n, 129, 326
Nader, Karim, 320–21
Nakayama, Ken, 139
National Center for Health Statistics, U.S., 12, 253
National Governor’s Association, 132
National Institute of Mental Health, 179, 333, 337
National Institutes of Health, 179, 337
natural selection: anger and, 154; attachment and, 187, 193, 195, 199, 200, 205; attractiveness/beauty and, 231–32, 236, 237, 246, 248, 251, 252, 273; biology of normal and, 6–7, 136, 325, 329; fear and, 278; Galton’s views about, 7n; harm-avoidance mechanism and, 33; and line between normal and abnormal, 30; memory and, 289, 319; mind reading and, 138, 141, 147, 154, 168; nature and nurture and, 135, 329; reading feelings and, 173, 174; reproduction and, 34; sexual orientation and, 252, 254, 255–56; temperament and, 41, 73–74, 75–76, 77; trust and, 216
“naturalistic fallacy,” 235
nature and nurture: anxiety and, 304–8; behaviorism and, 280–81; biology of normal and, 327, 328–29; early experiences and, 91–94; Galton’s views about, 7; genes/genetics and, 328; intelligence and, 7; mind reading and, 141, 156–57; natural selection and, 329; normal-abnormal debate, 118; personality and, 7; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 2, 3; sexual orientation and, 252–53, 259; temperament and, 7; unity of, 328–29. See also evolution; genes/genetics; natural selection; nurture
Navarro, Joe, 170
Nelson, Charles, 100, 106
nervous system, 48, 56, 291, 292, 293
Nestler, Eric, 128
neurodiversity, 166n
neurogenesis, 127–28
neuroscience: attachment/trust studies and, 187, 190, 195; attractiveness/beauty and, 228; biology of fear and anxiety and, 277, 279, 310; biology of normal and, 43n, 324; CBT and, 313; dialogue between brain and experience and, 81, 83, 84; emotional memory studies of, 310; and impact of childhood abuse/adversity, 119, 121; and line between normal and abnormal, 42; mother-child relationship and, 195; prairie vole studies in, 190; and quest to understand mind and brain, 3, 4, 5, 6
neuroticism, 60–62, 70, 80
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 121
Nina (Dalayrac opera), 21–22
NMDA receptor, 288, 289, 290, 315
“noble savage” notion, 93
norepinephrine, 72, 289, 291, 293, 310–11, 312
normal: definition of, 6, 8–9, 324; as dependent on context, 118; disorders as perturbations of, 5; importance of, 5; new, 324–37; pathologizing of, 4, 265, 329–30; spectrum of, 6, 40–41, 164–67, 182, 324, 327, 336. See also normal-abnormal
normal-abnormal: anxiety and, 309; childhood abuse/adversity and, 118; definition of, 14–43; DSM views about, 17; fear and, 277; and focus on abnormal, 334; James’ views about, 334; line between, 8–9, 13–14, 23–24, 30–36, 41–43, 81, 166–67, 265, 309, 329–30, 333–37; major drivers in biology of, 136; nature vs. nurture debate and, 118; and need for understanding of mind and brain, 27–30; night-day comparison with, 41–43; proposal concerning, 333–37; sexual attraction and, 265, 273; shift in views about what is, 23. See also abnormal; distress or impairment standard; normal; specific topic
Nr3c1. See glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1) gene
nucleus accumbens, 192, 261, 262
nurture: adaptation and, 132, 135–36; attachment and, 204–5; as basis of child development, 52; biology of, 82–136; connecting and, 224; deprivation of, 93–94; enrichment and, 129–33; environment, 131, 132, 133, 135; evolution and, 131, 135; experience and, 133, 135; genetics and, 135; impact on mind of, 114, 115–18; “more is better” premise and, 129–33; normal development and, 118; resilience and, 83, 121–29. See also environment; experiences; nature and nurture
obesity, 78
“object choice task,” 150
obscene phone calling, 267–68
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 33–36, 37, 39–40, 295, 305, 316, 337
Odbert, H. S., 59
Öhman, Arne, 298
only children: mind reading by, 156–57
openness: Big Five and, 60–62, 78
oral contraceptives, 245, 246–47
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 56, 101, 180, 181, 220, 261, 262–63
O’Sullivan, Maureen, 169
other people: brain of, 154–56; controlling of emotions of, 212–13; perception of emotions in, 38, 39; reading faces of, 54–57, 70, 73, 101–3, 107–8, 172–74, 175–76, 178, 179, 180, 216, 217; understanding thoughts and feelings of, 325, 327. See also feelings: reading of; mind reading
Oxford University: MHC study at, 240; mouse fear study at, 71–72
oxygen bars, 130–31
oxytocin, 187–93, 194, 215, 216–18, 220, 224–26, 337
panic: childhood abuse/adversity and, 109; as contagious, 274–76; and definition of panic disorders, 331; diagnosis and treatment for, 16, 295, 309, 314, 316; emotional memory and, 296, 302; impact on individuals and families of, 29; line between normal and abnormal and, 309; nature and nurture and, 305; shrinking penis case and, 24–25, 27; trust and, 222. See also anxiety
paraphilias, 265–67, 272
parental investment theory, 233, 236, 237
parents: autism and, 161–62; child bonding with, 224; and impact of childhood abuse/adversity on brain development, 104, 117, 118; modeling by, 63. See also abuse/adversity, childhood; mothers
Parris, Steve, 166–67
paruresis (“shy bladder”), 45
patients, “difficult,” 210
Paulus, Martin, 72–73
Pavlov, Ivan, 52, 279–80, 284
Paxil (paroxetine), 68, 80
penis, shrinking, 24–27
People magazine: facial recognition test and, 140
“people” people, 65–67
perfectionism, 34
personality: as adjustments in innate temperament, 81; Big Five of, 59–62; definition of, 59; dimensions of, 59–62; dual, 22; exposure to danger and, 308; genes/genetics and, 309; individual differences and, 7, 62–65; lack of empathy and, 177; missing genes and, 65–67; nature and nurture and, 7, 118; regional U.S. stereotypes of, 60–61. See also personality disorders; temperament
personality disorders, 4, 178–79, 210, 336. See also specific disorder
pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), 159, 159n
Peter Principle, 312–15
pharmaceutical industry, 12, 13, 16–17, 24, 68, 330
Phelps, Elizabeth, 321
phobias, 45, 283, 294, 295, 296–97, 298, 304, 305, 309, 312, 316. See also specific phobia
physical exercise, 128
Pitman, Roger, 311, 319
Pitocin. See oxytocin
pituitary gland, 188
plasticity, brain, 48, 83, 91, 95, 96, 127, 132, 133, 135–36, 306, 326–27
pleasing cues, 234–36
Poe, Edgar Allan: purloined letter story of, 1, 147
poker, 137, 170–71, 170n
Pollak, Seth, 103–4, 118
Pope, Alexander, 20, 317–18
Pope, Harrison “Skip,” 20–21, 22, 230
Porn Nation (Leahy), 269–70
pornography, 266, 267–68, 269–70, 271, 272
postpartum period, 34–36
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): BPD and, 210; compassion fatigue and, 184; culture and, 24; diagnosis and treatment for, 16, 24, 210, 295, 309, 311, 312; emotional memory and, 299–302, 303, 304, 305, 311, 312, 319, 321–22; line between normal and abnormal and, 309; memory and, 19; prevalence of, 304
Potok, Chaim, 125
prefrontal cortex: anxiety and, 291, 296, 305–6; BDNF gene and, 306–7; emotional memory and, 315; fear and, 284, 285, 286, 290, 296, 305–6, 307; functions of, 95–96; and line between normal and abnormal, 40; mind reading and, 155–56, 175, 176; PTSD and, 304; reading feelings and, 180; temperament and, 56, 58, 70, 80
pregnancy, 34–36
Premack, David, 147–48, 149, 160
pretend, 144–46, 156, 159, 160
prisoners of war, 299–302
probability, 40
progesterone, 243, 244, 245, 246
prolactin, 188
promiscuity, 235–36, 235n, 241, 271
proposal, for biology of normal, 333–37
propranolol, 311–12, 321
prosopagnosia, 139, 140–41
Provost, Jon, 150
Prozac (fluoxetine), 68, 128
psychiatric disorders: attachment and, 206; childhood abuse/adversity and, 108; criteria for diagnosing, 14–17; definition of, 11–43, 329–30, 331; diagnosis of, 14–17; as extremes of normal quantitative traits, 80–81; prevalence of, 11. See also specific disorder
psychoanalysis, 2, 295
psychoanalytic theory, 52, 83, 195–96, 197, 209, 294–95
psychology: biology of normal and, 43n; as pathologizing normal behavior, 12; pharmaceutical companies collusion with, 12, 13
psychopathy, 177–82, 184, 185
psychosis, 29, 313. See also specific disorder
psychotherapy, 29, 133–34, 310, 327
public speaking, fear of, 277–78, 316
“purloined letter effect,” 3–4
purloined letter story, Poe’s, 1, 147
Rappell, Amy (anxiety patient), 302–3, 310, 314–15
Rauscher, Frances, 84, 86
reactive attachment disorder (RAD), 206–7, 224
Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, 213
“recovered memory” concept, 19–23
reexperiencing symptoms, 300–301
Reiner, Rob, 132
relationships. See social interactions
reproduction, 4, 30, 34–36, 74, 231–32, 234, 236–37, 243, 254, 325
Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC), 337
resilience, 8, 83, 121–29, 206, 327, 337
Ressler, Kerry, 315–16
Reynolds, Mary, 22
rgs2 gene, 71–72
RGS2 gene, 72–73, 306
Rh factor, 258
Ridley, Matt, 237n, 328
risk-taking, 4, 58, 67
Robertson, Jimmy, 196
Romania: abused children in, 105–8, 131, 135, 206
romantic love, 194–95, 216, 223
Romulus and Remus (myth), 93
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 276
Rosen, John, 336
Rosenhan, David, 15, 28
Rothbaum, Barbara, 316
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 93
Rozin, Paul, 36–37
Russell, Richard, 139
Sally-Anne task, 146, 149, 157, 160, 176
salmon envy, 92–93
Samoan culture: sexual behavior in, 254–55, 257
Sandra (trust example), 207–9, 221–22
sane-insane: definition of, 15
Sapolsky, Robert, 201
Saxe, Rebecca, 154–55, 164
scared to death, 202–4
Schafe, Glenn, 320–21
schizophrenia: biology of normal and, 332, 333, 336, 337; cause of, 163; culture and, 23; diagnosis and treatment for, 15, 16, 332, 333, 336, 337; genetics and, 67; psychoanalysis and, 209; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; Wakefield’s definition of mental disorders and, 29
Schwartz, Carl, 55, 56, 70
Seery, Mark, 121
Seinfeld, Jerry, 278
self-consciousness, 2
sensitive periods: attachment and, 200, 202; biology of normal and, 325–26; brain plasticity and, 133, 135, 136; childhood abuse/adversity and, 110, 326; critical period distinguished from, 89; and effects of maternal care, 115, 117, 118; enrichment and, 130, 131, 132, 133; and environment affects on brain, 90–91; fear/anxiety and, 308, 310–12; and how sensitive periods shape mental and emotional lives, 94–96; Lorenz filial imprinting experiments and, 89–90; nurture and, 89–91, 94–96; other people’s emotions and, 102; trajectories and, 8; Wiesel-Hubel experiments about, 90–91
separation: of mother and child, 196–99, 200–201, 202–4, 211–12
separation anxiety, 202
serotonin transporter, 68–70, 71, 72, 73–74, 80, 111–12, 306
Sex Rehab with Dr. Drew (TV show), 270
sexual attraction. See attractiveness/beauty; mating
sexual desires: addiction to, 270–73; biology of, 269–70; disorders of, 264–73; technology and, 267–68; too little, 272–73; too much, 270–73. See also attractiveness/beauty
sexual orientation, 252–57, 254n, 256n, 261
sexual selection, 232, 233, 250. See also mating; sexual orientation
shell shock, 299–300
shen k’uei, 27
Shorter, Edward, 330
shrinking penises, 24–27
shyness, 56. See also “boldness vs. shyness” temperament
siblings: mind reading and, 156–57. See also brothers
sickle cell anemia, 75
Simmel, Marianne, 147
Singer, Alison, 12
Singer, Peter, 184
Singh, Devendra, 261–62
Skinner, B. F., 196, 295
Sklansky, David, 170
SLC6A4 gene. See serotonin transporter
“slow-to-warm-up” temperament, 49–50
smell, 37, 39, 240–41
“smelly T-shirt test,” 241
smiles, 176, 219
Smith, Adam, 174, 176
social anxiety, 44–46, 67, 73, 79, 80, 278, 309, 316
social brain: mind reading and, 141, 145, 152
social cognition: abnormalities in, 160–64; biology of normal and, 325; distribution of normal and, 41; of dogs, 150, 152, 154; loss of brain functions and, 97; mind reading and, 137, 142, 149, 150, 152, 154–55; oxytocin and, 225; sensitive periods and, 325; spectrum of normal and, 166–67; trust and, 216. See also autism
“social defeat” model, 128
social dominance hierarchies, 28
social interactions, 4, 98n, 107, 137–38, 146–47, 158–59, 187–88, 225
social phobia, 29, 47, 57–58, 67, 80, 295, 296–97, 305
sociopaths, 178
Southard, E. E., 334
Spitzer, Robert, 14, 16, 17
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 68, 79–80, 128, 302, 306
statistical learning, 98, 98n
Steele, Kenneth, 86
Stein, Murray, 72–73
Stockholm syndrome, 201–2
Stone, Valerie, 220
Strange Situation, 202–4, 211
stranger anxiety, 202, 204
Straus, Jack “Treetop,” 170–71
“stress-diathesis” model, 305
stress/stress hormones: anxiety and, 291, 305, 308; attachment and, 200–201; baby strollers and, 119–21; biology of normal and, 328; BPD and, 211; domestication of animals and, 154; emotional memory and, 310, 311; fear and, 284, 291; nature and nurture and, 115–16, 117–18, 119–21, 126, 127, 133, 328; neurogenesis and, 127, 128; neurotransmitters and, 72. See also cortisol
strollers, baby, 119–21
suicide, 116–17, 123, 208, 209, 328
Sullivan, Regina, 200, 201, 202
superior temporal sulcus (STS), 101
“supernormal stimuli,” 250–51
supersizing: biology of normal and, 326
survival, 4, 199, 219–20, 277
Sybil (patient), 19
symmetry: attractiveness/beauty and, 237, 241–42, 245, 249–50
Szasz, Thomas, 28
talent, 168
taste, 37, 95
technology, 2–3, 21, 267–68
telephone scatalogia (obscene phone calling), 267–68
television shows, 87n, 88–89, 270
temperament: anxiety and, 306; approach and, 53–57, 65–66; attachment and, 211, 214; Big Five and, 59–62, 78; biology of normal and, 327; biology of, 44–81; “boldness vs. shyness,” 51–52, 53–57, 58, 70, 71–73, 74, 76–78, 80; BPD and, 211; brain and, 54–81; breeding animals for, 154; culture and, 60, 61–62; definition of, 48; distribution of normal and, 41; of dogs, 62–63; dopamine and, 76–77; environment and, 48, 51–52, 58–59, 62, 64, 67, 81; evolution and, 46, 47, 57, 73–74, 76–77; experiences and, 48, 59, 67, 70, 76; exposure to danger and, 308; foundation of, 48; genes/genetics and, 4, 46–81; harm-avoidance and, 48, 53–57, 65, 70; heritability and, 63–65, 71; humor theory and, 2, 48–53; individual differences and, 7, 62–65; in mice, 71–73; mothers’ influence on, 58; natural selection and, 41, 73–74, 75–76, 77; nature and nurture and, 7, 118; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; serotonin and, 68–70, 71, 72, 73–74, 80
temporoparietal junction (TPJ), 155–56, 164
testosterone, 243, 259
Thailand: koro epidemic in, 26
thalamus, 284, 285, 288
theory of mind: abnormalities in, 160–64; of animals, 148–49, 150, 154, 154n; autism and, 160, 163–64; BPD and, 211, 213; empathy and, 176–77; first appearance of phrase, 147–48; functions of, 147; mind reading and, 138, 144, 147–49, 150, 154; as never fully developed, 157–60; poker and, 170–71; spectrum of normal and, 164–67; tasks of, 155; trust and, 214, 220. See also mind reading
thinking/thoughts, 4, 146–49, 154–56, 164, 172, 325
Thomas, Alexander, 49–50, 51
Thompson, Dorothy, 275
The Three Faces of Eve (Cleckley), 178
“The 3 Percent Club,” 190
Timmy’s in the Well (Provost), 150
Tinbergen, Niko, 250–51
Tomasello, Michael, 148, 149, 150–51, 154
Tomkins, Silvan, 172
Tooby, John, 219–20
trajectories, 7–8
transcription factors, 111–12, 114, 115, 117, 128, 256
Trivers, Robert, 232–33
Truffaut, François, 93–94
trust: attachment and, 201, 205, 207–14, 217; betrayal/violation of, 217–18, 219–20, 221–23; biology of, 214–26; BPD and, 209–13, 221–23; connecting and, 224; cooperation and, 222–23, 225; dis-, 221–23; distribution of normal and, 41; as fundamental mental process, 30; importance of, 214; intent and, 214; mind reading and, 147; mother-child relationship and, 208, 214; oxytocin and, 187, 188, 215, 216–18, 220, 224–25; and quest for understanding of mind and brain, 4; reluctance to, 207–9; survival and, 219–20; theory of mind and, 214, 220
tuberous sclerosis, 162
twins, studies of: anxiety and, 305, 307–8; autism and, 162; biology of behavior and, 114; biology of normal and, 328–29; BPD and, 211; epigenetics and, 328–29; Galton’s studies of, 7; mind reading and, 141, 156, 157, 162; nature and nurture and, 7; reading feelings and, 182; sexual orientation and, 256–57, 259, 260; temperament and, 63–64
A Two-Year-Old Goes to the Hospital (movie), 196–97
University of British Columbia: maternal care study at, 116
University of New Mexico: lap-dancing study at, 245–46
University of Toronto: reading facial feelings study at, 173
University of Zurich: trust studies at, 215, 217–18
U.S./UK Cross-national Project, 15–16
use-it-or-lose-it strategy, 95
valine, 307
valproate, 13
values, 28, 48, 143, 273
Vasey, Paul, 254–55
vasopressin, 191–93, 193n, 216–17, 220, 225
videos: effects on cognition of, 83–89
Vietnam, 26, 300, 308
vision, 1, 90–91, 90n, 91, 94, 95, 101, 135, 325
voles: attachment among, 190–93, 193n, 195
waist:hip ratio, 261–62
Wakefield, Jerome, 28, 29–30, 31–33, 42, 43, 335
Wall Street (movie), 277
Walt Disney Company, 85, 88
war: fear as weapon of, 276–77; prisoners of, 299–302. See also specific war
War of the Worlds broadcast, 274–75
Ward, Deidre, 109–10, 118
Watson, John B., 83, 136, 196, 280–83, 284, 295, 296, 312, 322–23
Watters, Ethan, 23–24
Wells, H. G., 275
Wicker, Bruno, 39
Wiesel, Torsten, 90–91, 90n, 94, 95
Will, George, 330
Williams syndrome, 65–67, 183, 327
Wilson, Alan, 238
Wilson, E. O., 232
“windows of opportunity.” See sensitive periods
Wolf, Naomi, 229–30
wolves, 151–52
Woodruff, Guy, 148, 160
Woods, Tiger, 214
World Health Organization (WHO), 196, 332
World War I, 299–300
World War II, 196
Y chromosome, 266
Yang, T. H., 24–25
Yanni, 86
Young, Jim, 227–28
Young, Larry, 191, 192–93, 194, 225, 226
Zachar, Peter, 334
Zeanah, Charles, 106
Zeedyk, M. Suzanne, 119–21
Zimmerman, Frederick, 87, 88
Zoloft (sertraline), 68, 79–80
Zuckerberg, Mark, 228