INDEX

Absolute, 154, 163–164; reason as, 33
Absolute identity, of apperceptive self, 11
Absolute mistrust, 113, 220n97
Absolutism, 117, 121–124
Absorption (Vertiefung), 63, 202n34
Abstract negation, 80
Action (Handlung), 20–23; intention into, 21; non-virtuous, 33; reasons for, 32; self-knowledge of, 21–22; thought and, 21
Aesthetic unity, 72–79
Affirmative infinite, 103
Africans, 51–55, 68, 197nn3–5; as failed Europeans, 52; freedom and, 156; Hobbes and, 231n8; as rule following, 66, 165; as stalled, 201n25
Alexander the Great, 78–79, 82
Allison, Henry, 32
American slavery, 162–163
American war of independence, 128
Ancien régime, 108–109, 124, 138
Animals: consciousness of, 7–8; disease in, 9–10; food for, 7; inner purpose of, 9; self-interpreting, 45, 166; self-relation of, 6; sensitivities of, 12. See also Rational animals
Ansich (in itself), 90
Antigone (Sophocles), 76–78
Apperceptive life: concept of, 21–22; Hegel and, 11; reference and, 23
Aristotle, 40–41, 56, 71–79, 90; on non-virtuous actions, 33; on virtuous man, 71
Art: in Greek society, 76; Hegel lectures on, 119–120; Idea and, 15; in Roman society, 84
Asiatic despotism, 52, 69–73
Atheism, political, 55–61, 66, 198n15
Athens, Greece, 51, 69–81
Aufhebung (sublation), 30–31, 48–49, 226n156
Augustus, 85–86
Austin, John, 57
Authority, 20–29; of Charlemagne, 105–106, 112; in Christianity, 92–94; in England, 114; Protestantism as, 112–121; self-consciousness and, 23–24; space of reasons and, 29; towns as, 111–112; transparency of reference and, 29; of vassals, 106, 109–112, 185n61, 220n109; without violence, 21; wirklich and, 44
Autonomy, of hero, 74
Awareness: of reasons, 10; self-awareness, reflection in, 11
Bad infinite, 102
Barbarossa, Friedrich, 105–106
Base (Grundlinien), 161
Beautiful individuality, 71–79
Beautiful soul, 132–133, 226n156
Befriedigung (satisfaction), 101–102
Being: of animal, 6–10; of humanity, 12–19; logic of, 12–19
Bei sich selbst (self-unity), 36, 92
Bentham, Jeremy, 135–136
Bipolar judgment, 25–26
Blumenbach, J. F., 94
Boyle, Matthew, 11, 12
Brahman, 63, 201n33
Caesar, 97
Cast of mind (Gesinnungen), 134–135
Catholicism, 123–139, 227n159
Charlemagne, 105–106, 112
Charles V (King), 112–119, 221n119
China, 143, 199nn16–18, 200nn19–21; Greece and, 205n8; laws in, 198n10; as non-European, 51–52; philosophy of history and, 196n1; as political atheism, 55–61, 66, 198n15; slavery in, 56
Christ, 92–93
Christianity: in early Rome, 90–94; God in, 91–94; India and, 202n35; moral psychology of, 98–100. See also specific denominations
Citizenship, 81–85
Comprehended history, 3–5, 101
Concept: of apperceptive life, 21–22; of freedom, 36; Hegel and, 16, 17; Idea and, 17–19; intuition and, 32; logic of, 13–14; noumenal world and, 16; objectivity and, 14–15, 16; reality and, 14–15; rule followers of, 155; of subjectivity, 89–90, 140–144
Conflict: with reason, 33; self-consciousness and, 23–24
Confucius, 58–61
Congress of Vienna, 129
Consciousness: of animals, 7–8; of consciousness, 29. See also Self-consciousness
Constitutive, normative and, 18
Consumer goods, 88
Corporations, 123
Creon, 76–77
Creuzer, Georg Friedrich, 202n35
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 5, 29, 32–33, 233n18
Crusades, the, 107–108
Curatorial ideal, 61
Deed (Tat), 21
Depravity, 56
Descartes, 2
Desire, 20–36, 40–45; duty and, 33; self-consciousness as, 20–21
Despotism: in Asia, 52, 69–73; Greek male in, 73–79; in Orient, 65, 205n7
Determinate negation, 65, 79–80, 207n17
Disease, in animals, 9–10
Domination (Herrschaft), 85, 225n141
Doubt, 23, 54, 77
Dutch resistance, 118–121
Duty, desire and, 33
Dyadic judgments, 25–28; justice and, 26
Early Roman Christianity, 91–94
Egypt, 51, 143, 204n2, 205n5; as failed Greeks, 64–67
Emotion, in Enlightenment, 122
Empirical thought, 17–19
Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Hegel), 5, 29, 186n69, 198n15, 216n72
End (Zweck), 41, 215n65, 236n27
End of history, 2, 42–43, 165, 203n40, 229n172
End unto itself (Selbstzweck), 10, 175n9, 182n46
England: authority of, 114; India and, 202n36
Enlightenment, 121–139; emotion in, 122
Epicureanism, 87, 211n41, 212n47
Episcopal church, 130
Erscheinende (phenomenal reality), 16
Essence, 14–15, 141; logic of, 13, 14
Essentialism, on self-identity, 1
Eternal justice, 28–29, 44–45, 76, 157, 208n21; Hegel and, 28; subjectivity and, 29
Ethical life (Sittlichkeit), 57, 122–123, 158
Ethnie, 94–100, 116
Etruscan kings, 82
Eudaimonia, 101–102, 156
Europe: Crusades in, 107–108; Dutch authority in, 118–121; early subjectivity in, 94–100; formation of, 104–121; French authority in, 118–121; India as mirror of, 61–64; modernity in, 61–67; passion and principle in, 104–110; violence in, 106
Exoticist ideal, 61–62
Experiential knowledge, Hegel and, 16
Externality, Idea and, 17
Faith, 121–122
Fate, 86–87
Feudalism: dissolution of, 123–139; in early Europe, 104–121; freedom and, 148–149; in Germany, 98–100; philosophical history and, 104; rights in, 113; rule of law and, 122; subjectivity in, 99; transformation of, 111
Fichte, Johann, 5
Finite ends, 41–43
First person, reference to, 23
Flattery, as heroism, 125
Food, for animals, 7
Fortuna, 48–49
Freedom: Africans and, 156; Christianity as, 92–94; concept of, 36; condition of, 50–55, 65, 236n27; feudalism and, 148–149; Germanen love of, 96–100; honor as, 106–109; Idea and, 111, 144–150; as infinite, 3; infinite ends in, 41–45; intuition and, 74; justice as, 111–121, 149; in self-consciousness, 29–38; in subjectivity, 3–4
French aristocracy, 97
French Revolution, 99–100, 120–121, 140; God and, 129; modernity and, 47; universal rights of man and, 120
Functionalist, 153
Gans, Edward, 136
Geist, 7, 101, 140, 158. See also Subjectivity
Gemütlichkeit, 98
Germanen, 94–100, 104–105; rule of law and, 122, 140
German idealism, 4; Idea of, 14–19
Germany: feudalism in, 98–100; love of freedom of, 96–100; morality in, 131–132; religious division in, 131–139; Thirty Years War of, 114–117, 130; wars of religion in, 111
Gesetzt (posited), 90, 225n141
Gesinnungen (cast of mind), 134–135
God, 121–122, 129–133, 147–151; in Christianity, 91–94; French Revolution and, 129
Gods, 37–38, 71–87
Goethe, Johann, 150
Good, 102
Great Britain, 130
Greece: aesthetic unity in, 72–79; as Antigone, 76–78; China and, 205n8; citizenship in, 75–79; Egypt as, 64–67; hero of, 74–79; hubris in, 70; miracle in, 68–69; Persia and, 64–67, 209n27; self-conscious contradiction in, 75–79; slavery in, 68–79
Gründe (reasons), 152
Grundlinien (base), 161
Gunpowder, 109
Handlung. See Action
Happiness, 41–42, 102, 127, 172n6, 217n74
Happy middle, 71–72
Hegel, Georg: on Africans, 51–55, 66, 68, 156, 165; analogies of, 7; apperceptive life and, 11; on art, 15; art lectures of, 119–120; beautiful individuality and, 71; on China, 51–52, 55–65, 143; concept and, 16, 17; Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences by, 5, 29, 186n69, 198n15, 216n72; eternal justice and, 28; experiential knowledge and, 16; on Greek art, 76; on historical development, 33–34; Idea and, 14–19, 20, 111; idealism of, 6–10; on India, 50–55, 61–66; intelligibility and, 4; internalism of, 34; justice and, 3; on Kant, 31–38; legal system and, 27; manifestation and, 21; modernity and, 2, 5; moments and, 18; naturalism of, 19, 31; non-Europeans and, 1; on Persia, 2, 48, 50–55, 64–67, 69–87; philosophy of history of, 1–3, 196n1; Philosophy of Right by, 120, 142; as Polybius, 47–49; rational animals and, 29–38; realm of shadows of, 20; on self-consciousness and its other, 22–29; on self-consciousness and spirit, 19–22; sense-certainty and, 22; sovereign and, 36; space of reasons and, 237n33; on subjectivity, 3, 12–19, 24–25; on substance, 6–12; teleology and, 9. See also Phenomenology of Spirit; Science of Logic
Hero: flattery and, 125; of Greece, 74–79
Herodotus, 51–52, 65, 69, 73
Herrschaft (domination), 85, 225n141
Heteronomous good, 104
History: comprehended, 3–5, 101; Crusades in, 107–108; development of, Hegel on, 33–34; of early Europe, 104–121; goal of, 2; infinite end in, 100–104; justice in, 150–157; Marx and, 4; as necessity, 164–168; path-dependency of, 69–70; philosophical, 39, 45–51, 68, 104, 166–167; self-knowledge in, 150–157. See also Philosophical history; Philosophy of history
Hobbes, Thomas, 72; Africans and, 231n8; modernity and, 2
Hohenstaufens, 105, 112
Holy Roman Empire, 105, 112, 130
Honor, 39–43, 106–109, 219n90, 223n129
Houlgate, Stephen, 196n2
Hubris, 70
Humanitas, 82–83, 87–88
Human rationality, 17
Human subjectivity, 12–19, 29–33; normative and, 12; struggle for recognition and, 44–45; substance and subject and, 140–150
Humboldt, Wilhelm, 63, 201n30, 201n33, 202n35
Idea: art and, 15; as concept, 14–19; externality and, 17; freedom and, 111, 144–150; of German idealism, 14–19; Hegel and, 20, 111; Kant and, 15–16; orders of thought in, 40–45; of rational animals, 17; shape of life and, 20; of subject, 17; subjectivity and, 89–90, 143–144; universal and, 18
Ideal and idealism: curatorial, 61; exoticist, 61–62; German, 4, 14–19; of Hegel, 6–10; magisterial, 61
Identity: absolute, 11; self-, 1–3
Impotence, of nature, 9–10
Incentives, motives and, 32
Incorporation thesis, 32–36, 187nn75–77
India, 50–55, 199nn16–18, 201nn27–30; Brahman concept in, 63, 201n33; Christianity and, 202n35; England and, 202n36; as Europe’s dream, 61–64; laws in, 198n10; philosophy of, 63–64
Individuality, beautiful, 71–79
Infinite: affirmative, 103; bad, 102; freedom as, 3
Infinite ends: freedom in, 41–45; of Greek Eudaimonia, 89; historical manifestations of, 41–45; manifestation of, 39–45; path-dependency with, 100–104; reconciliation as, 43–44; of subjectivity, 4
Infinite worth, 150, 224n138
In itself (Ansich), 90
Injustice, universal, 106, 218n80
Innerlichkeit. See Inwardness
Inner purpose, of animals, 9
Inquisition, the, 124
Insichgehen, 116–117
Intelligibility: Idea-concepts and, 18–19; of nature, 4–5; of subjectivity, 4
Intention, 21, 46; into action, 21; as thought, 32–34
Interests, 30
Internalism, 30–34, 52–53; of Hegel, 34; in moral psychology, 30, 187n72; purpose and, 188n1; about reasons and motives, 90
Intersubjectivity, 25
Intuition: concept and, 32; freedom and, 74
Inwardness (Innerlichkeit), 86–87; in early Christianity, 91–94; Puritanism as, 114
Italy, 105–106, 111–112
Jansenism, 121
Jerusalem, 108, 214n62
Jesuits, 112
Judgments: dyadic, 25, 26; monadic, 25–29; in Science of Logic, 13; in subjectivity, 13
Justice: dyadic judgments and, 26; freedom as, 111–121, 149; Hegel and, 3; in history, 150–157; self-consciousness and, 26–27; universal injustice, 106, 218n80. See also Eternal justice
Kant, Immanuel, 10; Critique of Pure Reason by, 5, 29, 32–33, 233n18; on Enlightenment, 126–127; on freedom, 36; Hegel and, 31–38; Idea and, 15–16; incorporation thesis of, 32–36, 187nn75–77; noumenal world of, 15–16; philosophy of history of, 46–49; reason and, 14; on self-consciousness, 11; subjectivity for, 14–19; transcendental and, 19; unconditioned and, 15
Kantian logic of being, 12–19
King of Spain, 112
Laws: in China, 198n10; in Greek society, 74–78; in India, 198n10; in Roman society, 84–87. See also Rule of law
Legal system, 60–61, 131; Hegel and, 27; monadic judgments in, 26
Liberalism, 136–139, 228n167
Life: as end unto itself, 10; ethical, 57, 122–123, 158; making sense of, 10–12; purpose of, 8–10; self-consciousness of, 11. See also Apperceptive life
Logic: of being, 12–19; of concept, 13–14; of essence, 13, 14; in Phenomenology of Spirit, 196n2; in Science of Logic, 20
Louis XIV (King), 114–119
Louis XV (King), 121
Louis XVIII (King), 136
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 2
Magisterial ideal, 61
Manifestation: of infinite ends, 39–45; of path-dependency, 69–70; of spirit, 19–21, 41, 100–101; of universal, 30
Marx, Karl, 132; theory of history of, 4
Marxists, 142–143
Mastery and servitude, 24–29, 44–45. See also Slavery
Meaning, self-certainty and, 22–23
Milton, John, 93
Mistrust, absolute, 113, 220n97
Modernists, 138–139
Modernity, 2; in Europe, 61–67; French Revolution and, 47; Hegel and, 2, 5; philosophical history of, 45–49
Moments, Hegel and, 18
Monadic judgments, 25–29; in legal system, 26; normative and, 25–26
Montesquieu, 50, 56, 203n41; Spirit of the Laws by, 97
Moore, A. W., 5
Moralists. See Stoic moralists
Morality: traditional mores, 57, 221n123; universalistic, 133–134, 157–158
Moral psychology: of Christianity, 98–100; internalism in, 30, 187n72
Moritz of Saxony, 112
Motive, 28–29, 31–32; incentives and, 32; internalism about, 90
Moyar, Dean, 188n1
Napoleon, 129, 135
Naturalism, 45, 101; of Hegel, 19, 31
Natural slave, 74–76, 145, 156, 163
Natural will, 33–34; into rational will, 34
Nature: impotence of, 9–10; intelligibility of, 4–5; unity in, 16–17
Negation: abstract, 80; determinate, 65, 79–80, 207n17
Neo-Confucian, 60, 200n23
Nibelungen, 99
Nihilism, 87, 107, 121
Nominal, the, 15–19
Non-Europeans: Africans as, 51–55; China as, 51–55, 55–61; Egypt as, 64–67; Hegel and, 1; India as, 61–64; Persia as, 64–67
Non-virtuous actions, Aristotle on, 33
Normative, 18–19, 25–38, 40, 65–66; constitutive and, 18; human subjectivity and, 12; internalism and, 30; monadic judgment and, 25–26; slavery and, 40–41
Northern Europeans, 99–100
Noumenal world: concept and, 16; of Kant, 15–16; phenomenal world and, 16
Objectivity, 14–19, 40–42; concept and, 14–15, 16
Oedipus, 76–77
Order of thought: in Heroic Age, 206n16; the idea in, 40–45; infinite ends in, 39–45; in post-Roman Europe, 95, 116–124, 135, 148; in self-consciousness, 20–29, 33, 36–37
Oriental despotism, 65, 205n7
Orientalism, 50–55, 65–66, 165, 202n38, 203n40
Other: reason and, 23, 32–33; self-consciousness and, 22–29
Ottoman Empire, 115
Passion: in Greek life, 70–75; principle and, 33–34, 70–75, 100, 104–110; reason and, 30–38; in self-consciousness, 14, 30–35, 40
Path-dependency, 39, 142–143, 151, 163; of history, 69–70; with infinite ends, 100–104
Patrimonial authority, 85–86
People (Volk), 88, 95, 203n41
Pericles, 72
Persia, 2, 50–55, 69–87, 210n38; Greece and, 64–67, 209n27; power of, 48
Phenomenal, the, 15–19
Phenomenal reality (erscheinende), 16
Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 6, 20, 22, 141–142; logic in, 196n2; non-European accounts in, 50–55; self-certainty in, 22–23, 184n58; self-consciousness in, 20–22
Philosophical history, 39, 68, 166–167; feudalism and, 104; of modernity, 45–49
Philosophy of history: of Hegel, 1–3, 196n1; modernity in, 2; non-Europeans in, 50–55; reception of, 2; self-identity in, 1–3; subjectivity in, 144–150
Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 120, 142
Pietism, 121
Pippin, Robert, 5
Pliny the Elder, 79
Poetry, 84
Political atheism, 55–61, 66, 198n15
Political psychology, 106–107
Polybius, 47–49, 68, 81–82; on Germanen, 96–100
Posited (gesetzt), 90, 225n141
Presbyterian Church, 130
Principle: hero and, 74; passion and, 33–34, 70–75, 100, 104–110; space of reasons and, 234n25
Progressivism, Whigs and, 1
Protestantism, 112–121
Puritanism, 114
Purpose: of animals, 9; comprehension of, 89–90; internalism and, 188n1; of life, 8–10
Qing dynasty, 59, 64
Race in subjectivity, 94–97
Rational agents, 17–19, 29–38
Rational animals, 12, 29–38; Idea of, 17
Rationality, human, 17
Rational will, 33–34, 189n85; natural will into, 34
Reality: concept and, 14–15; reference and, 22–23; spiritual, 7
Realm of shadows, 20, 183n47
Reason: as absolute, 33; for action, 32; awareness of, 8–19, 10; conflict with, 33; internalism about, 90; Kant and, 14; organisms responsiveness to, 8–10; other and, 23, 32–33; passion and, 30–38. See also Space of reasons
Reason (Vernunft), 152
Reasons (Gründe), 152
Recognition, struggle for, 24; human subjectivity and, 44–45
Reconciliation, 43–44, 240n41; in Antigone, 77; with beautiful souls, 226n156; of thought, 229n170
Reference: to first-person, 23; reality and, 22–23; transparency of, 29
Reflection, in self-awareness, 11
Reflective distance: freedom as, 50–55, 189n85; in religion, 116
Representation (Vorstellung), 14–19
Richelieu, Cardinal, 115
Rights, in feudalism, 113
Rome: art in, 84; into Christianity, 87–94; dominance of, 79–87; in modernity, 47–49; political psychology of, 81–87, 88–90; slavery in, 86–87
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 21; on freedom, 36
Rule followers, 54–55, 66–67; Africans as, 66, 165; of concept, 155
Rule of law, 40, 131, 159; Germanen and, 122, 140
Satisfaction (Befriedigung), 101–102
Schiller, Friedrich, 122
Schlegel, Friedrich, 202n35
Science of Logic (Hegel), 30; conception of subjectivity in, 90–91, 140–144; Greece and Rome in, 80–87; human subjectivity in, 12–19; introduction to, 3–5; judgments in, 13; logic in, 20; shadows in, 20, 45, 183n47; spirit in, 19–22
Science of science, 5
Selbstzweck (end unto itself), 10, 175n9, 182n46
Self-awareness, reflection in, 11
Self-certainty, meaning and, 22–23
Self-consciousness, 7–8; in ancient Greece, 68–79; of animals, 7–10; authority in, 20–29; concept of, 11; conflict and, 23–24; as consciousness of consciousness, 29; consumer goods and, 88; desire in, 20–21; in early Roman society, 89–94; freedom in, 29–38; of humans, 10–12; justice and, 26–27; Kant on, 11; of life, 11; in modern world, 157–163; order of thought in, 20–29, 33, 36–37; other and, 22–29; passion in, 14, 30–35, 40; self-presence and, 22; self-relation and, 8, 10; space of reasons and, 44; spirit and, 19–22; subjectivity in, 29–38; universal and, 8, 29, 44, 186n67; will in, 29–38
Self-identity, 1–3; essentialism on, 1
Self-interpreting animals, 45, 166
Self-knowledge, 150–157; of action, 21–22; of subject, 19
Self-presence, self-consciousness and, 22
Self-reflection, 60, 142
Self-relation: of animals, 6; self-consciousness and, 8, 10
Self-sufficiency: in ancient Greece, 72–79; in European formation, 109–110; slavery in, 68–79
Self-understanding, 83–87
Self-unity (bei sich selbst), 36, 92
Sen, Amartya, 61
Sense-certainty, 22–23, 184n58
Sensibility, 122
Servitude, mastery and, 24–29, 44–45
Shadowboxing, 32, 188n79
Shadows, 20
Shakespeare, William, 110–111
Shape of life, Idea and, 20
Sitte (traditional mores), 57, 221n123
Sittlichkeit (ethical life), 57, 122–123, 158
Slave, master and, 24–28
Slavery, 65; in America, 162–163; Christian freedom from, 92–94; in Greece, 68–79; in idea of freedom, 145–146; natural slave, 74–76, 145, 156, 163; normative and, 40–41; in Rome, 86–87
Smith, Adam, 50, 95, 115, 212n51
Sociopath, Greek hero as, 74
Song dynasty, 59, 200n23
Soul, beautiful, 132–133, 226n156
Sovereign, 36–38, 57, 60, 118–121; Hegel and, 36
Space of reasons, 19–29, 146–158, 179n27; authority and, 29; development of, 53; Hegel and, 237n33; Idea and, 17, 20; principle and, 234n25; self-consciousness and, 44; shadows and, 20
Sparta, 70, 145, 232n15
Spirit: of animals, 7–8; infinite ends of, 39–45; leaving nature, 86–87; manifestation of, 21; self-consciousness and, 19–22; subjectivity of, 19–22
Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 97
Spirit of the people (Volksgeist), 95
Spiritual reality, 7
Ständestaat (state of estates), 118
Stoic moralists, 87, 156, 211n41, 232n15; freedom and, 145; subject and, 60
Struggle for recognition, 24; human subjectivity and, 44–45
Subject: constructs of, 8; Idea of, 17; rational animal as, 12; self-knowledge of, 19; substance and, 6–12, 140–150; as thinking substance, 19
Subjectivity: in ancient Greece, 71–74; of animal disease, 9; of animals, 10–12, 45, 166; of apperceptive self, 11; comprehension of, 147–150; as concept, 89–90, 140–144; Dutch resistance in, 118–121; in Egypt, 64–67; in Enlightenment, 121–139; eternal justice and, 29; in Europe formation, 104–121; in feudalism, 99; freedom in, 3–4; Hegel on, 3, 24–25; Idea of, 12–19; infinite ends of, 4; intelligibility of, 4; master and slave in, 24–29; metaphysics of, 11; in passage from Greek to Rome, 79–87; path-dependency in, 100–104; in Persia, 64–67; race in, 94–97; in Roman society, 87–94; self-consciousness in, 29–38; social conception of, 3; spirit in, 19–22; theory of, 24–25. See also Human subjectivity
Sublation (Aufhebung), 30–31, 48–49, 226n156
Substance: rational animal as, 12; subject and, 6–12, 140–150; thinking, 19
Tacitus, 97–100, 213n56, 214n59
Tat (deed), 21
Taylor, Charles, 45, 234n25
Teleology: Hegel and, 9; of Whigs, 1
Textile production, 64
Theory of history, of Marx, 4
Theory of subjectivity, of Hegel, 24–25
Thesis-antithesis-synthesis, 2
Thinking substance, subject as, 19
Thirty Years War, 114–117, 130
Thompson, Michael, 25–26, 173n8, 180n36, 183n51
Thought: action and, 21; intention as, 32–34; reconciliation of, 229n170; of totality, 8. See also Order of thought
Thucydides, 52, 69–73
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 2
Totality, thought of, 8
Towns, as authority, 111–112
Traditional mores (Sitte), 57, 221n123
Transcendental, 19
Transformation: of feudalism, 111; in human subjectivity, 12
Transparency, of reference, 29
Treviranus, G. R., 94
Unbounded (Unendlich), 127–128
Unconditional good, 104
Unconditioned, Kant and, 15
Unendlich (unbounded), 127–128
Unity, in nature, 16–17
Universal: Idea and, 18; manifestation of, 30; self-consciousness and, 8, 29, 44, 186n67
Universal injustice, 106, 218n80
Universalistic morality, 133–134, 157–158
Universal monarchy, 112–119
Universal rights of man, French Revolution and, 120
Unknowability, of noumenal world, 15
Unmoved mover, 150–151, 236n27
Unsocial sociability, 46
Utilitarianism, 128
Vassal authority, 106, 109–112, 185n61, 220n109
Vernunft (reason), 152
Versailles, 119
Vertiefung (absorption), 63, 202n34
View from above, 126–128, 224n138
View from within, 127–128
Violence, 48–49, 105–106, 211n41; authority without, 21; Rome and, 81
Virtuous man, Aristotle on, 71
Volk (people), 88, 95, 203n41
Volksgeist (spirit of the people), 95
Voltaire, 55–57
Vorstellung (representation), 14–19
Wang Hui, 196n1
Wars of religion, 111–121
Wesleyanism, 121
Whigs, 142, 166, 230n6; progressivism and, 1
Will, 33–34, 189n85
Wirklich (work), 127, 147, 178n23; authority and, 44; Christianity and, 93
Wissenschaftslehre (Fichte), 5
Witches, 108
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 16, 126
Women: in ancient Greece, 73–78; in medieval Europe, 108
Work (wirklich), 127, 147, 178n23; authority and, 44; Christianity and, 93
World’s heart, 87, 107, 226n156
Württemberg, 114
Yoga, 63, 202n34
Zweck (end), 41, 215n65, 236n27