Appendices

Appendix 1

Periodic table of elements

Source: Rare Element Resources.

Appendix 2

Trends in world primary metal production

Appendix 3

Countries accounting for the largest share of global supply of critical raw materials

Source: ‘Study on the review of the list of Critical Raw Materials’, European Commission, June 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/raw-materials/specific-interest/critical_en

Appendix 4

China’s relative share of global mining and metallurgy production

China’s relative share of global mining production (‘MI’) and metallurgy production (‘ME’) in 2011. The horizontal bar represents the share of the Chinese population in the global population.

Source: World Mining Data, 2013 edition (Ref. 63).

Appendix 5

Overview of the rare metals contained in an electric vehicle

Source: ‘The Race for Rare Metals’, The Globe and Mail, 16 July 2011.

Appendix 6

Rare-metal composition of a smartphone

Source: ‘The chemical elements of a smartphone’, Compound Interest, 19 February 2014.

Appendix 7

Summary table of recycling rates of metals

Source: ‘Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report’, United Nations Environment Programme, 2011.

Appendix 8

France’s mining potential

Appendix 9

China’s share of world consumption

Source: World Bureau of Metal Statistics (H1 2015 for refined metals, slab zinc); World Gold Council (2014 for Gold); BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2015 (2014 for oil & natural gas); Metalytics via Morgan Stanley (2015 estimate for finished steel); US Department of Agriculture (2013–14 season for all others). Wall Street Journal.

Appendix 10

The life cycle of metals

Source: Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources naturelles, ‘Guide de redaction d’une étude d’opportunité économique et de marché pour la transformation au Québec’, The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Government of Quebec, October 2015, p. 1.

Appendix 11

Main industrial applications of rare minerals

Resource

Applications

Antimony

Fire retardants (additive in plastics), polyethylene terephthalate catalyst

Baryte

Drilling mud for oil and gas drilling, glass industry, radioprotection, healthcare, metallurgy, pyrotechnics

Beryllium

Telecommunications and electronics, aerospace industry, civil and military nuclear power

Bismuth

Thermoelectric generators (automobiles), high-temperature superconductors, lead-free solder

Borate

Glass and ceramics

Cobalt

Mobile phones, computers, hybrid vehicles, magnets

Coking coal

Steel production

Fluorspar

Hydrofluoric acid, steel and aluminium production, ceramics, optics

Gallium

Semi-conductors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

Germanium

Photovoltaic cells, fibre optics, catalysis, infrared optics

Indium

Computer chips, LCD screens

Magnesium

Aluminium alloys

Natural graphite

Electric vehicles, aerospace, nuclear industry

Niobium

Satellites, electric vehicles, nuclear industry, jewellery

Silicon metal

Integrated circuits, photovoltaic cells, electric isolators

Tantalum

Miniaturised condenser, superalloys

Tungsten

Cutting tools, shielding, electricity, electronics

Vanadium

Specialty steels, aerospace industry, catalysis

PGMs (platinum-group metals: ruthenium,

rhodium,

palladium,

osmium, iridium,

platinum)

Catalysts, jewellery

Rare earths (see table in the following appendix)

Permanent magnets, electric vehicles, wind turbines, TGV (high-speed train), medical scanners, lasers, fibre-optics data transmission, phosphors for plasma screens, security inks for banknotes, catalysis

Source: French Parliamentary Office for Science and Technology Assessment (OPECST), French Geological Survey (BRGM), Connaissance des énergies, Futura-Sciences, Niobec, Lenntech.

Appendix 12

Main industrial applications of rare earths

Resource

Applications

Lanthanum

Superconductive compounds, lenses, lighting

Cerium

Catalytic converters, oil refinery, metal alloys

Praseodymium

Lighter flint, colourants, magnets

Neodymium

Permanent magnets, autocatalysts, oil refinery, lasers

Promethium

Luminescent compounds

Samarium

Magnets for missiles, permanent magnets, electric motors

Europium

Lasers, nuclear reactors, lighting, geo-chemistry, red phosphors in cathode-ray tubes

Gadolinium

Phosphorescent substance in cathode-ray tubes

Terbium

Green phosphor activator for cathode-ray tubes, permanent magnets

Dysprosium

Permanent magnets, hybrid engines

Holmium

Lasers, magnetism, superconductive compounds

Erbium

Long-distance fibre-optic communication, nuclear medicine

Thulium

Portable radiography, high-temperature superconductors

Ytterbium

Stainless steels, active ion (crystal lasers), portable radiography

Lutetium

Beta emitter (radiation)

Scandium

Lighting, marker, aluminium alloys

Yttrium

Red phosphors in cathode-ray tubes, superconductor alloys, fire bricks, fuel cells, magnets

Source: French Senate, British Geological Survey, Economic Warfare School (EGE), Congressional Research Service, Portail de l’Intelligence Economique.

Appendix 13

The European Commission’s list of critical raw materials for the EU

Raw materials

Main global producers
(average 2010–2014)

Main importers to the EU (average 2010–2014)

Sources of EU supply (average 2010–2014)

Import reliance rate*

Substitution indexes EI/SR**

End-of-life recycling input rate***

Antimony

China (87%)
Vietnam (11%)

China (90%)
Vietnam (4%)

China (90%)
Vietnam (4%)

100%

0.91 / 0.93

28%

Baryte

China (44%)
India (18%)
Morocco (10%)

China (53%)
Morocco (37%)
Turkey (7%)

China (34%)
Morocco (30%)
Germany (8%)
Turkey (6%)
United Kingdom (5%)
Other EU (4%)

80%

0.93 / 0.94

1%

Beryllium

United States (90%)
China (8%)

n/a

n/a

n/a****

0.99 / 0.99

0%

Bismuth

China (82%)
Mexico (11%)
Japan (7%)

China (84%)

China (84%)

100%

0.96 / 0.94

1%

Borate

Turkey (38%)
United States (23%)
Argentina (12%)

Turkey (98%)

Turkey (98%)

100%

1.0 / 1.0

0%

Cobalt

Democratic Republic of Congo (64%)
China (5%)
Canada (5%)

Russia (91%)
Democratic Republic of Congo (7%)

Finland (66%)

Russia (31%)

32%

1.0 / 1.0

0%

Coking coal

China (54%)
Australia (15%)
United States (7%)
Russia (7%)

United States (39%)
Australia (36%)
Russia (9%)
Canada (8%)

United States (38%)
Australia (34%)
Russia (9%)
Canada (7%)
Poland (1%)
Germany (1%)
Czech Republic (1%)
United Kingdom (1%)

63%

0.92 / 0.92

0%

Fluorspar

China (64%)
Mexico (16%)
Mongolia (5%)

Mexico (38%)
China (17%)
South Africa (15%)
Namibia (12%)
Kenya (9%)

Mexico (27%)

Spain (13%)

China (12%)

South Africa (11%)
Namibia (9%)
Kenya (7%)
Germany (5%)
Bulgaria (4%)
United Kingdom (4%)
Other EU (1%)

70%

0.98 / 0.97

1%

Gallium*****

China (85%)
Germany (7%)
Kazakhstan (5%)

China (53%)
United States (11%)
Ukraine (9%)
South Korea (8%)

China (36%)
Germany (27%)
United States (8%)
Ukraine (6%)
South Korea (5%)
Hungary (5%)

34%

0.95 / 0.96

0%

Germanium

China (67%)
Finland (11%)
Canada (9%)
United States (9%)

China (60%)
Russia (17%)
United States (16%)

China (43%)
Finland (28%)
Russia (12%)
United States (12%)

64%

1.0 / 1.0

2%

Hafnium

France (43%)
United States (41%)
Ukraine (8%)
Russia (8%)

Canada (67%)
China (33%)

France (71%)
Canada (19%)
China (10%)

9%

0.93 / 0.97

1%

Helium

United States (73%)
Qatar (12%)
Algeria (10%)

United States (53%)
Algeria (29%)
Qatar (8%)
Russia (8%)

United
States (51%)
Algeria (29%)
Qatar (8%)

Russia (7%)

Poland (3%)

96%

0.94 / 0.96

1%

Indium

China (57%)
South Korea (15%)
Japan (10%)

China (41%)
Kazakhstan (19%)
South Korea (11%)
Hong Kong (8%)

China (28%)
Belgium (19%)
Kazakhstan (13%)
France (11%)
South Korea (8%)
Hong Kong (6%)

0%

0.94 / 0.97

0%

Magnesium

China (87%)
United States (5%)

China (94%)

China (94%)

100%

0.91 / 0.91

9%

Natural graphite

China (69%)
India (12%)
Brazil (8%)

China (63%)
Brazil (13%)
Norway (7%)

China (63%)
Brazil (13%)
Norway (7%)
EU (< 1%)

99%

0.95 / 0.97

3%

Natural rubber

Thailand (32%)
Indonesia (26%)
Vietnam (8%)
India (8%)

Indonesia
(32%)
Malaysia (20%)
Thailand (17%)
Ivory Coast (12%)

Indonesia (32%)
Malaysia (20%)
Thailand (17%)
Ivory Coast (12%)

100%

0.92 / 0.92

1%

Niobium

Brazil (90%)
Canada (10%)

Brazil (71%)
Canada (13%)

Brazil (71%)
Canada (13%)

100%

0.91 / 0.94

0.3%

Phosphate rock

China (44%)
Morocco (13%)
United States (13%)

Morocco (31%)
Russia (18%)
Syria (12%)
Algeria (12%)

Morocco (28%)
Russia (16%)
Syria (11%)
Algeria (10%)
EU – Finland (12%)

88%

1.0 / 1.0

17%

Phosphorus

China (58%)
Vietnam (19%)
Kazakhstan (13%)
United States (11%)

Kazakhstan (77%)
China (14%)
Vietnam (8%)

Kazakhstan (77%)
China (14%)
Vietnam (8%)

100%

0.91 / 0.91

0%

Scandium

China (66%)
Russia (26%)
Ukraine (7%)

Russia (67%)
Kazakhstan (33%)

Russia (67%)
Kazakhstan (33%)

100%

0.91 / 0.95

0%

Silicon metal

China (61%)
Brazil (9%)
Norway (7%)
United States (6%)
France (5%)

Norway (35%)
Brazil (18%)
China (18%)

Norway (23%)
France (19%)
Brazil (12%)
China (12%)
Spain (9%)
Germany (5%)

64%

0.99 / 0.99

0%

Tantalum******

Rwanda (31%)

Democratic Republic of Congo (19%)

Brazil (14%)

Nigeria (81%)

Rwanda (14%)

China (5%)

Nigeria (81%)

Rwanda (14%)

China (5%)

100%

0.94 / 0.95

1%

Tungsten*******

China (84%)

Russia (4%)

Russia (84%)

Bolivia (5%)

Vietnam (5%)

Russia (50%)

Portugal (17%)

Spain (15%)

Austria (8%)

44%

0.94 / 0.97

42%

Vanadium

China (53%)

South Africa (25%)

Russia (20%)

Russia (71%)

China (13%)

South Africa (13%)

Russia (60%)

China (11%)

South Africa (10%)

Belgium (9%)

United Kingdom (3%)

Netherlands (2%)

Germany (2%)

Other EU (0.5%)

84%

0.91 / 0.94

44%

Platinum Group Metals

South Africa (83%)

iridium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium

Russia (46%) palladium

Switzerland (34%)

South Africa (31%)

United States (21%)

Russia (8%)

Switzerland (34%)

South Africa (31%)

United States (21%)

Russia (8%)

99.6%

0.93 / 0.98

14%

Heavy Rare Earth Elements

China (95%)

China (40%)

USA (34%)

Russia (25%)

China (40%)

USA (34%)

Russia (25%)

100%

0.96 / 0.89

8%

Light Rare Earth Elements

China (95%)

China (40%)

USA (34%)

Russia (25%)

China (40%)

USA (34%)

Russia (25%)

100%

0.90 / 0.93

3%

(*) The ‘Import reliance rate’ takes into account global supply and actual EU sourcing in the calculation of Supply Risk, and it is calculated as follows: EU net imports / (EU net imports + EU domestic production).

(**) The ‘Substitution index’ is a measure of the difficulty in substituting the material, scored and weighted across all applications, calculated separately for both Economic Importance and Supply Risk parameters. Values are between 0 and 1, with 1 being the least substitutable. The economic importance is corrected by the Substitution Index (SIEI) related to technical and cost performance of the substitutes for individual applications of each material. The supply risk is corrected by the Substitution Index (SISR) related to global production, criticality and co-/by-production of the substitutes for individual applications of each material.

(***) The ‘End-of-life recycling input rate’ measures the ratio of recycling from old scrap to EU demand of a given raw material, the latter equal to primary and secondary material supply inputs to the EU.

(****) The EU import reliance cannot be calculated for beryllium, as there is no production and trade for beryllium ores and concentrates in the EU.

(*****) Gallium is a by-product; the best available data refer to production capacity, not to production as such.

(******) Tantalum is covered by the Conflict Minerals Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2017/821) establishing a Union system for supply chain due diligence to curtail opportunities for armed groups and security forces to trade in tin, tantalum and tungsten, and their ores, and gold.

(*******) Tungsten is covered by the Conflict Minerals Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2017/821) establishing a Union system for supply chain due diligence to curtail opportunities for armed groups and security forces to trade in tin, tantalum and tungsten, and their ores, and gold.

SOURCE: COMPILED ON THE BASIS OF THE FINAL REPORT OF THE ‘STUDY ON THE REVIEW OF THE list of Critical Raw Materials’ 2017.

Appendix 14

Lifespan of the viable reserves of the principal metals needed for the energy transition

SOURCE: TABLE BY L. PENNEC FOR L’USINE NOUVELLE, 2017.