PROLOGUE—BRANDS OF WAGE SLAVERY, MARKS OF LABOR SOLIDARITY
1. Material for this reflection derived from interviews conducted between March 2015 and April 2017—in the US and abroad. All interviews cited in the book were conducted by this author.
CHAPTER 1—INEQUALITY RISING
1. Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014); Joseph Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013); David Harvey, The New Imperialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
2. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (London: Routledge, 1944).
3. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962); George Monbiot, How Did We Get into This Mess? Politics, Equality, Nature (London: Verso, 2016); Nancy MacLean, Democracy in Chains: The Deep History of the Radical Right’s Stealth Plan for America (New York: Penguin, 2017); Jane Mayer, Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right (New York: Doubleday, 2016).
4. “An Economy for the 1%,” 210 Oxfam Briefing Paper, January 18, 2016.
5. “62 People Own Same as Half World,” Oxfam, press release, January 18, 2016, http://www.oxfam.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2016/01/62-people-own-same-as-half-world-says-oxfam-inequality-report-davos-world-economic-forum; Social Security Administration, “Wage Statistics for 2014,” https://www.ssa.gov/cgi-bin/netcomp.cgi?year=2014.
6. Emmanuel Saez, “Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States,” University of California, Berkeley, September 3, 2013, http://eml.berkeley.edu//~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf.
CHAPTER 2—ALL WE’RE ASKING FOR IS A LITTLE RESPECT
1. Bruce Douglas, “McDonald’s Discrimination Lawsuit Seeks to Stop Chain Expanding in Brazil,” Guardian, February 25, 2015.
2. Telephone interview with Bleu Rainer and Kelly Benjamin, September 2, 2015; Bruce Douglas, “McDonald’s Faces Global Scrutiny at Brazil Senate’s Human Rights Hearing,” Guardian, August 20, 2015.
3. Interview with Benedict Murillo, Manila, November 22, 2015.
4. Telephone interview with Denise Barlage, April 20, 2016.
CHAPTER 3—“WE ARE WORKERS, NOT SLAVES”
1. Interview with Vicky Carlos Garcia, Manila, November 20, 2015; Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, 146.
2. “We Are Organized and We Know What We Want: An Interview with Elizabeth Mpofu,” February 8, 2016, Thousand Currents, https://thousandcurrents.org/we-are-organized-and-we-know-what-we-want.
3. Katherine Zavala, “Farmworkers’ Strikes: From Washington State to South Africa,” September 6, 2013, International Development Exchange (now Thousand Currents).
4. “We Are Workers, Not Slaves! Farmworkers in Baja California Stand Up!,” Revolution, April 11, 2015, http://www.revcom.us/a/382/farmworkers-in-baja-california-stand-up-en.html.
5. Lauren Carlson, “NAFTA Is Starving Mexico,” Foreign Policy in Focus, October 20, 2011. http://fpif.org/nafta_is_starving_mexico.
6. Interview with Anastacia Lopez, Oxnard, CA, September 7, 2015; Eric Perramond, “The Rise, Fall, and Reconfiguration of the Mexican Ejido,” Geographical Review 98, no. 3 (July 2008): 356–71.
7. Interview with Arcenio Lopez, Oxnard, CA, September 5, 2015.
8. Interview with Bernardino Martinez, Oxnard, CA, September 6, 2015.
CHAPTER 4—“I CONSIDER THE UNION MY SECOND MOTHER”
1. Interview with Tep Saroeung, Phnom Penh, November 29, 2015.
2. Chhay Channyda and Vincent MacIsaac, “Beer Girl Allies Target Carslberg,” Phnom Penh Post, August 9, 2011.
3. “CFSWF Response to the Carlsberg Statement Issued on February 9, 2016,” March 4, 2016, https://sarmorablog.wordpress.com.
CHAPTER 5—HOTEL HOUSEKEEPERS GO NORMA RAE
1. Skype interview with Massimo Frattini, October 20, 2015.
2. “The Law of Hotel Housekeeper Occupational Health & Safety,” Transnational Development Clinic at Yale Law School, February 25, 2014, http://www.iuf.org/w/sites/default/files/TheLawofHotelHousekeepers.pdf.
3. Interview with Chhim Sitthar and Pao Chhumony, Phnom Penh, November 26, 2015.
4. Conversation with Vathanak Serry Sim, Phnom Penh, November 28, 2015.
5. Interview with Sok Kin, Phnom Penh, November 26, 2015.
6. Peter Amsel, “NagaWorld Staff Go Norma Rae,” June 29, 2013, http://calvinayre.com/2013/06/29/casino/nagaworld-casino-staff-go-norma-rae-on-nagacorp.
7. Chhay Channyda and Shane Worrell, “NagaWorld Casino Staff Roll Dice on a Strike,” Phnom Penh Post, February 26, 2013; Kaing Menghun, “Court Order Ends NagaWorld Strike,” Cambodia Daily, June 27, 2013; Jonathan Cox, “NagaWorld Union Shoots for New Status,” Khmer Times, January 14, 2016.
8. “Spain: Unions Challenge Fake ‘Service Providers’ Impoverishing Hotel Workers,” IUF, July 10, 2017, http://www.iuf.org/w/?q=node/5630.
9. Frattini interview, October 20, 2015.
10. Interview with Santa Brito, Providence, RI, September 3, 2015.
11. Susan Buchanan et al., “Occupational Injury Disparities in the U.S. Hotel Industry,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53 (2010): 116–25.
12. Interview with Maria Elena Durazo, Los Angeles, September 11, 2015.
13. Interview with Laphonza Butler and Rusty Hicks, Los Angeles, September 8, 2015.
14. David Whitford, “A Mess: Hyatt’s Housekeeping Scandal,” Fortune, October 2, 2009.
15. Bruce Vail, “‘Hyatt Hurts’ Boycott Inflicts Pain on the Hotel Giant,” In These Times, March 18, 2013; Laura Clawson, “Hyatt and Union Announce Deal,” Daily Kos Labor, July 1, 2013, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/7/1/1220371/-Hyatt-and-union-announce-deal-just-days-after-Pritzker-s-confirmation.
16. “Hunger Strike! Hilton Mission Valley: We Say ¡No Más!,” Facebook post, 2013, https://www.facebook.com/events/121946677997953/?active_tab=highlights; “Hotel Workers Continue Hunger Strike for Jobs,” Fox5, April 7, 2013, Sandiego.com/2013/04/07.
17. Frattini interview, October 20, 2015.
CHAPTER 6—UNITED FOR RESPECT
1. Interview with Venanzi Luna, Pico Rivera, CA, September 9, 2015.
2. Steven Greenhouse, “Wal-Mart Labor Protests Grow,” New York Times, October 9, 2012; Emily Jane Fox, “Why Wal-Mart Workers Are Striking on Black Friday,” CNN Money, November 20, 2012, money.cnn.com/2012/11/20/pf/walmart-black-friday/index.html; Josh Eidelson, “The Great Wal-Mart Walkout,” Nation, December 19, 2012; “Wal-Mart Workers in 12 States Stage Historic Strikes,” Democracy Now!, October 10,
2012, https://www.democracynow.org/2012/10/10/walmart_workers_in_12_states_stage.
3. Telephone interviews with Denise Barlage, September 9, 2015, and January 18, 2017.
4. Interview with Evelin Cruz, Pico Rivera, CA, September 8, 2015.
5. “UNI Walmart Global Union Alliance Is Launched to Support Walmart Workers,” National Union of Public and General Employees, Canada, https://www.nupge.ca/content/uni-walmart-global-union-alliance-launched-support-walmart-workers.
6. T. A. Frank, “A Brief History of Walmart,” Washington Monthly, April 2006; International Directory of Company Histories, vol. 63 (Detroit: St. James Press, 2004); Dina Specter, “Walmart,” Business Insider, November 15, 2012; Ellen Israel Rosen, “The Walmart Effect: The World Trade Organization and the Race to the Bottom,” Chapman Law Review (Spring 2005).
7. “Kalpona Akter at Walmart’s Annual Shareholder Meeting,” June 10, 2013, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcC-yCyF4fo; “Bring Bangladesh Voices to Walmart’s Headquarters,” Indiegogo, 2013, https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/bring-two-bangladeshi-garment-workers-to-the-walmart-shareholder-meeting; Clare O’Connor, “Former Bangladesh Sweatshop Worker to Billionaire Walton Family: Use Your Wal-Mart Fortune to Stop Worker Deaths,” Forbes, June 7, 2013.
8. Phil Wahba, “Walmart Says Outside Labor Agitators Forced It to Take Action,” Fortune, November 25, 2015.
CHAPTER 7—SUPERSIZE MY WAGES
1. Telephone interview with Vance Sanders, November 28, 2015; Joseph Piette, “Fight for $15 Links Racism, Low-Wage Economy,” Workers World, August 22, 2016.
2. Piette, “Fight for $15.”
3. Sarah Jaffe, “‘We Triggered Something Epic’: Naquasia LeGrand and the Fight for $15,” Progressive, August 8, 2016; Karen Matthews, Associated Press, “Wage Fight Propels KFC Worker to White House,” USA Today, March 2, 2014.
4. “I’m Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired,” December 20, 1964, in The Speeches of Fannie Lou Hamer: To Tell It Like It Is, ed. Maegan Parker Brooks and Davis W. Houck (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2011), available at http://www.crmvet.org/docs/flh64.htm; Jaffe, “‘We Triggered Something Epic.’”
5. “NYC Law Gives Fast Food Workers Scheduling Rights,” US News & World Report, May 30, 2017.
6. Jaffe, “‘We Triggered Something Epic’”; Tony Wilsdon and Brent Gaspaire, “Manifesto of the Fastfood Worker,” Socialist Alternative, January 2013.
7. Interview with Samuel Homer Williams, Pasadena, CA, September 10, 2015.
CHAPTER 8—1911–2011
1. Annelise Orleck, Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900–1965 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
2. Interview with Kalpona Akter, Montreal, August 5, 2016.
3. Telephone interview with Kalpona Akter, October 15, 2015.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
CHAPTER 9—PEOPLE POWER MOVEMENTS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
1. Alina Carrillo and Shalmali Guttal, “When Murder and Abuse Become Systemic,” Focus on the Global South (blog), Summer 2016, http://focusweb.org/content/when-murder-and-abuse-become-systemic; Human Rights Watch, World Report 2016, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/world_report_download/wr2016_web.pdf.
2. “Wages and Working Hours in the Textiles, Clothing, Leather and Footwear Industries,” International Labour Organization, Geneva, 2014, http://www.ilo.org.
3. National Employment Law Project, “The Growing Movement for $15,” November 4, 2015, http://nelp.org/publication/growing-movement-15.
4. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2016.
5. Interview with Chhim Sitthar, Phnom Penh, November 27, 2015; e-mail correspondence with Em Atienza, June 22, 2016; Rishi Iyengar, “The Killing Time: Inside Rodrigo Duterte’s War on Drugs,” Time, August 25, 2016.
6. Interview with Maria Elena Durazo, Los Angeles, September 11, 2015; interview with Josua Mata, Manila, November 22, 2015.
7. Skype interview with Moshrefa Mishu, October 10, 2015.
8. Kim Scipes, KMU: Building Genuine Trade Unionism in the Philippines, 1980–1994 (Quezon City: New Day Books, 1996).
9. Iain Boal, “Up from the Bottom,” in First World, Ha Ha Ha! The Zapatista Challenge, ed. Elaine Katzenberger (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1995).
10. Diana Denham and C.A.S.A. Collective, eds., Teaching Rebellion: Stories from the Grassroots Mobilization in Oaxaca (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2008); author’s observations and interviews, Oaxaca, Mexico, June 10–13, 2006.
11. Marta Sanchez articles on Teacher Solidarity: “Mexican Education Reform Is Stained with Blood,” July 21, 2016; “Dissident Teachers Lead Resistance in Mexico,” July 28, 2016; “Mexican Teachers Strike Today,” August 22, 2016, http://www.teachersolidarity.com/.
CHAPTER 10—“YOU CAN’T DISMANTLE CAPITALISM WITHOUT DISMANTLING PATRIARCHY”
1. Interview with Joanna Bernice Coronacion, Manila, November 22, 2015.
2. Ibid.
3. Michèle Asselin, Women on the March Until We Are All Free! A Brief History of the World March of Women (2010), https://www.dssu.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/a_brief_history_of_world_march_of_women.pdf.
4. Ibid.
5. “Moudawana: A Peaceful Revolution for Moroccan Women,” Tavaana, https://tavaana.org/en/content/moudawana-peaceful-revolution-moroccan-women; Katja Zvan, “The Politics of the Reform of the New Family Law (the Moudawana),” Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, May 2007; Amancio Vilankulos, “Young Mozambican Activists Call on Leaders to Support Reproductive Health,” UN Population Fund, January 16, 2015, available at http://www.aidsfocus.ch/fr/actualites/young-mozambican-activists-call-on-leaders-to-support-reproductive-health-efforts.
6. Morgan Winsor, “Congo’s Conflict Minerals,” International Business Times, September 8, 2015.
7. The World March of Women 2010: Third International Action, http://www.world-governance.org/IMG/pdf_WMW_Book_2011_ENGLISH-2.pdf.
8. Ibid.
9. “Congo-Kinshasa: Bukavu—World March of Women,” UN Stabilization Mission in the DR Congo, October 18, 2010, http://allafrica.com/stories/201010211042.html; Dunya Kadin Yuruyuçu, “Women on the March,” January 27, 2015, http://www.dunyakadinyuruyusu.org/index.php/duyurular/3-women-on-the-march-until-we-are-all-free.
10. “Flashmob Sings ‘Bread and Roses’ to Demand Respect for Women’s Rights and Dignity,” Alliance of Progressive Labor, SENTRO, press release, March 8, 2014, http://focusweb.org/content/flashmob-sings-bread-and-roses-demand-respect-womens-rights-and-dignity.
11. Interview with Jamaia Montenegro, Quezon City, November 24, 2015.
12. Interview with Vun Em, Phnom Penh, November 30, 2015.
13. Womyn’s Agenda for Change, see http://www.unitedsisterhood.org/; interview with Sok Thareth, United Sisterhood Alliance, Phnom Penh, November 30, 2015.
14. Vun interview, November 30, 2015.
15. “Statement by Global Unions to the 2016 Meetings of the IMF and World Bank,” October 7–9, 2016, https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/statement.imfwb.1016.pdf.
16. UNITE HERE Local 1, Hands Off, Pants On: Sexual Harassment in Chicago’s Hospitality Industry, report by UNITE HERE Local 1(Chicago: July 2016), https://www.handsoffpantson.org.
17. Communications with Asuncion Binos, November 26, 2015.
18. Interview with Kalpona Akter, Montreal, August 8, 2016.
CHAPTER 11—THIS IS WHAT SOLIDARITY FEELS LIKE
1. Telephone interview with Kalpona Akter, October 15, 2015; Frattini interview, October 20, 2015.
2. Interview with Ruby Duncan, Las Vegas, September 2, 1992.
3. George Katsiaficas, Asia’s Unknown Uprisings, vol. 2, 1947–2009 (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2013), 33.
4. Laundry Workers Center, http://laundryworkerscenter.org.
5. Interview with Virgilio Aran, New York, April 16, 2015.
CHAPTER 12—RESPECT, LET IT GO, ‘CAUSE BABY, YOU’RE A FIREWORK
1. “The Dancers’ Union of Bagong Silangan,” April 5, 2014, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EIIQrm0Bzcs; interview with Lei Catamin, Quezon City, November 24, 2015.
2. “The Dancers’ Union of Bagong Silangan.”
CHAPTER 13—REALIZING PRECARITY
1. Skype interview with Ann Buckner, April 2, 2015.
2. Interviews with Eric Webb-Fiske, Bleu Rainer, Keegan Shepard, and Cole Bellamy, Tampa, FL, March 25, 2015.
3. “Women at Work: Trends, 2016,” International Labour Organization, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/-dcomm/-publ/documents/publication/wcms_457317.pdf; The Employment Situation—April 2014 Bureau of Labor Statistics report (Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, May 2, 2014), https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_05022014.pdf.
CHAPTER 14—DAYS OF DISRUPTION, 2016
1. “Minimum Wage and Living Wage: Recent Developments,” Results: The Power to End Poverty, http://www.results.org/issues/minimum_living_wage, accessed October 6, 2017.
2. Elaina Athans and Angelica Alvarez, “Durham Protesters Demanding Wage Increase Arrested,” ABC11 Eyewitness News, November 29, 2016, http://abc11.com/news/durham-protesters-demanding-wage-increase-arrested/1631168; SEIU Facebook page, “North Carolina Home Care Workers Are Standing Up,” https://www.facebook.com/SEIU/posts/10153040583282680?comment_id=10153042499002680.
3. Interviews with Vance Sanders, November 29 and December 20, 2016.
4. Thomas Friedman books: The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), and The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005).
5. Jonathan Maze, “Why McDonald’s Won’t Ever Get Rid of Its Real Estate,” Nation’s Restaurant News, February 26, 2015; Adam Brownlee, “McDonald’s Corporation: A Real Estate Empire Financed by French Fries,” The Motley Fool, March 6, 2016.
6. Randy James, “A Brief History of McDonald’s Abroad,” Time, October 28, 2009; “McDonald’s Total Assets Quarterly,” YCharts, June 30, 2017, https://ycharts.com/companies/MCD/assets.
7. “Trump’s Labor Pick, Fast-Food CEO Andrew Puzder, Opposes Minimum Wage Increase & Paid Sick Leave,” Democracy Now!, December 9, 2016.
8. Diane Thao, “Protesters at Nevada Capitol Demand $15 Minimum Wage,” News 4/Fox 11, September 12, 2016, http://mynews4.com/news/local/protestors-at-state-capitol-demands-for-15-minimum-wage.
9. Ock Hyun-Ju, “Workers and Students Up Pressure on Park to Resign,” AsiaOne, December 1, 2016, http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/tens-thousands-workers-and-students-ups-pressure-s-korea-president-park-resign; TeleSUR, “General Strike in South Korea,” November 30, 2016, http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/General-Strike-in-South-Korea-Demands-Impeach-President-20161129-0013.html.
10. “Union of Part-Timers to Launch First Collective Bargaining with McDonald’s Korea,” Yonhap News Agency, April 26, 2017, http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2017/04/26/0302000000AEN20170426012100315.html.
11. “Brazil Stoppages Against Government Agenda,” Prensa Latina, November 11, 2016; Ed Taylor, “Brazil McDonald’s Fined $30 Million,” Bloomberg News, December 7, 2016, https://www.bna.com/brazil-mcdonalds-fined-n73014448238.
12. Ian Hodson, “European and U.S. Workers United in Fair Pay Fight,” Morning Star, November 29, 2016, https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-4624-European-and-US-workers-united-in-fair-pay-fight.
13. Abi Wilkinson, “Labour’s Ban on McDonald’s Is No Snobbery, It’s Crucial Support for Its Staff,” Guardian, April 22, 2016; Graham Reddick, “McDonald’s Offers Fixed Contracts to 115,000 UK Zero-Hours Workers,” Guardian, April 25, 2017.
CHAPTER 15—THE NEW CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
1. “Low-Wage Workers Hold 1st Annual ‘Fight for 15’ Convention,” Ebony, August 12, 2016.
2. Interview with Bleu Rainer, New York City, April 15, 2015.
3. Interview with Reika Mack, Tampa, FL, March 25, 2015.
4. Interview with Maia Montcrief, Pasadena, CA, September 10, 2015.
5. Telephone interview with Vance Sanders, November 28, 2016, and subsequent e-mail correspondence.
6. Rainer interview, April 15, 2015; interview with Vance Sanders, February 16, 2017.
CHAPTER 16—COUNTING VICTORIES, GIRDING FOR AN UPHILL STRUGGLE
1. “State Minimum Wages 2017,” National Conference of State Legislatures, http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/state-minimum-wage-chart.aspx.
2. Peter Dreier, “How Fight for $15 Won,” American Prospect, April 4, 2016.
3. Leah Zitter, “Top 8 Companies Raising the Minimum Wage,” Investopedia, August 14, 2016; Stephen Miller, “Big Companies Are Raising Wages,” Society for Human Resource Management, July 15, 2016, http://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/compensation/pages/raising-low-earners-wages.aspx.
4. “Current Sick Days Laws,” Support Paid Sick Days, http://www.paidsickdays.org/research-resources/current-sick-days-laws.html, retrieved February 14, 2017.
5. “NY/NJ Airport Workers Bargaining Committee,” n.d., filed in New Jersey and New York, 32BJ SEIU, http://www.seiu32bj.org/spotlights/nynj-airport-workers-bargaining-committee; Jeff Amy, “Former Contract Workers Crucial in Canton Nissan Union Vote,” Clarion-Ledger, July 25, 2017.
6. Interview with Prince Jackson and Canute Drayton, New York City, April 15, 2015.
7. Francisco Mariano, “The Airline Industry Is Global. So Are We,” SEIU blog, November 2016, http://www.seiu.org/blog/2016/11/the-airline-industry-is-global-so-are-we.
8. National Employment Law Project, “Fight for $15: Four Years, $62 Billion,” data brief, November 2016; Dreier, “How Fight for $15 Won.”
9. Interview with Laphonza Butler, Los Angeles, September 9, 2015. All future quotes from Butler are from this interview unless otherwise noted.
10. Quoctrung Bui, “50 Years of Declining Union Membership,” Planet Money, NPR, February 23, 2015.
11. National Employment Law Project, “Fighting Preemption,” policy brief, July 6, 2017, www.nelp.org/publication/fighting-preemption-local-minimum-wage-laws; Bill Kramer, “Localities Challenging State Preemption Laws,” MultiState Insider, August 22, 2016, https://www.multistate.us/blog/insider/2016/08/localities-challenging-state-preemption-laws; “Living Wage Mandate Preemption Act,” American Legislative Exchange Council, reapproved by ALEC Board of Directors on January 28, 2013, https://www.alec.org/model-policy/living-wage-mandate-preemption-act.
12. “Right-to-Work Resources,” National Council of State Legislatures, http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/right-to-work-laws-and-bills.aspx.
CHAPTER 17—HUELGA DE HAMBRE
1. Steve Ahlquist, “2014: The Year RI Jailed Workers in Poverty,” RI Future, December 31, 2014, http://www.rifuture.org/2014-the-year-ri-jailed-workers-in-poverty.html.
2. Interview with Santa Brito, Providence, RI, September 2, 2015.
3. Steve Ahlquist, “Renaissance Employee Suffers Heart Attack While Firing,” RI Future, December 15, 2014, http://www.rifuture.org/fired-renaissance-employee-suffers-heart-attack.
4. Interviews with Heather Nichols and Shelby Maldonado, September 3, 2015; Peter Makhlouf, “Laboring for Democracy: The Minimum Wage in Rhode Island,” College Hill Independent, April 3, 2015.
5. John Hill, “Renaissance Downtown Housekeepers Vote to Unionize,” Providence Journal, November 12, 2015.
6. Providence’s Pain Problem: Procaccianti Hotels Hurt Workers (Providence, RI: United Here! Local 217, 2015), https://www.scribd.com/document/278093339/Providence-s-Pain-Problem.
7. Alisha Pina, “Rally at Providence Business,” Providence Journal, March 22, 2017.
8. Interview with Mirjaam Parada, Providence, RI, September 3, 2015.
9. Telephone interview with Denise Barlage, January 26, 2016.
10. “L.A. Women Fast for 15,” testimony before LA City Council, April 29, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/LA-Women-Fast-for-15-1576428089312871.
11. Interviews with Denise Barlage, December 10, 2015, and January 26, 2016; telephone interview with Tyfani Faulkner, February 17, 2017.
12. Rainer interview, April 15, 2015.
13. Ned Resnikoff, “The Return of American Hunger,” Atlantic, July 19, 2016.
14. Peter Dreier, Megan Bomba, and Rosa Romero, “Food Insecurity Among University of California Employees,” Urban and Environmental Policy Institute, Occidental College, October 2016.
15. Barlage interview, January 26, 2016.
16. Padraig O’Malley, Biting at the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the Politics of Despair (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991); “Gandhi: The Previous Fasts,” Indian Express, March 4, 1943.
17. Patrick J. McDonnell, “37 Protesters Arrested in Hotel Labor Dispute,” Los Angeles Times, December 1, 1994; Nancy Cleeland, “26 Activists Arrested During Pro-Union Protest at LAX,” Los Angeles Times, May 13, 1999; Maria Elena Durazo, “Fasting to Right Worker Injustices,” Los Angeles Times, May 25, 1999.
18. Gustavo Arellano, “Disney’s Hotel-Workers’ Union Is Still Trying to Bring Down the Mouse,” OC Weekly, October 7, 2010.
19. Patrick Cooligan, “Hunger Strikes and Happiness Pickets,” Las Vegas Sun, April 25, 2012; Associated Press, “A Station Casinos Property to Unionize,” Las Vegas Sun, September 6, 2016; Bethany Kahn, “Station Casinos Agree to NLRB Settlement,” UNITE HERE Local 226 press release, Las Vegas, March 14, 2017, http://www.culinaryunion226.org/news/press; K. Morrison, “Station Casinos Agree to Settlement,” March 16, 2017, World Casino Directory, https://news.worldcasinodirectory.com/station-casinos-agrees-to-settlement-palace-station-now-unionized-43633.
20. David Yaffe-Bellamy, “Local 33 Presents Yale with Petition,” Yale Daily News, April 5, 2017.
21. Amy Hungerford, “Why the Yale Hunger Strike Is Misguided,” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 9, 2017; Jennifer Klein, “Why Yale Graduate Students Are on a Hunger Strike,” New York Times, May 9, 2017.
22. Author’s observation; “The Fast Against Slow,” www.local33.org.
CHAPTER 18—SOCIAL MOVEMENT UNIONISM AND THE SOULS OF WORKERS
1. Interview with Maria Elena Durazo, Los Angeles, September 11, 2015.
2. Interview with Josua Mata, Quezon City, November 22–23, 2015; interview with Rusty Hicks, Los Angeles, September 7, 2015; Kim Scipes, “Understanding the New Labor Movements in the ‘Third World’: The Emergence of Social Movement Unionism,” LabourNet Germany, June 5, 2003, http://archiv.labournet.de/diskussion/gewerkschaft/smu/The_New_Unions_Crit_Soc.htm.
3. Interview with Bleu Rainer, Tampa, FL, March 25, 2015; Durazo interview, September 11, 2015.
4. John Nichols, Uprising: How Wisconsin Renewed the Politics of Protest (New York: Nation Books, 2012); Sarah Jaffe, Necessary Trouble: Americans in Revolt (New York: Nation Books, 2016).
5. Josh Eidelson, “How a $15 Minimum Wage Went from Fringe to Mainstream,” Bloomberg News, March 29, 2016.
6. Ibid.
7. Interviews with Joanna Bernice Coronacion and Josua Mata, Quezon City, November 22–23, 2015.
CHAPTER 19—“CONTRACTUALIZATION”
1. Interview with Joshua Noguit, Quezon City, November 22, 2015.
2. Steven Greenhouse, “Fight for $15: Meet the Enfant Terrible Who Turned Minimum Wage into a National Battle,” Guardian, April 9, 2016; Michael Greenberg, “Tenants Under Siege,” New York Review of Books, August 17, 2017.
3. David Cooper and Teresa Kroeger, “Employers Steal Billions from Workers’ Paychecks Each Year,” Economic Policy Institute, May 10, 2017.
4. Fight for $15, “Day of Disruption November 29,” video, fightfor15.org.
5. Ibid.
CHAPTER 20—“STAND UP, LIVE BETTER”
1. Interview with Girshriela Green, Pico Rivera, CA, September 9, 2015.
2. Interview with Venanzi Luna, Los Angeles, September 10, 2015.
3. Nelson Lichtenstein, The Retail Revolution: How Wal-Mart Created a Brave New World of Business (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009).
4. Cantare Davunt, “I Cannot Continue to Live and Work Like This,” Salon, October 21, 2014; “Walmart: Our Locations,” http://corporate.walmart.com/our-story/our-locations; C. Ehrbacher and Becca Aaronson, “Walmart Private Plan Stirs Concern Over Workers’ Compensation System,” Texas Tribune, April 9, 2012; “Accident in Walmart Claims,” Legally Firm, http://www.legallyfirm.com/accident-in-walmart-claims, accessed October 6, 2017.
5. Ellen Bravo, “Respect the Bump Gets Results as Well as Respect,” Huffington Post, September 29, 2014.
6. Interview with Girshriela Green, June 9, 2016.
7. Katie Johnston, “Pregnant Workers’ Bill,” Boston Globe, July 20, 2017.
8. Interview with Elizabeth Gedmark, June 9, 2016.
9. Barlage interview, September 10, 2015; Amien Essif, “Wal-Mart’s Inhumane Policies for Pregnant Workers,” In These Times, November 6, 2014.
10. Nicole Flatow, “U.S. Supreme Court Sides with Pregnant Workers in Major Discrimination Case,” ThinkProgress, March 25, 2015; Jeffrey Toobin, “Betty Dukes vs. Wal-Mart,” New Yorker, June 20, 2011; “1.5 Million Female Wal-Mart Employees Lose Historic Sex Discrimination Case,” Democracy Now!, June 21, 2011; Liza Featherstone, Selling Women Short: The Landmark Battle for Workers’ Rights at Wal-Mart (New York: Basic Books, 2004).
11. Green interview, September 9, 2015; Ari Bloomekatz, “Thousands Rally Against Wal-Mart in Chinatown,” Los Angeles Times, July 1, 2012.
12. Interview with Evelin Cruz, Pico Rivera, CA, September 9, 2015.
13. Interview with Jenny Mills, Pico Rivera, CA, September 9, 2015.
14. Interview with Barbara Collins, Pico Rivera, CA, September 9, 2015; Ashlee Kieler, “Labor Board Orders Walmart to Rehire 16 Employees Fired for Striking,” Consumerist, January 22, 2016.
15. Interview with Denise Barlage, Burlington, VT, June 12, 2017.
16. Telephone interview with Tyfani Faulkner, February 17, 2017.
CHAPTER 21—“IF PEOPLE WOULD THINK ABOUT US, WE WOULDN’T DIE”
1. The official name is the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, http://bangladeshaccord.org.
2. “Powerful Brands, Powerful Platforms: One VF,” http://www.vfc.com.
3. “Tangled Thread,” video produced by Sara Ziff, 2014, https://vimeo.com/92582309.
4. “Prospects for Democratic Reconciliation and Workers’ Rights in Bangladesh,” US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, press release, February 11, 2014, https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/chair/release/chairman-menendez-opening-remarks-at-the-hearing-prospects-for-democratic-reconciliation-and-workers-rights-in-bangladesh.
5. “GSP Review of Bangladesh Recognizes Progress, Urges That More Be Done on Worker Safety and Rights,” Office of US Trade Representative, press release, January 2015, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2015/january/gsp-review-bangladesh-recognizes; www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/mediadoc/Akter_Testimony.pdf.
6. Dave Jamieson, “Rana Plaza Survivor Left with Debilitating Trauma,” Huffington Post, March 19, 2014.
7. “Rep. George Miller Speaks Out About Garment Factory Conditions in Bangladesh,” February 12, 2014, Feminist Daily Newswire (blog), https://feminist.org/blog/index.php/2014/02/12/rep-george-miller-speaks-out-against-garment-factory-conditions-in-bangladesh.
8. Interview with Sok Thareth, Phnom Penh, November 29, 2015.
9. Interview with Roth Minea, Phnom Penh, November 28, 2015.
10. Sok Thareth interview, November 30, 2015.
11. Mech Dara and Alex Willemyns, “Workers Turn Models on Political Catwalk,” Cambodia Daily, May 26, 2014.
12. Marc Bain and Jenni Avins, “The Thing That Makes Bangladesh’s Garment Industry Such a Huge Success Also Makes It Deadly,” Quartz, April 24, 2015, http://qz.com/389741/the-thing-that-makes-bangladeshs-garment-industry-such-a-huge-success-also-makes-it-deadly.
13. Skype interview with Nazma Akhter, October 9, 2015.
14. Michelle Chen, “Congress Has Only Now Banned Slave Labor in U.S. Imports,” Nation, February 23, 2016; Matea Gold et al., “Ivanka Inc.,” Washington Post, July 14, 2017.
CHAPTER 22—HOW THE RAG TRADE WENT GLOBAL
1. Messenger Band, “Suffer from Privatization” (2009).
2. Ibid.
3. Glynis Sweeny, “Fast Fashion Is the Second Dirtiest Industry on Earth,” EcoWatch, August 17, 2015, http://www.ecowatch.com/fast-fashion-is-the-second-dirtiest-industry-in-the-world-next-to-big-1882083445.html.
4. Lina Stoz and Gillian Kane, “Facts on the Global Garment Industry,” February 2015, https://cleanclothes.org/resources/publications/factsheets/general-factsheet-garment-industry-february-2015.pdf.
5. Gordon Laird, The Price of a Bargain: The Quest for Cheap and the Death of Globalization (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
6. Cecile Fruman and Douglas Zeng, “How to Make Zones Work Better in Africa,” Private Sector Development (blog), World Bank, July 27, 2015; Douglas Zeng, “Why Are More Countries Embracing Industrial Zones?,” May 5, 2015, Special Economic Zones (blog), World Bank, http://blogs.worldbank.org/category/tags/special-economic-zones; Matt Kennard and Claire Provost, “Inside the Corporate Utopias Where Capitalism Rules and Labor Laws Don’t Apply,” In These Times, July 25, 2016.
7. “Export Processing Zones Growing Steadily,” International Labour Organization, September 28, 1998; Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority, “About BEPZA,” http://www.epzbangladesh.org.bd; Aycil Yucer and Jean-Marc Siroen, “Trade Performance of Export Processing Zones,” World Economy 39, no. 7 (April 2016).
8. H&M Annual Report, 2016, https://about.hm.com/content/dam/hmgroup/groupsite/documents/masterlanguage/Annual%20Report/Annual%20Report%202016.pdf.
9. “Global Garment and Textile Industries: Workers, Rights and Working Conditions,” Solidarity Center, November 2015, http://www.solidaritycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Global.Garment-Workers-Fact-Sheet.11.15.pdf.
10. Ibid.
11. Hsiao Hung Pai, “Factory of the World: Scenes from Guangdong,” Places, October 2012.
12. Elizabeth Cline, “Where Does Discarded Clothing Go?,” Atlantic, July 28, 2014; Anthony Roberts, “Walmart’s Limited Growth in Urban Retail Markets: The Cost of Low Labor Investment,” UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, July 2015; Steve Hargreaves, “Your Clothes Are Killing Us,” CNN Money, May 22, 2015.
CHAPTER 23—“THE GIRL EFFECT”
1. “Our Purpose,” mission statement, Girl Effect, http://www.girleffect.org/our-purpose.
2. Jill Ker Conway speech, Dartmouth College, April 1998.
3. Maria Hengeveld, “Nike Boasts of Empowering Women Around the World,” Slate, August 26, 2016.
4. Messenger Band, “Workers’ Tears” (2006).
5. Interview with Sok Thareth, Phnom Penh, November 29, 2015.
6. Messenger Band, “Fate of Garment Workers.”
7. Messenger Band, “Land and Life.”
8. Interview with Kalpona Akter, Montreal, August 14, 2016; interview with Roth Minea, Phnom Penh, November 28, 2015.
9. Hengeveld, “Nike Boasts.”
10. Hyun Soo Lee, “Former Nike Factory Worker Shares Story,” Daily Collegian, March 21, 2016, http://www.collegian.psu.edu/news/campus/article_4fcbbb98-efe1-11e5-9e95-6fc988b86843.html.
11. Tanya Talaga, “Garment Workers Making Less Money Than 10 Years Ago,” Star (Toronto), July 19, 2013.
12. Anu Muhammad, “Wealth and Deprivation: Ready-Made Garments Industry in Bangladesh,” Economic and Political Weekly 46, no. 34 (August 20, 2011).
CHAPTER 24—“MADE WITH LOVE IN BANGLADESH”
1. “Bangladesh: Out of War a Nation Is Born,” Time, December 20, 1971.
2. Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority, “About BEPZA,” http://www.epzbangladesh.org.bd; Akter interview, August 14, 2016.
3. Interview with Ath Thorn and members of CCAWDU, Cambodian Coalition of Apparel Workers Demoncratic Union, Phnom Penh, November 29, 2015.
4. Wages and Working Hours in the Textiles, Clothing, Leather and Footwear Industries, International Labour Organization, report for the Global Dialogue on Wages Forum, Geneva, September 23–25, 2014.
5. John Barker, “A Stitch in Time: The ‘Orchestrated Networks’ of Bloody Taylorism,” Mute Magazine, July 10, 2013, http://libcom.org/tags/bangladeshi-garment-workers.
6. Akter interview, August 14, 2016.
7. Red Marriott, “Death Traps: Work, Home, Fire and the Poor in Bangladesh,” March 10, 2010, libcom.org.
8. Ibid.
9. Red Marriott, “Tailoring to Needs: Garment Workers Struggles in Bangladesh,” Insurgent Notes, October 28, 2010.
10. Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, update on progress, April 2016, http://bangladeshaccord.org; telephone interview with Kalpona Akter, October 15, 2015; Akter interview, October 9, 2015.
CHAPTER 25—“WE ARE NOT A POCKET REVOLUTION”
1. Reuters, “Bangladesh Garment Workers Hold Largest Protest Yet,” September 21, 2013.
2. Global Nonviolent Action Database, Swarthmore College, http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu.
3. All quotes from telephone interview with Moshrefa Mishu, October 12, 2015.
4. Global Nonviolent Action Database, Swarthmore College, http://www.humanrightskorea.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/khis-press-statement-bangladesh-hrd-26-jan-2011.pdf.
CHAPTER 26—“A KHMER WOULD RATHER WORK FOR FREE THAN WORK WITHOUT DIGNITY”
1. Interview with Khloek Outrok, Phnom Penh, November 27, 2015.
2. “Clothes Retailers Accused of Labor Abuses in Cambodia,” BBC News, March 12, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31842046.
CHAPTER 27—“AFTER POL POT, WE NEED A GOOD LIFE”
1. All quotes from Chea Mony in this section are from interview, Phnom Penh, November 27, 2015.
2. Interview with Wim Conklin, Phnom Penh, December 4, 2015.
3. Interview with Ath Thorn, Phnom Penh, November 28, 2015.
4. Interview with Yang Sophorn, Phnom Penh, November 28, 2015.
CHAPTER 28—CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING, CAMBODIA STYLE
1. Interviews with Vathanak Serry Sim, Phnom Penh, November 25–28, 2015, and with Vun Em, Phnom Penh, November 30, 2015.
2. Interview with members of the Women’s Information Center discussion group, Phnom Penh, November 29, 2015.
3. Interview with Dany, Danu, and Sreypon, Phnom Penh, November 29, 2015.
CHAPTER 29—FILIPINA GARMENT WORKERS
1. Interview with Josua Mata, Quezon City, November 23, 2015.
2. Interview with Asuncion Binos, Quezon City, November 24, 2015.
3. Scipes, KMU.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Raisa Serafica, “Four Things to Know About the Mendiola Massacre,” Rappler, January 21, 2017, http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/159028-mendiola-massacre-anniversary.
7. Conrado de Quiros, Dance of the Dunces (Manila: Anvil Publishing, 1991), 51–52.
8. Matt Cowgill and Phu Huynh, “Weak Minimum Wage Compliance in Asia’s Garment Industry,” International Labour Organization, August 2016, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-asia/—ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_509532.pdf.
9. Nathaniel R. Melican, “57 Kentex Victims’ Kin Settle with Firm,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 23, 2015.
10. Associated Press, “More Than 120 Injured in Fire at Philippines Factory Complex,” Star Tribune, February 2, 2017.
11. Andrea Dijkstra, “Low Wages Draw International Textile Companies to Ethiopia,” Deutsche Wellem, October 12, 2015, http://www.dw.com/en.
CHAPTER 30—“NO LAND NO LIFE”
1. “Violent Land Disputes Still Hound Agriworkers 30 Years After Mendiola,” UMA Pilipinas, January 19, 2017, https://umapilipinas.wordpress.com/2017/01/19/violent-land-disputes-still-hound-agriworkers-30-years-after-mendiola/.
2. Pan Asia Pacific, “An Appeal to Stop Killing Farmers, Lumad Fighting Land Grabs, and Pursue Peace to Address Land Issue as Cause of Conflict in the Philippines,” February 7, 2017, http://panap.net/2017/02/nolandnolife-an-appeal-to-stop-killing-farmers-lumad-fighting-land-grabs-and-pursue-peace-to-address-land-issue-as-cause-of-conflict-in-the-philippines/; Pan Asia Pacific “PANAP Joins Solidarity Mission vs. Land Grabbing, Repression of Farmers in Philippine Banana Plantation,” December 16, 2016, http://panap.net/2016/12/nolandnolife-panap-joins-solidarity-mission-vs-land-grabbing-repression-farmers-philippine-banana-plantation/.
3. BAYAN, “Summary of Relevant Information,” November 16, 2004. http://www.bayan.ph/2004/11/16.
4. Lumad Portal, To Hacienda Luisita and Back: The Forlorn Journey of the Lumad Sacadas (Manila: Mindanao Interfaith Institute on Lumad Studies, January 5, 2017), http://www.miils.org/type/reports.
5. Author’s visit to Lumad occupation, Manila, November 23, 2015; Katrina Santiago, “Meet the Lumad,” Manila Times, October 24, 2015; Reynaldo Navales, “Stop Killing Farmers,” SunStar, April 1, 2017.
6. Ruth Pina and Julia Dolce, “Spectacular Protest of Landless Women,” Dawn News, March 7, 2017.
7. “Landless Women Denounce Vale,” March 8, 2017, Friends of the MST, http://www.mstbrazil.org/news.
8. Michael Fox, Landless Women Stage Protests Across Brazil, NACLA report (March 2009).
9. “Bharatiya Kisan Union Backs Protesting Tamil Nadu Farmers in Delhi; Call That Demands Be Met Immediately,” Focus on the Global South, March 28, 2017, https://focusweb.org/content/bharatiya-kisan-union-backs-protesting-tamil-nadu-farmers-delhi-call-demands-be-met.
10. “FTAs and Agriculture,” Nyéléni Newsletter, March 29, 2017; “Five Indian Farmers Killed During Protest,” Al Jazeera, June 6, 2017.
11. Tom Philpott, “No, GMOs Didn’t Create India’s Farmer Suicide Problem, But . . .,” Mother Jones, September 30, 2015.
12. Tinyade Kachika, Land Grabbing in Africa: A Review of the Impacts and Possible Policy Responses (Oxford, UK: Oxfam International, 2010), 42.
13. Khuon Nairm, “Government Threatens Land Rights Protesters,” Cambodia Daily, March 27, 2017.
14. “ChavezResist Marches,” United Farm Workers, http://ufw.org/chavezresist-marches, accessed October 6, 2017.
15. PAN AP, The Right to Resist Land Grabs, film, posted on YouTube March 29, 2017.
16. Elizabeth Mpofu/La Via Campesina, “Building an International Movement for Food and Seed Sovereignty,” Other Worlds, 2016, http://africaspeaks4africa.org/7592-2/, accessed October 10, 2017.
17. “Manifesto: Rights of Peasants,” La Via Campesina, March 17, 2017, www.viacampesina.org.
18. “The Time Is Ripe,” La Via Campesina, May 22, 2017.
CHAPTER 31—“AGRARIAN REFORM IN REVERSE”
1. David Adam, “Food Price Rises Threaten Global Security,” Guardian, April 9, 2008.
2. Till Bruckner, “The Myth of the African Land Grab,” Foreign Policy, October 20, 2015; Lutz Goedde, Maya Horii, and Sunil Sanghvi, “Pursuing the Global Opportunity in Food and Agribusiness,” McKinsey Quarterly (July 2015), http://www.mckinsey.com.
3. “The Global Farmland Grab in 2016: How Big, How Bad?,” Against the Grain, June 2016.
4. Carolyn Kamm, “Why European Dairy Farmers Are Protesting,” Christian Science Monitor, February 12, 2017.
5. “Asia’s Agrarian Reform in Reverse,” Against the Grain, April 2015; “Will Cambodia’s Kleptocrats Finally Face Justice?,” Cultural Survival, November 28, 2016.
6. David Blair, “Liberia Sells Almost Quarter of Country to Logging,” Telegraph, September 4, 2012.
7. Kachika, Land Grabbing in Africa; T. S. Jayne et al., “Africa’s Changing Farmland Ownership,” July 24, 2015, unpublished paper, UN Economic Commission for Africa conference; K. Deininger et al., Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? (Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 2011); K. Deininger, X. Fan, and S. Savastano, “Smallholders’ Land Ownership and Access in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Policy Research Working Paper 7285, World Bank, 2015.
8. Antonio Onorati and Chiara Pierfederici, “Land Concentration, Land Grabbing and People’s Struggles in Europe,” 2012, https://www.tni.org/files/download/05._italy.pdf; “Biggest Farms in the World,” http://www.worldatlas.com/articles.
9. “Europe: Land Concentration and Land Grabbing Reaching Blatant Levels,” La Via Campesina, August 19, 2013.
10. Nafeez Ahmed, “UN: Only Small Farmers and Agroecology Can Feed the World,” Permaculture News, September 26, 2014.
11. ILO, “Labor Migration Statistics,” http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/policy-areas/statistics/lang-en/index.htm, accessed October 10, 2017.
12. Madison Iszler, “Could a 7-Year-Old Have Picked the Food You’re Eating?,” News & Observer, July 8, 2017.
13. Svetlana Boincean, Workers and Unions on the Move: Organising and Defending Migrant Workers in Agricultural and Allied Sectors (Geneva: IUF-UITA-IUL, May 2008), http://www.iufdocuments.org/www/documents/IUFmigrantworkersmanual-e.pdf; Helena Smith, “Bangladeshi Fruit Pickers Shot At by Greek Farmers Win Human Rights Case,” Guardian, March 30, 2017.
CHAPTER 32—MILK WITH DIGNITY
1. “Selected Statistics on Farmworkers,” Farmworker Justice, 2014, https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/sites/default/files/NAWS%20data%20factsht%201-13-15FINAL.pdf.
2. Kyle Midura, “How Trump’s Immigration Policies Could Reshape Vermont Dairy Industry,” WCAX-TV, January 26, 2017.
3. Jonathan Purdy to Brady Goff, October 30, 2014, posted online October 12, 2016, Migrant Justice, https://migrantjustice.net/news/ice-to-vermont-dmv-were-going-to-have-to-make-you-an-honorary-ice-officer; Paul Heintz, “Vermont DMV, State Police Play Nice with ICE,” Seven Days, April 5, 2017.
4. Greg Asbed and Sean Sellers, “The Fair Food Program: Worker-Driven Social Responsibility for the 21st Century,” TalkPoverty, May 27, 2014; Coalition of Imakolee Workers, http://www.ciw-online.org/about.
5. Richard Mertens, “Tomato Pickers Win Higher Pay. Can Other Workers Use Their Strategy?,” Christian Science Monitor, March 9, 2017; Robbie Silverman, “A Big Win for Poultry Workers,” The Politics of Poverty, Oxfam, April 26, 2017.
6. Migrant Justice, “Milk with Dignity,” video on Vimeo, https://vimeo.com/128623142.
7. Sarah Olsen, “Ben & Jerry’s Agrees to Negotiate ‘Milk with Dignity’ Agreement,” VTDigger, June 21, 2015.
8. “VT Dairy Workers Announce Northeast Milk with Dignity Speaking Tour!,” March 16, 2017, https://migrantjustice.net/news/vt-dairy-workers-announce-northeast-milk-with-dignity-speaking-tour.
9. Silenced Voices, a film by Sam Mayfield, Brendan O’Neill, and Gustavo Ter’an, March 10, 2014, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3DRQVbV6LM; “RFC and Stanford Students Team Up with Milk with Dignity,” Real Food Challenge, February 23, 2017, http://realfoodchallenge.org.
10. “Presbyterian Church to Ben & Jerry’s,” June 27, 2017, https://migrantjusticenet; Michael Colby and Will Allen, “Sweatshop Dairy,” http://regenerationvermont.org/regeneration-now.
11. Noam Scheiber, “Ben & Jerry’s Strikes Deal to Improve Migrant Workers’ Conditions,” New York Times, October 3, 2017; “‘It’s a New Day in Dairy’: Migrant Justice, Ben & Jerry’s Sign Agreement to Launch Milk with Dignity Program in Vermont Dairy Industry!,” Coalition of Immokalee Workers, October 3, 2017, http://www.ciw-online.org/blog/2017/10/its-a-new-day-in-dairy.
CHAPTER 33—“LIKE THE TIME OF CESAR CHAVEZ”
1. Larry Copeland, “Life Expectancy in the USA Hits a Record High,” USA Today, October 8, 2014, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/10/08/us-life-expectancy-hits-record-high/16874039; Dylan Ruiz and Joseph Smooke, “Surviving the Drought in California,” June 15, 2015, People, Power, Media, http://www.peoplepowermedia.net/immigration/california-drought-farm-workers.
2. All quotes from interview with Bernardino Martinez, Oxnard, CA, September 6, 2015.
3. “California: Wages, EFI, FLCs,” Rural Migration News, July 2013, https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=1764.
4. José Luis Rocha, “Strawberry Fields and Undocumented Workers Forever?,” Envío, June 2008; Vernon Takeshita, “America’s Strawberry: Fruit of Our Labor,” Japanese American National Museum Magazine, October 3, 2007.
5. Tomás Madrigal, “The Role of the Private Security Industrial Complex in 21st-Century Agricultural Strike Breaking,” Káráni: Escribir o Volar, June 18, 2016.
6. State of California, Agricultural Labor Relations Board, Moving Party and United Farm Workers of America and Constantino Rodriguez, Charging Parties v. Montalvo Farms, LLC, Respondent, May 7, 2012, pp. 4–5.
7. Rebekah Kearn, “Labor Board Alleges Vicious Anti-Unionism,” Courthouse News Service, May 22, 2012, https://www.courthousenews.com/labor-board-alleges-vicious-anti-unionism.
CHAPTER 34—BITTER GRAPES
1. Henriette Abrahams, “Farm Workers Are Still Fighting for Dignity and Their Rights in the Western Cape,” Ground Up, February 20, 2015.
2. Mercia Andrews, “Sleeping Giant Is Stirring: Farm Workers in South Africa,” 2014, South African History Online, http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/western-cape-farmworkers-strike-2012-2013.
3. Mandy de Waal, “Striking Workers Burn Vineyards,” Guardian, November 8, 2012.
4. Sean Christie, “Leaderless Farm Strike Is ‘Organic,’” Mail & Guardian, November 16, 2012, available at www.mg.co.za.
5. Annie Majavu, “The Farm Workers’ Strike, It’s Far from Over,” South African Civil Society Information Service, November 15, 2012.
6. Kaitlin Cordes and Clive Baldwin, Ripe with Abuse: Human Rights Conditions in South Africa’s Fruit and Wine Industries (New York: Human Rights Watch, August 23, 2011).
7. Aruna Rao, Joanne Sandler, and David Kelleher, Gender at Work: Theory and Practice for 21st Century Organizations (London: Routledge, 2015).
CHAPTER 35—“WHAT ARE WE RISING FOR?”
1. “Sakuma Farmworkers: We Want a Contract!,” October 8, 2013, The Stand: News About Working People Standing Together in Washington State, http://www.thestand.org/2013/10.
2. Tomás Madrigal, “Driscoll’s Notorious Record on Labor,” Káráni: Escribir o Volar, November 17, 2014.
3. Interview with Juvenal Solano and Alfreda (pseudonym), Oxnard, CA, September 7, 2015.
4. Dan LaBotz, “Important Strike in Mexico,” Global Research, April 3, 2015.
5. David Bacon, “Farmworker Rebellion Spreads,” People’s World, August 31, 2015.
6. Information Supplement, La Jornada, July 18, 2015.
7. Ibid.
8. Richard Marosi, “Baja Labor Leaders Learned Their Tactics from Their Efforts in US,” Los Angeles Times, March 28, 2015.
9. Marcos F. Lopez, “Places in Production: Nature, Farm Work and Farm Worker Resistance in US and Mexican Strawberry Growing Regions,” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Cruz, 2011; Richard Marosi, “Mexican Farmworkers Target Driscoll’s,” Los Angeles Times, April 10, 2015; Tomás Madrigal, “The Costco Connection,” Káráni: Escribir o Volar, June 28, 2015.
10. “Farmworkers Win Big Maybe,” editorial, Los Angeles Times, June 11, 2015.
11. “Washington Farmworkers Union Ends Boycott,” North West Labor Press, November 14, 2016.
12. Interview with Irene Gomez, Oxnard, CA, September 6, 2015.
CHAPTER 36—“THESE BORDERS ARE NOT OUR BORDERS”
1. Interview with Arcenio Lopez, Oxnard, CA, September 5, 2015.
2. Interview with Anastacia Lopez, Oxnard, CA, September 7, 2015.
3. Michelle Venetucci Harvey, “The Farmworkers’ Journey: NAFTA, Agricultural Exceptionalism and California Farmworkers,” Spinning Spoons, February 16, 2012; Laura Carlsen, “Under NAFTA, Mexico Suffered and the United States Felt Its Pain,” New York Times, November 24, 2013.
4. Rocha, “Strawberry Fields and Undocumented Workers Forever?”; Miriam J. Wells, Strawberry Fields: Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996); Julie Guthman, “Life Itself Under Contract: Rent-Seeking and Biopolitical Devolution Through Partnerships in California’s Strawberry Industry,” Journal of Peasant Studies 40, no. 1 (2017): 100–17, posted online October 28, 2016.
5. MICOP, 2016 Annual Report (December 2016), www.mixteco.org/2016/12/micops-2016-annual-report/.
6. Interview with Maricela Morales, Santa Barbara, CA, September 7, 2015.
CHAPTER 37—AFTER THE COLONIZERS, RICE
1. All quotes from interview with Vicky Carlos Garcia, Manila, November 21, 2015, and electronic correspondence, November 2016–April 2017.
2. All Mary Hensley quotes from telephone interview, March 17, 2017.
3. Simone Adler, “An Interview with Elizabeth Mpofu,” Other Worlds, February 2, 2016.
4. Ibid.; “Land and Seed Laws Under Attack,” GRAIN, January 21, 2015, https://www.grain.org/article/entries/5121-land-and-seed-laws-under-attack-who-is-pushing-changes-in-africa.
5. “The Global Staple,” Ricepedia, Project of Global Rice Science Partnership, http://ricepedia.org/rice-as-food/the-global-staple-rice-consumers, accessed October 10, 2017.
6. “Bill Clinton’s Trade Policies Destroyed Haitian Rice Farming,” Democracy Now!, October 11, 2016, https://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/11/bill_clinton_s_trade_policies_destroyed.
7. “Rice Varieties Critical to Culture and Biodiversity at Risk of Extinction,” Food Tank, December 2014, https://foodtank.com/news/2014/12/heirloom-rice-in-the-philippines-at-risk-of-extinction.
8. Alaric Francis Santiaguel, “The Seed Keepers’ Treasure,” Rice Today (October–December 2010).
9. Robert Domoguen, “Remembering the Old Suyoc Village and Its Generation of Rice Growers,” SunStar Baguio, March 9, 2011; “Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras,” UNESCO World Heritage List, 1992–2017, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/multiple=1&unique_number=853.
10. Robert Domoguen, “Cordillera Losing Its Heirloom Rice Varieties,” SunStar Baguio, February 28, 2011.
11. Alisa Tang, “Malaria, Murder and Occupational Hazards of Indigenous Activists in the Philippines,” Reuters World News, November 1, 2016.
12. “The PAKISAMA: Our Mother Organization,” PAKISAMA Mutual Benefit Association, http://pakisamamutual.tripod.com/pksm/id12.html, accessed October 10, 2017; La Via Campesina, “Stop Land Grabbing in the Philippines!,” March 18, 2014, https://focusweb.org/content/stop-land-grabbing-philippines-statement-la-campesina.
CHAPTER 38—“WE CAN TURN AROUND THE LABOR MOVEMENT. WE CAN REBUILD POWER AND WE CAN WIN!”
1. Interview with Madeline Janis, Los Angeles, September 9, 2015; Harold Myerson, “LA Story,” American Prospect, August 6, 2013.
CHAPTER 39—FLASHES OF HOPE
1. Alaa Milbes, “Labor and Community Groups Sign Landmark Agreement,” Jobs to Move America, July 17, 2017, http://jobstomoveamerica.org/labor-community-groups-sign-landmark-agreement-electric-bus-manufacturer-byd-los-angeles.
2. Tony Barboza, “Plan Calls for L.A., Long Beach Ports to Go to Zero-Emissions Technology,” Los Angeles Times, July 19, 2017.
3. Corilyn Shropshire, “First Step to New CTA Rail Cars,” Chicago Tribune, March 16, 2017.
4. Alaa Milbes, “MTA Commits to U.S.Jobs,” Jobs to Move America, July 17, 2016, http://jobstomoveamerica.org/mta-commits-u-s-jobs-new-3-2-billion-subway-car-purchase.
5. Ibid.
6. Alaa Milbes, “JMA to LA Metro on $1 Billion Purchase of Heavy Railcars,” Jobs to Move America, January 11, 2016, http://jobstomoveamerica.org/press-release-jma-to-la-metro-on-1-billion-purchase-of-heavy-railcars.
7. “Our Story,” Township Winery, http://townshipwinery.com/our-story.
8. Martin Seemungal, “Cape Town’s Urban Vineyard Could Revitalize the City’s Poor,” NewsHour, PBS, November 24, 2016.
9. Pumza Filani, “The Wine Grown in a South African Township,” BBC News, December 10, 2015.
10. “Love Is in Our Nature,” Thandi Wines, http://thandiwines.com.
11. “About,” United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives, https://usworker.coop/about.
12. United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Methyl Bromide,” unsigned article, https://www.epa.gov/ods-phaseout/methyl-bromide.
13. “Jim Cochran: Swanton Berry Farm, Cultivating a Movement: An Oral History Series on Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Farming on California’s Central Coast,” University of California, Santa Cruz, Special Collections online, https://library.ucsc.edu/reg-hist/cultiv/home.
14. “History,” Swanton Berry Farm, unsigned article, http://www.swantonberryfarm.com/history.
15. “USDA Seeks Applications for Next Round of Food Insecurity Nutrition Program,” press release no. 022816, https://www.fns.usda.gov/pressrelease/2016/022816.
16. “Fresh Food Box Locations,” Greenmarkets, GrowNYC, https://www.grownyc.org/greenmarketco/foodbox.
17. Eric Holt-Giménez and Miguel Altieri, “Agroecology ‘Lite’: Cooptation and Resistance in the Global North,” Food First, October 18, 2016, https://foodfirst.org/agroecology-lite-cooptation-and-resistance-in-the-global-north.
18. “Global Brands, NGOs, and the Prince of Wales Unite,” Better Cotton Initiative, May 26, 2017, http://bettercotton.org.
19. Joe Bozich, “Knights Apparel’s Ethical Business Model: The Alta Gracia Project: Changing Lives One Shirt at a Time,” https://www.changemakers.com/intrapreneurs/entries/knights-apparels-ethical-business-model-alta-gracia-pro.
20. Ibid.
21. Joanne Lamphere Beckham, “Good Business,” Vanderbilt Magazine, December 2, 2013.
22. “About Us,” Tonlé, https://tonle.com.
23. Chris Teare, “College Students Are Starting to Demand ‘Living Wage’ Sportswear,” Forbes, March 31, 2016.
24. Clean Clothes Campaign, “Bangladesh Accord: Brief Progress Report and Proposals for Enhancement,” April 21, 2017, https://cleanclothes.org.
CHAPTER 40—BIG IDEAS, NEW MODELS, SMALL COURTESIES BUILD A NEW WORLD
1. Interview with Madeline Janis, Los Angeles, September 9, 2015.
2. Telephone interview with Roxana Tynan, September 15, 2015.
3. Julian Gross, Greg LeRoy, and Madeline Janis-Aparicio, Community Benefits Agreements: Making Development Projects Accountable (Washington, DC: Good Jobs First and California Partnership for Working Families, 2005).
4. “Yale-New Haven CBA,” Community Benefits Agreements, January 30, 2008, http://communitybenefits.blogspot.com/2008/01/yale-new-haven-cba.html.