Abbreviations

AEs

Advanced Economies

AfDB

African Development Bank

AIIB

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

ALBA

Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Spanish acronym)

ALBA-TCP

Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America—Peoples’ Trade Treaty (Spanish acronym)

AMF

Asian Monetary Fund

AMRO

ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office

ArMF

Arab Monetary Fund

AsDB

Asian Development Bank

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEAN+3

Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus China, Japan, and South Korea

BDS

Bank of the South (Spanish acronym)

BIS

Bank for International Settlements

BNDES

Brazil’s National Economic and Social Development Bank (Portuguese acronym; commonly referred to as Brazilian National Development Bank)

BRICs

Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China

BRICS

Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, South Africa

BWIs

Bretton Woods institutions

CAF

Development Bank of Latin America (formerly known as Andean Development Corporation [Corporación Andina de Fomento]) (Spanish acronym)

CDB

China Development Bank

CMI

Chiang Mai Initiative

CMIM

Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation

COFER

Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves

CRA

Contingent Reserve Arrangement (of the BRICS)

EBRD

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EC

European Commission

ECB

European Central Bank

EFSD

Eurasian Fund for Stabilization and Development

EFSF

European Financial Stability Facility

EIB

European Investment Bank

EMDEs

Emerging Market and Developing Economies

ESM

European Stability Mechanism

EU

European Union

FCL

Flexible Credit Line

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

Fed

(U.S.) Federal Reserve

Finance G-20

Group of Twenty finance ministers and central bank governors

FLAR

Latin American Reserve Fund (Spanish acronym)

FSB

Financial Stability Board

FSF

Financial Stability Forum

G-7

Group of Seven countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States)

G-8

Group of Eight countries (G-7, plus Russia)

G-11

Group of Eleven at the World Bank and IMF

G-20

Group of Twenty (G-7, plus Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, and the European Union)

G-24

Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs and Development

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

IADB

Inter-American Development Bank

IBRD

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (of the World Bank)

IDA

International Development Association (of the World Bank)

IEO

Independent Evaluation Office (of the IMF)

IIF

Institute of International Finance

ILO

International Labour Organization

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IMFC

International Monetary and Financial Committee

(of the IMF)

MRDBs

Main Regional Development Banks

NAB

New Arrangements to Borrow

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

NDB

New Development Bank (of the BRICS)

NIEO

New International Economic Order

ODA

Official Development Assistance

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PBOC

People’s Bank of China

PCL

Precautionary Credit Line

QE

Quantitative Easing

RCT

Randomized Control Trial

RMB

Renminbi (currency of People’s Republic of China)

SAFE

State Administration of Foreign Exchange (of China)

SAP

Structural Adjustment Program

SBA

Stand-By Arrangement

SDDS

Special Data Dissemination Standard

SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals (of the United Nations)

SDR

Special Drawing Right

SOE

State-Owned Enterprise

SUCRE

Unitary System for Regional Compensation (Spanish acronym)

SWF

Sovereign Wealth Fund

TPP

Trans-Pacific Partnership

UN

United Nations

UNASUR

Union of South American Nations (Spanish acronym)

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

WDI

World Development Indicators

WTO

World Trade Organization