REFERENCES
The references provided below focus on the many research reports included within the “Throw Me a Lifesaver!” section under each food entry. This is not the complete list of all the studies and sources covered in this book. You will find all of the sources at www.101FoodsThatCouldSaveYourLife.com. I also include websites that I found especially helpful while researching the origin, history and benefits of the 101 foods.
Del Pozo-Insfran D, Percival SS, Talcott ST. J. Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) polyphenolics in their glycoside and aglycone forms induce apoptosis of HL-60 leukemia cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Feb 22;54(4):1222–9.
Hong W, Cao G, Prior P. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity of anthocyanins. J Agric Food Chem. 45, 304–309, 1997.
Schauss AG et al. Antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of the freeze-dried Amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleraceae Mart. (Açaí). J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Nov 1;54(22):8604–8610.
Agave www.succulent-plant.com/agave.html
Da Silva BP, De Sousa AC, Silva GM, Mendes TP, Parente JP. A new bioactive steroidal saponin from Agave attenuata. Z Naturforsch. 2002 May–Jun;57(5–6), 423–428.
Davidson JR, Ortiz de Montellano BR. The antibacterial properties of an Aztec wound remedy. J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Aug;8(2):149–61.
Garcia MD, Quilez AM, Saenz MT, Martinez-Dominguez ME, de la Puerta R. Anti-inflammatory activity of Agave intermixta Trel. and Cissus sicyoides L., species used in the Caribbean traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Aug;71(3):395–400.
Ohtsuki T, Koyano T, Kowithayakorn T, Sakai S, Kawahara N, Goda Y, Yamaguchi N, Ishibahi M. New chlorogenin hexasaccharide isolated from Agave fourcroydes with cytotoxic and cell cycle inhibitory activities. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2004 Jul;12(14), 3841–3845.
Peana AT et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts and steroidal sapogenins of Agave americana. Planta Med. 1997 Jun;63(3):199–202.
Saenz MT, Garcia MD, Quilez A, Ahumada MC. Cytotoxic activity of Agave intermixta L. (agavaceae) and Cissus sicyoides L. (vitaceae). Pytother Res. 2000 Nov;14(7), 552–554.
Verastegui MA, Sanchez CA, Heredia NL, Garcia-Alvarado JS. Antimicrobial activity of extracts of three major plants from the Chihuahuan desert. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996 Jul 5;52(3):175–177.
Yokosuka A, Mimaki Y, Kuroda M, Sashida Y. A new steroidal saponin from the leaves of Agave Americana. Planta Med. 2000 May;66(4), 393–396.
Almonds www.almondsarein.com
Burton-Freeman B, Davis PA, Schneeman BO. Interaction of fat availability and sex on postprandial satiety and cholecystokinin after mixed-food meals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;80(5):1207–14.
Davis PA, Iwahashi CK. Whole almonds and almond fractions reduce aberrant crypt foci in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2001 Apr 10;165(1): 27–33.
Ellis PR, Kendall CW, Ren Y, Parker C, Pacy JF, Waldron KW, Jenkins DJ. Role of cell walls in the bioaccessibility of lipids in almond seeds. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):604–613.
Fraser GE, Bennett HW, Jaceldo KB, Sabate JM. Effect on body weight of a free 76 kilojoule (320 Calorie) daily supplement of almonds for six months. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 21, No.3, 275–283 (2002).
Jenkins DJ et al. Assessment of the longer-term effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3): 582–91.
Jenkins DJ et al. Direct comparison of dietary portfolio vs statin on C-reactive protein. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;59(7):851–60.
Sabate J, Haddad E, Tanzman JS, Jambazian P, Rajaram S. Serum lipid response to a graded enrichment of a Step 1 diet with almonds: A randomized feeding trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003; 77:1379–1384.
Wien MA, Sabate JM, Ikle DN, Cole SE, Kandeel FR. Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Nov; 27(11):1365–1372.
Amaranth www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/amaranth.shtml
Gorenstein S, Katrich E, Trakhtenberg S, Lange E, Bartnikowska E, Leontowicz M, Leontowicz H, Czerwinski J. Oat (Avena sativa L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) meals positively affect plasma lipid profile in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets. J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Oct;15(10):622–629.
Kim HK, Kim MJ, Cho HY, Kim EK, Shin DH. Antioxidative and antidiabetic effects of amaranth (Amaranthus esculantus) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 May–Jun;24(3):195–199.
Kim HK, Kim MJ, Shin DH. Improvement of lipid profile by amaranth (Amaranthus esculantus) supplementation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(3):277–281.
Shin DH, Heo HJ, Lee YJ, Kim HK. Amaranth squalene reduces serum and liver lipid levels in rats fed a cholesterol diet. Br J Biomed Sci. 2004;61(1):11–14.
Silvia-Sanchez C, González Castañeda J, de Léon-Rodríguez A, de la Rosa B. Functional and rheological properties of amaranth albumins extracted from two Mexican varieties. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2004 Fall;59(4):169–174.
Apples US Apple Association: www.usapple.org
Conceicao M, Sichieri R, Sanchez Moura A. Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women. Nutrition. 2003 Mar; 19(3):253–256.
Davis PA et al. Effect of apple extracts on NF-KB activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2006;231:594–598.
Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavinoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet. 1993 Oct 23; 342(8878):1007–1011.
Knekt P, Isotupa S, Rissanen H, Heliovaara M, Jarvinen R, Hakkinen S, Aromaa A, Reunanen A. Quercetin intake and the incidence of cerebrovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;54(5):415–417.
Liu RH, Liu J, Chen B. Apples prevent mammary tumors in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Mar 23;53(6):2341–2343.
Marchand L, Murphy S, Hankin J, Wilkens L, Kolonel L. Intake of Flavonoids and Lung Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000 Jan 19;92(2): 154–160.
Tchantchou F, Chan A, Kifle L, Ortiz D, Shea TB. Apple juice concentrate prevents oxidative damage and impaired maze performance in aged mice. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2005 Dec;8(3):283–287.
Tchantchou F, Graves M, Ortiz D, Rogers E, Shea TB. Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary-and genetically-induced oxidative stress. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(6):492–496.
Tirgoviste C, Poppa E, Sintu E, Mihalache N, Che D, Mincu I. Blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to various carbohydrates in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1983 Sept; 24(2):80–84.
Veeriah S, Kautenburger T, Habermann N, Sauer J, Dietrich H, Will F, Pool-Zobel BL. Apple flavonoids inhibit growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells and modulate expression of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics. Mol Carcinog. 2006 Mar;45(3):164–74.
Apricots California Fresh Apricot Council: www.califapricot.com
American Cancer Society. Available at www.cancer.org. Accessed on May 16, 2006.
Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ 1992;305(6849):335–339.
Jacques PF, Chylack LT. Epidemiologic evidence of a role for the antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in cataract prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991.
Otsuka T et al. Suppressive effects of fruit-juice concentrate of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese apricot, Ume) on Helicobacter pylori-induced glandular stomach lesions in Mongolian gerbils. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2005;6(3):337–341.
Yusuf S et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004 Sep;364(9438):937–952.
Artichoke California Artichoke Advisory Board: www.artichokes.org
Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Marakis G, Booth J. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life in otherwise healthy volunteers suffering from concomitant dyspepsia: a subset analysis. J Altern Compl Med. 2004 Aug; 10(4):667–669.
Emendorfer F, Emendorfer F, Bellato F, Noldin VF, Cechinel-Filho V, Yunes R, Delle Monache F, Cardozo A. Antispasmodic activity of fraction and cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus on guinea-pig ileum. Bil Pharm Bull. 2005 May; 28(5):902–904.
Gebhardt R. Inhibition of Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes by Artichoke Extracts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998, Sept; (286):1122–1128.
Pittler MH, Thonpson CO, Ernst E. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (3): CD003335.
Rossoni G, Grande S, Galli C, Visioli F. Wild artichoke prevents the age-associated loss of vasomotor function. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Dec 28; 53(26):10291–10296.
Asparagus Michigan Asparagus Advisory Board: www.asparagus.org; California Asparagus Commission: www.calasparagus.com
Clarke R, et al. Hyperhomocystenemia: an independent risk factor for. New Eng J Med 324 (1991):1149–55.
Mathews JN, Flatt PR, Abdel-Wahab YH. Asparagus adscendens (Shweta musali) stimulates insulin secretion, insulin action and inhibits starch digestion. Br J Nutr. 2006 Mar;95(3):576–581.
Avocado California Avocado Commission: www.avocado.org; Chilean Avocado Importers Association: www.chileanavocados.org
Angermann, P. Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005 Aug 15;167(33):3023–3025.
Kut-Lassere C, Miller CC, Ejeil AL, Gogly B, Dridi M, Piccardi N, Guillou B, Pellat B, Godeau G. Effect of avocado and soybean unsaponifiables on gelatinase A (MMP-2), stromelysin (MMP-3), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) secretion by human fibroblasts in culture. J Periodontal. 2001 Dec;72(12):1685–1694.
Lerman-Garber I et al. Effect of a high-monounsaturated fat diet enriched with avocado in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1994 Apr;17(4):311–315.
Lopez R, Frati AC, Hernandez BC, Cervantes S, Hernandez MH, Juarez C, Moran L. Monounsaturated fatty acid (avocado) rich diet for mild hypercholesterolemia. Arch Med Res. 1996 Winter;27(4):519–523.
Lu QY, Arteaga JR, Zhang Q, Huerta S, Go VL, Heber D. Inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by an avocado extract: role of lipid-soluble bioactive substances. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jan;16(1):23–30.
Stucker M, Memmel U, Hoffmann M, Hartung J, Altmeyer P. Vitamin B(12) cream containing avocado oil in the therapy of plaque psoriasis. Dermatology. 2001; 203(2):141–147.
Bananas www.banana.com
Emery EA, Ahmad S, Koethe JD, Skipper A, Perlmutter S, Paskin DL. Banana flakes control diarrhea in enterally fed patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 1997 Apr;12(2):72–75.
Rabbani GH et al. Clinical studies in persistent diarrhea: dietary management with green banana or pectin in Bangladeshi children. Gastroenterology. 2001 Sep;121(3):554–560.
Rabbani GH et al. Green banana and pectin improve small intestinal permeability and reduce fluid loss in Bangladeshi children with persistent diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci. 2004 Mar;49(3):475–484.
Rao NM. Protease inhibitors from ripened and unripened bananas. Biochem Int. 1991;24(1):13–22.
Rashidkhani B, Lindblad P, Wolk A. Fruits, vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a prospective study of Swedish women. Int J Cancer. 2005;113(3):451–455.
Barley Barley Foods Council: www.barleyfoods.com
Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;80(5):1185–1193.
Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Lipids significantly reduced by diets containing barley in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Feb;23(1): 55–62.
Kanauchi O, Hitomi Y, Agata K, Nakamura T, Fushiki T. Germinated barley foodstuff improves constipation induced by lopermide in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1998 Sep;62(9):1788–1790.
McIntosh GH, Jorgensen L, Royle P. The potential of an insoluble dietary fiber-rich source from barley to protect from DMH-induced intestinal tumors in rats. Nutr Cancer. 1993;19(2):213–221.
Pick M, Hawrysh Z, Gee M, Toth E. Barley bread products improve glycemic control of Type 2 subjects. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1998;49(1):71–78.
Yu YM, Wu CH, Tseng YH, Tsai CE, Chang WC. Antioxidative and hypolipemic effects of barley leaf essence in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2002 Jun;89(2):142–148.
Basil www.basil.com
Geetha RK, Vasudevan DM. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by botanical extracts of Ociumem sanctum: in vivo and in vitro studies. Life Sci. 2004 Nov 19; 76(1):21–28.
Mediratta PK, Sharma KK, Singh S. Evaluation of immunomodulatory potential of Ocimum sanctum seed oil and its possible mechanism of action. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Apr; 80(1):15–20.
Opalchenova G, Obreshkova D. Comparative studies on the activity of basil—an essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.—against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of the genera Staphylococcus, Enterocuccus and Pseudomonas by using different test methods. J Microbiol Methods. 2003 Jul;54(1):105–110.
Sharma M, Kishore K, Gupta SK, Joshi S, Arva DS. Cardioprotective potential of ocimum sanctum in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001 Sep; 225(1):75–83.
Tohti I, Tursun M, Umar A, Turdi S, Imin H, Moore N. Aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) decrease platelet aggregation induced by ADP and thrombin in vitro and rats arterio-venous shunt thrombosis in vivo. Thromb Res. 2006 Feb 7; 118(6):733–739.
Beans www.americanbean.org; www.vegetablewithmore.com
Azevedo L, Gomes JC, Stringheta PC, Gontijo AM, Padovani CR, Ribeiro LR, Salvadori DM. Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a protective agent against DNA damage in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Dec;41(12):1671–1676.
Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Whelton PK. Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Sep 8;163(16):1897–1904.
Darmadi-Blackberry et al. Legumes: the most important dietary predictor of survival in older people of different ethnicities. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13(2):217–220.
McIntosh M, Miller C. A diet containing food rich in soluble and insoluble fiber improves glycemic control and reduces hyperlipidemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Rev. 2001;59(2):52–55.
Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, et al. Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the Seven Countries Study. The Seven Countries Study Research Group. Eur J Epidemiol 1999 Jul;15(6):507–515.
Sacks FM. American Heart Association’s annual meeting in Dallas, 2005.
Velie EM, Schairer C, Flood A, He JP, Khattree R, Schatzkin A. Empirically derived dietary patterns and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a large prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Dec;82(6):1308–1319.
Blackberries www.oregon-berries.com
Ding M et al. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, a natural product derived from blackberry, exhibits chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 23;281(25):17359–17368.
Feng R, Bowman LL, Lu Y, Leonard SS, Shi X, Jiang BH, Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Ding M. Blackberry extracts inhibit activation protein 1 activation and cell transformation by perturbing mitogenic signaling pathway. Nutr Cancer. 2004;50(1):80–9.
Guerra MC, Galvano F, Bonsi L, Speroni E, Costa S, Renzulli C, Cervellati R. Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, a natural free-radical scavenger against aflatoxin B1-and ochratoxin A-induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line and a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line. Br J Nutr. 2005 Aug;94(2):211–220.
Stoner GD, Chen T, Kresty LA, Aziz RM, Reinemann T, Nines R. Protection against esophageal cancer in rodents with lyophilized berries: potential mechanisms. Nutr Cancer. 2006;54(1):33–46.
Blueberries www.wildblueberries.com; www.blueberry.org
Goyarzu O et al. Blueberry supplemented diet: Effects on object recognition memory and nuclear factor-kappa B levels in aged rats. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2004;7: 75–83.
Joseph JA et al. Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease model. Nutritional Neuroscience. 6:153–162; 2003.
Joseph JA et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. Journal of Neuroscience. September 15, 1999, 19(18); 8114–8121.
Kalea AZ et al. Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption affects the composition and structure of glycosaminoglycans in Sprague-Dawley rat aorta. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Feb;17(2):109–116.
Schmidt BM et al. Effective separation of potent antiproliferation and antiadhesion components from wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct 20;52(21):6433–6442.
Schmidt BM, Erdman JW Jr, Lila MA. Differential effects of blueberry proanthocyanidins on androgen sensitive and insensitive human prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett. 2006 Jan 18;231(2):240–246.
Sweeney MI, Kalt W, MacKinnon SL, Ashby J, Gottschall-Pass KT. Feeding rats diets enriched in lowbush blueberries for six weeks decreases ischemia-induced brain damage. Nutri Neuroscience. 2002 Dec.; 5(6): 427–431.
United States National Institute of Health, National Institute on Aging. Available at: www.alzheimers.org/nianews23.html. Accessed on May 2, 2006.
Broccoli www.answers.com/topic/broccoli
Fahey JW et al. Sulphoraphane inhibits extracellular, intracellular, and antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and prevents benzo[a]pyrene-induced stomach tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002 May 28;99(11):7610–7615.
Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P. Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Sep 16;94(19):10367–10372.
Jackson SJ, Singletary KW. Sulphoraphane inhibits human MCF-7 mammary cancer cell mitotic progression and tubulin polymerization. J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2229–2236.
Le HT, Schaldach CM, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. Plant-derived 3,3′-Diindolylmethane is a strong androgen antagonist in human prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):21136–21145.
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McGuire KP, Ngoubilly N, Neavyn M, Lanza-Jacoby S. 3,3′-diindolylmethane and paclitaxel act synergistically to promote apoptosis in HER2/Neu human breast cancer cells. J Surg Res. 2006 May 15;132(2):208–213.
Myzak MC, Hardin K, Wang R, Dashwood RH, Ho E. Sulphoraphane inhibits histone deacetylase activity in BPH-1, LnCaP and PC-3 prostate epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Apr;27(4):811–819.
Tadi K, Chang Y, Ashok B, Chen Y, Moscatello A, Schaefer SD, Schantz SP, Policastro AJ, Geliebter J, Tiwari RK. 3,3′-Diindolylmethane, a cruciferous vegetable derived synthetic anti-proliferative compound in thyroid disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Nov 25;337(3):1019–1025.
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Buckwheat www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/crops/Buckwheat.html
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Kawa JM, Przybylski R, Taylor CG. Buckwheat concentrate reduces serum glucose in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Dec 3;51(25):7287–7291.
Cabbage www.answers.com/topic/sauerkraut
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Cardamom www.cardamom.com
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