Notes

Preface

1. E.g., Maddox (1981).
2. Horgan (1997), p. 16.
3. Maher (2008).
4. Jones (2009).
5. Hawking and Mlodinow (2010), p. 117.
6. Woit (2007).
7. Smolin (2007).
8. Davies (2006).
9. Collins, R. in Carr (ed.) (2007).

Chapter 1: Eternity and Evolution

1. For a non-technical account, see Capra (1974).
2. Davies (1984), p. 105.
3. Singh (2004).
4. Barrow and Tipler (1986), pp. 412–3.
5. Teilhard de Chardin (1959).
6. Quoted in Burtt (1932), p. 9.
7. Monod (1972), p. 160.
8. Laszlo (1987); Chaisson (2001).
9. Guth and Steinhardt (1984).
10. Weinberg (1977); Pagels (1985).
11. Davies (1984), p. 8.
12. Press (1986).
13. Barrow and Tipler (1986), p. 16.
14. Ibid., p. 21.
15. Ibid., p. 23.
16. Carr (2007), p. 4.
17. Collins, R. The multiverse hypothesis: a theistic perspective. In Carr (ed.) (2007), p. 460.
18. Terence McKenna, personal communication, c. 1985. For further discussions see Sheldrake, McKenna and Abraham (2005), ch. 8; ch. 10.
19. Pagels (1985), p. 347.
20. For a discussion, see Cartwright (1983).
21. Quoted in Potters (1967), p. 190.
22. Ibid.
23. Nietzsche (1911).
24. In Murphy and Ballou (1961).
25. E.g., Bergson (1911a,b); Fawcett (1916).
26. Butler (1880), pp. 175–6.
27. Ibid., (1878), p. 297.
28. For reviews of this discussion, see Russell (1916), pp. 335–44 and Gould
29. Hyatt (1893), p. 4.
30. E.g., Semon (1921); Rignano (1926).

Chapter 2: Changeless Laws, Permanent Energy

1. Burkett (1972), p. 40.
2. Philip (1966); Gorman (1979).
3. Philip (1966).
4. Burkett (1972).
5. Ibid., p. 482.
6. Jaki (1978); Wilber (1984), pp. 101–111.
7. Gilson (1984).
8. Burtt (1932), p. 42.
9. Dijksterhuis (1961), pp. 225–33.
10. Burtt (1932), p. 44.
11. Ibid., p. 45.
12. Ibid., p. 48.
13. Ibid., p. 54.
14. Ibid., p. 64.
15. Ibid., p. 75.
16. Translation in Wallace (1910), pp. 79–80.
17. Dijksterhuis (1961).
18. Koestler (1967).
19. Translation in Wallace (1910), pp. 79–80.
20. Ibid., p. 85.
21. Bumet (1930).
22. Merchant (1982).
23. Leclerc (1972); Dobbs (1975); Westfall (1980); Castillejo (1981).
24. Quoted in Burtt (1932), p. 257.
25. Einstein (1954), pp. 103–4.
26. In Wilber (ed.) (1984), p. 185.
27. Ibid., p. 137.
28. Ibid., p. 116.
29. Ibid., p. 51.
30. Greene (1999).
31. However, in general relativity, complications are introduced by the breakdown of normal definitions of energy and momentum at distances comparable with the size of the entire universe.
32. Feynman (1965), p. 59.
33. Prigogine (1980), pp. 3–4.
34. The quest for laws of nature was a particularly important aspect of nineteenth-century science. For an illuminating discussion, see Fara (2009).
35. Quoted in Pagels (1983), p. 336.
36. Davis and Hersch (1983).
37. Carr (ed.)(2007)
38. Pagels (1983), p. 331.
39. Popper (1983), p. 134.
40. Ibid., pp. 138–9.

Chapter 3: From Human Progress to Universal Evolution

1. Eliade (1954).
2. Ibid.
3. Revelation 21:5.
4. Russell (1968); Griffiths (1982).
5. Eliade (1954), p. 104
6. Nisbet (1980).
7. Epistle to the Hebrews 11:1, 7, 8, 13–16.
8. Cohn (1957).
9. Bacon (1627).
10. For a discussion of Bacon’s views on nature from a feminist perspective, see Griffin (1978); Merchant (1982).
11. Gray (2007).
12. See Gilson (1984), ch. 3.
13. Ibid.
14. Bowler (1984), ch. 8; Mayr (1982), ch. 11.
15. Bowler (1984), ch. 2.
16. Gillespie (1960), ch. 7.
17. Bowler (1984), ch. 2.
18. Gillespie (1960), ch. 7.
19. Gillespie (1979).
20. Ibid.
21. Darwin (1872), ch. 7.
22. Ibid.
23. Gould and Eldredge (1977).
24. Alvarez, et al. (1980); Maddox (1984a).
25. Maddox (1984b).
26. Hallam (1984).
27. Maddox (1985b).
28. Genesis 2:8–9.
29. Quoted in Dawkins (1986), pp. 4–5.
30. Darwin (1872), ch. 4.
31. Dawkins (1986), pp. ix–x.
32. E.g., Dembski (2006).
33. Wallace (1911), pp. 394–5.
34. Bergson (1911b), pp. 27, 29.
35. Whitehead (1925), ch. 6.
36. Ibid.
37. Whyte (1974), p. 43.
38. Ibid., p. 40.

Chapter 4: The Nature of Physical Forms

1. Quoted in Bynum, et al. (1981), p. 300.
2. E.g., Capra (1974).
3. For an illuminating discussion of this process, see Popper (1983).
4. Bowler (1984), pp. 59–63.
5. Ibid., pp. 120–1.
6. Driesch (1914), p. 141.
7. Thompson (1942), pp. 869–870.
8. See also Riedl (1978).
9. Webster and Goodwin (1982).
10. Webster, in Ho and Saunders (1984), pp. 193–217.
11. Goodwin (1982), p. 51.

Chapter 5: The Mystery of Morphogenesis

1. Needham (1959), p. 205.
2. Ibid., p. 238.
3. Holder (1981).
4. Needham (1959), p. 210.
5. Holder (1981).
6. Reprinted in Moore (1972).
7. Driesch (1908).
8. Weismann (1893).
9. Darwin (1875), ch. 27.
10. Wolpert and Lewis (1975).
11. Wolpert (2009). The Edge Question Center, 2009 http://www.edge.org/q2009/q09_6.html#wolpert
12. Wolpert and Sheldrake (2009). See also Schnabel (2009).
13. E.g., Crick (1966).
14. Monod (1972), p. 37.
15. Quoted in Driesch (1914), p. 119.
16. Ibid., (1908).
17. Ibid.
18. Weismann (1893).
19. Dawkins (1976), p. 21.
20. Ibid., p. 22.
21. Ibid., p. 39.
22. Ibid., (1982), p. 113.
23. For a lucid critique of the genetic program and kindred concepts, see Oyama (1985).
24. Gerhardt, et al. (1982), p. 111.
25. Ibid., p. 112.
26. For accounts of the vitalist-mechanist controversies, see Nordenskiold (1928); Coleman (1977).
27. Dawkins (1982), p. 294.
28. Varela (1979), p. 9.
29. Wiener (1961), p. 132.
30. Dawkins (1982), p. 21.
31. For example, one putative morphogen in animal embryos is retinoic acid in the chick limb bud (Slack, 1987; Thaller and Eichele, 1987).
32. Prigogine (1980); Prigogine and Stengers (1984).
33. Meinhardt (1982), p. 13.
34. Wolpert (1978), p. 154.
35. E.g., Gerhardt, et al. (1982), pp. 87–114.
36. Quoted in Lewin (1984), p. 1327.
37. Ibid.
38. E.g., von Bertalanffy (1971).
39. Koestler (1967), p. 385.
40. Sheldrake (1981), p. 73.
41. Whyte (1974), p. 43.
42. von Bertalanffy, in Koestler and Smythies (1969); Capra (1982).
43. Eigen and Winkler (1982).
44. Miller (1978).
45. Institute for Systems Biology, 2009: http://www.systemsbiology.org/Intro_to_ISB_and_Systems_Biology/Systems_Biology_--_the_21st_Century_Science

Chapter 6: Morphogenetic Fields

1. Greene (1999).
2. Gurwitsch (1922); translation by Spemann (1938).
3. Weiss (1939), p. 291.
4. Waddington (1957). Waddington at first spelt this word chreode but later changed the spelling to chreod. I have adopted his original spelling because of its priority and its greater euphony.
5. Quoted in Haraway (1976), p. 58.
6. Ibid., p. 61.
7. Abraham and Shaw (1984).
8. Thom (1975), p. 320.
9. Ibid., p. 159.
10. Gilbert (2006).
11. Haraway (1976), p. 58.
12. Thom (1975), p. 320.
13. Ibid., (1983), p. 141.
14. Goodwin, in Ho and Saunders (1984), p. 229.
15. Ibid., p. 239.
16. Weiss (1939), p. 292.
17. In Waddington (1972), p. 138.
18. Gierer (1981), p. 44.
19. Ibid., p. 5.
20. Goodwin and Cohen (1969).
21. Goodwin (1980).
22. Goodwin, in Ho and Saunders (1984).
23. Gierer (1981), p. 44.
24. Dawkins (1986), ch. 3.
25. Rapp (1979; 1987).
26. Williams (1979); Bernardo and Blackledge (2010).
27. Rapp (1979).
28. E.g., Bunning (1973).
29. E.g., Changeux (1986).
30. Sheldrake (1981), p. 57.
31. Oyama (1985), pp. 1–2.

Chapter 7: Fields, Matter and Morphic Resonance

1. Hesse (1961).
2. Nersessian (1984).
3. Berkson (1974).
4. Quoted in Hesse (1961), p. 210.
5. Nersessian (1984).
6. Quoted in Hesse (1961), p. 211.
7. Nersessian (1984), p. 199.
8. D’Espagnat (1976).
9. Hawking and Mlodinow (2010).
10. D’Espagnat (1976).
11. Davies (1979).
12. Pagels (1983), ch. 8.
13. Murrell, et al. (1978).
14. Ball (2011), p. 27.
15. E.g., Pecher (1939); Verveen and de Felice (1974).
16. Morphic fields can be regarded as propensity fields in the sense of Popper (1982).
17. Maddox (1986).
18. Helgaker, et al. (2004).
19. Sheldrake (2009), ch. 3.
20. Alberts, et al. (1983), pp. 111–3.
21. NIH (2000).
22. Creighton (1978).
23. Creighton (1983).
24. Janin and Wodak (1983).
25. For a discussion of recent research, see Sheldrake (2009), ch. 3.
26. Anfinsen and Scheraga (1975).
27. Creighton (1978).
28. Alberts, et al. (1983), p. 118.
29. Creighton (1978), p. 235.
30. Alberts, et al. (1983), p. 119.
31. Vainshtein, et al. (1975).
32. The idea of experiments on protein folding was suggested to me in the course of a discussion at Harvard with Stephen Jay Gould and some of his students. Unfortunately, neither Gould nor I could remember the name of the student who suggested it.
33. It would be best to select relatively complex enzymes for this experiment, since their refolding is relatively slow, taking an hour or more. The rate of refolding can be monitored by the recovery of enzyme activity (Teipel and Koshland, 1971).
34. The main problem with this experimental design is that it may not be possible to make proteins unfold into states different from those that occur in nature. In this case, from the normal starting points refolding would follow the normal chreodes, which would already be stabilized by morphic resonance from innumerable past molecules. This background resonance would swamp any influence from the experimentally refolded proteins. But very little is known about the way in which proteins fold up inside cells, and it is not known whether or not the refolding process under laboratory conditions follows exactly the same pathway as under natural conditions (Baldwin and Creighton, 1980). Consequently, a negative result in this particular experiment would be inconclusive. Nevertheless, in spite of this methodological disadvantage the experiment would still be worth performing, because a positive result would be of such startling significance.
35. Sheldrake (1981), pp. 64–71.
36. Dunitz and Scheraga (2004).
37. Maddox (1985a).
38. McLachlan (1957); see also Schrack (1985).
39. Maddox (1985a).
40. Danckwerts (1982).
41. Sheldrake (2009).
42. Jantz (1979).
43. Quoted in Griffin (1982).
44. Griffin (1982).
45. Dürr (2003).
46. Dürr, H-P. (1997), p. 247.
47. Greene (1999).
48. Smolin (2007).
49. Carr and Ellis (2008).
50. Laszlo, E. (2007).
51. Zurek (2009).
52. Bohm (1980), p. 195.
53. Ibid., p. 151.
54. Ibid., p. 174.
55. Ibid., p. 175.
56. For a non-technical discussion, see for example Pagels (1983).
57. Bohm (1980), p. 146.
58. Ibid., p. 13.
59. Ibid., p. 204.
60. Sheldrake and Bohm (1982); Weber (1986).
61. Bohm and Weber (1982), pp. 35–6.

Chapter 8: Biological Inheritance

1. Alberts, et al. (1983).
2. King and Wilson (1975).
3. Olsen and Varki (2004).
4. King and Wilson (1975).
5. This could, for example, be due to an effect on the chemical or physical properties of the primordia, or through an effect on their size. For a mathematical model of the development of these mutant leaves, see Young (1983).
6. Struhl (1981).
7. Lewis (1978).
8. Lawrence and Morata (1983); Sanchez-Herrero, et al. (1985).
9. McGinnis, et al. (1984); North (1986).
10. E.g., Beachy, et al. (1985).
11. Carroll, et al. (2001).
12. Gerhart and Kirschner (1997).
13. Goodwin, in Ho and Saunders (1984).
14. Mayr (1982), p. 356.
15. Darwin (1859, 1875).
16. Darwin (1905), p. 379.
17. Medvedev (1969); Joravsky (1970).
18. Rignano (1911); Semon (1912); Kammerer (1924).
19. Hudson and Richens (1946); see also ‘The problem of Lysenkoism’ in Levins and Lewontin (1985).
20. Young (2008).
21. Qiu (2006).
22. Waddington (1975).
23. Ibid., (1952).
24. Ibid., (1975), p. 59.
25. In Koestler and Smythies (1969), p. 383.
26. Ho, et al. (1983).
27. It might be expected that the Ho group’s flies were influenced by morphic resonance from Waddington’s. However, they were using a quite different strain, so any such effect may have been small. If flies of the same strain are used in subsequent similar experiments, morphic resonance would indeed be expected to have significant effects.
28. Waddington (1956a).
29. For a more detailed discussion, see Sheldrake (2009), ch. 7 and appendix. A.
30. Ho, et al. (1983), table 2.
31. Lewis and John (1972), p. 137.
32. Sheldrake (2009), ch. 7.
33. Ibid., ch. 9.
34. Thorpe (1963).
35. Hinde (1982).
36. Smith (1978).
37. Parsons (1967).
38. Manning (1975), p. 80.
39. Rothenbuhler (1964).
40. Dilger (1962).
41. Brockelman and Schilling (1984).
42. Galton (1875).
43. Quoted in Wright (1997), p. 17.
44. Quoted in Wright (1997), p. 21.
45. Wright (1997), ch. 2.
46. Iacono and McGue (1992).
47. Watson (1981).
48. Wright (1997), p. 42
49. Wright (1997), p. 55.
50. Wright (1997). p .57.
51. Maher (2008).
52. Jones (2009).
53. Maher (2008), p. 21.
54. Jones (2009).

Chapter 9: Animal Memory

1. Rose (1986), p. 40.
2. Boakes (1984).
3. Quoted by Lashley (1950), p. 454.
4. Boakes (1984).
5. Lashley (1950).
6. Ibid., (1929), p. 14.
7. Ibid., (1950), p. 472.
8. Ibid., p. 479.
9. Pribram (1971); Wilber (ed.) (1982).
10. Boycott (1965), p. 48.
11. Rosenzweig, et al. (1972).
12. Rosenzweig, et al. (1972).
13. In similar experiments with chicks, detailed studies have shown that there are changes in the number of vesicles in the synapses following learning (Rose, 1986).
14. Cipolla-Neto, et al. (1982).
15. Kandel (2003).
16. Kolata (1984).
17. Fox (1984).
18. Ibid.
19. Crick (1984).
20. Kandel (1970).
21. Kandel (1979).
22. Manning (1979).
23. Tinbergen (1951), p. 147.
24. Manning (1975).
25. Boakes (1984).
26. For discussions of animal thought, see Walker (1983) and Griffin (1984).
27. Kammerer (1924), p. 190.
28. Darwin (1873).
29. Kammerer (1924); Munn (1950).
30. Pavlov (1923).
31. Razran (1958), p. 760.
32. McDougall (1938).
33. Crew (1936).
34. Agar, et al. (1954).
35. Tryon (1929).
36. Drew (1939).
37. Robert Boakes and Michael Morgan, personal communications, 1981.
38. Rosenthal (1976).
39. Rose (1988).
40. Sheldrake (1992b).
41. Sheldrake (1992a).
42. Rose (1992).
43. Sheldrake (1992b).
44. Hadler and Buckle (1992).
45. Sherry and Galef (1984).
46. Fisher and Hinde (1949).
47. Lefebre (1995).
48. Hinde and Fisher (1951), p. 396.
49. Ibid., p. 395.
50. Sherry and Galef (1984).
51. Bedechek, R. (1961), p. 157.
52. Ibid, pp. 157–8
53. Hoy (1982).
54. Sheldrake (1988).
55. The Guardian (February 28, 1985).
56. Daily Telegraph (March 3, 1997).
57. Daily Telegraph (March 23, 1997)
58. Huddersfield Daily Examiner (July 27, 2004).
59. Diamond (1986), pp. 107–8.

Chapter 10: Morphic Resonance in Human Learning

1. Rizzolatti, et al. (1999).
2. Thom (1975).
3. Lyons (1970).
4. The Listener (April 6, 1978) pp. 434–5.
5. Studies on language acquisition in children support this proposal: see Eimas (1985).
6. Chomsky (1976)
7. Pinker (1994), p. 33.
8. Ibid., p. 36.
9. Ibid., p. 37.
10. Ibid., p.41.
11. Ibid., p. 46.
12. New Scientist (October 28, 1982), p. 766.
13. New Scientist (April 28, 1983), p. 218.
14. See Sheldrake (1985). In fact, two first prizes of $10,000 each were awarded. Robert L. Schwartz of the Tarrytown Group generously provided the extra $5,000 prize money to upgrade the $5,000 second prize to make an extra first prize.
15. Schwartz (1997).
16. Ertel (1997).
17. A further complication was that Ertel unwittingly used an obsolete hiragana script that went out of use in the 1930s (Baumeier, 1996).
18. Baumeier (1996). This thesis (in German) is online at http://www.psycho-beratung.de/diplom.htm
19. Schorn, et al. (2006).
20. Robbins and Roe (2008).
21. The subjects were also asked to take a standard personality test which enabled them to be ranked on an ‘extraverted-introverted feeling’ scale. Mahlberg found that there was a statistically significant correlation between more rapid learning of the real Morse code and ‘introverted feeling’, raising the possibility that ‘introverted feeling’ may be associated with a greater receptivity to morphic resonance, at least under the conditions in this experiment (Mahlberg, 1987).
22. Salthouse (1984), p. 94.
23. Norman and Fisher (1982).
24. Hirsch (1970).
25. In experiments in which children with no experience of typing were asked to key in single letters to computer keyboards, the ABCDE layout proved easier than the QWERTY. However, there may well be an inherent difference between learning to type running text and keying in single capital letters (Nicolson and Gardner, 1985).
26. Michaels (1971), p. 424.
27. Sheldrake (1983).
28. This experiment was coordinated by Susan Fassberg.
29. Institute of Noetic Sciences Bulletin (Autumn, 1991).
30. Dienes (1994).
31. Ertel (1997).
32. For a detailed description of Ertel’s research, see Sheldrake (2009), appendix A.
33. Baumeier (1996).
34. Anderson (1982); Lynn (1982).
35. Anderson (1982).
36. Flynn (1983, 1984).
37. Flynn (1987).
38. Neisser (1995); Horgan (1995).
39. Flynn (1984).
40. Jensen (1980).
41. Horgan (1995.
42. Flynn (1984), p. 29.
43. Ibid.
44. Flynn (2007).
45. Flynn (2007), p. 29.
46. Flynn (2007), p.59.

Chapter 11: Remembering and Forgetting

1. Maguire, et al. (2000).
2. E.g., Gibson (1979)
3. Koffka (1935), p. 43.
4. Hartgenbusch, quoted in Koffka (1935), p. 44.
5. Koffka (1935), p. 510.
6. Bartlett (1932).
7. Koestler (1967).
8. Bower (1970).
9. This idea has something in common with the ‘neural Darwinism’ of G. M. Edelman (conveniently summarized by Rosenfield, 1986). Edelman postulates the selection of ‘neural cell groups’ with characteristic patterns of activity as the basis of categorization. These patterns, like morphic fields, are strengthened by repetition. But Edelman takes for granted the conventional assumption that memories are stored in the brain and adopts a version of the usual theory of synaptic modification.
10. Baddeley (1976), p. 285.
11. Ibid., p. 211.
12. Ibid., p. 212.
13. Yates (1969).
14. E.g., Lorayne (1950).
15. In Neisser (1982), pp. 386–7.
16. E.g., Wood (1936); Neisser (1982).
17. Gray (2004).
18. Brown and Aggleton (2001).
19. Gray (2004), p. 204.
20. Gray (2004), p. 205.
21. Plotinus (1956); see the sections on ‘Problems of the Soul’.
22. Bergson (1911a).
23. Malcolm (1977); Bursen (1978); Russell (1984).
24. Bursen (1978).
25. Hunter (1964).
26. E.g., Squire (1986). For vivid descriptions of some clinical cases see Sacks (1985).
27. Luria (1970; 1973); Gardner (1974).
28. John (1982), p. 251.
29. Teuber (1975).
30. Penfield and Roberts (1959).
31. Rose (1976).
32. Quoted in Wolf (1984), p. 175.
33. Baddeley (1976).
34. Ibid.
35. E.g., Stevenson (1988).
36. Jung (1959), p. 48.

Chapter 12: Minds and Brains

1. For a historical survey and lucid summary of materialist arguments, see Popper, in Popper and Eccles (1977).
2. Popper and Eccles (1977).
3. Koestler (1978), p. 235.
4. Penfield (1975).
5. Eccles (1953).
6. Taylor (1979), p. 300.
7. Young (1978), p. 7.
8. Crick (1979), p. 137.
9. Capra (1982), p. 318.
10. Jantsch (1980), p. 161.
11. Johnson-Laird (1985), p. 115.
12. E.g., Hofstadter (1979); Marr (1982); Sutherland (1982); Poggio, Torre, and Koch (1985).
13. Nature (1981), pp. 517, 531.
14. A number of modern models of neural activity have much in common with the idea of morphic fields: in one, for example, problem-solving is modelled in terms of ‘trajectories of neural dynamics’ in ‘flow maps,’ in which there are ‘valleys’ in state space, with properties very like Waddington’s concept of chreodes (Hopfield and Tank, 1986).
15. Young (1978).
16. Freeman (1999), p. 107.
17. Ibid., p. 117.
18. E.g. Kahn (1949).
19. Marr (1982).
20. Gray (2004), p. 10.
21. Lehar (2004).
22. Lehar (1999).
23. Noë (2002).
24. Gibson (1979).
25. Thompson, Palacios and Varela (1992).
26. O’Regan (2002).
27. Noë (2002).
28. Bergson (1911a), p. 7.
29. Bergson (1911a), p. 37–38.
30. James (1904) quoted in Velmans (2000).
31. Whitehead (1925), p. 54.
32. Velmans (2000), p. 109.
33. Velmans (2000), pp. 113–114.
34. Sheldrake (1994, 2003).
35. Sheldrake (2003, 2005b).
36. Sheldrake (2003, 2005a).
37. Sheldrake (2003, 2005a).
38. Sheldrake (2003).
39. Melzack (1992).
40. Mitchell (1872), p. 352.
41. Feldman (1940).
42. For a more detailed account of medical research on phantoms, see Sheldrake (1994).
43. Weinstein and Sarsen (1961).
44. Melzack (1992).
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Melzack (1989), p. 9.
48. Ibid.
49. Ramachandran and Blakeslee (1998).
50. Melzack and Bromage (1973).
51. Bromage and Melzack (1974).
52. As Poeck and Orgass (1971) have shown, numerous problems arise when researchers try to fit the body schema into the brain, and the concept is usually used in a way that involves circular arguments.
53. Elsewhere, I have described simple experimental tests for the reality of phantom limbs (Sheldrake, 2002).
54. E.g., Palmer (1979).
55. Quoted in Blackmore (1983), p. 48.
56. Moody (1976). For an account of recent research on near death experiences in patients with cardiac arrest, see Parnia (2001) and also www.horizon-research.co.uk.
57. Melzack (1989), p. 4. See also Phillips (2000), p. 11.
58. Piaget (1973).

Chapter 13: The Morphic Fields of Animal Societies

1. Holldobler and Wilson (2009).
2. Wilson (1980).
3. Wilson (1971).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. von Frisch (1975).
7. Wilson (1971), p. 228.
8. von Frisch (1975).
9. Wilson (1971), p. 229.
10. Ibid.
11. von Frisch (1975).
12. Marais (1973), pp. 119–120.
13. Ibid., p. 121.
14. Gordon (1999), p. 151.
15. Ibid., p.152–3.
16. D. M. Gordon, personal communication to Rupert Sheldrake by email, October 5, 2004.
17. For a discussion of other possible experiments with termites and ants, see Sheldrake (1994), ch. 3.
18. Wilson (1980), pp. 207–8.
19. Partridge (1981), p. 492.
20. Niwa (1994), p. 12.
21. Ibid., pp. 493–4.
22. Selous (1931), p. 9.
23. Ibid., p. 83.
24. Ibid., p. 10.
25. Potts (1984).
26. Potts’ hypothesis depended on vision alone. When dunlin flocks change direction, there is a sound like a pack of cards being shuffled, so sounds could also have played a part in their responses (Schilt and Morris, in Parrish and Hamner (eds.) (1997), ch. 15.
27. Ballerini et al. (2008a).
28. Ballerini et al. (2008b).
29. Cavagna et al. (2010).
30. Carlson (2000).
31. Toner and Tu (1998).
32. Couzin et al. (2005).
33. Couzin (2007).
34. E.g., Nollman (1985), pp. 106–108.
35. Wilson (1980).
36. McFarland (1981).

Chapter 14: The Fields of Human Cultures and Societies

1. For an example of an attempt to apply mathematical models to the study of cultural inheritance, see Boyd and Richerson (1985).
2. Wilson (1980), p. 284.
3. Dawkins (1982), p. 290.
4. Ibid., (1976), p. 207.
5. Blackmore (1999).
6. Quoted in Kidd (1911).
7. Jones (1980).
8. Kidd (1911).
9. Abercrombie, et al. (1984), pp. 215–6
10. Lévi-Strauss (1972), p. 328.
11. Piaget (1971).
12. Leach (1970).
13. Field approaches to the social sciences are already being explored; see for example de Green (1978).
14. Quoted in Lukes (1975), p. 4.
15. Freud (1985), p. 221.
16. McDougall (1920), p. 9.
17. Bateson (1973; 1979).
18. Turner (1985), p. 842.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Canetti (1973), p. 16.
22. Ibid., p. 17.
23. Ibid., p. 32.
24. Novak (1976), pp. 135–6.
25. Murphy and White (1978), p. 146.
26. Lukes (1975), p. 231.
27. Jung (1959), p. 42.
28. Ibid., (1953), p. 188.
29. Ibid., p. 149.
30. von Franz (1985).
31. Cosmides and Tooby (2005).
32. Mithen (1996), p. 50.
33. Tooby and Cosmides (2005), p. 21.
34. Ibid., pp. 11–12.
35. Ibid., p. 50.
36. Ehrenreich (1997), pp. 51–52.

Chapter 15: Myths, Rituals and the Influence of Tradition

1. Eliade (1960), p. 18.
2. Strehlow, quoted in Lévi-Strauss (1972), p. 235.
3. Lévi-Strauss (1972), p. 236.
4. Latour (1987); Fara (2009).
5. Gray (2007)
6. Ringwood (1986).
7. Abercrombie, et al. (1984).
8. Lévi-Strauss (1966), p. 236.
9. Ibid., pp. 236–7.
10. See the discussion in Sheldrake and Fox (1996), ch. 6.
11. Rizzolatti, et al. (1999).
12. La Fontaine (1985).
13. Abercrombie, et al. (1984).
14. Govinda (1960), p. 28.
15. Lang (1942), p. 540.
16. E.g., Lovejoy (1936).
17. E.g., Gablik (1977); Durand (1984).
18. Kuhn (1970), p. 176.
19. In fact, Kuhn used the word paradigm in a wide variety of ways, as Masterman (1970) showed; but in the postscript to the second edition of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970) he pointed out that these fall into two main categories, as described in the passage quoted.
20. Kuhn (1970), p. 182.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 5.
23. Ibid., p. 138.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., p. 189.
26. Quoted in Koestler (1970), p. 495.
27. Ibid., p. 115.
28. Ibid., p. 117.
29. Mayr (1982), p. 495.
30. Kuhn (1970), p. 123.

Chapter 16: The Evolution of Life

1. Midgley (2002).
2. E.g., Dawkins (2006).
3. Halstead (1985).
4. Rose, Kamin, and Lewontin (1984).
5. Monod (1972).
6. Bergson (1911b).
7. Teilhard de Chardin (1959).
8. Gillespie (1979).
9. Darwin (1875), pp. 7–8.
10. Darwin (1875).
11. E.g., Mivart (1871); Bateson (1894); de Vries (1906); Goldschmidt (1940); Gould (1980).
12. Darwin (1875), v. 2, p. 354.
13. E.g., Bateson (1894); de Vries (1906); Willis (1940).
14. Goldschmidt (1940), p. 397.
15. Darwin (1859; 1875).
16. Mayr (1982), p. 356.
17. Lamarck (1914), p. 122.
18. Darwin (1875), v. 2, p. 359.
19. Ibid. (1872), ch. 5.
20. Quoted in Huxley (1959), p. 18.
21. Huxley (1959), p. 8.
22. Taylor (1983).
23. Darwin (1875), v. 2, p. 356.
24. Ibid., p. 489.
25. Waddington (1953), p. 91.
26. Ibid., p. 96.
27. Darwin (1872), ch. 4.
28. Stanley (1981), p. 3.
29. E.g., Dembski (2006).
30. Dawkins (1985), p. 683.
31. Darwin (1888), ch. 2.
32. Gillespie (1979), ch. 5.
33. Quoted by Mayr (1982), p. 544.
34. Darwin (1872), ch. 15.
35. Quoted in Mayr (1982), p. 409.
36. Ibid., pp. 477–8.
37. Margulis and Sagan (1986).
38. Rensch (1959).
39. Stanley (1981)
40. Such mutations could lead to the ‘unmasking’ of ‘redundant’ ancestral DNA and hence to a tuning-in to ancestral morphic fields. For a discussion of the unmasking idea see Britten, in Duncan and Weston-Smith (1977).
41. Darwin (1875), v. 2, p. 5.
42. Ibid., p. 27.
43. Ibid., p. 44.
44. Riedl (1978).
45. Gould (1983).
46. Hall (1984).
47. Gould (1983).
48. Ibid., p. 184.
49. Dawkins (1986), p. 94.
50. Went (1971), p. 198.
51. Ibid., p. 201.
52. Ibid., p. 221.
53. Rensch (1959).
54. Stanley (1981).
55. Taylor (1983).
56. Conway Morris (2003), pp.151–158.
57. Ibid, pp. 283–284.
58. Dawkins (1986), p. 95.

Chapter 17: Cosmic Evolution

1. Pagels (1985), p. 355.
2. Hawking (1980).
3. Davies (1984), pp. 5–6.
4. Green (1985).
5. Hawking and Mlodinow (2010).
6. Davies (1984), p. 8.
7. Smolin (2007), p.12.
8. Carr (ed.) (2007).
9. Collins, in Carr (ed.) (2007), p. 460.
10. Davies (2006).
11. Hawking and Mlodinow (2010).
12. Carr and Ellis (2008).
13. Rees (1997), p. 262.
14. Smolin (2007), p. 276.
15. Hawking (1988), p. 174.
16. Davies (2006).
17. Boss (2009).
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 133.
20. Ibid, p. 139.
21. Scott (2006).
22. Fabian et al. (2008).

Chapter 18: Creativity Within a Living World

1. Bergson (1946), p. 101.
2. Ibid., pp. 104–5.
3. Merchant (1982).
4. Darwin (1859), ch. 3.
5. Bergson (1911b), p. 110.
6. Monod (1972), p. 113.
7. Ibid., p. 110.
8. B. G. Walker (1983).
9. Monod (1972), p. 110.
10. Ibid., p. 38.
11. Frazer (1911), p. 52.
12. Ibid., p. 15.
13. Darwin ( 1875), Vol.2, p. 354
14. Plotinus (1964), p. 65.
15. Inge (1929), p. 221.
16. Ibid., p. 221.