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INDEX

A

Aboriginal Australians

Acheulian tool set

Adams, Douglas, 19

Africa, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

African American people

amplexus (embrace-wrestle)

anal sex, ref 2, ref 3

animal behaviorists

antibiotics, ref 2

apes, great, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

appearance, physical

archaea (microbes)

artefacts, cultural, ref 2

asexual reproduction

(parthenogenesis), ref 2

Australia, ref 2, ref 3

Australopithecus

autoeroticism, ref 2

ax heads, ref 2

B

baboons, gelada

bacteria, ref 2, ref 3

Bass Straits, Australia

bats, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

bears, brown, ref 2

bees, ref 2, ref 3

biology, four pillars of

“birdbrain,” use of

behavior, ref 2

social behavior

birds of prey (raptors), ref 2

Bismarck Archipelago

Blombos Cave, South Africa, ref 2

bonobos, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

boxwood fragments

cells, ref 2, ref 3

cerebral cortex

orbito-frontal cortex (OFC)

C

cats, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

cells, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

cellular metabolism

cerebral cortex

cetaceans, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

“Charlie” (chimpanzee)

Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave, France

chemiosmosis, definition

Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage Trust, Zambia

chimpanzees

behavior, ref 2, ref 3

symbolic gestures

chromosomal abnormalities

chromosomes, ref 2, ref 3

classification, organism

clitorises, ref 2

communication, ref 2

communities, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Congo River, ref 2

Contact (Sagan)

Copernicus, Nicolaus

crenellation, of brain

Cretaceous Period

crows, ref 2, ref 3

cultural transmission, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

D

dairy products, ref 2

Darwin, Charles, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Descent of Man, The, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

On the Origin of Species, ref 2

“David Greybeard” (chimpanzee)

Dawkins, Richard

de novo mutations

death, natural causes of

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

demographic structures, ref 2, ref 3

dendrites, ref 2

Denisovans, ref 2, ref 3

Dennett, Daniel

dexterity, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

dinosaurs, ref 2, ref 3

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), ref 2

homosexuality, ref 2

Neanderthal, ref 2

dogs, ref 2, ref 3

dolphins, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

bottlenose dolphins, ref 2, ref 3

dotterels, Eurasian

Down’s syndrome

ducks, Argentine ruddy

Dunkleosteus (fish)

E

eggs, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

El Castillo cave, Spain

elephants

Ellis, Henry Havelock

embryology, definition

embryos, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

reading emotions

encephalization quotient (EQ)

English language

evolution, ref 2, ref 3

by natural selection, ref 2, ref 3

eyes, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

F

faces

Homo genus, ref 2

human, ref 2, ref 3

fauna, and flora

fellatio, ref 2

fertilization, external, ref 2

fertility, ref 2, ref 3

Finding Nemo (film)

fine-motor control, ref 2

fish

Dunkleosteus (fish)

flaking process

flora, and fauna

food processing

foraging, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

foraging tools, ref 2

forests, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

FOXP2 (gene), ref 2

G

Galen (Greek anatomist)

“Gana” (gorilla)

gastroliths (stomach stones)

“gay uncle hypothesis”

gene enhancers (HACNS1), ref 2

gene identification

genes, ref 2, ref 3

genome duplications

genomes, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Gessner, Conrad

gestures, symbolic

“GG rubbing”, ref 2

giraffes, ref 2, ref 3

gizzards, definition

Gladiator (film)

goats, ref 2, ref 3

Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, ref 2

gongylidia (filaments)

Goodall, Jane, ref 2

Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar

gorillas, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

grammar, and syntax, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

“grandmother hypothesis”

Great Leap Forward

Great Ormond Street Hospital, London

H

HACNS1 (gene enhancers)

Hamlet (character)

handprints, cave

Hepburn, Katharine

History of the Peloponnesian War, The (Thucydides)

Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The (Adams)

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

homicidal necrophiliacs

hominins, ref 2

Homo erectus, ref 2, ref 3

Homo floresiensis

Homo, genus, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Homo neanderthalensis

and humans, ref 2

Homo sapiens (humans), ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

homosexuality, ref 2

horizontal gene transfer

hormonal secretions

“Hugh” (chimpanzee)

humans (Homo sapiens), ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

hummingbirds, bee

“Humphrey” (chimpanzee)

Huntington disease

Hurault, Paul, Marquis de Vibraye

hydrothermal vents

hyoid bone, ref 2

I

I, the Aboriginal (Waipuldanya)

iguanas, marine

In Memoriam A. H. H. (Tennyson)

Incredibles, The (film)

indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK)

indigenous people, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

infanticide, ref 2

innovation, technological

instruments, musical

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

ivory sculpture

J

“Jack” (chimpanzee)

Jacob, François

“Julie” (chimpanzee)

Jungle Book, The (Kipling)

Jurassic Period

K

“Kathy” (chimpanzee)

Kebara Cave, Israel

Kellogg, John Harvey

Kenyanthropus platyops

Kibale National Park, Uganda

Klinefelter syndrome

knapping (stone shaping)

Kyung Wha Chung

L

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de

language, ref 2, ref 3

laryngeal nerve, ref 2

Lascaux Cave, France

leaf-cutter ants

“Leakey” (chimpanzee)

leaves, as tools

linguists, ref 2, ref 3

Lion Man of the Hohlenstein-Stadel (Löwenmensch) sculpture, Germany

lions, cave, ref 2

lizards

Lomekwian tools

L’Onanisme (Tissot)

Löwenmensch (Lion Man of the Hohlenstein-Stadel) sculpture, Germany

M

macaques, ref 2

magnetic pole reversal

Mahale Mountains, Tanzania

mammals, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Mara-Serengeti, Kenya

Marind-Anim people, New Guinea

masturbation, ref 2

matriarchy, ref 2

menstrual cycle

Mesolithic Period

mice, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

microbes (archaea)

migration, human, ref 2

missionary position

modernity, ref 2

mollusks, ref 2

monkeys, vervet, ref 2

Morris, Desmond

mother–daughter relationships

mother–son relationships, ref 2

moths, Arizonan Tiger

mouths, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Münster Zoo, Germany

N

Naked Ape, The (Morris)

National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, United States

natural selection, ref 2, ref 3

Neanderthals (Homoneanderthalensis )

and humans, ref 2

Neolithic Period

non-reproductive sex, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

NOTCH2NL (gene)

O

obsidian rock, definition

Okinawa Island, Japan

Oldowan tool set, ref 2, ref 3

On the Parts of Animals (Aristotle)

opportunistic necrophiliacs

orangutans, ref 2, ref 3

orbito-frontal cortex (OFC)

origin of life, theory

otters, sea, ref 2, ref 3

ovulation, ref 2

P

Paleolithic Age, ref 2, ref 3

Pan, genus, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction), ref 2

penguins, Adélie, ref 2, ref 3

“penis fencing”, ref 2, ref 3

penises, ref 2, ref 3

people watching

phallic symbolism

phenotypes, ref 2

Philosophie Zoologique (Lamarck)

phototransduction, definition

physical appearance

Pinnacle Point, South Africa

plants, flowering

pleasure, ref 2

plugs, copulatory

political differences

populations, growth in

pregnancy, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

primates, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

proteins, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

psychiatric conditions

psycholinguists

Q

R

radial glia (brain cells)

raptors (birds of prey), ref 2

red (word), in language

Redish, David, ref 2

religion, ref 2, ref 3

“reproductive cannibalism"

reptiles, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Restaurant Row experiment

ritual practices

RNA (ribonucleic acid), ref 2

rocks/stones, as weapons

romantic necrophiliacs

rotifers (organisms)

S

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (hominin)

St. Acheul, France

Sambia people (tribe), Papua New Guinea

savannahs, ref 2, ref 3

science, nature of

scratching, animals

sculptures, ref 2

Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins)

sex

anal, ref 2, ref 3

intercourse, ref 2, ref 3

non-reproductive, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

selection, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Sex by Numbers (Spiegelhalter)

sex determination

sexually transmitted diseases

Shakespearean characters, ref 2

Shark Bay, Australia, ref 2

Simpsons, The (TV program)

Smith, John Maynard

South Africa, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

sparrows, hedge

speech disorders

sperm, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

spiders, redback

Spiegelhalter, David, ref 2

sponges (animals)

squirrels, ref 2

SRGAP2 (gene)

SRGAP2C (gene)

sticks, multipurpose, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

stones/rocks as weapons

striders, water

Studies in the Psychology of Sex (Ellis)

Sulewesi, Indonesia

symbolism, ref 2, ref 3

syncytium (cells)

syntax, and grammar, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

T

Tanzania, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

technology, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Tennyson, Alfred Lord

tetrachromacy (superhuman vision), definition

“Tinka” (chimpanzee)

Tissot, Samuel-Auguste

ax heads, ref 2

foraging, ref 2

Oldowan, ref 2, ref 3

“transactional sex"

transcription factors

“traumatic insemination"

tsessebes (antelopes)

Turner syndrome

Tyrannosaurus rex

U

V

“Val” (chimpanzee)

Venus figurines

Venus of Hohle Fells (sculpture), ref 2

violence, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Vogelherd Cave, Germany

W

whales

communication and

Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa

words, meaning of

Z

Zagreb Zoo, Croatia

zoo behavior, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4