Abyssinian Baptist Church, 22, 91, 118
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
Africa, 10, 24, 25, 31, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75
African Americans. See Black Americans
America. See United States
American Bar Association, 98
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 75
American Dream, 89, 90, 108, 112
American Medical Association, 98
American Negro Theater (ANT), 101–103
American Nurses Association (ANA), 98–99
Ammons, Albert, 45
Ammons, Gene, 12
Amsterdam News, 23, 43, 85, 86, 92, 94, 118, 134, 137, 140
ANA. See American Nurses Association
Anna Lucasta, 102
ANT. See American Negro Theater (ANT)
Armed services. See Military
Art
for art’s sake, 116
in Harlem, NY, 32
movement in, 16
Popular Front and, 5
as propaganda, 116
social justice and, 30
Asch, Moses “Moe,” 167–168, 182
Attaway, William, 114
Auden, W. H., 128
Autobiography (Franklin), 108
Bailey, Dixie, 150fig
Baker, Ella, 110
Baker, Harold, 14, 54, 147, 148
Baldwin, James, 9, 13, 115–116, 117, 120, 127
Baltimore Afro-American, 140
Bambara, Toni Cade, 131
Basie, Count, 136, 138, 139, 173
Bearden, Romare, 104
Bears-Bailey, Kim, 66–67
Beatty, Talley, 30, 31, 63, 168
Bebop. See Music
Benedict, Ruth, 71
Bennett, Gwendolyn, 104
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 37
Black Americans
civil rights and, 5
class differences and, 27
Communist Party and, 20
confinement within mobility and, 17, 27
culture and, 3
dance and, 42
Double V Campaign and, 5–7
FEPC and, 20
Great Migration of, 28, 55, 119
movement and, 16–17
New Negro and, 21–22
Second Great Migration in, 28
Second Great Migration of, 5, 7
Black Arts movement, 15
Black nationalism, 31, 32, 136
black Americans in military and, 88
Double V Campaign and, 92
government interest in, 92
People’s Voice newspaper and, 84, 86, 90–96
Petry, Ann and, 113
Primus, Pearl and, 43
racism and, 92
The Street (Petry) and, 13
Black women
in American fiction, 13
beauty and, 48–50
FEPC and, 21
forties and, 5
Jim Crow and, 27
“lady,” meaning of and, 27
oppression of, 115
politics and, 99
sexuality of, 96–97
Bolin, Jane, 83–84
Bond, Horace Mann, 58
Bond, Julian, 58
Bridges, Aaron, 154
Brooks, Gwendolyn, 12, 63–64, 114, 127
Browder, Earl, 60
Brown, Claude, 173
Brown, Lloyd, 114
Brown v. Board of Education, 7
Buck, Pearl S., 128
Bunche, Ralph, 45
Burley, Virginia, 143
Burnham, Louis and Dorothy, 58
Bush, George H. W., 190
Byas, Don, 166
Cacchione, Peter V., 137
audience of, 46
Communist Party and, 45
demise of, 74
founding of, 43
Primus, Pearl and, 2, 44–48, 50–53, 60, 152, 153
Williams, Mary Lou and, 2, 45, 139, 140, 152–154, 160
Café Society Downtown, 46
Café Society Uptown, 47, 153, 157, 163
Cage, John, 51
Capra, Frank, 89
Caribbean, 10, 28, 29, 31, 32, 42, 43, 73
Caribbean Carnival, 67
Carnegie Hall, 14, 53, 162, 167
Carpenter, Thelma, 154
Carroll, Vinette, 66
Catlett, Elizabeth, 114
Catlett, Sidney, 52fig
Chaplin, Charlie, 46
Chesnutt, Charles, 27
Childress, Alice, 102
Civil rights movement, 4, 7, 61, 117, 130, 197
“Close Ranks” (Du Bois), 20
Coker, Norman, 39
Cold War, 4, 15, 114, 116, 130, 189
Collins, James, 119
Columbia University, 71–72, 104
Common Ground, 106
Communist Party
Café Society and, 45
Davis, Benjamin J., Jr. and, 135, 138
Double V Campaign and, 20
People’s Voice newspaper and, 92–94
Petry, Ann and, 10–11, 90, 129–130
Popular Front and, 7–8
Primus, Pearl and, 10, 60, 62, 74, 75
racism and, 62
SNYC and, 59
Williams, Mary Lou and, 9, 10, 20, 139–140
Cooke, Marvel, 93, 94, 99, 129–130
Cooper, Esther, 110
Cortor, Eldzier, 55
Cullen, Countee, 136
Culture
African Americans and, 3
American, 3
dance and, 72
in Harlem, NY, 32
in New York City, NY, 2
Cuney, Waring, 23
Daily Compass, 94
Daily Worker, 30, 54, 60, 61, 62, 93, 98, 135
Dance
African, 24, 25, 29, 31, 42, 43, 44, 72
black American, 42
black concert, 76
Caribbean, 29, 31, 32, 42, 43, 55
contemporary black vernacular, 25
cultural, 38
culture and, 72
folk, 29
modern, 24–25, 29–31, 38, 39, 44, 47, 70
politics and, 23–25, 27, 32, 38, 53
social justice and, 30
See also Primus, Pearl
Daniels, Billy, 136
Davis, Angela, 59
Davis, Benjamin, 120
Davis, Benjamin J., Jr., 133–139
Davis, Ben, Jr., 99
Davis, Ossie, 102
Davis, Sallye Bell, 59
Delmer, Judith, 39
Democracy, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 20, 29, 54, 59, 76, 89, 98, 109
Democratic Party, Democrats, 90
Dinkins, David, 112–113
Dodson, Owen, 51
Dorham, Kenny, 12
Double V Campaign, 5–7, 19, 20, 30, 53, 59, 61, 92, 94
Douglas, Aaron, 103
Drug use, 130, 133, 158–159, 164, 169
Du Bois, W. E. B., 20, 27, 55, 57, 75, 130, 148
Duke University, 148
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 64
Dunham, Katherine, 12, 13, 23, 30, 31, 39, 40, 42–44, 48, 54, 63, 68, 70, 72, 153, 168, 175
Education, 7, 8, 31, 42, 91, 98, 114
Ellington, Duke, 147, 148, 152, 162, 173
Ellison, Ralph, 13, 62, 106, 117, 120, 122–123, 127, 157, 173
Embree, Edward, 72
Emma Ransom House, 85
Emperor Jones, 67
Equality, 4, 6, 7, 9, 19, 76, 94, 98
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), 20, 21
Fascism, 6, 7, 19, 20, 22, 30, 32, 61, 62, 135
Fast, Howard, 37
FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 3, 17, 45, 58, 59–62, 68, 73–76, 129, 130
FEPC. See Fair Employment Practices Commission
Fiction. See Literature
Fisk University, 72
Fitzgerald, Ella, 12, 137, 139, 173
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 137
Flynn, Errol, 46
Fort, Syvvilla, 70
Foulkes, Julia L., 70
Frazier, E. Franklin, 45
Freud, Sigmund, 116
Garland, Phyl, 49
Garner, Erroll, 146
Garvey, Marcus, 32
Gary, Johnnie, 154
Gillespie, Dizzy, 111, 119, 149, 150, 150fig, 160, 166, 168, 173, 193
Gold, Ben, 136
Goodman, Benny, 147, 166, 181–182
Gordon, Dexter, 12
Gottlieb, William P., 149
Great Depression, 5, 7, 36, 114, 128
Greatest Generation, 4
Great Migration, 28, 55, 119, 128
Greenwich Village, NY, 43
Hackett, Bobby, 52fig
Haig, Al, 166
Hairston, Jacqueline, 68
Hall, Edmund, 165
Hammerstein, Oscar, II, 22
Hansberry, Lorraine, 131
“Hard Time Blues,” 23, 50, 55, 63, 65, 66, 67, 77
Harlem, NY, 9
art in, 32
Black Americans in, 28
black urbanites in, 79
Caribbean immigrants in, 33
changes in, 189–190
culture in, 32
drug use and, 130, 133, 158–159, 169
in forties, 11
gang violence in, 133, 169, 173–174
Harlem Renaissance and, 11–12
housing in, 81
“latchkey” children in, 97
nightlife of, 86, 127, 133, 169–170
Petry, Ann and, 81, 89, 90–91, 98, 110, 170, 189
politics in, 32
Primus, Pearl and, 95
Primus, Pearl in, 2
racism and, 79
segregation and, 79
The Street (Petry) and, 170
urban renewal and, 130–131
Williams, Mary Lou and, 9, 168–175, 189
Harlem Arts Center, 96
Harlem Community Art Center, 104
Harlem Housewives League, 99
Harlem Nocturne (Neel), 188fig, 189
Harlem Quarterly, 106
Harlem Renaissance, 11–12, 21, 95
Harlem Riots (1943), 17, 90, 118–127
Harlem Riverside Defense Council, 98, 110
Harlem Youth Center, 60
Harrington, Ollie, 95
Hadassah, 68
Helman, Lillian, 74
Herndon, Angelo, 135
Herskovitz, Melville, 70
Hill, Abraham, 101–102
Hindemith, Paul, 162–163
Hines, Earl “Fatha,” 12
Holder, Geoffrey, 39
Holiday, Billie, 45, 46, 47, 48, 118, 135, 136, 138, 146, 157, 158, 163
Holiday magazine, 131
Holm, Hanya, 69
Homzy, Andrew, 164–165
Hoover, J. Edgar, 45, 61, 74, 92, 130, 176
Horne, Lena, 12, 45, 46, 47, 54, 74, 112, 118, 136, 154, 173
Houghton Mifflin, 81, 107, 113
House of Representatives, U. S., 21
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 74, 75, 103, 129
Housing, 7, 22, 81, 91, 94, 109, 130
Houton Mifflin Literary Fellowship, 81
Howard, Jack, 144
HUAC. See House Un-American Activities Committee
Hughes, Langston, 24, 37, 45, 51, 53, 55, 87, 114, 120–121, 126, 136, 149, 173
Humphrey, Doris, 38
Hunter College, 34, 35, 36, 47, 50
Hurston, Zora Neale, 11, 55, 70, 72, 117, 192
In Darkness and Confusion (Petry), 103
“In Darkness and Confusion” (Petry), 118, 122–127
in New York City, NY, 31
International Theatre, 67
Invisible Man (Ellison), 62, 120, 122–123
Ivy, James, 127
Jackson, Ada B., 99
Jackson, Esther Cooper, 58–59
Jackson, “Lassido,” 31–32
Jackson, Red, 174
Jamaica, 40
Jamal, Ahmad, 146
Jim Crow, 6, 17, 19, 20, 23, 27–28, 29, 30, 55, 88, 89, 98, 112, 120, 175, 177
“Jim Crow Train,” 23, 27–28, 65, 77
John Cage Trust, 51
Johnson, James P., 144
Johnson, William H., 103
Johnston, Toosie, 76–77
Jones, Bill T., 76
Jones, Max, 161–162
Josephson, Barney, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 73–76, 139, 152, 153, 157, 160, 168, 174, 176, 194
Journey of Immersion, 55
Judeo-Christianity, 11
Julius Rosenwald Foundation, 16, 72
Kent, Rockwell, 62–63
Kern, Jerome, 22
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 177
Kirk, Andy, 147
Kurath, Gertrude Prokosch, 39
Kykunkor, 29
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 95–96, 100, 120
Lane, Anna Houston. See Petry, Ann
Lane, Bertha James, 82
Lane, Peter Clark, 82
Laundry Workers Joint Board, 97
League for Political Education, 166
Lee, Canada, 74
Lenin, V. I., 8
Levien, Julia, 39
Levy, Herbert Mont, 75
Lewis, Norman, 103
Lewis, Sinclair, 114–115
Liberty, 9
“Like a Winding Sheet” (Petry), 114
Lincoln, Abraham, 90
Literature, 77
education and, 114
Left and, 115
movement in, 16
society, reform of and, 114
sociological novel and, 115–118
See also Petry, Ann
Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X
Lloyd, Margaret, 42
Lunceford, Jimmie, 136
Mabry, Iris, 39
Mainstream press, 13, 106, 113
Makeba, Miriam, 50
Manchild in the Promised Land (Brown), 173
Mannings, Muriel, 48
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963), 4
March on Washington movement (1941), 6–7
Martin, David Stone, 144, 155–156
Martin, John, 13, 24–25, 39, 46, 52, 53
Martinique, 40
Marx, Karl, 10
Mary Lou Williams: Circle Recordings, 183
Mary Lou Williams’s Piano Workshop (radio program), 13–14, 157
Mayfield, Roland, 146
Mays, Benjamin, 177
McBurnie, Beryl, 38–39
McCarthyism, 16, 37, 61, 74, 130, 189
McDowell, Deborah, 192–193
McGarity, Lou, 52fig
McKay, Claude, 182
McRae, Carmen, 119
Mead, Margaret, 71
Merriwether, Louis, 131
Migrants, migration, 5, 7, 17, 28, 32, 55, 100, 119
Miles College, 59
Military, 6, 12, 88–89, 91, 111–113
Monk, Thelonious, 13, 33, 150, 159, 160
Moore, Audley, 136
Morton, Jelly Roll, 144
Moten, Benny, 147
Motley, Willard, 114
Movement, 16–17, 24–25, 29, 42, 55, 67, 68, 69, 101
Murray, Albert, 113
Music
bebop, 11, 13, 123, 150, 159–162, 179, 180, 181
boogie-woogie, 180
classical, 165
forties and, 5
in Harlem, NY, 11–12
jazz, 13, 143, 157, 164, 166, 179, 181
movement in, 16
in New York City, NY, 11–12
rhythm and blues, 11
See also Williams, Mary Lou
“Music and Progress” (Williams), 179–180
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
The Narrows (Petry), 88, 105, 192
Nash, Joe, 48
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 96, 113, 168
National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, 98
National Association of Graduate Nurses, 98
National Black Nurses Association, 98–99
National Council of Negro Women, 113
National Maritime Workers Union, 35–36, 47
National Medical Association, 98
National Negro Congress (1936), 8
National Urban League, 96, 113, 120
National Youth Administration (NYA), 36–37
Native Son (Wright), 84–85, 113, 116
Naylor, Gloria, 192
Negro Bar Association, 98
Negro Freedom Rally (1943), 17, 19, 21–24, 28, 30, 50, 52–53, 55, 60, 62
Negro Liberator, 135
Negro People’s Front, 8
Negro Quarterly, 106
“The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” 53, 66
Negro Story, 106
“Negro Women Have a Vote—How Shall They Use It?,” 99
Negro Women Incorporated (NWI), 87, 99–101, 109
“Negro Youth’s Heritage in Dance” (Jackson), 59
New Dance Group, 37–40, 68, 72
New Negro movement, 21–22, 119
New Republic, 149
New York City, NY
culture in, 2
obstacles to freedom in, 12–13
Petry, Ann and, 12–13, 85–87, 185
politics in, 2
racism in, 12–13
Williams, Mary Lou and, 12–13, 17, 168–169, 185
New York Post, 120
New York Public Library, 85, 101, 162
New York Times, 13, 23, 39, 125, 126, 137, 166, 191, 193
Nichols, Herbie, 161
Notes of a Native Sun (Baldwin), 120
“The Novel as Social Criticism” (Petry), 115–118, 128
Nunn, Bill, 176–177
NYA. See National Youth Administration
Oberlin College, 58
O’Brien, Peter, 182
O’Neal, Frederick, 101–102
“On Saturday the Siren Sounds at Noon” (Petry), 81
On Strivers Row (Hill), 102, 103
Orent, Milton, 150fig, 156, 162, 166
Parker, Charles, 166
Parks, Gordon, 174
People’s Voice newspaper, 10, 84, 86, 90–96, 98, 130, 137
Perske, Betty, 46
aesthetic concerns of, 3, 7, 95, 114, 115–118
ANT and. see American Negro Theater (ANT)
appearance of, 84
audience of, 84–85
birth of, 2
Communist Party and, 10–11, 90, 129–130
Davis, Benjamin J., Jr. and, 138
Double V Campaign and, 5
education of, 14–15, 82–84, 103, 104–105
everyday people, portrayal of by, 2
Harlem, NY and, 2, 9, 79, 81, 89, 90–91, 98, 110, 170, 189
Harlem Riots (1943) and, 90, 118–127
Harlem Riots and, 17
“In Darkness and Confusion” of, 118
as intellectual, 3, 14–15, 82–83
as journalist, 81, 84, 90–96, 97–98
legacy of, 15, 192–193, 196–197
“Like a Winding Sheet” of, 114
New York City, NY and, 2, 12–13, 85–87, 185
“The Novel as Social Criticism” of, 115–118, 128
NWI and, 99–101
People’s Voice and, 10, 84, 90–96, 98
personality of, 2
political activism of, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 81, 83, 89–90, 94–96, 97–101
Popular Front and, 8
Reformist Left and, 8
relationships of, 86
segregation and, 98–99
short stories of, 81, 106, 114, 192
social problems and, 84–85, 97–98
“Solo on the Drums” of, 102
The Street of, 81, 88, 96–97, 107–114, 128–129, 192, 193
See also Literature
Petry, Elisabeth, 82, 83, 87, 88, 192
Petry, George David, 85–86, 88, 104, 107, 111, 112, 127, 128–129
Philadanco, 68
Phylon, 113
Pittsburgh Courier, 20, 140, 176–177
Plessy, Homer, 27
Plessy v. Ferguson, 6
Politics
dance and, 23–25, 27, 32, 38, 53
Double V Campaign and, 6–7
forties and, 5
militant, 4
Petry, Ann and, 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 81, 83, 89–90, 94–96, 97–101
Primus, Pearl and, 7, 10, 14, 29–31, 38, 57–62, 69
protest, 83
Reformist Left and, 9
tactics and, 4
war years and, 4
Williams, Mary Lou and, 3, 7, 10, 14, 139–140, 175–178
Popular Front, 5, 7–8, 30, 45, 106
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 21–22, 45–46, 87, 91, 92, 101, 110, 118, 120, 129, 137, 153, 154
Powell, Bud, 13, 150, 160, 161
Premice, Josephine, 68
President’s Fair Employment Practices Committee, 6
Press. See Black press
Primus, Pearl, 26fig, 41fig, 52fig, 138, 175
aesthetic concerns of, 3, 7, 24–25, 30–31, 49, 51, 52
Africa, trip to of, 3, 16, 31, 57
afrocentricity and, 31
appearance of, 47–50
audiences, relationship with of, 42–43, 50
background of, 2, 28, 29, 31–32, 33–34
black press and, 43
Café Society and, 2, 44–48, 50–53, 60, 152, 153
choreography of, 25, 43, 50, 53, 67, 77, 190
Communist Party and, 10, 60, 62, 74, 75
Double V Campaign and, 5, 30, 53
Dunham, Katherine and, 13, 40, 42–44
early career of, 35–37
education of, 14–15, 24, 33–35, 36, 69–73, 190
FBI investigation of, 3, 16, 17, 58, 59–62, 68, 73–76
firsthand accounts of, 65–66
Five Dancers performance of, 39–40, 44
friendships of, 2
“In Darkness and Confusion” of, 122–127
as intellectual, 3, 14–15, 30, 31, 34, 44, 54, 55, 69–73, 85
legacy of, 15, 190–192, 196–197
Negro Freedom Rally (1943) and, 17, 23–24, 28, 30, 50, 52–53, 55, 60, 62
nervous breakdown of, 62–63
New Dance Group and, 37–40, 68, 72
New York City, NY and, 2, 12–13, 29, 185
political activism of, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 29–31, 38, 57–62, 69
SNYC and, 57–60
South, trip to of, 54–57, 63–65
white supremacy and, 9
Williams, Mary Lou and, 2, 50–51, 67, 152, 168
See also Dance
Black Americans and, 28
black press and, 92
Communist Party and, 62
dance as protest against, 53
democracy and, 10
Harlem, NY and, 79
housing and, 22
New York City, NY and, 12–13
South and, 28
Rahman-Ndiaye, Andara Koumba, 191
Randolph, A. Philip, 6–7, 19, 124
Realism, social, 11, 31, 110, 114, 117
Reckling, Frances Kraft, 86–87, 88
Renaissance, Harlem, 11–12, 21, 95
Republican Party, Republicans, 90
Richards, Lloyd, 102
Roach, Max, 166
Roberts, Lucky, 136
Robeson, Paul, Jr., 37
Robeson, Paul, Sr., 22–23, 37, 45, 48, 74, 75, 130, 135, 137
Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,” 23, 118
Robinson, Dollie, 87–88, 98–99, 110
Robinson, Mabel Louise, 104–105
Rockefeller, Nelson, 46
“Roll ’Em” (Williams), 147–148
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 46, 53, 176
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 6, 36, 92, 93
Rorty, Richard, 8–9, 46, 114–115
Rosenkrantz, Timmie, 167
Rosie the Riveter, 4
Rowley, Hazel, 156
Russell, Curley, 166
Rustin, Bayard, 6–7
Sapphire, 76–77
Saturday Evening Post, 106
Savage, Augusta, 37
Savoy Ballroom, 29, 35, 46, 95–96
Schoenberg, Arnold, 163
Schurman, Nona, 39
Scott, Hazel, 12, 45, 46, 47, 74, 75, 91, 136, 137, 153–154, 157, 175
Scottsboro Boys, 135
Scruggs, Mary Elfrieda. See Williams, Mary Lou
Second Great Migration, 5, 7, 28
black migrants and, 28–29
black press and, 91
democracy and, 29
Democratic Party and, 90
Double V Campaign and, 6
in employment, 7
Harlem, NY and, 79
in housing, 7
in military, 6, 12, 91, 111–113
Petry, Ann and, 98–99
professional organizations and, 98–99
protest against, 25
transportation and, 25, 26–27, 29
Williams, Mary Lou and, 175–177
Shange, Ntozake, 192
Sierra Leone, 29
Simms, Hilda, 54
Simone, Nina, 50
Simons, John, 52fig
Six Men and a Girl (Williams), 160
Smith, Bessie, 11
Smith, Lillian, 176
Smith, Marvin, 95
Smith, Morgan, 95
SNYC. See Southern Negro Youth Congress
Social justice, 10, 14, 24, 30, 151
Social realism, 11, 31, 110, 114, 117
“Solo on the Drums” (Petry), 102
“Souls of Black Folk” (Du Bois), 57
Primus, Pearl trip to, 54–57, 63–65
racism in, 28
Williams, Mary Lou and, 144
“Southern Landscape,” 63
Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC), 57–60
“Southland,” 63
Spirituality, 10, 11, 15, 140, 142, 178, 185, 191, 193–194
Stalin, Joseph, 93–94
Steinbeck, John, 114–115
Stormy Weather (film), 42, 118
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 115–116
“Strange Fruit,” 45, 53, 63–66, 67, 77
Stravinksy, Igor, 163
The Street (Petry), 13, 81, 88, 96–97, 105, 107–114, 128–129, 170, 192, 193
“Study in Nothing,” 67
Sugar Hill, NY, 110, 133, 140, 149
Tamiris, Helen, 137
Taylor, Billy, 164
That Hill Girl (Petry), 104, 129
Thenstead, Adolph, 67
Tolson, Melvin, 114
Toomer, Jean, 55
Train, Arthur, 104
Trilling, Lionel, 128
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 116
United States
capitalism in, 9
culture of, 3
equality in, 19
racism in, 10
Urban League, 113–114
Urban renewal, 130–131, 133, 189
Walker, Alice, 192
“Walking with Pearl . . . Southern Diaries,” 66–67, 191
Washington, Booker T., 83
Washington, Fredi, 91, 135, 136, 137
Weeks, James, 63
Weingarten, Gray, 154, 163, 168, 178
Welles, Orson, 176
Wells, Ida B., 27
White, Josh, 23, 45, 50, 67, 74, 75, 77, 94–96, 137, 138
White supremacy, 9, 28, 30, 69, 70, 108
Wilder, Austin, 68
Wilkerson, Doxey, 93
Williams, Cootie, 118–119
Williams, Johnny, 147
Williams, Mary Lou, 138, 141fig, 150fig, 158fig
as arranger, 14–15, 147–148, 181–182
audiences, relationship with of, 42–43, 50
audiences of, 7
bebop, birth of and, 13, 159–162
birth of, 2
Café Society and, 2, 45, 139, 140, 152–154, 160
career resurgence of, 15–16
collaborations of, 2
Communist Party and, 10, 139–140
Davis, Benjamin J., Jr. rally and, 135, 136, 139
death of, 194
Double V Campaign and, 5
Europe, trip to of, 3, 15, 184–185
gambling and, 171–173
Hamilton Terrace apartment of, 148–150, 160, 167, 171
Harlem, NY and, 2, 9, 168–175, 189
humanitarian efforts of, 151, 174–175, 194
as mentor to young musicians, 13, 160
nervous breakdown of, 185
New York City, NY and, 2, 12–13, 17, 148–152, 168–169, 185
political activism of, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 139–140, 175–178
Popular Front and, 8
Primus, Pearl and, 2, 50–51, 67, 152, 168
radio broadcasting and, 13–14, 157
relationships of, 147, 148, 150, 155–156
reputation of, 15
segregation and, 175–177
social issues and, 177–178
spirituality of, 10, 11, 15, 140, 142, 151, 178, 185, 193–194
as teacher, 148
Zodiac Suite of, 14, 50, 162–168
See also Music
Williams, Serena, 49
Williams College, 84
Wilson, Teddy, 45, 136, 138, 139, 174, 181
Windsor Theater, 42
Wolfe, Jacques, 22
Woodruff, Hale, 114
Works Progress Administration, 104
World War I, 19–20
World War II, 1, 4, 5–7, 11–12, 19, 92, 115
Wren, Elsa, 46
Wright, Richard, 13, 45, 84–85, 113, 114, 116, 127, 136, 192
Young Communist League, 60