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Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations or tables. Page numbers in bold indicate major references to species.
abdomen 44–45, 45
abiotic conditions 427
Acheta domesticus (house cricket) 77, 142, 204, 206, 308–311, 308, 433
acid grass heath habitats 467, 474
Acosta, Carlos 2
acoustic competition 150
acoustically orienting predators 16, 17, 428
Acrida ungarica 13
Acrididae (grasshoppers) 12–13, 26–28, 38–44, 57, 63–64, 81–92, 170–181, 362
Acridoidea 12
Acridomorpha 12
Acronicta aceris (sycamore moth) 116
active female choice 140
Adonis blue butterfly (Polyommatus bellargus) 418, 468
African mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa Africana) 335
Agelena labyrinthica (labyrinth spider) 14
aggregation
chorusing 106–107, 140, 154–157
migratory 4–5, 51–52, 92–93, 95–96
spatial relationships 147–149, 203
aggression 2, 183–184, 186, 203, 206–207
Aglais urticae (small tortoiseshell butterfly) 54
agriculture 439–440, 443–449, 450–457
Agrostis spp. 407, 445
Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent) 412
Ailopus thalassinus 179
Alauda arvensis (skylark) 397, 408, 444
Allonemobius fasciatus 139, 205
Allonemobius socius 139
Allonemobius spp. 205
alpine bush-cricket (Anonconotus alpinus) 161–162, 161, 189–190, 190, 191
alternative development pathways 68
ambidextrous crickets (Haglidae) 11, 57, 186–188
Amblycorypha parvipennis 142
American tarbrush grasshopper (Ligurotettix coquilletti) 158, 179–180, 181
Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) 274, 480
ampulla 108, 190, 192, 193, 198
Anabrus simplex (mormon cricket) 5, 68, 200, 201, 203
Anacridium aegyptium (Egyptian grasshopper) 13
anatomy
external structure 38–44, 49–50, 51–52, 52–54
and flying 51–52
and hearing 54–58, 64–66
and jumping 49–50
and senses 45–49
and singing 52–54, 58–64
Aneurogryllus arboreus 206
annual life cycles 70, 71, 77, 81, 86
Anonconotus alpinus (alpine bush-cricket) 161–162, 161, 189–190, 190, 191
Anonconotus baracunensis 196
Anonconotus pusillus 196
Anonconotus spp. 189
Anostostomatidae (king crickets, ground and tree weta) 11, 57
ant/ant’s nest crickets (Myrmecophylidae) 11
antennae 204
Anti-Locust Bulletin (Richards & Waloff) 440
Anurogryllus arboreus (short-tailed cricket) 156, 205, 214
Anurogryllus muticus 214, 215
Anurogryllus spp. 162, 214
Araneus diadematus (garden spider) 14, 397, 408, 428
Araneus quadratus (four-spotted spider) 14, 428
Areas of Special Scientific Interest (ASSIs) 459, 483
Argiope bruennichi (wasp spider) 14, 15, 271, 397, 408, 418, 428
Asilus crabroniformis (hornet robber-fly) 366
Australasian giant leaf bush-cricket (Phyllophora spp.) 61
Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae) 7
badgers 14
Barbitistes obtusus 153
Barbitistini 153
bats, as predators 14, 16, 132, 133
beetles (Coleoptera) 6, 10, 185
bell-heather (Erica cinerea) 376, 443
Biodiversity Action Plan, UK 339, 389
biodiversity of farmland 443–449, 450, 451–457
biotic factors 427, 439–440
birds 14, 429, 431, 472
birds of paradise 111, 112
black-headed gull 431
Blaesoxypha plumicornis 15, 442
Blatta orientalis (large common or oriental cockroach) 7
blue-winged grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens) 64
body temperature regulation 42, 46, 48–49, 52, 102, 394, 421
bog bush-cricket (Metrioptera brachyptera) 30, 31, 92, 129, 282–285, 282, 283, 434, 435, 475, 477
f. marginata 283
bog habitats 476, 477
bog myrtle (Myrica gale) 284, 365, 476
Bolboschoenus maritimus (sea club-rush) 461
bonding ceremonies 126
bow-winged grasshopper (Chorthippus biguttulus) 141
bower bird 112
Brachypodium pinnatum 264, 470
brachypterous species 51, 430
broad-leaved cotton grass (Eriophorum latifolium) 365
Bromopsis erecta 470
Bromus erectus 264
brown cricket (Gryllus assimilis) 309
brown field sites 461, 463
Buglife (charity) 285
burning, as form of land management 474, 476
burrowing 108–109
burrows
female occupation of 214, 215, 216
in post-copulation behaviour 207–208, 208
bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae) 11, 16, 57, 58–61, 69–73, 73–76, 188–203, 245
butterflies (Lepidoptera) 10, 67
Caelifera 12, 25–28, 50
classification 11, 340
courtship 163
calcareous downland habitats 467, 468, 469
call-and-response patterns 106, 130, 131
calling songs see also male calling song
aggregation 154–157
as communication 106
female choice 139–146
locating 135–139
predation avoidance 128–133
structure 133–134
timing of response to 130–131
Calluna vulgaris (heather) 376
camel-crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) 11, 18–19, 52, 53, 239, 240
Canvey Island, Essex 32
Caprimulgus europaeus (nightjar) 337
captive breeding programmes, success of 471
cave crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) 11
cave weta (Raphidophoridae) 239, 240–244
Cepero’s groundhopper (Tetrix ceperoi) 80, 98, 103, 105, 163–164, 342–348, 342, 344, 434, 436, 477, 479–480
cerci 44
chalcid wasp (Hymenoptera: Chalcidae) 16
Chamerion angustifolium (rose-bay willowherb) 299
chemical communication 41, 48, 53, 108, 165, 176, 188, 204
Chorthippus albomarginatus (lesser marsh grasshopper) 27, 28, 29, 57, 81, 82, 83, 98, 99, 158, 171, 172, 409–413, 409, 410, 434, 440, 444–445, 446, 448, 456, 459, 461, 463, 480
Chorthippus biguttulus (bow-winged grasshopper) 141, 178
Chorthippus brunneus (field grasshopper) 15, 16, 26, 27, 29, 43, 51, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86–92, 98, 99, 129, 152, 171, 172, 390–397, 391, 392, 428, 433, 435–436, 440, 440–441, 442–443, 443, 444–445, 446, 447, 456, 457, 459, 461, 463, 471, 475, 480, 482, 483
Chorthippus parallelus (meadow grasshopper) 16, 26, 27, 29, 82, 84, 86, 87, 92, 96, 98, 99, 129, 148, 152, 158–159, 177, 178, 403–408, 403, 404, 433, 435, 440, 440–441, 442–443, 443, 444–445, 446, 448, 451, 456, 457, 459, 463
f. explicatus (long-winged form) 405
Chorthippus vagans (heath grasshopper) 30, 82, 398–402, 398, 399, 400, 434, 435, 436, 473–474
chorusing 106–107, 132, 149–150, 154–157
churchyards 464
cicada 2–3, 113–114, 149, 257, 315
Circotettix rabula 105
cirl bunting (Emberiza cirlus) 397, 408, 444
Clark, E. J.
classification of colour forms (1943) 98
grasshopper ecology (1948) 438–440, 443
climate and UK populations 430–431, 438
climate effecting development 51, 73, 77, 86, 89–91 see also seasonal changes effecting development; weather-related development
coastal habitats 478–483, 479, 481, 482, 483
cockroaches (Dictyoptera) 6–7
coeloconic thermo/hygro receptor sensilla 47
coercive copulation 108, 120, 122, 161–162
Coleoptera (beetles) 6, 10, 185
colonisation through flying 51
colour polymorphism 16, 68, 97–105, 391–393, 405, 410–411, 415–416, 420–421
colour vision 46
common cockroach (Blatta orientalis) 7
common earwig (Forficula auricularia) 8
common green grasshopper (Omocestus viridulus) 27, 29, 51, 82, 97, 98, 99, 129, 384–389, 384, 385, 433, 435, 440–441, 443, 457, 467, 468, 471, 475
common groundhopper (Tetrix undulata) 25, 29, 50, 80–81, 81, 98, 103, 104, 164, 165, 167–168, 167, 169, 357–361, 357, 358, 360, 433, 456, 461, 475
f. macroptera 358
common gull 280, 431
commons habitats 467
compound eyes 41, 45–46, 46
Conocephalus 136, 138
Conocephalus attenuatus 138
Conocephalus brevipennis 138
Conocephalus discolor (long-winged conehead) 55, 70, 71, 73, 95–96, 95, 97, 98, 134, 151, 154, 188–189, 286–291, 286, 287, 289, 290, 430, 434, 436, 446, 452, 459, 461, 463
Conocephalus dorsalis (short-winged conehead) 16, 21, 55, 56, 59, 69, 70, 73, 74, 92, 136, 148, 154, 292–297, 292, 293, 294, 295, 434, 456, 461, 463, 480
f. burri (long-winged form) 293–294, 293, 297
Conocephalus nigropleurum 138, 157
conservation schemes
Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS) 450, 451–452
Environmental Stewardship (ES) Scheme 450–451
environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) 450
funding 432–433
set-aside policies 449–450, 450
contact chemosensory sensilla 47
convenience polygyny 122
Cooloolidae (cooloola monsters) 11
cooperative care of offspring 126, 162
copulation
Caelifera 163
coercive 161–162
conflicts of interest 123–124
Ensifera 191
in mating systems 126
prolonging 123–124, 162
corvids 472
coulee cricket (Peranabrus scabricollis) 5, 68
counter-adaptations 119–120, 121, 123, 133, 192
Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS) 450, 451–452
courtship
chemical cues 204
dance 27, 107, 163
homosexual behaviour 170
in mating systems 125, 161–163
rejection 107, 122, 125, 126, 163, 199–200, 201–202
same species preference 167–168
songs 106, 146, 161, 181
creeping bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera) 412
creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) 179, 180
crested hair-grass (Koeleria macrantha) 483
Cricket on the Hearth, The (Dickens) 311
crickets (Gryllidae) 11, 22–23, 45, 57, 61, 239, 307
crop damage 5
cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix) 284, 365, 476
cryptic female choice 122, 162, 214
cultural importance 1–4
cuticular sensilla 47
Cyphoderris (ambidextrous crickets) 186–188
Cyphoderris strepitans 186–188, 186
Cyrtacanthacridinae 13
dance, as reproductive behaviour 27, 107, 163
dark bush-cricket (Pholidoptera griseoaptera) 17, 20, 29, 60, 70, 151–152, 199–200, 267–271, 267, 268, 270, 434, 435, 453–454, 455, 456, 459
Darwin, Charles 111, 112, 113–114, 120
day length influencing development 72–73
Decticus albifrons (white-faced decticus) 190–191, 200
Decticus verrucivorus (warbiter bush-cricket) 14, 21, 71, 72, 73, 75–76, 98, 129, 194–195, 194, 196, 261–266, 261, 262, 265, 429, 434, 436, 469–470, 475–476
f. bingleii 262
defence strategies
against predation 16–18, 75
stridulation 62
territorial behaviour 108, 148, 163, 179, 182, 184, 207
Deinacrida spp. (giant weta) 62, 63
delayed development 67–68
density-dependent mortality 427
Dermaptera (earwigs) 6, 8
Descent of Man (Darwin) 113, 114
development patterns 5, 68, 69–92, 86–92, 92–105, 431
diapauses 68–73
Dickens, Charles 1, 311
Dictyoptera (cockroaches and mantids) 6–7
Diestrammena (Tachycines) asynamorus (greenhouse camel cricket) 17, 18–19, 19, 79–80, 80, 160–161, 241–244, 241, 433
dietary patterns 47–48, 118, 126, 139, 187–188
Diptera 67, 442
Asilidae (robber flies) 14
Sarcophagidae 15
disease 427, 428, 433
dispersal, of populations 430–431
distribution of species within UK
categorisation of 433–437
factors affecting 28–32, 433
Roesel’s bush-cricket (Metrioptera roeselii) 453
dogwood 469
Dolichopoda bormansi 242
dominance in relationships 107, 122, 149, 180, 184, 206
dormancy phases 69–73
Drosophila 103
drought, effects on development 69, 72, 73
dusky cockroach (Ectobius lapponicus) 7
duty cycles 134
early instar nymphs, predation of 14
earwigs (Dermaptera) 8
ecological categorisations of species, UK 433–437
economic damage from aggregation and migration 5
Ectobius lapponicus (dusky cockroach) 7
Ectobius pallidus (tawny cockroach) 7
Ectobius panzeri (lesser cockroach) 7
Edwards, Mike 472
eggs and embryonic development 69–73, 76–78, 79, 80–81, 81–83, 86–87
Egyptian grasshopper (Anacridium aegyptium) 13
ejaculation-protection hypothesis 191–193, 194–195, 211–213
Emberiza cirlus (cirl bunting) 397, 408, 444
endocrine organs 41
endurance rivalry 120
English Nature, Species Recovery Programme 266, 316–317, 331, 339, 470, 472, 477
Ensifera
chemical communications 48
classification 11–12, 239
courtship behaviour 107–108, 179, 181
flight activity 51
hearing systems 52, 53, 57
Entomophthera spp. 16
Environmental Stewardship (ES) Scheme 450–451
environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) 450
Ephippiger discoidalis 137
Ephippiger ephippiger 135–136, 135, 137, 142, 201
Ephippiger provincialis 191
Ephippiger spp. 200, 201
Ephippiger vitium 191
Erica cinerea (bell-heather) 376, 443
Erica tetralix (cross-leaved heath) 284, 365, 476
Eriophorum latifolium (broad-leaved cotton grass) 365
Erythropus (ssp. of Chorthippus parallelus) 158–159
exopterygote development 10, 67
extensor tibiae muscle 49, 50
external structure, orthoptera 38–44
extinction risk 436
eyes 45–46, 46
Fabre, J. Henri 3, 4, 190–191, 193, 257
facultative diapauses 68
farmland biodiversity 443–449, 450, 451–457
fecundity
and macroptery 431
and multiply-mated females 177–178
and nuptial gifts 124, 193, 194, 196
and size 87, 88, 89
and weather conditions 441
feeding patterns 47–48, 118, 126, 139, 187–188
feet see tarsi
female choice sexual selection 112–121, 122, 140–146, 142, 162, 178, 214
female phonotaxis 9, 64–65, 66, 106, 129–130, 188
female stridulation 60, 64
fertilisation 119–120, 122–123, 126, 162, 177–179, 181
and biodiversity 448–449
field cricket (Gryllus campestris) 23, 61, 77, 78, 138, 207, 208, 212, 312–317, 312, 314, 315, 434, 435, 436, 471–473
field crickets (Gryllus) 108, 157
field grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus) 15, 16, 26, 27, 29, 43, 51, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86–92, 98, 99, 129, 152, 171, 172, 390–397, 391, 392, 428, 433, 435–436, 440, 440–441, 442–443, 443, 444–445, 446, 447, 456, 457, 459, 461, 463, 471, 475, 480, 482, 483
filming techniques 34
Fisher, R. A. 118–119
flexor tibiae muscle 49, 50
flood defences 459–461, 462
flood plains 464
Flourensia cernua (tarbrush) 179
flying 17, 43, 46, 51–52
food
availbility affecting distribution 441, 445
moisture content 101
selection 47–48
stress 200–202, 203
footpaths 456, 457
fore legs 39, 42, 47, 54, 57 see also legs
fore wings (tegmina) 19, 25, 42, 43, 58–59, 60, 63–64, 63
Forestry Commission 459, 465
Forficula auricularia (common earwig) 8
Formica rufa (wood ant) 465
four-spotted spider (Araneus quadratus) 14, 428
funding, conservation projects 432–433
garden spider (Araneus diadematus) 14, 397, 408, 428
gardens 463, 464
Gardiner, Tim 425, 444
generalist species 433, 434
giant weta (Deinacrida spp.) 62, 63
Gomphocerinae 13, 27–28
Gomphocerippus rufus (rufous grasshopper) 82, 97, 98, 107, 172, 174–175, 414–418, 414, 415, 434, 436, 440, 468–469
grasshoppers (Acrididae) 12–13, 26–28, 38–44, 57, 63–64, 81–92, 170–181, 362
grassland management
coastal and estuarine flood defences 460–461, 462
grazing and grass cutting regimes 443, 444, 445–446
management regimes studies 446–449, 451–457
roadside verges 460
great green bush-cricket (Tettigonia viridissima) 20, 21, 30, 72, 75, 129, 134, 137, 139, 191, 254–257, 254, 434, 436, 461, 471
greenhouse camel cricket (Diestrammena (Tachycines) asynamorus) 17, 18–19, 19, 49, 79–80, 80, 160–161, 241–244, 241, 433
Gresham grasshopper 3–4, 3
grey bush-cricket (Platycleis albopunctata) 10, 70, 129, 151, 272–275, 272, 275, 434, 436, 479, 480
jerseyana 273
grey partridge (Perdix perdix) 14, 397, 408, 444
ground weta (Anostostomatidae) 11
ground weta (Hemiandrus sp.) 11, 62, 109, 162, 185
groundhoppers (Tetrigidae) 25, 44, 52, 80–81, 103, 107, 122, 163–170, 341
grouse locusts 341
Gryllacrididae (leaf-rolling crickets) 11
Gryllacrididae (raspy crickets) 11
Gryllidae (crickets) 11, 22–23, 45, 57, 61, 239, 307
Gryllidae Mogoplistidae (scaly crickets) 239
Gryllodes sigillatus 142, 144, 204, 206, 210, 212
Gryllodes supplicans (tropical house cricket) 309
Grylloidea 76–79, 181, 203–216, 239
Gryllotalpa Africana (African mole-cricket) 335
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (mole-cricket) 24, 29, 79, 108, 216, 334–339, 334, 434, 477–478
f. cophta 335
Gryllotalpidae (mole-crickets) 11, 24–25, 57, 61, 79, 108, 109, 162, 216, 239, 333
Gryllus assimilis (Jamaican field cricket) 309
Gryllus bimaculatus (southern field cricket) 9, 64, 76–77, 77, 138, 143, 149, 203, 204, 206, 208–209, 210, 212, 213, 318–320, 318
Gryllus campestris (field cricket) 23, 61, 77, 78, 138, 207, 208, 212, 312–317, 312, 314, 315, 434, 435, 436, 471–473
Gryllus (field crickets) 157
Gryllus firmus 94, 95
Gryllus fultoni 137, 206–207
Gryllus integer 206
Gryllus lineaticeps 142
Gryllus pensylavanicus 206, 207
Gryllus rubens 92–93, 94–95, 207
Gryllus spp. (field crickets) 108
Gryllus texensis 142
Gryllus veletis 206
Gryllus vernalis 137, 206–207
Gryllus vocalis (vocal field cricket) 210
gulls 14
Gymnogryllus spp. 162, 214
habitat
distribution 433–437
generalists 433, 434
specialists 434, 465–483
haemolymph feeding 187–188
Haglidae (ambidextrous crickets) 11, 57, 186–188
Halimione portulacoides (sea purslane) 274
heads 40, 41
hearing 53, 54–58, 57
heath grasshopper (Chorthippus vagans) 30, 82, 398–402, 398, 399, 400, 434, 435, 436, 473–474
heather (Calluna vulgaris) 376
heathland management 474, 476
hedgerows 452–456, 454, 455, 459
Hemiandrus sp. (ground weta) 11, 62, 109, 162, 185
Hemideina crassidens 140, 149, 182, 183, 184, 185
Hemideina femorata 182, 183, 185–186
Hemideina sp. (tree weta) 11, 43, 62, 108, 182–186
hemimetabolous metamorphosis 67
Hesperia comma (silver-spotted skipper butterfly) 418, 468
heterospecific matings 139, 167–169, 169
hind legs 39, 42, 43, 62–63 see also legs
hobby 431
Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire fog) 387, 467
homosexual behaviour 170
hornet robber-fly (Asilus crabroniformis) 366
house cricket (Acheta domesticus) 77, 142, 204, 206, 308–311, 308, 433
human activity, effects on habitat 433, 458–464, 462
human food sources 4
humidity and moisture content, affecting distribution 438
Hymenoptera 442
Chalcidae (chalcid wasp) 16
identification of 33–34
insects in art 1
insemination 126, 162
instars 67, 73–74, 76, 79, 80, 83
internal organs, female cricket 45
invertebrates 14–17
Jamaican field cricket (Gryllus assimilis) 309
Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatidae) 11
jumping 17, 42, 49–50, 50
katydids 5, 14, 19, 149, 239 see also bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae)
Kawanaphila nartee 142, 196, 200
kestrel 431
king crickets (Anostostomatidae) 11
Koeleria macrantha (crested hair-grass) 483
labyrinth spider (Agelena labyrinthica) 14
land cover diversity 457–464, 458
large conehead (Ruspolia nitidula) 197, 258–260, 258, 436
large marsh grasshopper (Stethophyma grossum) 26, 29, 30, 31, 51, 64, 81, 82, 84, 97–98, 363–367, 363, 365, 434, 436, 476
Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) 179, 180
late instar nymphs, predation of 14
leaf-rolling crickets (Gryllacrididae) 11
legs 42–43, 47, 49–50 see also fore legs; hind legs
lekking behaviour, birds 106–107
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) 10, 67
Leptophyes laticauda 194, 194–195
Leptophyes punctatissima (speckled bush-cricket) 9, 14, 18, 29, 54–55, 60, 65–66, 70, 106, 130, 131, 195, 434, 453–454, 455, 457, 459, 463
lesser cockroach (Ectobius panzeri) 7
lesser marsh grasshopper (Chorthippus albomarginatus) 27, 28, 29, 57, 81, 82, 83, 98, 99, 158, 171, 172, 409–413, 409, 410, 434, 440, 444–445, 446, 448, 456, 459, 461, 463, 480
lesser mottled grasshopper (Stenobothrus stigmaticus) 29, 84, 98, 158, 374–378, 374, 434, 436, 480, 482–483
faberi 376, 377
lifecycles 67–68, 70, 71, 77, 81, 86
Ligurotettix coquilletti (American tarbrush grasshopper) 142, 158, 179–180, 181
Ligurotettix planum 142, 149, 179, 180
literary importance 1–3, 248, 310–311
lizards 14
localisation of sound 64–66, 130–131, 135
Locusta migratoria 4–5, 179
Lolium perenne 407, 445, 446, 447, 448, 452
long-horned grasshoppers see also bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae)
long-winged conehead (Conocephalus discolor) 55, 70, 71, 73, 95–96, 95, 97, 98, 134, 151, 154, 188–189, 286–291, 286, 287, 289, 290, 430, 434, 436, 446, 452, 459, 461, 463
lowland heath habitats 473–476, 474, 475
Lycosidae 14
macropterous species 51, 430–431
Macroxyphus sumatranus siamsensis 17, 75
male calling song acoustic competition 150
aggregation 154–157
dominance relationships 149
female choice 139–146
locating 135–139
location of song perch 129
predation avoidance 128–133
risks of 127–129
spatial relationships 147–149
structure 133–134
timing of response to 130–131
males
aggression 183–184, 186, 203, 206–207
counter-adaptations 119–120, 121, 133, 192
dominance polygynandry 184
parental investment 119, 124, 155, 170, 178, 193–194, 195–196, 197, 201–202, 216
phonotaxis 9, 130, 131, 132
reproductive strategies 122, 196–197, 208–210
mammals, small 14, 428, 442, 472
mantids (Dictyoptera) 6, 20
Mantis religiosa (praying mantis) 7
marginal habitats 451–452, 455–456, 457–459, 457, 460
marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) 274, 480
mate-guarding 108, 123, 126, 181, 183–184, 205, 208–214
mate-recognition 48
maternal care 25, 109, 210, 214
mating sequence 125–126
Maugham, Somerset 3
meadow bush-cricket (Orchelimum nigripes) 141, 143
meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus) 16, 26, 27, 29, 82, 84, 86, 87, 92, 96, 98, 99, 129, 148, 152, 158–159, 170–171, 177, 178, 403–408, 403, 404, 433, 435, 440, 440–441, 442–443, 443, 444–445, 446, 448, 451, 456, 457, 459, 463
long-winged form (f. explicatus) 405
mechanoreceptor sensilla 47
Meconema meridionale (southern oak bush-cricket) 196, 197, 250–253, 251, 433, 436, 463
Meconema thalassinum (oak bush-cricket) 21, 29, 61, 70, 246–249, 246, 248, 434, 435, 453–454, 455, 456, 457, 463
Mecopoda ‘chirper’ 152
Mecopoda elongata 152
Melanoplinae 13
Melanoplus sanguinipes 178, 179
Metaballus litus 200
Metrioptera brachyptera (bog bush-cricket) 30, 31, 92, 129, 282–285, 282, 434, 435, 475, 477
f. marginata 283
Metrioptera roeselii (Roesel’s bush-cricket) 21, 29, 70 71, 73, 92–93, 93, 95–96, 98, 134, 148, 151, 188, 189, 192, 276–281, 276, 277, 278, 279, 430, 434, 436, 446, 448, 452, 453, 456, 459, 461, 463
f. diluta (long-winged form) 277, 430
Microcentrum rhombifolium 154
mid legs 39, 42, 47
migratory behaviour 4–5, 51–52, 92–93, 95–96, 430–431
mimicry 16–17, 74–75, 115
Miramella alpina 13
mire habitats 476
Mogoplistes squamiger 326
Mogoplistidae (scaly crickets) 11, 24, 239, 325
moisture levels, importance for development 69, 76, 101
mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa) 24, 29, 79, 108, 216, 334–339, 334, 434, 477–478
f. cophta 335
mole-crickets (Gryllotalpidae) 11, 24, 61, 79, 109, 162, 216, 333
Molinia caerulea (purple moor-grass) 284, 365, 387, 467, 476
monandrous mating systems 197
mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex) 5, 14, 51, 68, 200, 201, 203
mortality rates 427
moths (Lepidoptera) 10, 67
mottled grasshopper (Myrmeleotettix maculatus) 15, 29, 82, 98, 100, 101, 107, 129, 142, 158, 172–173, 174, 176–177, 419–425, 419, 422, 428, 429, 433, 440, 443, 456, 463, 475, 480, 482, 483
mouthparts 40, 41, 47
multipy-mated females 119, 170, 177, 195, 210
Mygalopsis marki 147, 148
Myrica gale (bog myrtle) 284, 365, 476
Myrmecophylidae (ant/ant’s nest crickets) 11
Myrmeleotettix maculatus (mottled grasshopper) 15, 29, 82, 98, 100, 101, 107, 129, 142, 158, 172–173, 174, 176–177, 419–425, 419, 422, 428, 429, 433, 440, 443, 456, 463, 475, 480, 482, 483
Natural England, Species Recovery Programme 476
Natural History of Selborne (White) 310
natural selection 112, 113, 114, 115–118, 128, 160, 185 see also sexual selection
Nature Conservancy Council
Red Data Books: 2. Insects 266, 331, 339, 470, 472
Species Recovery Programme 266
navigation 46
Nemobius sylvestris (wood cricket) 30, 78, 205, 206, 321–324, 321, 434, 435, 436, 465, 466–467
Neoconocephalus 136, 148, 152
Neoconocephalus exiliscanorus 157
Neoconocephalus retusus 153
Neoconocephalus spiza 141, 142, 150
Neoxabia spp. 206
nervous organs 41
New Forest wet heath 31
New Zealand weta (Anostostomatidae) 61–63
nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) 337
nuptial gifts 21, 108, 124, 145, 162, 170, 187–188, 191, 192, 202, 205–206
nymphs
courtship of 176
development of 67, 73–76, 76–78, 79, 80–81, 83–86
predation of 14
oak bush-cricket (Meconema thalassinum) 21, 29, 61, 70, 246–249, 246, 248, 434, 435, 453–454, 455, 456, 457, 463
obligatory diapauses 68
observing in the wild 32–33
Oecanthus 151, 206
Oecanthus nigricornis 142, 144, 145
Oedipoda caerulescens (blue-winged grasshopper) 64
Oedipodinae 13, 26
offspring viability 87, 108–109, 119, 124, 126, 162, 170, 202, 210–211
olfactory sensilla 46, 47
ommatidia 45
Omocestus rufipes (woodland grasshopper) 30, 63, 82, 98, 379–383, 379, 380, 434, 436, 440, 465, 475
Omocestus stigmaticus 172
Omocestus viridulus (common green grasshopper) 27, 29, 51, 82, 97, 98, 99, 129, 384–389, 384, 385, 433, 435, 440–441, 443, 457, 467, 468, 471, 475
On the Origin of the Species (Darwin) 111
Orchelimum nigripes (meadow bush-cricket) 141, 143
oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) 7
Ormia ochracea 18, 129
Orthoptera
characteristics 8–10
enemies of 14–17
as human food source 4
relatives of 6–7
subdivisions 11–14, 239
oviposition
ovipositors 11–12, 44–45, 45
substrates 21, 443
Oxford Museum of Natural History 4
pair formation 127, 129–131, 158, 160–161, 203
palpation
in aggression 182
in courtship 108, 181
of food 47
Pamphagidae 12
Panacanthus pallicornis 148
Parachymorpha zomproi (stick insect) 6
parasitism
and distribution patterns 433
parasites 14–16, 17–18
and population dynamics 140, 427–429, 442
Pardosa spp. (Lycosidae) 397, 424, 428
parental investment
burrows 216
female choice sexual selection 119, 195–196, 201–202
maternal care 25, 109, 210, 214
monandrous mating systems 197
nuptial gifts 124, 170, 178, 193–194, 195–196
passive female choice 140
paternal investment strategies
burrows 216
food stress 201–202
male choice 119
monandrous mating systems 197
nuptial gifts 124, 170, 178, 193–194, 195–196
pattern recognition of sounds 64–66
peacock 111
peat-cutting 476
peatlands 476, 478
Peranabrus scabricollis (coulee cricket) 5, 68
Perdix perdix (grey partridge) 14, 397, 408, 444
Periplaneta australasiae (Australian cockroach) 7
Phaneroptera falcata (sickle-bearing bush-cricket) 9, 21, 191, 298–301, 298, 436
Phaneroptera nana (southern sickle-bearing bush-cricket) 142, 152
Phasmida (stick insects) 6
pheasant 14
phenotypic plasticity 101–102
pheromones, in chemical communication 48
Pholidoptera griseoaptera (dark bush-cricket) 17, 20, 29, 60, 70, 151–152, 199–200, 267–271, 267, 268, 270, 434, 435, 453–454, 455, 456, 459
phonotaxis
female 9, 64–65, 66, 106, 129–130, 188–189
male 9, 130, 131, 132
photographic techniques 34
Phragmites sp. 256
Phyllophora spp. (Australasian giant leaf bush-cricket) 61
Picris echioides 290
plagues 5
Platycleis affinis 199
Platycleis albopunctata (grey bush-cricket) 10, 70, 129, 151, 272–275, 272, 275, 434, 436, 479, 480
jerseyana 273
Poa trivialis (rough meadow grass) 412
Poecilimon affinis 136
Poecilimon jonicus 189
Poecilimon thoracicus 136
Poecilimon veluchianus 196
Poecilimon zimmeri 145
polyandrous mating systems 103, 123, 170, 193–194, 198, 209–211
polygynous mating systems 122, 155, 163, 179, 182, 184, 198, 207
polymorphisms 68, 92–105
Polynesian field-cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) 18, 128, 143, 146, 206, 208, 209
Polyommatus bellargus (adonis blue butterfly) 418, 468
Polytrichum spp. 423, 443
population dynamics
and climate 441–442
and human activity 431–432, 433, 458–464
and macropterous species 430–431
and mortality rates 426–427
and reproductive rates 426–427
and swarming 430–431
population estimating 36
post-copulation phase 126, 162
post-mating competition 122, 123–124, 205
praying mantis (Mantis religiosa) 7
pre-mating sexual conflict 121–122
predation
and distribution patterns 433
and population dynamics 427–429, 442
predators 14–18
promiscuous matings 170
pronotum 42
Prophalangopsidae 186
Pseudomogoplistes squamiger 326
Pseudomogoplistes vicentae (scaly cricket) 24, 78–79, 79, 326–332, 326, 328, 434, 436, 480–481
Pterophylla camellifolia 19, 151
Puccinellia sp. (salt-marsh grasses) 411
purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) 284, 365, 387, 467, 476
pygmy grasshoppers 341
pygmy mole-crickets (Tridactyloidea) 13
Pyrgomorpha conica 12
Pyrgomorphoidea 12
Ragge, D. W. 28–30, 34, 248
rainfall
and development 441
and distribution 438
Raphidophoridae (camel-crickets and cave weta) 79, 239, 240
rapprochement 125, 127
raspy crickets (Gryllacrididae) 11
Red Data Books: 2. Insects (Nature Conservancy Council)
endangered 317, 331, 339
vulnerable 266, 470, 472
refractory periods 192, 193, 194, 198–199, 200, 202
rejection in courtship 107, 122, 125, 126, 163, 199–200, 201–202
reproductive
interference 139, 164, 168 see also courtship
rates 427
success 87–88, 94
reptiles 14
Requena verticalis 142, 145, 195, 196, 200
resource-based aggregations 155
resource-defence polygyny 155, 163, 179, 182, 184, 207
Rhaphidophoridae (camel-crickets and cave crickets) 11, 18–19, 52, 53
Rhynchospora alba (white-beaked sedge) 365
Richards & Waloff (1954) 440–443
Richards, O. W. 440
rival-exclusion 212–213
roadside verges 444, 447, 459, 460, 467
robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) 14
rodents 14
Roesel’s bush-cricket (Metrioptera roeselii) 21, 29, 70, 71, 73, 92–93, 93, 95–96, 98, 134, 148, 151, 188, 189, 192, 276–281, 276, 277, 278, 279, 430, 434, 436, 446, 448, 452, 453, 456, 459, 461, 463
long-winged form (f. diluta) 277, 430
Roi, Arundhati 2
rose-bay willowherb (Chamerion angustifolium) 299
rough meadow grass (Poa trivialis) 412
rufous grasshopper (Gomphocerippus rufus) 82, 97, 98, 107, 172, 174–175, 414–418, 414, 415, 434, 436, 440, 468–469
Ruspolia nitidula (large conehead) 197, 258–260, 258, 436
salt-marsh grasses (Puccinellia sp.) 411
sandhoppers (Tridactyloidea) 13
satellite behaviour 157–158
scaly cricket (Pseudomogoplistes vicentae) 24, 78–79, 79, 326–332, 326, 328, 434, 436, 480–481
scaly crickets (Mogoplistidae) 11, 24, 239, 325
Scapteriscus 156
Scapteriscus ascletus 145
Scapteriscus vicinus 145
Scelio spp. (Hymenoptera) 16, 396, 408, 442
Schistocerca americana 48
Schistocerca gregaria 45, 46, 47–48, 50, 179
Schizodactylidae (splay-footed crickets) 11
scrambles strategies, reproductive behaviour 120
screech owls 16
Scudderia curvicorda 142, 144
sea club-rush (Bolboschoenus maritimus) 461
sea purslane (Halimione portulacoides) 274
sea walls 461
seasonal changes effecting development 69, 77 see also climate effecting development; weather-related development
senses 45–49
sensilla 45–48, 47
septentrionalis (subsp. of scaly cricket) 331
set-aside policies 449, 450
sex-role reversal 199–201
sexual conflict 121–124
sexual selection 109–121, 128, 140–146, 146, 152, 155–156, 176–177, 180, 185
short-tailed cricket (Anurogryllus arboreus) 156, 205, 214
short-winged conehead (Conocephalus dorsalis) 16, 21, 55, 56, 59, 69, 70, 73, 74, 92, 136, 148, 154, 292–297, 292, 294, 295, 434, 456, 461, 463, 480
long-winged form (f. burri) 293–297, 293, 297
shrubby seablight (Sueda vera) 274, 480
sickle-bearing bush-cricket (Phaneroptera falcata) 9, 21, 191, 298–301, 298, 436
silent cricket (Gryllus assimilis) 309
silver-spotted skipper butterfly (Hesperia comma) 418, 468
Silwood Park (Imperial College) 440
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) 459
skin moults 67
skylark (Alauda arvensis) 397, 408, 444
slender groundhopper (Tetrix subulata) 44, 80–81, 81, 98, 103, 105, 163–164, 165, 166, 167–168, 167, 169, 341, 349–356, 349, 351, 352, 354, 434, 456, 459, 461, 477
f. bifasciata 350
small tortoiseshell butterfly (Aglais urticae) 54
soil properties, effects on distribution 439
song see also stridulation
aggregation 154–157
calling songs 128–139
chorusing 106, 149–150, 154–157
competitive 150–154
cooperative 155–157
courtship songs 106, 146, 161, 181
cultural importance 1–3
diagrams of 34, 35
in identification 33
male-to-male 128–139, 150–157
perches 76, 129, 135–136, 141, 148, 157
recording 34
structure and meaning 106, 133–139, 151–154
sound communication
hearing 53, 54–58, 57
importance of 53–54
localisation of 65–66, 130–131, 135
pattern recognition 65–66
phonotaxis 9, 65–66
sound production 53–54, 58–64
sound shadows 64
sound signalling 106–107, 126
vibration 52–54
South African field cricket (Teleogryllus natalensis) 211
southern field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) 9, 64, 76–77, 77, 138, 143, 149, 203, 204, 206, 208–209, 210, 212, 213, 318–320, 318
southern oak bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale) 196, 197, 250–253, 251, 433, 436, 463
southern sickle-bearing bush-cricket (Phaneroptera nana) 142, 152
spatial relationships 147–149
specialist species 434, 465–483
species distribution with UK 28–32, 433–434
Species Recovery Programmes 266, 316–317, 339, 470, 471, 472, 476, 477
species richness, effects of land cover diversity 457–464, 458
speckled bush-cricket (Leptophyes punctatissima) 9, 14, 18, 29, 54–55, 55, 58, 60, 65–66, 70, 106, 130, 131, 195, 434, 453–454, 455, 457, 459, 463
sperm competition 120, 122, 123
spermatophore 108, 177–178, 179, 181, 184–185, 212, 213
spermatophylax 21, 94, 108, 145, 181, 191, 192–193, 192, 194, 195, 202
Sphagnum 365, 476
Sphodormantis viridis (green mantis) 8
spiders 14, 428–429
spiracles 44
splay-footed crickets (Schizodactylidae) 11
‘startle’ behaviour 17
Stenobothrus lineatus (stripe-winged grasshopper) 15, 30, 51, 57, 63, 82, 98, 129, 157, 362, 368–373, 368, 370, 371, 434, 440, 440–441, 465, 468, 471, 474
Stenobothrus stigmaticus (lesser mottled grasshopper) 29, 84, 98, 158, 374–378, 374, 434, 436, 480, 482–483
faberi 376, 377
Stenopelmatidae (Jerusalem crickets) 11
Stenopelmatoidea 11, 182–186
Steropleurus stali 130
Stethophyma grossum (large marsh grasshopper) 26, 29, 30, 31, 51, 64, 81, 82, 84, 97–98, 363–367, 363, 365, 434, 436, 476
stick insect (Parachymorpha zomproi) 6
stridulation see also song
evolution of 53–54
mechanics of 58–64
in reproductive behaviour 106–107
spatial relationships 147–149
stripe-winged grasshopper (Stenobothrus lineatus) 15, 30, 51, 57, 63, 82, 98, 129, 157, 362, 368–373, 368, 370, 371, 434, 440, 440–441, 465, 468, 471, 474
subgenital plates 44
subgenual organs 52–53
Sueda vera (shrubby seablight) 274, 480
sunshine hours, effecting development 441
suspended development 67–68
sustainable land management 449–450
sward
height 444–445, 448–449, 459
structure 266, 407, 439–440, 451
sycamore moth (Acronicta aceris) 116
symbolic importance 1–4
Tachinidae 16
Tachycines asynamorus see Diestrammena (Tachycines) asynamorus (greenhouse camel cricket)
Tachysphex pompiliformis 14–15, 15, 397, 408, 442
tactile communication 107–108
tarbrush (Flourensia cernua) 179
tarsi 6, 7, 19, 25, 42
tawny cockroach (Ectobius pallidus) 7
taxonomic debate, higher level classification 11
tegmina 19, 25, 42, 43, 58–59, 60, 63–64, 63
Teleogryllus commodus 145–146, 206, 208–209, 210, 212
Teleogryllus natalensis (South African field cricket) 211
Teleogryllus oceanicus (Polynesian field-cricket) 18, 128, 143, 146, 204, 206, 208, 209
temperature
and development 69–70, 72, 441
and distribution 438
regulation 42, 46, 48–49, 52, 102, 394, 421
territorial behaviour 141, 148, 206–207
Tetrigidae (groundhoppers) 25, 44, 52, 80–81, 103, 107, 163–170, 341
Tetrigoidea 13, 14
Tetrix ceperoi (Cepero’s groundhopper) 80, 98, 103, 105, 163–164, 342–348, 342, 344, 434, 436, 477, 479–480
Tetrix species (groundhoppers) 107, 122
Tetrix subulata (slender groundhopper) 44, 80–81, 81, 98, 103, 105, 163–164, 165, 166, 167–168, 167, 169, 341, 349–356, 351, 352, 354, 434, 456, 459, 461, 477
f. bifasciata 350
Tetrix undulata (common groundhopper) 25, 29, 50, 80–81, 81, 98, 103, 104, 164, 165, 167–168, 167, 169, 357–361, 357, 358, 360, 433, 456, 461, 475
f. macroptera 358
Tettigonia cantans 135–136, 137, 139
Tettigonia viridissima (great green bush-cricket) 20, 21, 30, 72, 75, 129, 134, 137, 139, 191, 254–257, 254, 434, 436, 461, 471
Tettigoniidae (bush-crickets) 11, 19–22, 54, 57, 58–61, 69–73, 73–76, 239, 245
Tettigonioidea 181, 188–203, 239
thorax 42–43, 52
tibial ears 9, 20, 23, 54, 55, 131
tree weta (Hemideina sp.) 11, 43, 62, 108, 182–186
Tridactyloidea (sandhoppers and pygmy mole-crickets) 13
Trimerotropis maritima 158, 175–176
tropical house cricket (Gryllodes supplicans) 309
tusked weta (Hemiandrus sp.) 62
tympani 54–56
UK Biological Records Centre (BRC) 296
UN Food and Agricultural Organisation 4
unimproved grassland habitats 467–473, 468, 469, 471, 473
unison bout singing 157
urban parks 463, 464
Uromenus spp. 200
Uromenus stali 201
Uvarov, B. P. 438, 440
variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) 5
vegetation
cover 441, 443, 445, 445
structure 439, 441
vibration 107, 133, 135–136
vision 45–46, 158
visual communication 53
vocal field cricket (Gryllus vocalis) 210
Wallace, Alfred Russel 112–113, 113, 115–116
Waloff, N. 440
wartbiter bush-cricket (Decticus verrucivorus) 14, 21, 71, 72, 73, 75–76, 98, 129, 194, 196, 261–266, 261, 262, 265, 429, 434, 436, 469–470, 475–476
f. bingleii 262
wasp spider (Argiope bruennichi) 14, 15, 271, 397, 408, 418, 428
water regulation 49
Watson, Chris 1
weather-related development 69, 70, 81, 83 see also climate effecting development; seasonal changes effecting development
wetland habitats 476–478, 477, 478
white-beaked sedge (Rhynchospora alba) 365
white-faced decticus (Decticus albifrons) 190–191, 200
Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 266, 316, 339, 470, 472
wing-bases 42
wing-length dimorphism 92–97
wood ant (Formica rufa) 465
wood cricket (Nemobius sylvestris) 30, 78, 205, 206, 321–324, 321, 434, 435, 436, 465, 466–467
woodland grasshopper (Omocestus rufipes) 30, 63, 82, 98, 379–383, 379, 380, 434, 436, 440, 465, 475
woodland habitats 465–467, 465, 466
Woodland Trust 459
Writtle College estate, Essex 446
Xya pfaendleri 13
Xya variegata 13
Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) 387, 467
Zonocerus variegatus (variegated grasshopper) 5