CHAPTER 8
ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE OF EASTERN GHATS AND ADJACENT DECCAN REGION
M. HARI BABU, J. KOTESWARA RAO and T. V. V. SEETHA RAMI REDDI
Department of Botany, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam–530003, India, E-mail: reddytvvs@rediffmail.com
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
The review deals with 271 species of plants belonging to 221 genera employed in 512 kinds of folklore prescriptions for treating 134 different types of animal diseases by the rural people and tribals of Eastern Ghats and Deccan plateau covering Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Maharashtra states. Of the 512 practices 212 were found to be new along with 33 new ethnoveterinary plants. The results are compared with those of others in different parts of India. Herbal veterinary medicine offers enormous scope for further research, so all the existing information is to be correctly recorded before it is lost. Based on the age-old practices, pharmaceutical industries may formulate some novel prescriptions to cure various animal diseases. Documentation and standardization of ethnoveterinary knowledge is also important in the context of Intellectual Property Rights to check the patent claims. In future, detailed chemical and pharmacological investigations of these traditional formulations and medicinal plants will be very helpful for inventing/developing new veterinary drugs.
8.1INTRODUCTION
Cattle and their products occupy a unique position in the national economy of India, which is predominantly dependent on agriculture. While the female progeny supplies milk, the male progeny continues to be the principal source of draft power for agriculture and rural transport. It is imperative that cattle population remains healthy and productive. Ethnomedicine is an integral part of traditional medical practices in many countries of the developing world. A large proportion of the population uses this form of treatment for primary health care and for the treatment of ailments in their livestock. Livestock is a major asset for resource poor small holding farmers and pas-toralists throughout the world. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion cattle in the world today. India is one of the very important centers of origin and domestication of domesticated animals, particularly of cattle. Such a domestication was carried out by Yadavas, who are pastoral people. India occupies first place with 281,700,000 cattle as per 2009 records. In many parts of the country, traditional veterinary practices are quite prevalent. Tribals remaining well below poverty level have their own systems of herbal medicine practiced since time immemorial. India is primarily an agricultural country with predominant rural population and hence, animals have had a very significant role in human life for food, milk, leather, fat, transport, hauling or draft, warfare, game and recreation, etc. Vedas and Puranas have many references to animals.
In India, more than 76% of total population residing in rural areas depends for their health care needs on plants. The history of medicine in India traced back to Vedic period. People in ancient India had sufficient knowledge of cattle and bird diseases and method of curing them. Techniques adopted for the diagnosis of diseased cattle and birds in ancient days may appear to be quite crude, in the modern advanced veterinary medicine. Vishnu Dharmottara Mahapuran (500–700 AD) was found well acquainted with the curing of animals although, it is not clearly known when and how the plants were used in animal health care. It might have started after the animal power was used in farming. But no evidence was found in any manuscript. Some of the traditional knowledge is vanishing very rapidly. Now-a-days, scientists in the modern era are now documenting various ethnoveterinary practices based on plant drugs. The plants are more intimately connected with the life of rural people than, perhaps, anywhere else in India. Tribal people are largely using plant crude drugs for the treatment of cattle. They use a number of plants, singly or as ingredients of medicine in the treatment of domestic animals. India has rich diversified flora providing a valuable storehouse of medicinal plants. Emphatic knowledge about vast resources of herbs and other plants having curative properties is prevailing among rural people.
According to the World Health Organization, at least 80% of people in developing countries depend largely on indigenous practices for the control and treatment of various diseases affecting both human beings and their animals. Ethnoveterinary remedies are accessible, easy to prepare and administer, at little or no cost at all to the farmer. These age-old practices cover every area of veterinary specialization and all live-stock species. Ethnoveterinary medicine differs not only from region to region but also among and within the communities. Ethnoveterinary information is in danger of extinction because of the current rapid changes in communities nowadays use a mix of local and modern practices. Promoting conservation and use of ethnoveterinary medicine does not mean downgrading or ignoring the value of modern medicine and attempting to replace one with the other. However, it does mean recognizing that both types have their strengths and limitations. In some instances, they complement each other, in others, local practices will be the better choice and again in others modern practices should be recommended.
The Eastern Ghats along the Peninsular India are divisible into three zones, the Northern Eastern Ghats, the middle Eastern Ghats and the Southern Eastern Ghats, extending over 1750 km with an average width of about 100 km and covering an area under 76º 56′ and 86º 30′ E longitudes and 11° 30′ and 22° 00′ N latitudes. The area covers parts of Orissa (South of river Mahanadi), Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu (North of river Vaigai) along the East Coast. The Eastern Ghats is forming a chain of discontinuous range of hills along the coast. The Eastern Ghats is one of the richest floristic and phyto-geographical regions of India. The rich and diversified flora provides a most valuable storehouse of medicinal plants.
8.2REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Sudarsanam et al. (1995) explored 106 plant species used as veterinary crude drugs by the tribals viz., Chenchus, Gadabas, Kattunayakas, Konda kapus, Koyas, Manne doras, Nakkalas, Reddy doras, Sugalis, Yanadis and Yerukulas in Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh. Goud and Pullaiah (1996) reported 41 species of plants used by the Chenchus, Sugalis and Yerukalas of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh for curing veterinary ailments. Reddy et al. (1997) collected 17 species of plants belonging to 16 genera and 14 families used for treating ephemeral fevers and anthrax in cattle from the hills of Kadapa (Cuddapah) district of Andhra Pradesh. K.N. Reddy et al. (1998) presented 77 species representing 71 genera and 42 families of flowering plants used in veterinary practices by the ethnic tribes in Warangal district, Telangana. R.V. Reddy et al. (1998) recorded 48 plant species belonging to 46 genera and 29 families for folk veterinary medicine by Chenchu, Sugali, Yanadi and Yerukula tribals in Kadapaa (Cuddapah) hills of Andhra Pradesh. Girach et al. (1998) gave an account of 29 veterinary prescriptions based on 25 plant species in 20 families by Bhumij, Kol, Munda and Santal tribals of Bhadrak district of Orissa. Misra and Das (1998) reported the uses of 20 plants against 10 animal diseases by Sabar tribe in Ganjam district of Orissa. K.N. Reddy and Raju (1999) reported 86 plants belonging to 72 genera and 41 families used in veterinary practices by Sugali, Yanadi and Yerukula tribals of Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. Ramadas et al. (2000) reported 75 species of plants used in ethnoveterinary remedies by the local people in some districts of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. C.S. Reddy and Raju (2000) enumerated 66 species representing 58 genera and 37 families used for common veterinary diseases by Lambadas and Yerukulas in Nalgonda district of Telangana. Naidu (2003) reported 81 species included in 78 genera of 44 families used by Gadaba, Jatapu, Konda dora, Kuttiya, Savara and Yerukula tribals for veterinary diseases in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Patil and Merat (2003) enumerated 26 species of plants used in ethnoveterinary practices by Bhil and Pawara tribals of Nandurbar district, Maharashtra. Ethnoveterinary practices among the Konda reddis of East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh were studied by Misra and Anil Kumar (2004). Mokat and Deokule (2004) dealt with 36 plants used as veterinary medicine by Katkari tribals in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Reddy et al. (2006) reported 35 species of 35 genera representing 28 families for treating livestock by Chenchu, Koya, Konda reddi, Lambada, Nukadora, Porja, Savara, Valmiki and Yanadi tribals in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. A survey of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Cape Comerin, Tamil Nadu by Kiruba et al. (2006) yielded 34 species belonging to 30 genera and 21 families used by rural people and medical practitioners. Murthy et al. (2007) reported 21 medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary practices by Koyas of Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary, Telangana. Hari Babu (2007) recorded 39 species of crude drugs included in 37 genera and 25 families used as phytocure for veterinary diseases by Bagata, Gadaba, Goudu, Khond, Konda dora, Konda kammara, Kotia, Mali, Mukha dora, Porja and Valmiki tribals of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh. Sanyasi Rao et al. (2008) gave information about 73 prescriptions for alleviating diseases of livestock which included 62 plant species. A total of 113 plant species belonging to 100 genera and 46 families used by rural people for the treatment of 44 veterinary health hazards in southern districts of Tamil Nadu was reported by Ganesan et al. (2008). Raju (2009) isolated 15 plants used for veterinary purpose by the Konda reddis of East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh and Khammam district of Telangana. Swamy (2009) reported 17 species of plants used by Gond, Kolam, Koya, Lambada, Naikpod, Pardhan and Thoti tribals of Adilabad district, Telangana, for curing veterinary ailments. Satapathy (2010) dealt with 88 plant species belonging to 46 families and 86 prescriptions for veterinary medicines in use among the tribes of Jaipur district of Orissa. Prasanthi (2010) reported 16 species of plants belonging to 16 genera with 16 practices by the Savaras of Andhra Pradesh. Information was provided on 29 medicinal plant species belonging to 28 genera and 21 families used by the village folk for curing various diseases in Nalgonda district of Telangana (Shashikanth et al., 2011). Salave et al. (2011) enumerated traditional ethnoveterinary knowledge of 13 plant species belonging to 11 genera and 9 families among the local inhabitants of Beed district of Maharashtra. Deshmukh et al. (2011) reported 36 plant species belonging to 33 families used for curing various animal diseases by the traditional livestock healers from Jalna district of Maharashtra. Suneetha et al. (2012) reported 69 species of plants belonging to 63 genera and 39 families used by Konda dora, Konda kammara, Konda kapu, Konda reddi, Koya dora, Manne dora and Valmiki tribals of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh for curing veterinary diseases. Murty and Rao (2012) identified 108 species of plants belonging to 99 genera and 51 families used by the tribals of Andhra Pradesh for ethnoveterinary purpose. Salave et al. (2012) enumerated 21 plant species belonging to 15 families used by Dhangar, Laman and Vanjari tribals for traditional ethnoveterinary practices in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. A study in Polasara block of Ganjam district, Orissa yielded 35 plant species used by local people for the treatment of cattle wounds (Mishra, 2013). Manikandan and Lakshmanan (2014) reported 10 species of ethnoveterinary plants belonging to 10 families used by the Ariya gounder, Jadaya gounder and Kurumba gounder tribals of Kalrayan hills, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu. All the information are reviewed and a list of ethnoveterinary plants is provided by Krishnamurthy et al. (2014).
8.3FODDER YIELDING PLANTS
Agriculture with animal husbandry is prevalent profession of rural and tribal people of India. Livestock is considered one of the main sources of livelihood and integral part of livelihood, which rely mostly on fodder extracted from forests, grasslands, agriculture and agroforestry. Majority of the fodder species are used as multipurpose and contributed to the high socioeconomic values. Poaceae is one of the largest families provide feed and fodder of animals. However grazing in forests has been often considered competitive and conflicting demands from the same land. The animals raised for milk and meat obtain their food, grazing in forests. Green grass is available usually during the rainy season in grasslands, on borders of fields and as weed of cultivation. Particularly, in winter when the green grass is not available and in summer when they are in scarce, there is more dependence on forests for fodder. During scarcity, cattle have to content themselves with inferior fodder and even unpalatable trees. Some useful economic trees, which are actually lopped for fuel and litter, are also lopped for fodder and in still higher ranges what to talk of leaves even tender stems and bark may not be spared by the hungry cattle. The damage to vegetation is greatest. The potential of trees and shrubs for green fodder production has not been fully appreciated in India. Different fodder yielding trees and shrubs differ from place to place and the tree lopped extensively for fodder in one place may not at all be lopped at another place. At the same time excessive and indiscriminate lopping of some fodder yielding trees and shrubs has resulted in destruction in some places. It was observed that shrubs are chiefly browsed by goats and sheep, whereas, the trees cater to the fodder for rest of cattle heads. The trees are generally lopped between April and December. During July and August, enough green fodder in crops is available there by giving relief to the trees and shrubs. The identification of more fodder trees is important since trees have two characteristics, which make them particularly useful during drought. Firstly they are able to draw on moisture and minerals deep in the soil, which are out of reach for grasses. Secondly the leaves of most the trees retain their nutritive value even when they are mature. Trees and shrubs provide fodder, which is of great importance during period of nutritional stress in the dry season when the nutritional value of dormant grasses and forbs is low (Chhetri, 2010). A list of fodder plants of Eastern Ghats is provided by Krishnamurthy et al. (2014).
8.4ENUMERATION
The ethnoveterinary plants used by the tribals of Eastern Ghats and adjacent Deccan region are given in the following Table 8.1.
TABLE 8.1Ethnoveterinary Plants of Eastern Ghats and Deccan
8.5DISCUSSION
The present review deals with 271 species of plants belonging to 221 genera employed in 512 kinds of folklore prescriptions for treating over 134 different types of animal diseases by the rural people and tribals viz., Ariya gounder, Bagata, Bhumij, Chenchu, Dhangar, Gadaba, Gond, Goudu, Jadaya gounder, Jatapu, Katkari, Kattunayakas, Khond, Kol, Kolam, Koli, Konda dora, Konda kammara, Konda kapu, Konda reddi, Konkana, Kotia, Koya, Koya dora, Kurumba gounder, Kuttiya, Laman, Lambada, Mali, Manne dora, Munda, Mukha dora, Naikpod, Nakkala, Nukadora, Pardhan, Porja, Reddy dora, Sabar, Savara, Santal, Sugali, Yanadi, Yerukula, Valmiki, Vanjari, Thakur, Thoti and Warl of Eastern ghats and Deccan plateau covering Orissa, Andhra Prdesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Maharashtra states. The ailments covered include allergy, anemia, anorexia, anthelmintic, anthrax, anti-inflammatory, arthritis, asthma, babesiosis, black quarter, blisters, bloated stomach, blood motions, body pains, bone fracture, bronchitis, calf sickness, carbuncle, cataract, chickenpox, cholera, colic, conjunctivitis, constipation, corneal opacity, cough, cuts and wounds, cuts on tongue, debility and general weakness, dermal itching, diarrrhea, diphtheria, dislocated joints, diuretic, dog bite, dysentery, dyspepsia, easy delivery, ectoparasites, eczema, enteritis, ephemeral fever, epilepsy, epitaxis, eradication of lice, expelling placenta, eye infection, eye injuries, eye problems, fertility and conception, fever, flatulence, foot and mouth disease, galactagogue, gastric problems, glandular swellings, haematuria, haemorrhagic septicemia, HCN poisoning, heart disease, helminthiasis, honeybee bite, horn cancer, horn fracture, horn polish, hump sores, impaction, indigestion, inducing heat, infertility, inflammation, insect bite, intestinal disorders, intestinal worms, joint pains, kidney disorder, knee pain, liver disorders, loose motions, maggot wounds, malaria, mastitis, miscarriage, mosquito bite, motions, mouth ulcers, muscular pain, neck cracks, neck sores, night blindness, oedema, oestrum, opacity of cornea, ophthalmic diseases, panting, papilloma, paralysis, parturition, pneumonia, post-natal pains, pyrexia, rheumatic arthritis, rheumatic pains, rinderpest, ring worm, scabies, scorpion bite, skin diseases, skin infection, snake bite, sore eyes, sores, sprain, stimulant, swellings, stomach pain, tape worm, throat infection, trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis, tumor, tympany, ulcers and wounds, ulcers on tongue, urinary disorders, urinary tract infection, urination, vermifuge, warts, wasp bite, worms, wounds, yokegall and yoke sores. Of the 512 practices 212 were found to be new along with 33 new ethnoveterinary plants viz., Abelmoschus crinitus, Acacia auriculiformis, Alstonia venenata, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Arachis hypogaea, Becium filamentosum, Cadaba fruticosa, Capparis sepiaria, C.zeylanica, Cassia auriculata, C.italica, C.siamea, Cassytha filiformis, Chlorophytum tuberosum, Cipadessa baccifera, Cleome felina, Cocos nucifera, Croton bonplandianum, Deccania pubescens, Delonix regia, Gomphrena serrata, Grewia damine, Hedyotis corymbosa, Macaranga peltata, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Musa rosacea, Pavonia zeylanica, Plumeria alba, Polyalthia longifolia, Polygala arvensis, Saccharum spontaneum, Wrightia arborea, and Ziziphus xylopyrus (Figures 8.1–8.18).
FIGURE 8.1Alstonia venenata.
FIGURE 8.2Ardisia solanacea.
FIGURE 8.3Asparagus racemosus.
FIGURE 8.4Butea monosperma.
FIGURE 8.5Careya arborea.
FIGURE 8.6Curculigo orchioides.
FIGURE 8.7Dodonaea viscosa.
FIGURE 8.8Entada pursaetha.
FIGURE 8.9Grewia tiliaefolia.
FIGURE 8.10Hemionitis arifolia.
FIGURE 8.11Holarrhena antidysenterica.
FIGURE 8.12Macaranga peltata.
FIGURE 8.13Madhuca longifolia.
FIGURE 8.14Oroxylum indicum.
FIGURE 8.15Pergularia daemia.
FIGURE 8.16Semecarpus anacardium.
FIGURE 8.17Wrightia arborea.
FIGURE 8.18Ziziphus oenoplia.
Pal (1992) reported the use of Cissampelos pareira for fever, Shorea robusta for dysentery and intestinal worms and Casearia elliptica, Cocculus hirsutus, Madhuca longifolia, Melia azedarach, Moringa oleifera, Pongamia pinnata for other veterinary prescriptions by Asur, Birhore, Kondh, Mach, Munda, Oraon, Robka, Santal tribals of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
Species like Abrus precatorius, Abutilon indicum, Acacia auriculiformis, A.catechu, A.chundra, Achyranthes aspera, Aloe vera, Andrographis paniculata, Annona reticulata, A.squamosa, Ardisia solanacea, Aristolochia indica, Azadirachta indica, Careya arborea, Carissa spinarum, Casearia elliptica, Celosia argentea, Chloroxylon swietenia, Cissus pallida, C.quadrangularis ris, Clematis gouriana, Cocos nucifera, Curculigo orchioides, Curcuma longa, Drosera burmannii, Eclipta prostrata, Elephantopus scaber, Ficus benghalensis, F. hispida, Gardenia gummifera, Glycosmis arborea, Hemionitis arifolia, Leucas cephalotes, Litsea glutinosa, Macaranga peltata, Martynia annua, Momordica charantia, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum americanum, Oroxylum indicum, Pavonia zeylanica, Plumbago zeylanica, Plumeria rubra, Pterocarpus marsupium, Pterolobium hexapetalum, Ricinus communis, Saccharum spontaneum, Schleichera oleosa, Semecarpus anacardium, Spermadictyon suaveolens, Strychnos potatorum, Syzygium cumini, Tridax procumbens, Urena lobata, Vitex negundo, Woodfordia fruticosa and Ziziphus oenoplia are commonly used in the treatment of wounds. Achyranthes aspera, Andrographis paniculata, A. neesiana, Cleistanthus collinus, Lawsonia inermis, Semecarpus anacardium, Strychnos nux-vomica, Terminalia bellirica, Tinospora cordifolia and Trema orientalis are utilized for curing foot and mouth disease. Andrographis paniculata, Areca catechu, Aristolochia bracteolata, A.indica, Asparagus racemosus, Azadirachta indica, Blepharispermum subsessile, Caesalpinia bonduc, Calotropis procera, Capparis sepiaria, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cassia fistula, Cipadessa baccifera, Cissus quadrangula, Cleome viscosa, Delonix regia, Tamarindus indica and Vitex negundo are used for treatment of ephemeral fever. Aegle marmelos, Albizia amara, Bauhinia vahlii, Canthium parviflorum, Cassia occidentalis, C.siamea, Cassytha filiformis, Cissus quadrangularis, Coccinia grandis, Dendrophthoe falcata, Dodonaea viscosa, Grewia hirsuta, Jatropha gossypifolia, Leea macrophylla, Murraya paniculata, Phyllanthus emblica, Plumbago zeylanica, Polyalthia longifolia, Solanum surattense, Tinospora cordifolia, Triticum aestivum and Ziziphus oenoplia are used for bone setting. Herbal veterinary medicine also offers enormous scope for further research; hence all the existing information to be correctly recorded before it is lost. Basing on the age-old practices, pharmaceutical industries may formulate some novel prescriptions to cure various animal diseases.
8.6CONCLUSION
India has got great traditional background in the field of ethnoveterinary medicine and practices, but in the process of modernization, this knowledge is vanishing very rapidly. In remote areas many herbal healers are present who have great-undocumented traditional knowledge about animal diseases, herbal treatments, herbal formulations. However, this important veterinary knowledge is in danger of extinction due to rapid modernization. Actually, this information survived by being passed from one generation to next but now-a-days younger generation does not take interest in animal husbandry practices. Due to this apathy, the valuable information about ethnoveterinary medicine is disappearing. Documentaion and standardization of ethnoveterinary knowledge are also important in the context of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) to check the patent claims. In future, detailed chemical and pharmacological investigations of these traditional formulations and medicinal plants will be very helpful for inventing/developing the new veterinary drugs. Therefore, efforts should be made to retain this valuable information for validation and future uses. Ethnoveterinary medicine can make an economic difference, but its cost-efectiveness varies and depends on many different factors. Pharmacopoeia of ethnoveterinary medicines should be developed for its popularity and to check patenting; to develop a proper link between traditional veterinary healers and modern veterinary doctors and rare ethnoveterinary medicinal plants would be listed and preserved for posterity.
KEYWORDS
•Deccan Plateau
•Eastern Ghats
•Ethnoveterinary Medicine
•Prescriptions
•Tribals
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