21. Manceron, 2: 7–9; Gazetteer and Daily Advertiser, May 1, 1778, Seitz, Don, ed., Paul Jones, his exploits in English seas, during 1778–1780, Contemporary accounts collected from English newspapers. New York, 1917, 11–12; Young Thomas became the 5th Earl of Selkirk and went on to play a role in the expansion of Canada.
22. The Cumberland Chronicle and Whitehaven Public Advertiser, Apr. 25, 1778.
23. Jones to the Countess of Selkirk, May 8, 1778, JPJ, 167–170. During 1782, Lord Selkirk would support the renewed effort to create a Scottish militia, contributing to national defense. A radical Whig, he joined John Cartwright, Granville Sharp and Josiah Wedgwood in the Society for Constitutional Information, which aimed to reform the way in which representatives were elected to the Commons. Morison, 151–154; Robertson, John, The Scottish Enlightenment and the Militia Issue. Edinburgh, 1985, 128, 141.
24. Diary of Dr Ezra Green, April 24, 1778, JPJ, 204.
25. Fowler, 170.
1. Morison, 142; Lorenz, Lincoln, John Paul Jones: Fighter for Freedom and Glory. Annapolis, 1943, 144–149; Jones Memorandum to Benjamin Franklin, July 4–5, 1778, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, New Haven, Ct. 1959-, 27: 45.
2. Rodger, The Command of the Ocean, 76–79.
3. Milton, Giles, White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa’s One Million European Slaves. London, 2004, 13–37, 58–61, 113.
4. Captain George Bonyer to Philip Stephens, June 29, 1777, NDAR 9: 443–444.
5. Wilson, Kathleen, The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715–1785. Cambridge, UK, 1998, 237–284; Rude, George, ‘“Mother Gin” and the London Riots of 1736’, and ‘Wilkes and Liberty, 1768–9’, Paris and London in the Eighteenth Century, New York, 1970, 201–267.
6. MacDougall, 118; Warner, 169, 207, 212.
7. A miniature of Wickes exists by late eighteenth-century French artist Louis Marie Sicardi.
8. The Cumberland Chronicle and Whitehaven Public Advertiser, Apr. 25, 1778.
9. Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, Apr. 28, 1778, JPJ, 211.
10. The Cumberland Chronicle and Whitehaven Public Advertiser, Jan. 6, 1778.
11. Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, Apr. 28, 1778.
12. Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, Apr 29, 1778, Seitz, 8–9.
13. Jones to Robert Morris, Dec.11, 1777, JPJ, 107–108.
14. Jones to Benjamin Franklin, May 18, 1778, JPJ, 167; The Cumberland Chronicle and Whitehaven Public Advertiser, Apr. 25, 1778; Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, May 8, 1778, Seitz, 19; Wilson, Andrew, ‘He raided the fleet but gave back the Teapot’, Christian Science Monitor, Apr. 23, 1987. Wilson says that today the teapot is in a Kirkcudbright bank vault, although that is not evidence that Jones ever had it.
15. JPJ, 153.
16. Sperry, Armstrong, John Paul Jones: The Pirate Patriot. New York, 2016 contends that the British thought Jones was a pirate. Another portrait of Jones is said have been done in 1780 by Charles Willson Peale, but Jones was in Europe at the time and Charles Coleman Sellers’ exhaustive study, Charles Willson Peal, New York, 1969 does not mention this portrait.
17. Morrison, 391–406.
18. Proceedings in the Lords respecting the Commercial Losses occasioned by the American War, Feb. 6, 1778, NDAR, 11: 968, 971; Conway, The British Isles, 64–65; Buel, 96; Fowler, 134.
1. The Cumberland Chronicle and Whitehaven Public Advertiser, Apr. 4, 11, 25, 1778; Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, May 5, 1778, JPJ, 212.
2. The Cumberland Chronicle and Whitehaven Public Advertiser, Apr. 25, 1778.
3. Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, May 9, 1778, Gazetteer and Daily Advertiser, May 11, 1778, JPJ, 212–214.
4. ‘The 18th century defenses of Whitehaven’, 2007, http:whitehavenandwesternlakeland.co.uk, accessed 10/30/21.
5. Ibid.
6. Starkey, 194–195.
7. Memorial of the Merchants, Traders, and Ship Owners of London to Lord Weymouth, Nov. 24, 1777; Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman on Board the Roebuck … to his father in Edinburgh, March 8, 1777, NDAR, 10: 1024, 8: 61; Bristol, England was active in privateering during the Revolution: Morgan, 220–221; Press, 15–17; Buel, 56–57.
8. Archive Centre, Liverpool Maritime Museum, B/BROC; Hollet, 21–23.
9. The Cumberland Chronicle and Whitehaven Public Advertiser, Apr. 11, 1778; Hay, 65– 67; Wilson, 269.
10. Hay, 30; Virginia Calendar of State Papers for April 3 and 16, 1779 in Charles, Joan, Mid-Atlantic Shipwreck Accounts to 1899. Hampton, VA, 1997, 19–20.
11. Pool, Bernard, Navy Board Contracts 1660–1832. London, 1966, 77–110.
12. Hollet, 23.
13. Hollet, 24. By 1795 Brocklebank’s had a merchant fleet consisted of eleven vessels. Five years later, the yard had completed seven brigs, two full-rigged ships, one cutter and a snow. The plans and specifications of the vessels built by his yard, provide an important source for the construction of eighteenth and early nineteenth century merchant ships. Brocklebank retired at 59 years of age, and died the following year at his home, No. 25 Roper Street. His company was renamed for his remaining sons Thomas and John, who took over the business.
1. ‘He Bought HMS Drake’, Seacoast New Hampshire, 2012, 4/4/20.
2. O Baoill, Ruairi, Carrickfergus, the Story of the Castle and Walled Town. Belfast, 2008, 58–78.
3. McConnell, Charles, The French are Landing! The Forgotten Invasion of Carrickfergus in 1760, 1–14.
4. Ibid., 15–38
5. McConnell, 39–49; Tildesley, Jim, ‘I am Determined to Live or Die on Board My Ship’ The life of Admiral John Inglis: An American in the Georgian Navy. Kibworth Beauchamp, UK, 2019, 43–72.
6. Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, May 1, 1778; Diary of Dr Ezra Green, April 24, 1778, Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, May 9, 1778; Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, May 11, 1778, JPJ, 204–205, 212–214.
7. Building Accounts from Langdon Ledger-Daybook, Feb. 1, 1779-July 14, 1779, Ibid., 223–224.
8. Fisher, Epilogue: The Ranger leaves France under Command of Thomas Simpson, Ibid., 189; Fowler, 104–107.
9. JPG, 189–190.
10. Morison, 167–172; Syrett, Royal Navy in European Waters, 61–79.
11. Jones to Thomas Simpson, April 26, 1778; Jones to Thomas Simpson, May 7, 1778; Jones to Elijah Hall, May 7, 1778, JPJ, 144, 154; Gawalt, Gerald and Sellers, John, eds., John Paul Jones’ Memoir of the American Revolution Presented to King Louis XVI of France. Washington, DC, 1979, 8; Morison, 171.
12. American Commissioners to Jones, May 25, 1778, From Benjamin Franklin to Jones, May 27, 1778, JPJ, 170–171; John Adams Diary and Autobiography, June 3, 1778, NDAR, 4: 123–124.
13. Diary of Dr Ezra Green, July 27, 1778, JPJ, 207.
14. Morison, 166–167.
15. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 317–318.
16. Gilje, Paul, Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution. Philadelphia, 2004, 110–112; De Koven, 272–279.
17. Morison, 196–197.
18. Ranger Crew Members to the Commissioners, June 3, 1778; The Warrant and Petty Officers of the Ranger: Petition to the American Commissioners, June 15, 1778, JPJ, 181–185; Thomas, Evan, John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy. New York, 2004, 91,118. The latest analysis of Jones and his conflict with the Ranger’s crew is Jonathan Feld, ‘John Paul Jones’ Locker, The Mutinous Men of the Continental Ship Ranger and the Confinement of Lieutenant Thomas Simpson’, Department of the Navy, Washington, DC., online June 11, 2019; Gilje, 97–129.
1. Dull, 107–109.
2. Mackesy, 279–281; Paterson, A. T., The Other Armada: The Franco-Spanish Attempt to Invade Britain in 1779. Manchester, 1960.
3. Manceron, 2: 176–177.
4. Ibid., 2: 177–179.
5. Ibid., 2: 180–181.
6. Stokes, 32–33; Morison, 186–88, 200–206. John Kilby wrote a detailed account of his naval service as a member of the crew. Still, he wrote it more than thirty years after the events he describes and he mistakenly places Leith in Ireland and is a supporter of Jones, ignoring his flaws.
7. Morison, 188–191; Miller, 371–374.
8. Morison, 191–197.
9. Ibid., 197–212.
10. Ibid., 212–220.
11. Ibid., 213.
12. Ibid., 221–232.
13. Morison, 251–252; Miller, 378–385.
14. Barnes, John, ed., The Logs of the ‘Serapis’, ‘Alliance’, ‘Ariel’ Under the Command of John Paul Jones, 1779–1780. New York, 1911, 32, 36–39, 45, Stokes, 43–47.
15. Morison, 201, 256, 307–308.
16. Gardiner, 154, 189.
17. Morison, 266–68; Miller, 433–436.
18. Morison, 290–301.
19. Ibid., 269–279.
20. Ibid., 301–307.
21. Ibid., 307–308.
22. Fowler, 149.
23. Morison, 275–289; Martelle, Scott, The Admiral and the Ambassador. Chicago, 2014, 50.
24. Morison 401–408; Arnett, Earl, Brugger, Robert, Papenfuse, Edward, Maryland, A New Guide to the Old Line State. Baltimore, 1999, 56.
1. Rodger, Insatiable Earl, 235–236.
2. Ibid., 238–239.
3. Manceron, 143.
4. Rodger, Insatiable Earl, 272–277.
5. Rodger, Command of the Ocean. 336–337, 342.
6. [O’Beirne, Thomas Lewis,] Candid and Impartial Narrative of the Transactions of the Fleet: Under the Command of Lord Howe. London, 1779, 5–10.
7. Hamond autobiography, HP. 1: 89–90; John Bowater to Lord Denbigh, Jul 31, 1778, Balderston and Syrett, 166–167; Marine Committee to Count d’Estaing, July 17 and Aug. 12, 1778, Paullin, 268–269, 284–285; O’Beirne, 11–15; Syrett, Admiral Lord Howe, 79–80.
8. James Payne, Logbook of the Roebuck, Aug. 27, 1778-May 12, 1779, NMM, ADM L/R 150; O’Beirne, 17–28.
9. O’Beirne, 30–31.
10. Clinton, 149–160; Smith, Paul, Loyalists and Redcoats: A Study in British Revolutionary Policy. New York, 1964, 79–125.
11. Wright, Leitch, Florida in the American Revolution, Gainesville, Fl., 1975, 5–6, 27–28, 44, 53, 103; Mowat, Charles, East Florida as a British Province 1763–1784. Gainesville, Fl., 1964, 108–123.
12. Wright, 43–44, 56–58.
13. Clinton, 116–117.
14. Clinton, 134; Comte d’Estaing, Journal of the Siege of Savannah; Anonymous naval officer, An English Journal of the Siege of Savannah 1779 in Muskets Cannon Balls & Bombs, ed. Kennedy, Benjamin, Savannah, 1974, 42–45, 83.
15. d’Estaing, 46–48; Augustine Prévost to George Germain, Nov. 1, 1779, Journal of the Siege of Savannah in Kennedy, 93; Major General Lincoln, Journal from Sept. 3 to Oct. 19, 1779 in Kennedy, 121–122.
16. d’Estaing; Prévost; Anonymous naval officer, Kennedy 46, 94, 81–82.
17. Prévost, Kennedy, 95–96; Lincoln, 123.
18. d’Estaing; Anonymous naval officer; Lincoln, Kennedy 67-68, 85-86, 127.
19. d’Estaing; Anonymous naval officer, Kennedy 74, 86–88.
20. d’Estaing, Kennedy, 69–70.
21. Boubacar, Barry, Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge, UK, 1998, 55–126.
1. Germain to Clinton, Sept. 27, 1779, Clinton, 423.
2. Clinton, 159-160; John Philips, Logbook of the Roebuck, Dec. 11, 1779-June 18, 1780, NMM, ADM L/R, 161.
3. Clinton, 160–161; Roebuck Captain’s Log, Dec 25–26, 1779 and Apr. 8–10, 1780, NA, ADM 51/796; Black, 185.
4. Hamond autobiography, HP, 1: 18, 114; quote from Mackesy, The War for America, 341.
5. Harris, J. William, The Hanging of Thomas Jeremiah. New Haven, Ct., 2009, 7–10.
6. McCowen, George, The British Occupation of Charleston, 1780–82. Columbia, SC, 1972, 3, 6.
7. Hamond autobiography, HP, 1: 109–110; NA, ADM 1/486, f. 355; Black, 183–189.
8. John Philips, Logbook of the Roebuck, Dec. 11, 1779-June 18, 1780, NMM, ADM L/R, 161; Hamond autobiography, HP, 1: 111.
9. John Philips, Logbook of the Roebuck, Ibid.; Hamond autobiography, HP, 1: 112.
10. Clinton, 164; the observer was Peter Timothy, publisher of the South Carolina Gazette. After the British took Charleston, as a rebel he was sent to prison in St Augustine, Florida.
11. Borick, Carl, A Gallant Defense, the Siege of Charleston, 1780. Columbia, S.C., 2003, 136–137.
12. Gilpin, William, ed., Memoirs of Josias Rogers. London, 1808, 52–53; Hamond to George Keith Elphinstone, April 14, 1780, Elphinstone, George Keith, The Keith Papers, selected from the Letters and Papers of Admiral Viscount Keith. ed. W.G. Perrin, London, 1927, 1: 165–166.
13. Hamond autobiography, HP, 1: 113.
14. Clinton, 169; Tracy, Nicholas, Who’s Who in Nelson’s Navy. London, 2006, 273; Tarleton, Banastre, A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America, Dublin, 1787, 49.
15. Clinton, 171; Willis, Sam, The Struggle for Sea Power: Naval History of the American Revolution. New York, 2015, 352–355; Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 345.
16. George Scott, Logbook of the Roebuck, May 15, 1780-May 14, 1781, NMM, ADM L/R 150; Hamond autobiography, HP 114; Tracy, Who’s Who in Nelson’s Navy, 213; Tarleton, 53; Fowler, 110; Coker, P.C., Charleston’s Maritime Heritage 1670–1865. Charleston, 1987, 110.
17. Smith, Paul, 126–133.
18. Clinton, 182, 186.
19. Clinton, 173–180; McCowen, 13- 42; Bull, Jr., Kinloch, The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston. Columbia, S.C., 1993, 293–296.
20. McCowen, 86.
21. Thomas Williams, Logbook of the Roebuck, May 15, 1780-June 2, 1781, NMM, ADM L/R 219; McCowen, 87–88. Captain James Gambier is not to be confused with his uncle Admiral James Gambier.
22. McCowen, 82–83; Coker, 125.
23. Fraser, Henry, ‘The Memoranda of William Green, Secretary to Vice-Admiral Marriott Arbuthnot in the American Revolution’, Rhode Island Historical Society Collections, 17: 59–64; Clinton, 181.
1. Clinton, 149–160.
2. George Germain to Henry Clinton, Jan. 23, 1779, Clinton, 397–399 and 27, quote on 27; Smith, 109; O’Shaughnessy, Andrew, The Men Who Lost America, British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of Empire. New Haven 2013, 227–228. Sir Henry Clinton saw the long-term strategic value of the Chesapeake and also a place to cultivate Loyalists. However, Clinton’s attitude toward Loyalists was more restrained than that of Lord Germain as he sought to limit the restoration of civil government and the forming of Loyalist combat units.
3. Collier, George, A Detail of Some Particular Services Performed in America During the Years 1776–1779. New York, 1835.
4. Collier to Clinton, May 16, 1779, Clinton, 406–7, quote on 406; Wilcox, Portrait of a General, 274–275; Fallaw, Robert and Stoer, Marion, ‘The Old Dominion Under Fire’, Eller, 443–452; Hast, 99–101; Selby, 204–209; Smith, Paul, 108–110; Wertenbaker and Schlegel, 70.
5. Edmund Pendleton to Woodford, June 21, 1779, The Letters and Papers of Edmund Pendleton, 1734–1803. Charlottesville, Va., 1967, 1: 290–1; Smith, Paul, 110–111; Northampton County Minute Book, May 1779; Hast, 138; Selby, 204–209.
6. Henry Clinton to George Mathew, May 20, 1779, Clinton, 406–407.
7. The fleet returned immediately to New York with all its refugees, ‘Return of Persons that came off from Virginia with General Mathew in the Fleet August 24, 1779’, NA, CO 5/52/63.
8. Germain to Clinton, Jan. 23, 1779, Clinton, 397–399; Smith, Paul, 109–111.
9. Clinton, 230–231, 235, quote on 235; Wilcox, Portrait of a General, 349–350; Wertenbaker and Schlegel, 71–72; Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Delaware, 1609–1888. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1972, 2: 386–387.
10. Petition of Somerset and Worcester Loyalists to General Leslie, before July 3, 1781, in Thomas, Roger, ed., Brown Books. Annapolis, 1948, 2: 481.
11. Selby, 216–217, 220–221; Fallow and Stoer, 453–457.
12. Clinton, 228–229; Selby, 220–221.
13. Instructions to Brigadier General Arnold, Dec. 13, 1780, Clinton, 482–483, 244; Wilcox, Portrait of a General, 354, 372–373; Selby, 221–223, Fallow and Stoer, 458–459; Benjamin Caldwell to William Hotham, April 18, 1778, NDAR, 12:135.
14. Kranish, Michael, Flight from Monticello: Thomas Jefferson at War, New York, 2010, 119–318; Fallow and Stoer, 464.
15. Simcoe, John Graves, Simcoe’s Military Journal, Arno ed., New York, 1968, 93–95; Booker, Marshall, ‘Privateering from the Bay, Including Admiralty Courts and Tory as well as Patriot Operations’, Eller, 179.
16. Kranish, 141, 183–186; Selby, 223–224.
17. Journal of Rear-Admiral Bartholomew James, 1752–1828, eds. J. Laughton and J. Sullivan, Naval Records Society, 1896, 103–104.
18. Ferreiro, Larrie, ‘The Race to the Chesapeake between Destouches and Arbuthnot, March 1781’, Mariner’s Mirror, 104: 477–481.
19. Mahan, 341–344; Benians, 111; Clinton, 254, 276.
20. Goldenberg, Joseph, and Stoer, Marion, ‘The Virginia Navy’, Eller, 194–195.
21. Arnold to Clinton, May 12, 1781, Clinton, 520.
22. Simcoe, 199; Clinton, 520.
23. Simcoe, 199; Goldenberg and Stoer, 202–203.
24. George Dashiell to Thomas Sim Lee, March 12, 1781; Joseph Dashiell to Thomas Sim lee, March 13, 1781, MA, 47: 118, 120-22; Stewart, Robert, The History of Virginia’s Navy of the Revolution. Baltimore, 1934, 102.
25. Joseph Dashiell to Thomas Sim Lee, July 5, 1781 and Joseph Dashiell to Thomas Sim Lee, July 13, 1781, Brown Books, 3: 483, 488.
1. Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 19–20.
2. George Germain to Henry Clinton, Sept. 2, 1778, Clinton, 390–391, 135.
3. Clinton to Francis McLean, Feb. 11, 1779 and Francis McLean to Clinton, May 28, 1779, Kevitt, 57, 60; Buker, George, The Penobscot Expedition. Lanham, Md., 2002, 6–14.
4. Buker, 19.
5. Morison, 38–39, 42–45, 59, 71, 87–89, 97.
6. Buker, 22.
7. Continental Navy Board in Boston to Massachusetts Council, June 30, 1779, Kevitt, 64.
8. Morison, 44–45, 77, 88–89; Kevitt, 5–8.
9. Peter Warren to Thomas Corbett, June 18, 1745, The Royal Navy and North America: The Warren Papers, 1736–1752. Gwyn, Julian, ed., London, 1973, 120–125; Rawlyk, George, Yankees at Louisbourg, Orono, Me., 1967, 44–57; Lovell’s Journal, July 15, 1779 and July 19, 1779, Kevitt, 27–28; Buker, 24.
10. Continental Navy Board in Boston to Massachusetts Council, June 30, 1779, Kevitt, 64; Buker, 29.
11. Massachusetts Council, Warrant to Impress Seamen, July 3, 1779, Kevitt, 68–69; Buker, 23.
12. Continental Navy Board to Dudley Saltonstall, July 13, 1779; Lovell’s Journal, July 26 and July 28, 1779, Kevitt, 72–73, 33, 35.
13. Buker, 39–40, 48, 68.
14. Petition from Ship Masters to Commodore Saltonstall, July 27, 1779, Kevitt, 78.
15. Major Lee to Major General Lord Stirling, August 1, 1779, Kevitt, 87–88.
16. Buker, 75–81, 91.
17. George Collier to Henry Clinton, Aug. 19, 1779, Clinton, 416–417; Council of War on Board the ‘Warren’, Aug. 14, 1779, and Falmouth Committee of Safety to Massachusetts Council, Aug. 30, 1779, Kevitt, 108–109, 114–115.
18. Statement of General Wadsworth, Sept. 29, 1779, Kevitt, 141–146.
19. Notes from Saltonstall’s Defense, Penobscot Marine Museum, Me, LB2023.26.18; Buker, 114–135.
20. Kevitt, 174–175; Buker, 14–15.
21. Fischer, Julian, ‘The Ranger leaves France under the Command of Thomas Simpson’, Sawtelle, 189.
22. Kevitt, 171–172; Buker, 163.
23. C. Bruce Fergusson, ‘Perkins, Simeon’, in DCB, vol. 5, University of Toronto/ Université Laval, 2003–to date, accessed January 29, 2021, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/perkins_simeon_5E.html.
24. Miller, 253, 281.
25. John Allen, Orders Given to Indians, Aug. 17, 1778, Military Operations in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia, ed. Kidder, Frederic, Albany, 1867, 255–256. Gwyn, Frigates and Foremasts, 68.
1. Syrett, Shipping and the American War, 17–36; Talbott, 36–39.
2. Gwyn, Julian, Excessive Expectations: Maritime Commerce & the Economic Development of Nova Scotia, 1740–1870. Montreal and Kingston, 1998, 16–30.
3. Navy Board to Philip Stephens, Dec. 9, 1762, NMM, ADM/B/170; Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 4–8, 10; Ubbelohde, Carl, The Vice Admiralty Courts and the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, NC, 1960, 3–4, 49–53.
4. Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 7–10, 231.
5. Navy Board to Arbuthnot, Oct. 3, 1775, TNA, ADM106/2470, fol. 211–212; Hamond to Navy Board, Nov. 25, 1781, HP, 7: 43, 47; Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 24–25, 101–121.
6. Hamond to Navy Board, Nov. 25, 1781, HP 7: 47; Navy Board to Hamond, NA, ADM106/2471, fol. 190; Hamond to George Thomas, Jan. 1, 1782, HP, 9: 106; Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 78, 106, 113–114, 244.
7. Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 170–174.
8. Marriot Arbuthnot to Philip Stephens, Oct. 29, 1780, NA, ADM1/486, fol. 443; Gwyn, ‘The Halifax Naval Yard and Mast Contractors, 1775–1815’, The Northern Mariner – Le marin du nord, 11: 1–25.
9. Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 20–21, 67, 69; Donald F. Chard, ‘Arbuthnot, Marriot’, in DCB, vol. 4, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed October 31, 2021, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/arbuthnot_mariot_4E.html..
10. George Washington to James Bowdoin, June 14, 1780, George Washington Papers at the U.S. Library of Congress, Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library, http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mgw/mgw3c/003/301298.gif, accessed May 15, 2019.
11. Marble, Allan Everett, Surgeons, Smallpox, and the Poor: A History of Medicine and Social Conditions in Nova Scotia, 1749–1799. Montreal, 1993, 45–48, 73–81, 103–108.
12. Blakeley, Phyllis and Grant, John, eds., Eleven Exiles, Accounts of Loyalists in the American Revolution. Toronto, 1982, 30–32, 71–72; Marble, 107–110.
13. Marble, 112.
14. Hamond autobiography, HP, 1: 124–125; Lincoln, 33–34.
15. Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 43–45; Cahill, J. B., ‘Hamond, Sir Andrew Snape’, DCB, vol. 6, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–to date, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hamond_andrew_snape_6E.html, accessed Nov. 4, 2016.
16. Hamond to Sick & Hurt Board, Nov. 25, 1781, HP, 8: 11–13, 9: 189–191.
17. Blakeley, ‘Hughes, Sir Richard’, DCB, vol. 5, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003– to date, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hughes_richard_5E.html, accessed May 30, 2017.
18. Hamond to Capt. Russell, April 20, 23, 1782, HP, 7: 78–79; Mercer, Keith, North Atlantic Press Gangs: Impressment and Naval-Civilian Relations in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland 1749–1815, PhD thesis Dalhousie University, 2008, 82–83.
19. Hamond to Lt. Vardon, June 13, 1782, HP, 9: 13.
20. Hamond to Brigadier General Campbell, Sept. 12, 1781, HP, 7: 126–127.
1. Morison, 76–80; Miller, 128–129.
2. Morison, 87.
3. Hamond to Thomas Graves, Dec. 6, 1781, HP 7: 51–52; Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 155–157.
4. Magra, The Fisherman’s Cause. Cambridge, UK, 2011, 73–98.
5. Gwyn, Frigates and Foremasts, 64–66.
6. Blakeley, ‘Hughes, Sir Richard’, DCB, accessed May 30, 2017.
7. Hamond to Navy Board, Nov. 25, 1781, HP, 7: 43, 47.
8. Horwood, Harold, and Butts, Edward, eds., Bandits and Privateers: Canada in the Age of Gunpowder. Halifax, 1988, 39–42.
9. Mackesy, 37, 158; Gwyn, Frigates and Foremasts, 67.
10. ‘The Barracks’, Canada’s Historic Places, Provincial Registry found at Heritage Property Program office, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A6.
11. Moody, Barry, ‘Ritchie, John’, DCB, vol. 4, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed November 20, 2017. The record on the Resolution and Captain Amos Potter is unclear. After the Resolution was captured in 1779, it appears that a second privateer Resolution was launched. Meanwhile in July 10, 1780, the refitted Loyalist privateer Resolution fought a hot engagement with the American privateer Viper to a draw.
12. Hamond to Robert Digby, June 2, 1782, HP, 7: 89–91; Gwyn, Frigates and Foremasts, 74–75; Nova Scotia Gazette, June 4, 1782 and Letter of Lieutenant William Gray, June 12, 1782, Paine, Ralph, The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem, Massachusetts. Salem, 2007, 72–75.
13. Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, 123; Horwood and Butts, 42–44; Beck, J. Murray, ‘Creighton, John (1721–1807)’, DCB, vol. 5, University of Toronto/ Université Laval, 2003–, accessed November 20, 2017.
14. Hamond to Alexander Breymer, July 1, 1782, HP, 7:22-23, 97; Gwyn, Frigates and Foremasts, 73, 75.
15. Hamond to the Admiralty, Sept. 10, 1781, HP, 7: 22–23. In November 1781, Douglas had taken time from his duties to marry Anne Burgess in New York. He was only twenty and his later portraits show him to be handsome and youthful. Anne was later painted as Lady Anne Douglass, in the simplest dress and hair style, reflecting classical taste. She would be a great favorite of Admiral Howe. The couple would eventually have two daughters and one son: Anne, Harriet, Andrew Snape Jr.
16. Hamond to Admiralty, Sept.10, 1781; Hamond to Graves, Sept.10, 1781, HP, 7: 22–23, 8: 1; Gwyn, Frigates and Foremasts, 80.
17. Hamond to John Crymes, Aug. 10, 1782, HP, 9: 152.
18. Hamond to the Admiralty, Nov. 13, 1782; Hamond to Robert Digby, Nov. 22, 1782, HP, 7: 152, 155.
19. Hamond to Robert Digby, September 24, 1782; Hamond to the Navy Board, Oct. 25, 1782, HP, 7: 131–132, 145–146; McCowen, 149.
20. MacKinnon, Neil, This Unfriendly Soil: The Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783– 1791. Montreal and Kingston, 1986, 13–18, 35–45.
21. Mackinnon, 8, 40, 68; Syrett, Shipping and the American War, 238; Jasanoff, Maya, Liberty’s Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World. New York, 2011, 86–87.
22. Peter Burroughs, ‘Parr, John,’ DCB, vol. 4, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003– to date, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/parr_john_4E.html, accessed July 13, 2022.
23. Hamond to Lord Shelburne, Oct. 9, 1782; Hamond to Philip Stephens, Oct. 30, 1782, HP, 8: 33, 7: 147–148.
24. Sir Andrew Snape Hamond, hamondplainshistoricalsociety.ca/our-history/ 11/ 5/ 2016; Gwyn, Ashore and Afloat, 334, 339.
25. Hamond to Captain Fisher, Dec. 4, 1782, HP, 9: 201, 204.
1. Rodger, The Command of the Ocean. 169, 170, 179; Smith, C.T., An Historical Geography of Western Europe. New York, 1967, 146–153.
2. Donald, Diana, The Age of Caricature: Satirical Prints in the Reign of George III. New Haven, Ct., 1996, 20.
3. Elliott, John, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830. New Haven, Ct., 2006, 353–366.
4. Silas Dean to Miguel Lagounere & Company, Oct. 19, 1777; Gustavus Conyngham to Arthur Lee, Jan. 31, 1778; Floridablanca to Francisco de Escarano, Feb. 16, 1778; Lord Weymouth to Lord Grantham, Feb. 20, 1778, NDAR, 11: 957, 11: 1013, 11: 1026.
5. Dull, 91–2, 107–109.
6. Ibid., 108–109.
7. Ibid., 110–112.
8. A Gentleman, An accurate Description of Gibraltar: interspersed with a Pathetic Account of the Progress of the Siege, reprint Uckfield, UK, 1–2, 21–22; McGuffie, T.H., The Siege of Gibraltar. London, 1965, 14–17.
9. ‘Etat des forces employais au siege de Gibraltar au commencement de September 1782’, Seven Letters about siege of Gibraltar, Armee France, 1782, Ashok Vilon, India, 17.
10. McGuffie, 45, 54, 84.
11. Ibid., 45–46, 100, 117–118.
12. Ibid, 49, 73.
13. A Gentleman, 15–16.
14. Spilsbury, John, A Journal of the Siege of Gibraltar, 1779–1783. London, 1908, 10; A Gentleman, 6–7; Willis, 297–298.
15. Spilsbury, 33, 38, 82.
16. McGuffie, 49, 55.
17. Spilsbury, 19.
18. Spilsbury, 25, 63; A Gentleman, 23–24.
19. Courcells, Jean, Dictionnaire historique et biographique des generaux francais. Paris, 1820, 1: 291–295.
20. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 349.
21. McGuffie, 13.
22. Le Michaud, Jean-Claude-Elenor, Historie du Siege de Gibraltar, Fait Pendent L’ete de 1782 sous les Ordres du Captaine General Duc de Crillon …1783, 10–47; Etat des forces, Camp de Roche, Sept. 12, 1782, 7–10, 18.
23. Spilsbury, 77–78; Le Michaud, 55–66.
24. Spilsbury, 47; Le Michaud, 68–75.
25. Spilsbury, 71; Le Michaud, 77.
26. Donald, 60–63.
1. Spilsbury, 11.
2. A Gentleman, 33.
3. McGuffie, 40, 44–45.
4. Spilsbury, 1, 11.
5. Ibid., 8, 17. 22, 27, 28, 38.
6. A Gentleman, 10–15.
7. McGuffie, 49, 54, 61.
8. Connolly, Thomas, The History of the Corps of Royal Sappers and Mines, London, 1857, 1: 1.
9. Ibid., 1: 4–8.
10. Ibid.,1: 7–8.
11. McGuffie, 23–27
12. Ibid., 41–43
13. Connolly, 1: 13–14; Spilsbury, 64.
14. Mackesy, 381–382.
15. Rodger, Insatiable Earl, 242–244.
16. Spinney, David, Rodney. London, 1969, 297–302; Rodger, The Command of the Ocean. 343.
17. Spinney, 304–310; Rodger, The Command of the Ocean. 344–345.
18. Spilsbury, 16.
19. Spilsbury, 92–102; McGuffie, 94–96.
20. Syrett, Admiral Lord Howe, 104–105.
21. A Gentleman, 27–28, 50–52; Rodger, The Command of the Ocean. 355–356.
22. Syrett, Admiral Lord Howe, 105–106.
23. Spilsbury, 5, 23; McGuffie, 48–49, 54, 132–136.
24. McGuffie, 40–54
25. Knight, Roger, ‘Curtis, Sir Roger, First Baronet’, DNB, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref: odnb/6961, accessed, Jan. 21, 2021; Syrett, Admiral Lord Howe, 66.
26. Knight.
27. Knight; McGuffie, 119–137.
28. McGuffie, 137–138.
29. Ibid., 160–164.
30. The Memorial of Benjamin Whitecuff a Black Man, NA, Audit Office, class 13, 56: 628.
31. McGuffie, 150.
32. Ibid., 173.
33. Ibid., 169, 174.
34. Ibid., 188, 194.
35. Dull, 147, 152, 156–157.
36. Spilsbury, 96; McGuffie, 189.
37. McGuffie, 173, 177, 181–183,
38. Ibid., 189–192.
39. Chipulina, Neville, The People of Gibraltar, https://gibraltar-intro.blogspot.com/2011/01/chapter-17.html, accessed Feb. 12, 2021.
40. Ibid.
41. Connolly, 1: 32–41.
1. Clark, William, Benjamin Franklin’s Privateers: A Naval Epic of the American Revolution. Baton Rouge, 1956; Patton, 124, 114–121. A Gentleman, 27–28, 50–52; Rodger, The Command of the Ocean. 334; McGuffie, 49, 136.
2. Starkey, British Privateering. 35–38, 249–256; Ubbelohde, 2–4, 60–71, 179–201.
3. Ubbelohde, 128–147.
4. Starkey, British Privateering. 19–34; Ritchie, Robert, Captain Kid and the War Against the Pirates. Cambridge, Mass., 1986, 17–19, 151–152.
5. Starkey, British Privateering, 194–196.
6. Memorial of the Merchants, Traders, and Ship Owners of London to Lord Weymouth, Nov. 24, 1777; Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman on Board the Roebuck … to his father in Edinburgh, March 8, 1777, NDAR, 10: 1024, 8: 61; Crewe, 85–86, 131–140.
7. Rodger, The Wooden World, 63, 127–130.
8. Cronin, William, The Disappearing Islands of the Chesapeake. Baltimore, 2005, 107.
9. Norton, 16.
10. Pattison to Robert Bayard, July 16, 1779 in ‘Letters of Major General James Pattison’, in Collections of the New-York Historical Society. New York, 1876, 226–227; Ubbelohde, 172–178; Buel, 135–137.
11. Gambier, James, A narrative of facts, relative to the conduct of Vice-Admiral Gambier. London, 1782. 14. The comment was made by William Eden of the Carlisle Peace Commission in a letter of April 27, 1779 to Gambier; Hartley, 66–67; Van Buskirk, 112–114.
12. Rivington’s The Royal Gazette, Mar. 21, 1778, NDAR, 11: 689; Adair, William, ‘Revolutionary War Diary of William Adair’, ed. Harold Hancock, DH, 13: 161; Chopra, Ruma, Unnatural Rebellion, Loyalists in New York City during the Revolution. Charlottesville, Va., 2011, 127; Starkey, British Privateering, 194, 201; Buel, In Irons, 136–137.
13. CMSP, no. 5 Executive Miscellanea, Annapolis, 1968, 137; Rivington’s The Royal Gazette, Mar. 21, 1778, NDAR, 11: 689; Chopra, 130.
14. Chopra, 127–128.
15. Pattison to Magistrates of Police, Jan. 7, 1780, in ‘Letters to Major General Pattison’, 338–339; Chopra, 127–130.
16. Jameson, Edward, ‘Tory Operations in the Bay’, Eller, 388.
17. Armed Boat Company Warrant to William Luce, NA, Treasury Office, Class 1, Volume 647, folio 74; Hodges, Graham, Root & Branch: African Americans in New York & East Jersey, 1613–1863. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999, 153.
18. Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, June 19, 1779, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 3: 4–6.
19. Hartley, 4–7; Pougher, Richard, ‘“Averse to Remaining Idle Spectators”: the Emergence of Loyalist privateering During the American Revolution, 1775–1778,’ Digital Commons @ University of Maine, 121–215, 218, 221–223, accessed Dec. 18, 2018.
20. Custis, George, ‘The Goodrich family and the Revolution in Virginia, 1774–1776’, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 84: 49–74; Edmund Pendleton to Richard Henry Lee, Nov. 27,1775, Letters and Papers of Edmund Pendleton, 133; Hartley, 9–18; Hast, 48.
21. Lord Dunmore to Lord Dartmouth, Jan. 4, 1776; Dunlap’s Maryland Gazette, Mar 19, 1776; Andrew Hamond to Matthew Squire, Feb. 26, 1776, NDAR, 3: 617–619, 4: 92– 93; Custis, 50–57; Hartley, 18–28; Hast, 48–50, 74–76.
22. Lord Dunmore to George Germain, June 26, 1776; John Lancaster to James Parker, April 27, 1778, NDAR, 5: 755–758, 12: 201; Hartley, 29–30.
23. Lord Dunmore to Lord George Germain, June 26, 1776, NDAR, 5: 755–758; Maryland Council to Robert Hooe, May 30, 1777, MA, 16: 268; Hartley, 31.
24. John Lancaster to James Parker, April 27, 1778, NDAR, 12: 201; Hartley, 44, 50–51.
25. James Calhoun to Thomas Johnson, April 23, 1777, RB, no. 4, part 2; Deposition of Lawrence Sanford, May 31, 1777, RB, no. 4, part 2, 1085; Josiah Bartlet to John Langdon, Aug. 5, 1776, The Papers of Josiah Bartlett. ed. Myers, Frank, Hanover, NH, 1979, 102; Middleton, ‘Ships and Shipbuilding in the Chesapeake and Tributaries’, Eller, 100.
26. Hartley, 112–113.
27. Hartley, 137; Custis, 58–74; Hast, 50, 60, 64, 76, 100, 128–129; Wrike, 51, 53, 58, 66.
28. Hartley, 55, 69, 83, 90.
29. Jarvis, Michael, In the Eye of all Trade: Bermuda, Bermudians, and the Maritime Atlantic World, 1680–1783. Chapel Hill, 2010; Hartley, 89–108, 125.
30. Mowat, 114–115.
31. Pougher, 224–231.
32. Joseph Dashiell to Thomas Johnson, June 10, 1777, NDAR, 9: 84.
33. Truitt, 133–134.
34. James Carey to F. Steward, sent Oct. 10, 1783, NABB, E. Carey Collection, 2015, 180; Overfield, Richard, ‘The Loyalists of Maryland during the American Revolution’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, 1968, 255.
35. Instructions and Regulations for the Board of Associated Loyalists, Oct. 28, 1780, Sources of American Independence, ed. Peckham, Howard, Chicago, 1978, 605–607.
36. Bushman, Richard, The Refinement of America, Persons, Houses, Cities. New York, 1992, 15–21, 110–112; Gikandi, Simon, Slavery and the Culture of Taste, Princeton, N.J., 2011, 145–187. Isaac, Langdon Carter’s Uneasy Kingdom: Revolution and Rebellion on a Virginia Plantation. New York, 2004, 99–100, 105–120, 239; Hoffman, ‘The ‘Disaffected’ in the Revolutionary South’, The American Revolution. ed., Young, Alfred, DeKalb, Ill., 1976, 275–276.
37. Typed copy of Thomas S. Sudler diary in the possession of Mr & Mrs Joseph Eberly p. 3, entry dated Nov. 18, 1803.
1. Alberts, Robert, The Golden Voyage, The Life and Times of William Bingham 1752–1804. Boston, 1969, 25–82, quote on 25.
2. Robert Morris to Caesar Rodney, July 16 and July 25, 1781, Ryden, 419–423.
3. John Henry to Thomas Johnson, Feb. 14, 1778, Henry, 3–4; Henretta, James, The Evolution of American Society 1700–1815, An Interdisciplinary Analysis. Lexington, Mass., 1973, 159–160.
4. Buel, In Irons, 192–196; Rosswurm, Steven, Arms, Country and Class. New Brunswick, N.J., 1989, 243.
5. Doerflinger, 236–239, 258–261.
6. Clark, William, Captain Dauntless: The Story of Nicholas Biddle of the Continental Navy. Baton Rouge, 1949; Fowler, 119–121.
7. Fowler, 104–107.
8. Ibid.
9. Marine Committee to Navy Board of the Eastern Department, July 24, 1778, Paullin, 270–274; Fowler, 104–107.
10. Fowler, 104–107.
11. George Rodney to Philip Stevens, Secretary of the Admiralty, Oct. 28,1780, Letter-books and order-books of George, Lord Rodney, admiral of the White squadron, 1780–1782. New York, 1932, 54–56; quotes on 55 and 56; Spinney, 362.
12. Buel, In Irons, 86–89.
13. Rappleye, Charles, Robert Morris. New York, 2010, 300.
14. Convention, Jan. 27, 1776 and June 25, 1776, RB, no. 4, part 3; Jackson, Pennsylvania Navy, 205–319; Buel, 79. 90.
15. Coker, 48–52, 77.
16. Smith and Earle, 226–229.
17. Ibid., 223–234, 247, 251–252.
18. Ibid., 228–229.
19. Selby, 255.
20. Luther Martin to Thomas Johnson, March 18, 1778, Executive Papers, folder 60z, Maryland Archives, Annapolis, Md.
21. Truitt, 151.
22. Ibid., 117.
23. Somerset County Gentlemen to the Maryland Council, March 21, 1781, MA, 47: 140– 141; Tilghman, 2: 119.
24. Tilghman, 1: 306.
25. Ibid., 2: 126.
26. Truitt, 117.
27. ‘An Act for the defense of the bay …, in Kilty, William, ed., Laws of Maryland, 1, Nov. 1782, chap. XXVI; Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, August 14, 1781; Buel, In Irons, 90; Smith and Earle, Eller, 236.
1. Manceron, 2: 435–438.
2. Ibid., 2: 436.
3. Manceron, 2: 446–449; Bamford, Paul, Fighting Ships and Prisons: The Mediterranean Galleys of France in the Age of Louis XIV. Minneapolis, 1973, 95–99.
4. Manceron, 2: 436.
5. Rodney, Command of the Ocean, 348–349.
6. See Chapter 28.
7. Jameson, J. Franklin, ‘St Eustatius in the American Revolution’, The American Revolution and the West Indies, ed. Toth, Charles, Port Washington, NY, 1975, 87–94.
8. Trew, Peter, Rodney and The Breaking of the Line, Barnsley, UK, 2006, 4, 200–202; George Rodney to Philip Stevens, Secretary of the Admiralty, Oct. 28,1780, Letter-books and order-books of George, Lord Rodney, admiral of the White squadron, 1780– 1782. New York, 1932, 54–56.
9. Rodger, The Command of the Ocean, 343–349, 382; Spinney, 206, 238, 343, 349, 385, 415; Trew, 4–11; Norton, Louis, ‘Admiral Rodney ousts the Jews from St Eustatius’, Journal of the American Revolution, March 6, 2017.
10. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 351.
11. Mahan, 344; Larrabee, Harold, Decision at the Chesapeake. New York, 1964; Johnston, Henry, The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. New York 1958.
12. Mahan, 345–346; Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 351–352.
13. Maryland Council to George Washington, Aug. 30, 1781, MA, 45: 588; Calderhead, William, ‘Prelude to Yorktown’, Maryland Historical Magazine, 77, 123–125; Batch, Thomas, ed., The Journal of Claude Blanchard: Commissary of French Auxiliary Army sent to the United States during the American Revolution, 1780–1783. Albany, 1876, 137–139; Manceron, 496–497.
14. Manceron, 2: 513.
15. Ibid, 2: 503–504.
16. Proposals for raising Volunteers to Man his Majesty’s Ships …, Oct. 4, 1781, Klein and Howard, 219–220; Thomas Graves to Henry Clinton, Aug. 21, 1781; Samuel Hood to Henry Clinton, Aug. 25, 1781, Clinton, 560–562.
17. Buel, In Irons, 217–234; Mahan, 346–348, 355; Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 352– 353.
18. Buel, In Irons, 218–225.
19. Rappleye, 300, 371–373.
20. Middlebrook, Louis, The Frigate South Carolina: A Famous Revolutionary War Ship. Salem, Mass., 1929, 12–14, 15–18, 30, quote on 16.
21. Lewis, 83–95.
1. Crewe, 5–8, 11–61, 297–302.
2. Miller, 389–391.
3. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 353
4. Ibid.
5. Mackesy, 443–457; Mahan, 420–426.
6. Tracy, 186–188.
7. Trew, Peter, Rodney and the Breaking of the Line. Barnsley, UK, 2006, 89–115.
8. Dalin, 43–49; Spinney, 297.
9. Bown, Stephen, Scurvy. New York, 2003, 170–172.
10. Ibid., 172–175.
11. Mahan, 428–436.
12. Mahan, 436–444; Spinney, 393–405, 443–445.
13. Dalin, 51–59; Mahan, 445–446.
14. Trew, 170–171.
15. Ibid., 172.
16. Mackesy, 472–473, Spinney, 409–410.
17. Conway, ‘“A Joy Unknown for Years Past”: The American War, Britishness and the Celebration of Rodney’s Victory at the Saints’, History, 86: 282, 180–199; Rodger, The Command of the Ocean, 354–355.
18. Spinney, 414–415; Conway, The British Isles, 201–202, 288, 299, 315–316; Wilson, 275.
19. Dull, 152–154, 159.
1. Samuel Covington and Thomas Holbrook to State of Maryland, Dec. 11, 1780, RB, No.3, part 4, 757.
2. Shomette, Pirates on the Chesapeake, 256–260.
3. Truitt, 106–107.
4. Shomette, Pirates on the Chesapeake, 266.
5. George Dashiell to Maryland Council, Dec., 1780, MA, 45: 122–123.
6. Truitt, 107.
7. Ibid., 129.
8. Ibid., 158.
9. Joseph Dashiell to Thomas Sim Lee, March 4, 1781, MA, 47: 104.
10. Truitt, 107–108.
11. Information of John Anderson, July 2, 1781, AA, 47: 334; Truitt, 165.
12. Joseph Dashiell to Thomas Sim Lee, July 6, 1781, MA, 47: 338–339; Truitt. 167–168.
13. Truitt, 105, 108, 165, 168.
14. Shomette, Pirates on the Chesapeake, 277–282.
15. Ibid., 281.
16. Truitt, 106–107.
17. Crockett, Thomas, Facts and Fun: Historical Outlines of Tangier Island, Norfolk, Va., 1890.
18. Joseph Dashiell to Thomas Sim Lee, March 4, 1781, MA, 47: 104.
19. Governor’s Council to Thomas Grason, April 13, 1782, MA, 48: 130–131.
20. Thomas Grason to Thomas Johnson, June 30, 1779, RB, no. 4, pt. 3.
21. emorys.inf/family-tree/thomas grason-96, accessed May 7, 2016.
22. Tilghman, 1: 306.
23. emorys.inf/family-tree/thomas grason-96, May, 7, 2016; Brown Books, 1803, Annapolis, Md., no. 561, 115.
24. Footner, 55–56; emorys.inf/family-tree/Thomas grason-96, May, 7, 2016; Statement of James Bryant to obtain benefit of act of Congress …, Aug. 4, 1840, Orphan’s Court Queen Annes County; Brown Books, 1775–1803, Annapolis, Md., no. 561, 115; Council to Abraham Skinner, June 10, 1782; Maryland Council, Jan. 15, 1784, MA, 48: 188, 48: 507; Smith and Earl, 238–239, 259–260.
25. Journal and Advertiser, July 8, 1782; Footner, 56–57; RB, no. 4: 106.
26. Smith and Earle, 241–245.
27. Council to Zedekiah Walley, July 31, 1782, MA, 48: 226–229;
28. William Paca to Secretary at War, Jan. 4, 1783, MA, 48: 374; Shomette, Pirates on the Chesapeake, 291.
29. Zedekiah Walley to John Cropper, Nov. 28, 1779, Wise, 25–26.
30. The Loyalist commander at Kedges Straits was Joseph Whaland Jr. Rebel authorities would could not admit that Whaland could win such a decisive victory, so they concocted an alias, John Kidd. Footner, 63.
31. Wise, 26; Maryland Council, Nov. 8, 1787, MA, 71: 224; Smith and Earle, 242–243.
32. Smith and Earle, 243–244; Baits, Lawrence, ‘The Principles of War and the “Battle of the Barges” Using the Principles of War Archeology for a Better Understanding of Behavior on the Battlefield’, eds. Pertermann, Dana and Norton, Holly, The Archaeology of Engagement: Conflict and Revolution in the United States. College Station, Tex., 2015.
33. Truitt, Reginald and Les Callette, Millard, Worcester County Maryland’s Arcadia, Snow Hill, Md. 1977, 449–450; Truitt, 184–185.
34. John Cropper to William Davies, Dec. 6, 1782, CVSP, 3: 391; Wise, 26–27.
35. Mariner, Off 13, The Eastern Shore of Virginia Guidebook, Onley, Va., 1987, 107, Truitt, 184.
36. William Paca to the merchants of Baltimore, Feb. 19, 1783, MA, 48: 361; Truitt, 181.
37. Paca in Council to Chevalier de la Ville Brune, Dec. 3, 1782, Paca to George Washington, Feb. 21, 1783, MA, 48: 312–313, 365–366.
38. Stiverson, Gregory and Jacobsen, Phebe, William Paca, A Biography. Baltimore, 1976, 86.
39. Paca to John Lynn, Mar. 21, 1783, 387–388; Scharf, 2: 481; Stiverson and Jacobsen, 86.
40. Paca to George and Joseph Dashiell, Feb. 20, 1783, MA 48: 364.
41. Depositions of Joseph Anderson, Philip Ferguson and John Senior, Feb 21, 1783, RB, no. 3, part 4, 1301–1305.
42. Dull, 150–151, 159–161.
1. Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles, 69; Schama, Simon, Rough Crossings. New York, 2006, 5, 150–154, 435.
2. Talbott 90–91.
3. Schama, 129-135.
4. Mitchell, Robert, ‘After Yorktown: The Wayne-Greene Correspondence, 1782’, Peckham, Selected Manuscripts from the Collections of the William L. Clements Library, Chicago, 1978, 2: 364; Wilson, Ellen, The Loyal Blacks. New York, 1976, 44–47; Syrett, Shipping and the American War, 236–237.
5. Hamond to Robert Digby, September 24, 1782, HP, 7: 131–132; Schama, 132–136; Wilson, 1976, 50–51, 68–69; McCowen, 149.
6. McCowen, 147–150.
7. ‘Account of a Conference between Washington and Sir Guy Carleton, May 6, 1783’, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11217, accessed Jan.,15, 2022; Washington to Carleton, May 6, 1783, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11218, accessed June 26, 2022; Schama, 145–146.
8. Carleton to Washington, May 12, 1783, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11252, accessed June 26, 2022.
9. Schama, 150–156; Wilson, 53–55.
10. Admiral Robert Digby’s Naval Order Book, July 23 and 29, 1783, Admiral Digby Museum, Digby, Nova Scotia; Report on American Manuscripts in the Royal Institutions of Great Britain. London, 1909, 297; Schama, 155, 435.
11. Dull, A Diplomatic History, 159–163.
12. Wright, 125–143; Mowat, 136–140.
13. A. Deveaux to Carleton, June 6, 1783, Crary, 354–357.
14. This topic is vast, but fundamental to it is Jasanoff’s Liberty’s Exiles.
1. Higginbotham, 383. At end of his chapter, ‘Defeat and Victory in the South’, he says after Yorktown, ‘the war dragged on until 1783’, and he fails to cover it.
2. In Admiral Lord Howe, Syrett emphasizes the blockade’s shortcomings: 61–66, 73–76.
3. While not devoted to the Continental Navy’s logistics, Buel, In Irons, has material on the topic, 81–88, 91–96; Bowler’s, Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America, occasionally touches on the Continental army’s logistics.
