APPENDIX	A
Abbreviations, symbols and codes

Abbreviations used in electronics for multiples and sub-multiples
T	Tera	1012
G	Giga	109
M	Mega or Meg	106
k	Kilo	103
d	Deci	10−1
c	Centi	10−2
m	Milli	10−3
μ	Micro	10−6
n	Nano	10−9
p	Pico	10−12

Terms and symbols used in electronics
Term	Symbol
Approximately equal to	≅
Proportional to	∝
Infinity	∞
Sum of	∑
Greater than	>
Less than	<
Much greater than	≫
Much less than	≪
Base of natural logarithms	e
Common logarithms of ×	log ×
Temperature	θ
Time constant	T
Efficiency	η
Per unit	p.u.