1. Peter Kornbluh, Cigar Aficionado, October 1999.
2. Author attended conference as an observer.
3. Alleged Assassination Plots, 71.
4. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 275; 687-688.
5. Ibid., 687 n.
6. Peter Kornbluh, Electronic Briefing Book, The National Security Archive website, August 1999, and Cigar Aficionado, October 1999.
7. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 310; 755-756.
8. Ibid., 756n.
9. Ibid., Doc no. 314; 762-763.
10. Kornbluh, Electronic Briefing Book, The National Security Archive website, August 1999.
11. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 332; 798-799.
12. Kornbluh, Electronic Briefing Book, The National Security Archive website, August 1999.
13. William Attwood, The Twilight Struggle: Tales of the Cold War, (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 258-259.
14. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 367; 868-870.
15. Attwood, The Twilight Struggle, 260-261.
16. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 377; 888-889.
17. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10016.
18. Ibid., Record no. 145-10001-10012.
19. Kornbluh, Cigar Aficionado, 97.
20. The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies, Book V, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, April 23, 1976, 19-20.
21. Attwood, The Twilight Struggle, 263.
22. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 11/25/63, “Cuba—Item of Presidential Interest,” Country Country File, NSF, Box 21, LBJ Library.
23. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10015.
24. Ibid., Record no. 145-10001-10013.
25. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 12/3/63, “Bill Attwood’s Activities,” Country File, NSF, Box 21, LBJ Library.
26. Attwood, The Twilight Struggle, 263-264.
27. Verbal message from Castro, given to Lisa Howard for President Johnson, 2/12/64, Country File, NSF, Box 21, LBJ Library.
28. Memo, Bundy to seven White House aides, 2/26/64. Country File, NSF, Box 21, LBJ Library.
29. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 7/7/64, “Adlai Stevenson and Lisa Howard,” Country File, NSF, Box 21, LBJ Library.
30. Kornbluh, Cigar Aficionado, October 1999.
31. Memo, Chase to Bundy, “Castro and Donovan,” Country File, NSF, Box 21, LBJ Library.
32. Alleged Assassination Plots, 71.
33. Ibid., 6.
34. CIA Inspector General’s 1967 “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
35. Alleged Assassination Plots, 87.
36. Copy of Pearson column is contained in CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
37. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 120-122, 156.
38. Ibid., 57, 347«.
39. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
40. Alleged Assassination Plots, 73.
41. Ibid., 83.
42. Shackley interview.
43. Alleged Assassination Plots, 83-85.
44. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
45 FRUS, X. Doc no. 337; 807-808.
46. Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets, 346 n.
47. CLA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
48. Ibid.
49. Halpern interview.
50. Halpern testimony to Church Committee.
51. Halpern interview.
52. Parrott interview.
53. Alleged Assassination Plots, 6-7.
11. “Let Cubans Be Cubans”
1. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 14; 22-25.
2. Halpern interview.
3. Authors Warren Hinckle and William Turner, in their book The Fish Is Red, and in an updated version entitled Deadly Secrets, say, without attribution,
that Manuel Artime’s autonomous operation in Central America was codenamed Second Naval Guerrilla. Rafael Quintero, Artime’s deputy, and Sam Halpern, executive assistant in the CIA office responsible for dealing with the Artime group, told the author that they had never heard of Second Naval Guerrilla.
4. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 346; 828-834.
5. Thomas, Robert Kennedy: His Life, 235-236.
6. Erneido Oliva, interviews March 22, 2000; March 3 and June 27, 2002.
7. JFK ARRB Record no. 45-10001-10195, CIA paper “Sabotage in Cuba,” 5/16/64.
8. Quintero interview.
9. Paper, “Talking Points to Be Used in Conversation with Foreign Minister Oduber Concerning Cuban Exile Activities,” #144-a, Country File, NSF, Box 22, FBJ Library.
10. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10242.
11. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 356; 850-853. Footnote #6, page 852, incorrectly identifies the article as appearing in the Miami Herald. It appeared in the Miami News.
12. Miami News, July 16, 1963.
13. Shackley interview.
14. Ibid.
15. John Crimmins, telephone interview, November 2002.
16. Quintero interview.
17. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10124.
18. Ibid., Record no. 145-10001-10242.
19. Ibid., Record no. 145-10001-10168.
20. Transcript, Federal Broadcast Information Service. “Menoyo Interrogation,” #93, 2/3/65, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
21. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10242.
22. Quintero interview.
23. Ibid.
24. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10229.
25. Oliva interview.
26. Author was present as conference observer.
27. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10242
28. Report, “Review of Current Program of Covert Action Against Cuba,” 1/9/64, #2, Country File, NSF, Box 24, LBJ Library.
29. Memo, McCone for the Record, “Meetings with the President” 4/7/64, #3, John McCone memoranda file, Box 1, LBJ Library.
30. Memo for the Record, Helms and Bundy meeting on Artime and Ray, #94A. Cuba Country file, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
31. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10033.
32. Ibid., Record no. 145-10001-10032.
33. Intelligence Information Cable, #5, 5/23/64, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
12. Fading Fast
1. House Select Committee on Intelligence, Vol. X: Anti-Castro Activists and Organizations, XIV, 140-141; Intelligence Information Cable, #20, 6/4/64, Country Files, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
2. JFK ARRB, “A Reappraisal of Autonomous Operations,” 6/3/64, Record no. 145-10001-10032.
3. Memo, Chase to Bundy, “Raids by Artime-Special Group Meeting,” 6/4/64, #40, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
4. Memo, Chase to Bundy, “Special Group—Autonomous Exile Groups,” 6/18/64, #97, Country Files, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
5. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10242.
6. Memo, Chase to Bundy, “Special Group—Autonomous Exile Groups,” 6/18/64, #97, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
7. Research Memorandum, INR—Hughes to Secretary of State, “Significance of July OAS Meeting,” 9/14/64, #37, Country File, NSF, Box 25, LBJ Library.
8. Incoming Telegram, Cuban Coordinator/Miami to Secretary of State, 7/21/64, #15, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
9. House Select Committee on Intelligence, VOL. X: Anti-Castro Activists and Organizations, XIV, 140-141.
10. Intelligence Information Cable, 1/26/65, #30, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
11. Ibid.
12. JFK ARRB, Memo, “Financial Support to the Autonomous Group Headed by Manuel Artime.” 7/16/64. Record no. 145-10001-10241.
13. Quintero Interview.
14. Miami Herald, “Exiles Look to Oliva for Hope,” 6/21/64.
15. Oliva interview.
16. Intelligence Information Cable, 6/5/64, #42, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
17. Memo, Chase to Bundy, “Major Oliva to Meet Bowdler,” 7/6/65, #134, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
18. Memo, Chase to Bundy, “Special Group—Support for Oliva,” 7/7/64, #135, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
19. Intelligence Information Cable, 7/2/64, #48, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
20. Cable, Summ to Secretary of State, 8/12/64, #102, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
21. Cable, UPI from Panama, 8/31/64, #47a, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
13. Last Hurrah
1. Associated Press cable, Panama, 9/14/64, #108a, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
2. Miami Herald , September 16, 1964.
3. Quintero interview.
4. Cable, “RECE Visit,” 10/23/64, #67, Country File, Cuba, Box 22, LBJ Library.
5. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 9/15/64, #112, “Artime’s Raid,” Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
6. Press accounts appearing in Miami Herald, September 15 to September 25, 1965.
7. Draft, Proposed Script for Conversation with Somoza on Artime, 9/16/64, #51, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
8. Memo, Thompson to Secretary of State et al., 10/6/64, #14, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
9. Cable, US Embassy to State Department, 11/9/64, #9a, Country File, NSF, Box 20, LBJ Library.
10. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 11/10/64, #9, Country File, NSF, Box 20, LBJ Library.
11. Memo, Coordinator of Cuban Affairs, “Conclusions of Investigation of Spanish Ship Incident,” 11/21/64, #124-b, Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
12. Ibid.
13. Memo for 303 Committee, 11/5/64, #53, “Future of the Autonomous Group Pleaded by Manuel Artime,” Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
14. Miami Herald, November 22, 1964.
15. Ibid., December 4, 1964.
16. Ibid., December 5, 1964.
17. Quintero interview.
18. Miami Herald, five-part series beginning December 12, 1964.
19. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
20. Nestor Sanchez interview by author, March 7, 2002.
21. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
22. Alleged Assassination Plots, 87.
23. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.” The Church Corn
mittee report, as do some other accounts, erroneously report that FitzGerald returned to Paris on November 22 with Sanchez to deliver the pen. Sanchez alone delivered it.
24. Alleged Assassination Plots, 88-89.
25. Ibid., 87 n.
26. Ibid., 89.
27. Memo for 303 Committee, 11/5/64, #53, “Future of the Autonomous Group Headed by Manuel Artime,” Country File, NSF, Box 22, LBJ Library.
28. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
29. JFK ARRB, Record no. 202-10002-10117, JCS Central Files 1963.
30. Quintero interview.
31. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
32. Quintero interview.
33. Ibid.
34. Memo, to 303 Committee, 1/6/65, #62, “Activities of Manuel Artime Buesa . . .” Country File, Cuba, Box 22, LBJ Library.
35. Ibid.
36. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 1/5/65, #61, Country File, Cuba, Box 22, LBJ Library.
37. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 1/5/65, #62, “Artime,” Country File, Cuba, Box 22, LBJ Library.
38. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 1/26/65, #81 “Cuba—Miscellaneous,” Country File, Cuba, Box 22, LBJ Library.
39. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
40. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 34 2/9/65, #65, “Cuba—Activities of Artime Group,” Country File, Cuba, Box 22, LBJ Library.
41. Memo, State to 303 Committee, 2/23/65, #66a, “Artime Group,” Country File, Cuba, Box 22, LBJ Library.
42. Memo, Chase to Crimmins, 2/18/65, “U.S. Government Relations with RECE,” #70, Country File, Cuba, Box 22, LBJ Library.
43. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 3/4/65, #1, Country File, Cuba, Box 24, LBJ Library.
44. Ibid.
45. Miami Herald, March 15, 1965.
46. Quintero interview.
47. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
48. Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets, 152.
49. CIA IG’s “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.”
50. JFK ARRB, Doc no. 145-10001-10211.
14. LBJ Cashes out
1. Shackley interview.
2. Ayers, The War That Never Was, 182-183.
NOTES
3. Halpern, telephone interview, October 31, 2002.
4. Crimmins, telephone interview, November 2002.
5. Quintero interview.
6. Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 18-19.
7. Michael Beschloss, Taking Charge, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 87.
8. CIA Memo, “Cuba—A Status Report,” 12/12/63, #28, Country File, NSF, Box 24, LBJ Library.
9. Memo, Bundy to the President, 12/15/63, #33, Country File, NSF, Box 24, LBJ Library.
10. Memo for Record, “Meetings with the President, 23 November 1963-27 December 1963,” 12/19/65, John McCone Memoranda, Box 1, LBJ Library.
11. JFK ARRB. Record no. 202-10002-10010, Taylor Papers.
12. Memo, Bundy to the President, 1/9/64, #1, Country File, NSF, Box 24, LBJ Library.
13. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10168.
14. Joseph A. Califano Jr., The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991). A notation says “soon after Johnson became President, he ordered a stop to all covert activity to eliminate or overthrow Castro.” 295n. Califano at the time was a Pentagon aide involved with Cuba. The reference could be to either a January 1964 suspension or, more likely, an April 7, 1964, meeting in the White House. Califano did not respond to an interview request.
15. Oliva interview.
16. CIA, “Review of Current Program of Covert Action Against Cuba,” 1/25/64, #2, Country File, NSF, Box 24, LBJ Library.
17. Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Vantage Point, (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 184-187.
18. Crimmins, telephone interview, November 2002.
19. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10111.
20. Haig, Inner Circles, 109.
21. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10157.
22. Ibid., Record no. 145-10001-10221.
23. Ibid., letter, FitzGerald to Bundy, Record no. 145-10001-10003.
24. Memo for Discussion, 4/7/64, #205, NSF, McGeorge Bundy Files, Box 2, LBJ Library.
25. Memo for Record, “Meeting at the White House; Review of Covert Program Directed against Cuba,” 4/7/64, #3, John McCone Memoranda, Box 1, LBJ Library.
26. Alleged Assassination Plots, 177.
27. Memo, Chase to Bundy, 4/22/64, #51, NSF, Country File, Box 18, LBJ Library.
NOTES
28. George Ball speech, 4/23/64, Roanoke, Virginia; copy from author’s personal files.
29. JFK ARRB, Record no. 145-10001-10115.
30. Memo, Bundy to the President, 6/26/65, #17, NSF, Country File, Box 24, LBJ Library.
31. The Miami Station, Appendix J. See note #18, Chapter Eight.
32. Esterline interview.
Epilogue
1. Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy 1917-1963, (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2003), 709.
2. FRUS, X, Doc no. 257; 642-645.
3. Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars, 147.
4. From notes by author who attended conference as an observer.
5. From website: www.Cuban-exile.com.doc.
6. Miami Herald, “The Shadow Warrior,” November 10, 1991.
7. Richard R. Fagan, Richard A. Brody, and Thomas J. O’Leary, Cubans in Exile: Disaffection and the Revolution, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1968), 17, 62.
8. FRUS, VI, Doc no. 617; 1149-1163.
9. Ibid., Doc no. 620; 1168-1174.
10. Jack Hawkins, “Record of Paramilitary Action Against the Castro Government of Cuba.”
11. FRUS, X, Doc no. 271; 668-672.
12. Ibid., Doc no. 315; 772-776.
13. FRUS, XI, Doc no. 347; 834-846.
14. Miami Herald, “1963 Report on Cuba Has Familiar Ring,” October 15, 1998.
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Powers, Thomas. Intelligence Wars: American Secret History from Hitler to AlQaeda. New York: New York Review of Books, 2002.
Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
Prados, John. Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II. New York: William Morrow, 1986.
Quirk, Robert. Fidel Castro. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993.
Rabe, Stephen G. Eisenhower and Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
Ranelagh, John. The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. From Wild Bill Donovan to William Casey. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
Ratliff, William E. Castroism and Communism in Latin America, 1959-76. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1976. Ratliff, William E., ed. The Selling of Fidel Castro: The Media and the Cuban Revolution. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1987.
Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Rivero Collado, Carlos. Los Sobrinos del Tio Sam. La Habana, Cuba: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1976.
Ridenour, Ron. Back Fire: The CIA's Biggest Burn. Havana, Cuba: Jose Marti Publishing House, 1991.
Robbins, Carla Anne. The Cuban Threat. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983. Rodriguez, Felix I., and John Weisman. Shadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
Rodriguez, Juan Carlos. The Bay of Pigs and the CIA. Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press, 1999.
Rusk, Dean, as told to Richard Rusk. As I Saw It. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1990.
Russo, Gus. Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK. Baltimore: Bancroft Press, 1998.
Sarte, Jean-Paul. Sarte on Cuba. New York: Ballantine Books, 1961.
Schaap, Dick. R.F.K. New York: Signet Books, 1967.
Schlesinger, Arthur M„ Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Volume I. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Volume II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House.
London: Mayflower-Dell Paperback, 1967.
Shesol, Jeff. Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud That Defined a Decade. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.
Smith, Wayne. The Closest of Enemies. New York: W. W. Norton, 1987.
Sorensen, Theodore C. Kennedy. New York: Konecky 8c Konecky, 1965.
Steel, Ronald. In Love with Night: The American Romance with Robert Kennedy. New York: Simon & Schuser, 2000.
Suarez, Andres. Cuba: Castroism and Communism, 1959-1966. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967.
Suchlicki, Jaime, ed. Cuba, Castro, and Revolution. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1972.
Sutherland, Elizabeth. The Youngest Revolution: A Personal Report on Cuba. New York: Dial Press, 1969.
Szulc, Tad. Fidel: A Critical Portrait. New York: William Morrow, 1986.
Szulc, Tad, and Karl Meyer. The Cuban Invasion: The Chronicle of a Disaster. New York: Ballantine Books, 1962.
Tetlow, Edwin. Eye on Cuba. New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1966. Thomas, Evan. Robert Kennedy: His Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. Thomas, Evan. The Very Best Men. Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Thomas, Hugh. Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. Turner, William. Rearview Mirror: Looking Back at the FBI, CIA, and Other Tails.
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Valdes-Pena, Jacinto. Operacion Mangosta: Preludio de la Invasion Directa a CUBA. Havana, Cuba: Editorial Capitan San Luis, 2002.
Weber, Ralph E., ed. Spymasters: Ten CIA Officers in Their Own Words. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1999.
Welch, Richard E., Jr. Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959-61. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. Williams, Bryon. Cuba: The Continuing Revolution. New York: Parents’ Magazine Press, 1969.
Wise, David, and Thomas B. Ross. The Invisible Government. New York: Random House, 1964.
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Documentary Books
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Foreign Relations of the United States, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath. Vol.
XI. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.
History of an Agression: The Trial of the Playa Giron Mercenaries. Havana, Cuba: Ediciones Venceremos, 1964.
McAuliffe, Mary S., ed. CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962. Washington, DC: History Staff Central Intelligence Agency, 1992.
Operation Zapata: The “ Ultrasensitive ” Report and Testimony of the Board of Inquiry on the Bay of Pigs. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1984.
Articles
Bohning, Don. “The Cold Warrior.” Tropic/The Miami Herald, January 14, 1996.
Branch, Taylor, and George Crile, III. “The Kennedy Vendetta: How the CIA Waged a Silent War against Cuba.” Harper’s, August 1975.
Daniel, Jean. “Unofficial Envoy: An Historic Report from Two Capitals.” The New Republic, December 14, 1963.
Dorschner, John. “Casablanca of the Caribbean.” Tropic/The Miami Herald, April 4, 1976.
Gleichauf, Justin. “A Listening Post in Miami.” Studies of Intelligence, no. 10 (Winter-Spring 2001, unclassified edition): 49-53.
Gleijes, Piero. “Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs.” Journal of Latin American Studies, February 1995.
Kornbluh, Peter. “JFK & Castro: The Secret Quest for Accommodation.” Cigar Aficionado, October 1999.
Murphy, Charles J. V. “Cuba: The Record Set Straight.” Fortune, September 1961.
Nelson, Anna. “Operation Northwoods and the Covert War Against Cuba.” Cuban Studies 32. Edited by Lisandro Perez. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
Unpublished Works
Chavez, Manuel J. “The Berman Connection.” Memoirs of retired Air Force Intelligence Officer attached to overt CIA station in Miami in early 1960s 2001.
Flannery, Jim. “Bay of Pigs.” Short essay for grandchildren by retired CIA official who served as aide to Richard Bissell at time of Bay of Pigs, December 2000.
Harman, J. S. Memorandum for the Record: “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro.” 1967. (Published commercially as CIA Targets Fidel. Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press, 1996. With commentary by former head of Cuban State Security.)
Hurwitch, Robert. “Most of Myself, Part II.” Unpublished memoirs by a State Department Cuba Desk Officer, 1960-64. 1990.
Jacobs, Donald P. “An Encore for Zapata? The Kennedy Administration’s Military Contingency Plans for an Invasion of Cuba, 1962-63.” Master’s Thesis. George Washington University, August 1999.
Oliva, Erneido. “General Oliva’s Story.” Unpublished manuscript, excerpts provided to author, 1998.
Adzhubei, Aleksei, 112 Alegrett, Ivan, 196 Alegrett, Jose, 212 Alejos, Carlos, 43-44 Alejos, Roberto, 43-44 Alekseev, Alexsandr, 113 Allende, Salvador, 2, 195 Almeida, Juan, 210, 223 Alpha 66, 135, 205
attacks on Soviet installations in Cuba, 153, 154 CIA support of, 136 Menoyo’s involvement in, 194 and Sierra Aranzazu incident, 218 Ameijeriras Delgado, Efigenio, 228 AMLASH operation, 220-25, 226-32, 233, 234, 235-36, 237 Andres Perez, Carlos, 258 Arbenz, Jacobo, 16 Artime Buesa, Manuel, 8, 41, 135 and AMLASH operation, 222, 22325, 227-32
autonomous operation, 187-89, 190, 193-97, 199, 202, 206, 212, 213, 220, 221, 249, 251 CIA support of, 186, 191-92, 199— 200, 208-209, 218-19 MRR funding cut, 232-33, 234-35, 237
and Sierra Aranzazu incident, 214— 15, 216, 217-18
Attwood, William, 170-72, 173-74
autonomous groups, 135, 153-55, 255, 257-59
autonomous operations decline of, 215-36, 237 during Johnson administration, 203-206, 207-209, 211-13, 251-52
post-Cuban Missile Crisis program, 185-202
Ayers, Bradley, 131-32, 237-38
Baldwin, Hanson, 71-72 Ball, George, 120, 241, 251 Baloyra, Enrique, 121, 154 Batista, Fulgencio, 1,5, 10, 132, 189, 220
Bay of Pigs invasion, 125, 142, 255, 256. See also Cuba Project agreement with Guatemala, 29-30 air operations, 23-24, 28-29, 34-35 cancellation of, 32, 35-37, 41-46 changing the landing site, 31-32, 37, 46-47
failure, 5-6, 51-67 limitations of, 33-34 overthrow of Castro government, 259-60
political restrictions on, 51-52, 65-67
troop preparation, 22-23, 38-40 Bay of Pigs Brigade defeat, 71
disposal problem, 46-47, 61
and Egan, 41-46
involvement in post-missile crisis Cuba program, 155-56 limitations of, 30, 66 morale of, 38-40 post-invasion prisoner release, 71, 124, 150, 168 recruitment, 142 Beerli, Stan, 28, 36 Bennett, William Tapley, 217 Biryuzov, Sergei, 111 Bissell, Richard, 15, 82 background, 18-19 on canceling the Bay of Pigs invasion, 32-35, 36-38, 39 as CIA’s clandestine service chief,
19, 72
as head of WH/4 Task Force, 19, 21, 22, 23, 29, 31, 44-45 on Kennedy administration, 69, 84 on Kirkpatrick report, 54, 55, 56 limiting Bay of Pigs air operation, 24, 28, 35, 40, 48, 49 memoirs, 23, 52 and Murphy article, 75 on Operation Mongoose, 85 role in assassination attempts against Castro, 25-27, 179, 180, 182-83
role in Bay of Pigs failure, 51, 57-66 Blake, George, 94 Blanco, Alberto, 226 Bonsai, Philip, 11, 13, 14 Bosch, Jose “Pepin,” 193, 209, 211,
213
Bosch, Orlando, 258-59 Bowdler, Bill, 212 Bowles, Chester, 68-69, 70 Braddock, Daniel, 13 Brown, Robert K., 134 Bundy, McGeorge
and Bay of Pigs air strikes, 47-48
on Commando Mambises raids, 163-64 on Harvey, 95
and Johnson administration Cuba policy, 199, 230, 238, 240-41, 243, 248, 250, 252 and post-missile crisis Cuba policy, 127-28, 150, 151-52, 159 role in Bay of Pigs failure, 65 role in rapprochement with Cuba, 168-69, 171-72, 174-75 Burke, Arleigh, 14, 53-54, 74-75 Bush, George W., 163
Cabell, Charles
and Bay of Pigs air strikes, 47-48, 49, 50, 63
and Kirkpatrick report, 54, 57 memoir, 52
and Murphy article, 75 role in assassination attempts against Castro, 179
Califano, Joseph, 85, 103-104, 155-56, 244-45
Campbell, Gordon, 162 Caribbean Admissions Center, 127,
146
Caribbean Survey Team. See Operation Mongoose Castillo Armas, Carlos, 16 Castro, Fidel, 203, 236, 255
assassination attempts against, 3-4, 6-7, 8-9, 25-27, 176-84, 222, 228, 235, 259
on Commando Mambises attacks, 164
and Cuban Missile Crisis, 112, 113— 14, 125, 168, 197 and diplomatic relations with United States, 13-14 Guantanamo incident, 246-47 political alignment of, 5, 10-11
popular support in Cuba, 248, 260-63
post-Bay of Pigs security measures, 118
rapprochement with United States, 166, 167-76 rise to power, 1, 5 and Sierra Aranzazu incident, 216 Castro, Juanita, 163 Castro, Raul, 210
assassination attempt against, 178— 79, 181
and missile crisis, 111 political alignment, 10 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) AMLASH operation, 215, 220-25 assassination attempts against Castro, 3, 25-26, 167, 176-83 and autonomous operations, 186, 189, 192-93, 194-95, 196-99, 201, 204-205, 208, 229-30, 23536, 241, 243, 244 contingency plan for a coup in Cuba, 225-26
development of “nutty schemes” to oust Castro, 93, 101-103, 106 as an instrument of U.S. policy, 4 and Kirkpatrick report, 57 in Miami, 129-44, 145-49, 237-38, 253-54
and Operation Mongoose, 79-80, 85, 87, 88, 89, 94-95, 109, 111, 114-15, 116, 117, 126 post-Bay of Pigs Cuba policy, 7273, 76-77, 86
post-missile crisis Cuba policy, 159-60
role in Arbenz ouster, 16 role in Bay of Pigs, 6, 12, 31-51, 83 role in Guantanamo incident, 246 role in Johnson administration Cuba policy, 238, 240, 245, 25051, 252-53
role in post-missile crisis Cuba program, 152, 152, 153, 163 support of autonomous groups, 120-21, 137-41, 164 Western Hemisphere Division, 16, 141, 143, 252 Cerezo, Vinicio, 258 Chase, Gordon
on autonomous operations, 206, 215, 230, 231,232 and Johnson administration Cuba policy, 238, 251
and rapprochement with Cuba, 168-69, 171, 172-74, 175 and Sierra Aranzazu incident, 217-18
Chavez, Manuel, 50, 101-102, 145 Clifton, Chester, 154-55 Cohen, Gene, 130-31 Cold War, 2, 3-4, 256 Commandos L, 135, 215-16 Commandos Mambises, 162-65, 241, 243, 244, 249
Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR), 260 Cottrell, Sterling, 152, 157-58 covert operations, 1-9 Craig, William H., 96-100, 108-109, 114
Crimmins, John
on autonomous operations, 193, 230,232
on Bay of Pigs Brigade, 155 as Cuban affairs coordinator in Miami, 152
on Johnson administration Cuba policy, 238, 246 and Sierra Aranzazu incident, 217-18 Cuba, 211
diplomatic relations with the United States, 2, 10, 13-14, 27
under Castro government, 1-2, 3-4 U.S. trade embargo against, 87 Cuba Liberation Force, 213 Cuba Project
and assassination attempts against Castro, 3, 25-27 intelligence collection, 19-20 leadership of, 19 plan of operations, 22 planning sessions, 28-29 political restrictions on, 13 Trinidad Plan, 21-30 Cuba Study Group. See Taylor Commission
Cuban Brigade. See Bay of Pigs Brigade Cuban Coordinating Committee, 103, 238
Cuban Freedom Flights, 143, 176 Cuban Intelligence Organization. See Operation 40
Cuban Missile Crisis, 8, 79, 138, 150, 256
affect on Miami and CIA stations in South Florida, 129, 145, 146-47, 148
affect on Operation Mongoose, 103 military intervention, 260 post-crisis agreement, 168 Soviet military buildup, 111-14, 119-20, 121-28 Cuban Power, 257, 259 Cuban Representation in Exile (RECE), 214, 215, 245 CIA support of, 211-13, 232, 233 emergence, 209 Cuban Revolution, 10-11 Cuban Revolutionary Council, 21,135, 158-59, 186
Cuban Revolutionary Junta (JURE), 198, 251
CIA support of, 186, 191 decline of, 203, 207-208, 249
emergence, 135
New York Times articles on, 200-201 Cubela, Rolando background, 220 involvement with CIA, 176-77, 220-22, 234, 235-36 involvement with MRR, 215, 219, 223, 224-25, 226-29, 230-31 November 22 meeting with Sanchez, 166, 172
Daniel, Jean, 112, 166 Davis, Bob, 142-43 Defense Department, 8, 88 contingency plan for a coup in Cuba, 225-26
development of “nutty schemes” to oust Castro, 96-100, 104-105 Operation Northwoods, 93 role in Johnson administration Cuba policy, 248
role in Operation Mongoose, 108109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 260 role in post-missile crisis Cuba program, 152-53
support of autonomous operations, 194, 196, 233
Democratic Revolutionary Front. See Cuban Revolutionary Council Directorio Revolutionario (DR), 228 Dobrynin, Anatoly, 216-17 Donovan, James, 124, 155
and assassination plot against Castro, 182-83
role in rapprochement with Cuba, 167-68, 169, 175 Dulles, Allen, 4, 19, 25
and assassination plots against Castro, 179
banning Esterline from high level meetings, 29
communication with CIA’s Miami office, 145
criticism of Bay of Pigs histories, 52 on Bay of Pigs Brigade disposal problem, 46 on Frank Egan, 46 and Kirkpatrick report, 56, 57 and Taylor Commission, 14, 24, 53-54
Edwards, Sheffield, 26-27, 179,
181-82
Egan, Frank, 41-46 Eisenhower administration Arbenz ouster, 16 and Cuba Project, 12-13, 20, 141 diplomatic relations with Cuba, 10, 12-13, 27
Eisenhower, Dwight, 5, 167, 184 Elder, Walter, 126 Esterline, Jake, 4
and assassination attempts against Castro, 24-27, 176 background, 14-16 on Bay of Pigs Brigade disposal problem, 47 on Bissell, 19, 57-58, 63 on canceling the Bay of Pigs invasion, 32-38, 40
on change of invasion landing site, 31
on Cuban takeover of Bay of Pigs invasion, 43-44
on development of “nutty schemes” to oust Castro, 106 development of Trinidad Plan, 28-29
on Kirkpatrick report, 55 on limiting Bay of Pigs invasion air operation, 48-49 opening Miami station, 141-42 on plausible deniability, 67 post-Bay of Pigs invasion, 49-50 shutdown of Miami station, 47, 253-54
as WH/4 Task Force head, 16, 1921, 30
Exner, Judith Cambell, 182
Families Committee, 124 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 182
Fernandez, Jose, 211
Fiorini, Frank. See Sturgis, Frank
FitzGerald, Desmond, 8-9
and assassination plots against Castro, 182,183
dealing with autonomous groups, 153-54, 204, 221-22 head of Special Affairs Staff, 150, 156-57, 159, 252
and Johnson administration Cuba policy, 199-200, 242, 247, 24849,250
Flannery, Jim, 45 on Bissell, 64-65 Forward Operating Base, 141-43 Freyre, Ernesto, 124, 209, 212, 215 Fulbright, J. William, 239
Garcia, Calixto, 228 Garcia Frias, Guilermo, 228 Garcia Kohly, Marcos, 135-36 Giancana, Sam, 179, 181 Gleichauf, Jay on Esterline, 50
as head of the Domestic Contacts Division, 132-34, 136, 141, 142, 145-46
Goodwin, Richard, 7
as chairman of post-Bay of Pigs Cuba Task Force, 72, 115 meeting with Che Guevara, 167, 256 on Operation Mongoose, 256 post-Bay of Pigs policy recommendations, 73-74, 75, 78 Gottlieb, Sidney, 182
Gray, William, 113 Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 189, 210, 258, 259
assassination attempt against, 181 and Cuban Missile Crisis, 111 political alignment of, 10 and rapprochement, 167, 175, 256 Guin, Ramon, 235 Gutierrez Menoyo, Eloy
and autonomous operation, 194, 199, 249
capture in Cuba, 203, 230, 231 publicity in the United States, 200-202
Haig Jr., Alexander, 85-86, 155-56, 188, 244-45 Halpern, Sam, 55
on assassination plots against Castro, 182, 183-84 on autonomous operations, 185 on Harvey, 95
on intelligence collection, 122-23 on Johnson administration Cuba policy, 238
on the Kennedys, 80, 96 on Lansdale, 85, 95 on Operation Mongoose, 81-82, 83, 86-87, 89, 91, 107, 109 on post-Bay of Pigs Cuba policy, 82 on post-missile crisis Cuba program, 153
Hamilton, Nellie, 134 Harriman, Averill, 170, 171 Harvey, Bill, 150
and assassination plots against Castro, 180-81, 182
as head of CIA Task Force W, 89, 94-95, 110, 126-27 “nutty scheme” to oust Castro, 101 recruiting Shackley, 83, 143 role in Operation Mongoose, 7-8, 79, 95, 109, 122, 148
Hawkins, Jack, 27 background, 14-15, 17-18 on Bay of Pigs Brigade morale, 38-40
on Bissell, 19, 58-64 on canceling the Bay of Pigs invasion, 32-35, 37-38, 40-41 and change of invasion landing site, 31-32, 37
on Cuban police state, 118 on Cuban takeover of Bay of Pigs invasion, 43, 44
on limiting Bay of Pigs invasion air operations, 36, 48-49 on military intervention, 261 on A Plan of Covert Action against Cuba, 20-21
on plausible deniability, 66-67 recommendations for the Cuba Project, 23-25
recruiting the Bay of Pigs Brigade, 23
as WH/4 Task Force chief of paramilitary staff, 16-17, 21, 22, 28,
29
Heckscher, Henry, 195-96, 221, 234, 238
Helms, Richard, 19, 93, 156, 180 and AMLASH operation, 221 investigation of the CIA’s assassination attempts against Castro, 25, 177
Johnson administration Cuba policy, 250
and Operation Mongoose, 89, 92, 123
on Operation Mongoose, 80 relationship with Bissell, 64-65 role in rapprochement with Cuba, 169-70, 171-72 Hemming, Gerry Patrick, 133 Hendrix, Hal, 192
Hilsman, Roger, 91-92 Hoover, J. Edgar, 182 Houston, Lawrence, 181-82 Howard, Lisa, 169-70, 171, 173, 174-75
Hurwitch, Bob, 159
on conception of Operation Mongoose, 77-78 on Lansdale, 93-94 in Interdepartmental Committee on Cuba, 152
and Operation Mongoose, 79, 114, 115, 116-17, 125-26, 128 and rapprochement, 168
Insurrectional Revolutionary Recovery Movement (MIRR), 135 Intercontinental Penetration Force,
133
Interdepartmental Committee on Cuba, 152, 156-57
Jessup, Peter, 247-48 JMWAVE
and autonomous operations, 193, 201
during Johnson administration, 237-38, 252-54
during Operation Mongoose, 84 post-Cuban Missile Crisis covert operations, 160-63, 165, 222 under Shackley’s leadership, 147-49 station operation, 129-32, 143-44 Johnson administration, 9
and autonomous operations, 197, 203-204, 212, 215-16, 231 Cuba policy, 166-67, 198-99, 237-54
Guantanamo incident, 246 Johnson, Alexis, 250 Johnson, Lyndon, 9, 68, 167, 184
on assassination attempts against Castro, 177 election, 223
and rapprochement, 173, 174 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 6, 100
“nutty schemes” to oust Castro, 104 Operation Mongoose, 108, 118
Keating, Kenneth, 119 Kennedy administration
and Bay of Pigs, 13, 22, 24, 27-28 disorganization, 51, 52, 54 Cuba policy, 5-9, 69-71, 72, 73, 7576, 80, 84, 87, 88-89 no-invasion pledge, 125, 260 and Operation Mongoose, 146 and plausible deniability, 51 post-Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba policy, 150-65, 185-86 rapprochement with Cuba, 166, 167-76
role in Bay of Pigs failure, 52, 55 Kennedy, John F., 6-7
affair with Judith Campbell Exner, 182
assassination, 9, 166, 197, 235-36 and assassination attempts against Castro, 167, 182, 183-84 Bay of Pigs aftermath, 51 Bay of Pigs Brigade welcome, 150 and Bissell, 63
canceling the Bay of Pigs invasion, 34, 51
changing invasion landing site, 31 and Cuban Missile Crisis, 112, 138 development of “nutty schemes” to oust Castro, 103-104 on DRE raid, 120 giving the go-ahead for the Bay of Pigs invasion, 38, 46, 47 legacy, 255-56, 259 limiting Bay of Pigs invasion air operation, 35, 47, 48, 49
on military intervention in Cuba, 108
and Murphy article, 74-75 and Operation Mongoose, 123, 126 post-Bay of Pigs Cuba policy, 69, 109, 244
post-missile crisis Cuba policy, 156, 158, 159, 160
and rapprochement with Cuba, 172 role in Bay of Pigs failure, 58, 66, 72 Kennedy, Robert, 6-7, 8, 77, 78, 255 and assassination attempts against Castro, 27, 167, 177, 181-84 and autonomous operations, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193,212, 221,231 on Bay of Pigs Brigade participation in Cuba program, 155, 156 and Cuban Missile Crisis, 124-25 development of “nutty schemes” to oust Castro, 95-96 on DRE raid, 120 in Johnson administration, 237,
238, 239, 242, 244, 250 and Operation Mongoose, 79, 81,
82, 83, 85, 92, 109, 110, 115-16, 119, 122, 123-24, 125-26, 148 post-Bay of Pigs Cuba policy, 68, 69-70, 73, 75-76, 88-89 post-missile crisis Cuba policy, 117, 158, 159
reaction to Murphy article, 75 role in post-missile crisis Cuba program, 153
role in rapprochement with Cuba, 171
role on Taylor Commission, 53-54, 71-72
Kent, Sherman, 261-62 Khrushchev, Nikita, 112, 113, 114,
147, 247, 260 King, J. C.
assassination attempts against Castro, 25, 26, 27, 178-79
and Esterline’s resignation, 49-50 meeting with Anastasio Somoza, 216
recruiting Esterline, 16 Kirkpatrick, Lyman, 18
report on Bay of Pigs, 54-57
Lansdale, Edward background, 69, 93 as Operation Mongoose chief of operations, 7, 8, 76, 77, 79, 82-83, 96, 123, 146
establishing Mongoose objectives, 87-88
establishing Mongoose time table, 90-91
and Harvey, 95 leadership style, 85-86, 93-94 on military intervention in Cuba, 108
naming Operation Mongoose, 81 and Operation Mongoose demise, 127, 128, 150
Operation Mongoose Phase I, 107— 108, 110,111, 116 Operation Mongoose Phase II, 117, 122
and Shackley, 148 and State Department, 114, 115 Lanz, Pedro Diaz, 10, 133 Lechuga, Carlos, 171, 173-74 Lemnitzer, Lyman, 98
on military intervention in Cuba,
108
Leon, “Cuco,” 226 Leon, Vicente, 144 Letelier, Orlando, 258 Lew, Salvador, 163, 165 Lynch, Grayston, 162
Maheu, Robert, 179, 181 Mafia
and Bobby Kennedy, 96
involvement in assassination attempts against Castro, 25-27, 176, 177, 179-82 Mann, Tom, 250 Martin, Ed, 151, 185, 186 Martinez Pupo, Rafael, 162, 163, 165 Matos, Huber, 10 McCone, John, 80
and autonomous operations, 193, 195, 243
and Cuban Missile Crisis, 122 Johnson administration Cuba policy, 250
and Kirkpatrick report, 55-56, 57 and Operation Mongoose, 83, 108, 110-11, 118-19, 123, 126-27 post-Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba policy, 159
role in rapprochement with Cuba, 169, 170
McGuire, Phyllis, 181 McManus, George, 145 McNamara, Robert, 7
and autonomous operations, 153, 243, 244-45, 252
and Johnson administration Cuba policy, 247, 250
and Operation Mongoose, 76, 83, 92, 114, 115, 119, 256 post-missile crisis Cuba policy, 159 Mesa, Tito, 196, 208-209 Milian, Emilio, 258 Miro Cardona, Jose, 158 Moffitt, Ronni, 258 Morales, Dave, 161 Morales Cruz, Jose, 213 Moreno, Nestor, 137 Morgan, Edward, 177 Movement for Revolutionary Recovery (MRR)
and AMLASH operation, 226-29, 231
CIA support of, 134-35, 186, 191, 208-209
funding cut, 232-35, 237 progress of operation, 193-95, 202, 213, 219, 220, 251 and Sierra Aranzazu incident, 21415, 216, 217-18, 218, 252 Murphy, Charles J. V., 74-75
Napoleon Duarte, Jose, 258 National Security Council and covert action, 3 and Operation Mongoose, 121 and post-Bay of Pigs Cuba policy, 72
and post-missile crisis Cuba policy, 152, 159
Nixon, Richard, 258
Obregon, Carlos, 137-41 O’Connell, James, 179, 181 Oliva, Erneido, 41-43, 44, 45, 259 and autonomous operations, 188— 89, 193, 197, 211-13, 215, 217 background, 187-88, 209-11 on cancellation of invasion, 46-47 demise of autonomous operations, 244-45
as representative of Bay of Pigs Brigade, 155
O’Mara, Ray, 141-42 Operation Anadyr, 111-14 Operation 40, 143, 144-45 Operation Mongoose, 3, 7-8, 69, 142, 146, 148
conception, 77-78, 80-81 and Cuban Missile Crisis, 111-12, 255
demise, 125-28, 150 design of, 83
development of “nutty schemes” to oust Castro, 93, 95-103
funding, 82
invasion contingency plans, 113,
260
objections to, 79-80, 91-92, 256-57 objectives of, 86-90 origin of code name, 81-82 Phase I, 107-11, 116 Phase II, 114-15, 116-19, 121-24 plan for, 90-91 success of, 84-85 Organization of American States (OAS), 198, 203, 204, 206-207, 237, 250
Orlich, Francisco, 190, 196, 219-20
Orta, Juan, 179
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 166, 173
Parrott, Tom, 52
on autonomous groups, 135-36 on Harvey, 95, 127 on Kennedys, 184 on Lansdale, 85, 94 post-Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba policy, 158 on RFK, 153 on Taylor, 109
Patched, James, 101, 105-106 Pawley, William D., 5 Peoples Revolutionary Movement (MRP), 135, 194 Peralta, Enrique, 223 Perez San Roman, Jose “Pepe,”41, 124, 193
Perez San Roman, Roberto, 124-25 A Plan of Covert Action Against Cuba, 20-21
Posada, Luis, 258-59
Quintero, Rafael, 124-25, 259 and AMLASH operation, 225,
226-28
and autonomous operations, 187,
188, 189-91, 193, 195-96, 197, 208-209, 220, 230 background, 189 on Johnson administration Cuba policy, 238
MRR funding cut, 232-33, 234-35 on Sierra Aranzazu incident, 214
Raborn, William, 252 Radio Swan, 21, 131, 143 Radio-TV Marti, 163 Ray, Manuel, 8, 135 and autonomous operations, 193, 194, 195, 198, 203, 207-208, 214, 251
background, 186
CIA support of, 191, 199-200, 206, 249
decline of autonomous operations program, 252
publicity of autonomous operation, 200-202
and Sierra Aranzazu incident, 216 Revolutionary Armed Forces, 10 Revolutionary Student Directorate (DRE), 120-21, 134, 135, 137-41, 220
Reynolds, Bob, 141-42 Ricardo Rabel, Jose, 208 Robles, Marco, 215, 223 Rodriguez, Felix, 189, 259 Rogers, William D., 257 Rosselli, John, 177, 179, 180-81, 182 Rostow, Walt, 71
post-Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba policy, 150-51, 185 Rowan, Dan, 181 Ruiz Williams, Enrique, 188 Rusk, Dean
on autonomous operations, 243, 250,252
limiting Bay of Pigs invasion air operation, 28-29, 47, 48
INDEX
and Operation Mongoose, 83 post-Bay of Pigs Cuba policy, 72 role in Bay of Pigs invasion failure, 6, 58
and Sierra Aranzazu incident, 216
Sanchez, Celia, 175
Sanchez, Nestor, 166, 172, 221-22,
225,230
Sanjenis, Joaquin, 144, 145 Schlesinger, Arthur, 172
on assassination attempts against Castro, 6-7,
and Cuban Missile Crisis, 121-22 on Kennedys, 184 on Operation Mongoose, 80, 115, 256
Second National Front of Escambray, 135, 154, 194, 199, 200 Secret Continental Anti-Communist Organization (OSAAA), 215 Shackley, Ted
and autonomous operations,
192-93
and Cuban Missile Crisis, 145, 147-49
on DRE raid, 121
and intelligence collection, 119-20, 122-23
as JMWAVE station chief, 89, 129, 130, 131-32, 181
during Johnson administration, 237, 252
on Kennedys, 182-83 on Lansdale, 148 and post-Cuban Missile Crisis covert operations, 160-62, 164, 165
recruitment to JMWAVE, 83-84, 143
on working with SGA, 109 Shoup, David, 39-40
Sierra Aranzazu incident, 214-16, 223 Sierra Maestra, 214 Smith, Bromley, 103 Smith, Wayne, 13-14 Somoza, Anastasio “Tacho,” 216, 234 Somoza, Luis, 190, 193-94, 196, 197, 215
Sorensen, Theodore, 51, 256-57 Soviet Union, 216-17, 242, 247, 255 Special Affairs Staff, 150 Special Group, 73, 89-90, 152
Johnson administration Cuba policy, 206,243 composition of, 82 Special Group Augmented, 103, 107, 108-10 Phase II, 117
Special Presidential Program for Bay of Pigs Veterans, 244 Stanford, Henry King, 131 State Department, 6
and autonomous operations, 204, 206-207, 231-32, 233 and Bay of Pigs, 28-29, 30, 68 contingency plan for a coup in Cuba, 225-26
covert operations against Cuba, 12 and Cuban Missile Crisis, 112-13 and Operation Mongoose, 87, 9192, 114, 115, 116-17 role in change of landing site, 31 on Sierra Aranzazu incident, 215 Stevenson, Adlai, 47, 48, 171 Sturgis, Frank, 133-34 Sueiro, Hugo, 213 Summ, G. Harvey, 207 Szulc, Tad, 77-78
Task Force W, 94-95, 127 Taylor Commission, 53-54, 71 Taylor, Maxwell, 52, 53, 82, 95 Johnson administration Cuba policy, 250
as member of SGA, 109, 118 and Murphy article, 74 Thirtieth of November Movement, 135
Thompson, Llewellyn, 216-17 Thompson, Tommy, 252 Trafficante, Santos, 179 Trinidad Plan. See Bay of Pigs 26th of July Movement, 220, 228
U.S. Information Agency, 88, 116
Vallejo, Rene, 168, 169, 171, 172 Vance, Cyrus, 155, 156, 244, 247-48, 250,252
Varona, Tony, 179-80, 181 Vietnam War, 239, 254
Villoldo, Gustavo, 189, 259 Volsky, George, 136-37
Walters, David, 163 WH/4 Task Force, 16. See also Bay of Pigs
air support, 23-24, 28-29 staffing, 21
Wheeler, Earle, 242-43 Wisner, Frank, 16, 19, 64 World War II, 4
Ydigoras Fuentes, Miguel, 29-30, 31, 43-44
Zogby, Ghosn, 82