1×EV-DO (1× evolution for data only) Rev. 0. See DO (data only) standard.
1×EV-DV (1× evolution for data and voice). See DV (data and voice) standard.
1G (first generation)
1-persistent CSMA
1× RTT (1× radio transmission technology)
2G (second generation)
2.5G (second generation)
CNIR (carrier-to-noise-and-interference ratio)
EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution)
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
puncturing
RACH (reverse access channel)
2B1Q line code
3G (third generation)
overview
OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor)
PPSDN (public packet-switched data network)
W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access)
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)
3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2)
8-ary phase-shift keying (8PSK)
8PSK (8-ary phase-shift keying)
16-QAM modulation
64-QAM modulation
A priori probabilities
Access channels
Access network (AN)
Access terminal (AT)
ACK (acknowledgment)
Active neighbor list
Active set
Adaptive DPCM
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
Adequate received signal level
Adjacent-channel interference
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
Air interface. See RF links.
A-law compression
Aliasing
Allocating frequency bands. See Spectrum allocation.
Allocation
All-zero path
Aloha protocol
backoff procedure
efficiency, estimating
overview
slotted Aloha
AM broadcasting
adjacent-channel interference
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
channel spacing
clear channels
cochannel interference
duplexers
efficiency
frequency-division duplexing
frequency-division multiplexing
full-duplex
grouping channels
groups
half-duplex
jumbo groups
mastergroups
overview
signal distance
single full-duplex
SIR (signal-to-interference ratio)
spectral shaping
supergroups
for telephone networks
Amplifiers
designing
LNA (low-noise amplifier)
power spectrum
source of thermal noise
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
AN (access network)
Analog filters
Analog signals, converting to digital. See PCM (pulse code modulation).
Angle-modulated signals
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
ANSI/TIA/EIA-136
Antennas
adaptable
beamwidth
azimuth plane
definition
effective aperture, relation to
elevation plane
first null-to-null
and gain
half-power
physical dimensions
planes
definition
dipole
directional, sectoring
dish
diversity gain
effective aperture. See also Range equation.
beamwidth, relation to
calculating, example
gain, relation to
power factors
efficiency, and physical dimensions
EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power). See also ERP (effective radiated power).
ERP (effective radiated power). See also EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power). gain. See also Range equation.
and beamwidth
calculating, example
definition
effective aperture, relation to
increasing power
maximum range, example
reciprocity
ground reflections
half-wave dipole. See Dipole.
height, propagation modeling
isotropic
maximum range, example. See also Range equation.
optimizing systems
path loss. See also Range equation.
path-loss exponent
power factors
beamwidth
distance between receiver and transmitter
effective aperture
gain
radiation patterns
azimuth plane
bandwidth planes
beamwidth
dipole antennas
elevation plane
far-field radiation region
Fraunhofer region
main beam
main lobe
plot of
power pattern
side lobes
range, calculating
range equation
receiver sensitivity
receiving
size, relation to efficiency
spatially multiplexing
system loss
transmitting
Antialiasing filter
ARQ (automatic repeat request)
AT (access terminal)
Autocorrelation
Available gain
Average call duration
Average holding time
Average power
AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise)
Azimuth plane
Backoff procedure
Bandlimited sources
Bandpass filter (BPF)
Bandwidth
carrier-based signaling
aliasing
definition
frequency-domain effect
minimum, calculating
Nyquist bandwidth
Nyquist equivalent spectrum
raised-cosine pulses
rolloff parameter
sampling theorems
carrier-based signaling modulation
definition
frequency-domain effect
minimum, calculating
Nyquist bandwidth
Nyquist equivalent spectrum
sharing. See Multiple user channels.
Bandwidth planes
Base station (BS)
Baseband signaling. See also Carrier-based signaling; Spread-spectrum signaling.
2B1Q line code
architecture
autocorrelation
BER (bit error rate)
block diagram
convolution
correlation
correlation receiver
correlators
decision statistic
filters
lag
line code
Manchester code
matched filters
NRZ (non-return-to-zero) line code
optimum threshold value
a priori probabilities
probability of error
probability of error, and received power
pulse detection
receiver performance
RZ (return-to-zero) line code
samplers
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
symbol period
threshold comparators
waterfall curves
Wiener-Khinchine theorem
Baseband signals
Beamwidth
and antenna physical dimensions
azimuth plane
definition
effective aperture, relation to
elevation plane
first null-to-null
and gain
half-power
planes
BER (bit error rate)
BFSK (binary frequency-shift keying)
BLER (block error rate)
Blocked calls
Blocked calls cleared model
Blocked calls delayed model
Blocking probability
Boundary coverage
BPF (bandpass filter)
BPSK (binary phase-shift keying)
Brick wall filter
BS (base station)
Burst error
Burstiness
Bursting vs. streaming
Butterworth filter
Call arrival model
Call response
Calls
average duration
average holding time
blocked
blocked calls cleared model
blocked calls delayed model
initiating
Carried load
Carried traffic intensity
Carrier frequency
path loss predictions
propagation modeling. See Hata model.
Carrier-based signaling. See also Baseband signaling; Spread-spectrum signaling.
bandwidth
aliasing
definition
frequency-domain effect
minimum, calculating
Nyquist bandwidth
Nyquist equivalent spectrum
raised-cosine pulses
rolloff parameter
sampling theorems
basic blocks
block diagram
channels
modulation
8PSK (8-ary phase-shift keying)
16-QAM
64-QAM
angle-modulated signals
bandwidth
BFSK (binary frequency-shift keying)
BPSK (binary phase-shift keying)
Carson's rule
coherent systems
continuous-phase FSK
definition
DPSK (differential binary phase-shift keying)
DQPSK (differential quadrature phase-shift keying)
frequency sensitivity
FSK (frequency-shift keying)
Gaussian filters
GFSK (Gaussian frequency-shift keying)
GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying)
in-phase components
instantaneous frequency
keying
linear
modulated carrier architecture
modulation index
MSK (minimum-shift keying)
noncoherent systems
nonlinear
OQPSK (offset quadrature phase-shift keying)
orthogonal signals
overview
peak frequency deviation
phase-locked receivers
principles
PSK (phase-shift keying)
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation)
QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying)
quadrature components
raised-cosine pulse
root-raised-cosine pulse
spectral efficiency
receiver architecture
recovering information
transmitter architecture
Carriers
Carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA)
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)
Carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR)
Carrier-to-noise-and-interference ratio (CNIR)
Carson's rule
CDM (code-division multiplexing)
CDMA (code-division multiple access)
collisions
DSSS (direct-sequence spread spectrum)
Hadamard matrices
multiple users
nearly orthogonal spreading codes. See PN (pseudonoise) spreading codes.
orthogonal spreading codes
overview
PN (pseudonoise) spreading codes
SNIR (signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio)
Walsh functions
FHSS (frequency-hopping spread spectrum)
handoffs
history of
hits
maximum subscribers
overview
reuse factor
spread-spectrum modulation
cdma2000 system
history of cellular systems
standards. See RTT (radio transmission technology).
cdmaOne system
CDVCC (coded digital verification color code)
Cell layout
available channels, calculating
cell splitting
circular regions
clusters of cells
definition
minimum size, calculating
minimum size, limitations
number of, determining
reuse distance
size, trade-offs
contiguous cells. See Clusters.
hexagonal grid
most efficient pattern
reuse distance
separation distance, calculating
square grid
triangular grid
Cells
clusters
definition
minimum size, calculating
minimum size, limitations
number of, determining
reuse distance
size, trade-offs
contiguous. See Clusters.
definition
radius
reducing
trade-offs
splitting
Cellular concept, history of
Cellular digital packet data
Central office
CEPT (Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)
CFR (Code of Federal Regulations)
Channel quality indicator (CQI)
Channel sets
Channels
access methods
access channels
call initiation
call response
code division. See CDMA (code-division multiple access).
control channels
frequency division. See FDMA (frequency-division multiple access).
overview
paging channels
reverse control channels
sync channels
time division. See TDMA (time-division multiple access).
available
calculating
and number of subscribers
carrier-based signaling
cellular system, diagram
definition
dividing by
code. See CDMA (code-division multiple access).
frequency. See FDMA (frequency-division multiple access).
time. See TDMA (time-division multiple access).
dynamic assignment
grouping
jumbo groups
mastergroups
multiple user access. See Multiple user channels.
organizing into groups. See Channel sets.
partitioning
selection, history of
spacing, AM broadcasting
supergroups
Checksums
Chips, spread-spectrum signaling
CIR (carrier-to-interference ratio)
Circular cell regions
Clear channels
Clusters of cells
definition
minimum size, calculating
minimum size, limitations
number of, determining
reuse distance
size, trade-offs
CNIR (carrier-to-noise-and-interference ratio)
Cochannel interference
AM broadcasting
cluster size, effect on
definition
predicting
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
Codecs
Coded digital verification color code (CDVCC)
Code-division multiple access (CDMA). See CDMA (code-division multiple access).
Code-division multiplexing (CDM)
Coding for error correction
ARQ (automatic repeat request)
checksums
convolutional codes. See also Forward error correction.
all-zero path
constraint length
decoding
definition
encoding
Hamming distance
maximum likelihood rule
minimum free distance
path metrics
performance
trellis diagrams
Viterbi algorithm
forward error correction. See also Convolutional codes.
parity check
triple redundancy
Coding scheme (CS)
Coherence bandwidth
Coherence time
Coherent systems
Collision probability
calculating
reducing. See CSMA (carrier-sense multiple access).
Collisions, CDMA
Compandors
Components
Compression
A-law
codecs
compandors
compression/expansion
compressors
expanders
images
μ-law
quantization
Compressors
Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
Connection layers
Constraint length
Contention-based methods
1-persistent CSMA
Aloha protocol
backoff procedure
collision probability, calculating
CSMA (carrier-sense multiple access)
nonpersistent CSMA
overview
packets
packet-switching
p-persistent CSMA
PRMA (packet-reservation multiple access)
random numbers
slotted Aloha
streaming vs. bursting
Contiguous cells. See Clusters.
Continuous-phase FSK
Control channels
Convolution
Convolutional codes
all-zero path
constraint length
decoding
definition
encoding
Hamming distance
maximum likelihood rule
minimum free distance
path metrics
performance
trellis diagrams
Viterbi algorithm
Correction for
antenna height
errors. See Coding for error correction.
terrain
Correlation
Correlation receiver
Correlators
Coverage area
adequate received signal level
boundary coverage
calculating
definition
designing
separation distance (geographic)
CQI (channel quality indicator)
CRC (cyclic redundancy check)
CS (coding scheme)
CSMA (carrier-sense multiple access)
CSMA/CD (carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection)
Cumulative probability distribution function
D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
Data
BER (bit error rate)
burstiness
delays
QoS (quality of service)
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
throughput
Data and voice (DV) standard
Data only (DO) standard
Rev. 0
Rev. A
Data rate (DR)
Data rate control (DRC)
Data transmission
BER (bit error rate)
burstiness
delays
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
throughput
Datagrams
Data-sense multiple access
dBm (dB relative to 1 mW)
dBW (dB relative to 1 W)
DCCH (dedicated control channel)
Decision levels
Decision statistic
Delay budget, speech sources
Delay jitter
Delays
data transmission
speech sources
video conferencing
Delta modulation
Demodulation. See also Modulation.
Designing systems
cell radius
reducing
trade-offs
cell splitting
cluster size
directional antennas
dynamic channel assignment
FDM (frequency-division multiplexing)
FDMA (frequency-division multiple access)
frequency band allocation. See Spectrum allocation.
geographic coverage
GOS (grade of service)
handoffs
CDMA (code-division multiple access)
mobile assisted
overview
process description
purpose of
MSC (mobile switching center)
MTSO (mobile telephone switching office)
PSTN (public switched telephone network)
for QoS (quality of service). See Optimizing systems.
requirements assessment
sectoring
subscriber density
system architecture
trade-offs
traffic engineering
trunking
Development processes
DFT (discrete Fourier transform)
Differential binary phase-shift keying (DPSK)
Differential PCM (DPCM). See DPCM (differential PCM).
Differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK)
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS)
Digital signal processing (DSP)
Digital signaling. See Baseband signaling; Carrier-based signaling; Spread-spectrum signaling.
Digital signals, converting from analog. See PCM (pulse code modulation).
Digital traffic channel (DTC)
Digitizing speech. See also PCM (pulse code modulation).
formants
LPC (linear predictive coder)
model of human voice
overview
source coding. See LPC (linear predictive coder); Vocoders.
vocoders
VSELPC (vector-sum excited linear predictive coder)
waveform coding. See PCM (pulse code modulation).
Dipole antennas
Directional antennas
Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). See DSSS (direct-sequence spread spectrum).
Dish antennas
Distortion, aliasing
Diversity gain
DO (data only) standard
Rev. 0
Rev. A
Documentation, system-level
Doppler spread
Downlink
DPCM (differential PCM)
adaptive
delta modulation
performance
sampling
slope overload noise
vs. LPC (linear predictive coder)
DPSK (differential binary phase-shift keying)
DQPSK (differential quadrature phase-shift keying)
DR (data rate)
DRC (data rate control)
DSP (digital signal processing)
DSSS (direct-sequence spread spectrum)
Hadamard matrices
multiple users
narrowband interference
orthogonal spreading codes
overview
PN (pseudonoise) spreading codes
spread-spectrum signaling
Walsh functions
DTC (digital traffic channel)
DTMF (dual-tone multiple frequency)
Duplexers
DV (data and voice) standard
Dynamic channel assignment
Dynamic range
speech sources
ECSD (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data)
EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution)
Effective aperture, antennas
beamwidth, relation to
calculating, example
gain, relation to
power factors
Effective input-noise temperature
calculating, example
calculating output-noise power spectrum
definition
vs. noise figure
EGPRS (Enhanced General Packet Radio Service)
8-ary phase-shift keying (8PSK)
8PSK (8-ary phase-shift keying)
EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power)
Elements
Elevation plane
Empirical models
End users. See Subscribers.
Endpoints
Engineering systems. See Designing systems.
Environmental factors, common characteristics
Equalization
Erlang, A. K.
Erlang B formula
Erlang B table
Erlang formula
erlangs
ERP (effective radiated power)
Error correction. See Coding for error correction.
Error function
ETACS (European Total Access Communications System)
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
Expanders
Exponential probability distribution
FACCH (fast associated control channel)
Fade margin
Fading
link budget
propagation modeling
coherence bandwidth
coherence time
equalization
fast
flat
frequency changes
frequency-selective
large-scale
log-normal
macro-scale
macroscopic
micro-scale
microscopic
multipath propagation
Rayleigh fading
RMS (root mean square) delay spread
slow
small-scale
two-ray model, stationary receiver
Far-field radiation region
Fast fading
Fast frequency hoppers
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
communications regulations
creation date
definition
history of cellular systems
spectrum allocation
Web site
FCH (fundamental channel)
FDD (frequency-division duplex)
FDM (frequency-division multiplexing)
FDMA (frequency-division multiple access)
FEC (forward error correction)
FFT (fast Fourier transform)
FHSS (frequency-hopping spread spectrum)
Filters
analog
antialiasing
baseband pulse detection
baseband signaling
BPF (bandpass filter)
brick wall
Butterworth
Gaussian
interference
LPF (lowpass filter)
matched
selective bandpass filter
Fingers
First generation (1G)
First null-to-null
Flat fading
Flicker, video
FM (frequency modulation)
Formants
Forward error correction
Forward error correction (FEC)
Forward link
FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System)
FPR (functional product requirements)
Frame preamble
Frames, TDMA
Fraunhofer region
Free-space loss. See Path loss.
Frequency
fading
modulation
relation to wavelength
reuse ratio
cluster size
definition
SIR (signal-to-interference ratio)
sensitivity
Frequency bands
allocating. See Spectrum allocation.
laws and regulations
Frequency modulation (FM)
Frequency-division duplex (FDD)
Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
Frequency-selective fading
FSK (frequency-shift keying)
Full-duplex
Full-scale range quantizer
Function tables
Functional product requirements (FPR)
Fundamental channel (FCH)
Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System (FPLMTS)
Gain, antennas
and beamwidth
calculating, example
definition
effective aperture, relation to
increasing power
maximum range, example
reciprocity
Gaussian filters
Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK)
Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Generational descriptions. See also History of cellular systems.
1G (first generation)
2G (second generation)
2.5G (second generation)
CNIR (carrier-to-noise-and-interference ratio)
EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution)
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
puncturing
RACH (reverse access channel)
3G (third generation). See also HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access).
overview
OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor)
PPSDN (public packet-switched data network)
W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access)
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)
3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2)
4G (fourth generation). See OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing).
Geographic coverage. See Coverage area.
Geographic location of subscribers
GFSK (Gaussian frequency-shift keying)
GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying)
GMSK modulation
Gold codes
GOS (grade of service). See also QoS (quality of service).
average call duration
average holding time
blocked calls
blocked calls cleared model
blocked calls delayed model
carried load
carried traffic intensity
central office
definition
offered load
offered traffic intensity
Poisson model
sectoring
subscriber calling habits
throughput
traffic engineering
trunking
trunking efficiency
trunking theory
trunks
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
Ground reflections
Groups
AM broadcasting channels
cells. See Clusters.
channel sets
jumbo groups
mastergroups
supergroups
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
history of
overview
GSM (Groupe Spéciale Mobile)
Guard interval
Hadamard matrices
Half-duplex
Half-power beamwidth
Half-wave dipole antenna. See Dipole antennas.
Hamming distance
Handoffs
CDMA (code-division multiple access)
definition
hard
mobile assisted
overview
process description
purpose of
soft
Handovers. See Handoffs.
Hard handoffs
H-ARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request)
Hata model
link budget
path loss predictions
HDR (high data rate)
Hertz, Heinrich
Hexagonal grid
Hidden stations
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD)
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA). See HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access).
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
History of cellular systems. See also Generational descriptions.
access methods
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
automatic channel selection
CDMA (code-division multiple access)
cdma2000 system
cdmaOne system
cellular concept
CEPT (Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)
D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
ETACS (European Total Access Communications System)
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)
evolution of radio
FDD (frequency-division duplex)
GMSK modulation
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
GSM (Groupe Spéciale Mobile)
IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service)
IS-95
mobile telephones
Morse code
multiple user channels
NA-TDMA (North American Time-Division Multiple Access)
QPSK modulation
Qualcomm, Inc.
radio
roaming automation
spectrum shortages
spread-spectrum techniques
telegraphy
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
USDC (U.S. Digital Cellular) system
W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access)
Hits. See Collisions.
HLR (home location register)
Hold time model
Hopping away from interference
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access). See also RTT (radio transmission technology).
BLER (block error rate)
CQI (channel quality indicator)
forward link
H-ARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request)
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)
PER (packet error rate)
protocol enhancements
RoTT (rise-over-thermal threshold)
scheduler
UEs (user elements)
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)
Human voice, model of
Hybrid automatic repeat request (H-ARQ)
IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform)
IF (intermediate frequency)
IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform)
Images
QoS (quality of service)
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000)
IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service)
Incremental redundancy (IR)
Information sinks. See Sinks.
Information sources. See Sources of information.
In-phase components
Input-noise temperature. See Effective input-noise temperature.
Instantaneous frequency
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Interference. See also Noise.
adjacent-channel
AM broadcasting
FDMA (frequency-division multiple access)
hopping away from
spreading. See Spread-spectrum signaling.
Interference prediction
adjacent-channel interference
analog filters
brick wall filter
channel partitioning
channel sets
cochannel interference
customer density management
filters
frequency reuse ratio
cluster size
definition
SIR (signal-to-interference ratio)
geographic location of subscribers
interference-limited systems
noise-limited systems
power control
selective bandpass filter
separation distance (geographic)
sharp cutoff filters
SIR (signal-to-interference ratio)
SNIR (signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio)
Interference reduction factor. See Frequency, reuse ratio.
Interference-limited systems
Interlaced scanning
Interleaved scanning
Intermediate frequency (IF)
Inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT)
Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT)
IR (incremental redundancy)
IS (interim standard)
IS-95 standard
IS-95A standard
IS-95B standard
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
ISI (intersymbol interference)
Isotropic antennas
Isotropic radiation
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
Johnson, J. B.
Johnson noise
Joint probability density function
Jumbo groups
Keying
8PSK (8-ary phase-shift keying)
BFSK (binary frequency-shift keying)
BPSK (binary phase-shift keying)
definition
DPSK (differential binary phase-shift keying)
DQPSK (differential quadrature phase-shift keying)
FSK (frequency-shift keying)
GFSK (Gaussian frequency-shift keying)
GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying)
MSK (minimum-shift keying)
OQPSK (offset quadrature phase-shift keying)
PSK (phase-shift keying)
QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying)
Kirchhoff's laws
Lag
Large-scale fading
Laws and regulations. See also Standards.
Layers
Lee model
LEO (low Earth orbit)
Line codes
Line drivers
Linear modulation
Linear predictive coder (LPC). See LPC (linear predictive coder).
Link budget
fading
Hata model
path loss
radio links
Links. See RF links.
LNA (low-noise amplifier)
Log-normal fading
Log-normal shadowing
Lossy transmission lines
LPC (linear predictive coder)
output of
overview
vs. DPCM (differential PCM)
VSELPC (vector-sum excited linear predictive coder)
LPF (lowpass filter)
LTE (long-term evolution)
Lumped-element analysis
MAC (medium access control)
MacDonald, V. H.
MAC-ID
Macro diversity
Macro-scale fading
Macroscopic fading
Main beam
Main lobe
Manchester code
Marconi, Guglielmo
Mastergroups
Matched filters
Maximum likelihood rule
Maxwell's equations
MCS (modulation and coding scheme)
Mean-square quantization noise
Median signal attenuation, calculating
Micro-scale fading
Microscopic fading
Midriser quantizer
Midtread quantizer
MIMO (multiple input multiple output)
Minimum free distance
Minimum-shift keying (MSK)
μ-law compression
Mobile switching center (MSC)
Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)
Mobile telephones, history of
Mobile unit (MU)
Mobile-assisted handoffs
Modulated carrier architecture
Modulation. See also Demodulation.
in block diagrams
carrier-based signaling
8PSK
16-QAM
64-QAM
angle-modulated signals
bandwidth
BFSK (binary frequency-shift keying)
BPSK (binary phase-shift keying)
Carson's rule
coherent systems
continuous-phase FSK
definition
DPSK (differential binary phase-shift keying)
frequency sensitivity
FSK (frequency-shift keying)
Gaussian filters
GFSK (Gaussian frequency-shift keying)
GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying)
in-phase components
instantaneous frequency
keying
linear
modulated carrier architecture
modulation index
MSK (minimum-shift keying)
noncoherent systems
nonlinear
OQPSK (offset quadrature phase-shift keying)
orthogonal signals
overview
peak frequency deviation
phase-locked receivers
principles
PSK (phase-shift keying)
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation)
QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying)
quadrature components
raised-cosine pulse
root-raised-cosine pulse
signal constellation
spectral efficiency
converting analog to digital. See PCM (pulse code modulation).
DQPSK (differential quadrature phase-shift keying)
Modulation and coding scheme (MCS)
Modulation index
Modulator
Morse, Samuel B.
Morse code
MSC (mobile switching center)
MSK (minimum-shift keying)
MTSO (mobile telephone switching office)
MU (mobile unit)
Multipath propagation
fading
propagation modeling
statistical models
coherence bandwidth
cumulative probability distribution function
exponential probability distribution
joint probability density function
probability density function
probability distribution function
Rayleigh density function
Rayleigh fading
region of integration
Ricean probability distribution
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
Multiple user channels. See also Subscriber density.
AM band. See AM broadcasting.
cellular digital packet data
code division. See CSMA (carrier-sense multiple access).
contention-based methods
1-persistent CSMA
Aloha protocol
backoff procedure
collision probability, calculating
collision probability, reducing. See CSMA (carrier-sense multiple access).
CSMA (carrier-sense multiple access)
nonpersistent CSMA
overview
packets
packet-switching
p-persistent CSMA
PRMA (packet-reservation multiple access)
random numbers
slotted Aloha
streaming vs. bursting
CSMA/CD (carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection)
data-sense multiple access
frequency division. See FDMA (frequency-division multiple access).
hidden stations
history of
multiplexing vs. multiple-access
spread-spectrum-based code-division. See CDMA (code-division multiple access).
throughput, calculating
time division. See TDMA (time-division multiple access).
Multiplexing vs. multiple-access
Music
QoS (quality of service)
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
NACK (negative acknowledgment)
Narrowband interference
DSSS (direct-sequence spread spectrum)
FHSS (frequency-hopping spread spectrum)
NA-TDMA (North American Time-Division Multiple Access)
Noise. See also Interference.
bandwidth
definition
floor
relation to signal. See SNR (signal-to-noise ratio).
system
temperature
from thermal motion of electrons. See Thermal noise.
Noise factor. See Noise figure.
Noise figure
calculating, example
overview
vs. effective input-noise temperature
Noise-limited systems
Noncoherent systems
Nonlinear modulation
Nonlinear quantization
Nonpersistent CSMA
Nonuniform quantization
Normal distribution
Normalized power. See Average power.
NRZ (non-return-to-zero) line code
NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration)
NTSC (National Television System Committee)
Null-to-null frequency interval
Null-to-null time interval
Nyquist bandwidth
Nyquist equivalent spectrum
OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing)
4G standards
4G system proposals
adaptable antennas
antenna systems
definition
diversity gain antennas
increasing data rates
MIMO (multiple input multiple output)
OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access)
overview
spatially multiplexing antennas
trade-offs
OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-division multiple access)
Offered load
Offered traffic intensity
Offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK)
Okumura model
1× EV-DO (1× evolution for data only) Rev. 0. See DO (data only) standard.
1× EV-DV (1× evolution for data and voice). See DV (data and voice) standard.
1G (first generation)
1-persistent CSMA
1× RTT (1× radio transmission technology)
Operating frequency, specifying
Optimizing systems
allocation
amplifier design
antennas
BER (bit error rate)
design considerations
link budget, example
operating frequency, specifying
QoS (quality of service), subscriber perceptions
range equation
receiver sensitivity
requirement flowdown
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
system-level design
top-level design
OQPSK (offset quadrature phase-shift keying)
Orthogonal
definition
frequency division. See OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing).
signals
spreading codes
overview
OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor)
PN (pseudonoise)
Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). See OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing).
Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF)
OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor)
PA (power amplifier)
Pacific Digital Cellular System (PDC)
Packet error rate (PER)
Packet-reservation multiple access (PRMA)
Packets
Packet-switched data network (PSDN)
Packet-switching
Paging channels
Parity check
Partitioning channels
Passive systems, source of thermal noise
Path loss
definition
link budget
propagation modeling
carrier frequency
correction for antenna height
correction for terrain
error function
fade margin
Hata model
Lee model
probability density function
range of loss
rural environment
shadowing losses
suburban environment
transmitter distance
urban environments
Path metrics
Path-loss exponent
PCM (pulse code modulation)
aliasing
antialiasing filter
coding
decision levels
distortion
DPCM (differential PCM)
adaptive
delta modulation
performance
sampling
slope overload noise
vs. LPC (linear predictive coder)
overview
performance
quantization
A-law compression
codecs
compandors
compression/expansion
compressors
dynamic range
error
expanders
full-scale range quantizer
intervals
levels
mean-square quantization noise
midriser quantizer
midtread quantizer
μ-law compression
nonlinear
nonuniform
overview
SQNR (signal-to-quantization-noise ratio)
sampling
PCS (personal communication services)
PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular System)
Peak frequency deviation
PER (packet error rate)
Perceptual measures of quality. See Subscriber requirements.
Phase-locked receivers
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Physical layers
Plane wave incident
Planning systems. See Designing systems.
PN (pseudorandom number)
PN (pseudonoise) sequences
PN (pseudonoise) spreading codes. See also Orthogonal, spreading codes.
Poisson model
POTS (plain old telephone service)
Power, measuring radiated
EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power)
ERP (effective radiated power)
Power factors, antennas
beamwidth
distance between receiver and transmitter
effective aperture
gain
Power spectrum
amplifiers
noise, calculating
p-persistent CSMA
PPSDN (public packet-switched data network)
Preamble interval
PRMA (packet-reservation multiple access)
Probability density function
Probability distribution function
Probability of error
digital signal performance
a priori probabilities
and received power
Propagation modeling
carrier frequency. See Hata model; Lee model.
large-scale fading
macroscopic fading
microscopic fading
path loss prediction
rural environments
suburban environments
urban environments. See also Hata model.
small-scale fading
Propagation of radio waves
Maxwell's equations
physical circuits, effects of
range equation
in the real world. See Fading; Path loss; Propagation modeling.
in space
Protocol stack
PSDN (packet-switched data network)
Pseudonoise (PN) sequences
Pseudonoise (PN) spreading codes. See also Orthogonal, spreading codes.
Pseudorandom number (PN)
PSK (phase-shift keying)
PSTN (public switched telephone network)
Pulse code modulation (PCM). See PCM (pulse code modulation).
Pulse detection
Puncturing
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation)
QoS (quality of service). See also GOS (grade of service).
common parameters
data
designing for. See Optimizing systems.
images
for information sources
music
perceptual measures. See Subscriber requirements.
speech
subscriber requirements
toll quality speech communication
user expectations
video
QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying)
QPSK modulation
Quadrature components
Qualcomm, Inc.
Quantization
A-law compression
codecs
compandors
compression/expansion
compressors
dynamic range
error
expanders
full-scale range quantizer
intervals
levels
mean-square quantization noise
midriser quantizer
midtread quantizer
μ-law compression
nonlinear
nonuniform
overview
SQNR (signal-to-quantization-noise ratio)
Quantization error
Quantization intervals
Quantization levels
RAB (reverse activity bit)
RACH (reverse access channel)
Radiation patterns, antennas
azimuth plane
bandwidth planes
beamwidth
beamwidth, physical dimensions
dipole antennas
elevation plane
far-field radiation region
Fraunhofer region
main beam
main lobe
plot of
power pattern
side lobes
Radio, history of
Radio configuration (RC)
Radio transmission technology (RTT). See RTT (radio transmission technology).
Raised-cosine pulses
RAKE receivers
Random numbers, collision prevention
Range
antennas, calculating
mobile unit to base station
Range equation
alternate forms
EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power)
example
Friis transmission form
optimizing systems
overview
propagation in free space
variables
Range of loss
Raster images
Rate control
Rate set (RS)
Rayleigh density function
Rayleigh fading
RC (radio configuration)
R-DCCH (reverse dedicated control channel)
Received power, and probability of error
Receiver (Rx). See Rx (receiver).
Receiving antennas
Reciprocity, antenna gain
Recovering information
Region of integration
Regulations. See Laws and regulations.
Requirement flowdown
Requirements assessment
Resistors, source of thermal noise
Return-to-zero (RZ) line code
Reudink curves
Reuse distance
Reverse access channel (RACH)
Reverse activity bit (RAB)
Reverse control channels
Reverse dedicated control channel (R-DCCH)
Reverse link configurations
Reverse power control subchannel (R-PCSCH)
Reverse supplementary channel (R-SCH)
RF links
definition
designing. See Optimizing systems.
interference. See Noise.
power transmission. See Antennas.
range, calculating. See Range equation.
R-FCH (reverse fundamental channel)
Rice, S. O.
Ricean probability distribution
Rise-over-thermal threshold (RoTT)
RMS (root mean square)
calculating
delay spread
Roaming automation
Rolloff parameter
Root mean square (RMS)
calculating
delay spread
Root-raised-cosine pulse
RoTT (rise-over-thermal threshold)
R-PCSCH (reverse power control subchannel)
RS (rate set)
R-SCH (reverse supplementary channel)
RTT (radio transmission technology). See also HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access).
1× EV-DO (1× evolution for data only) Rev. 0. See DO (data only) standard.
1× EV-DO (1× evolution for data optimized) Rev. A
1× EV-DV (1× evolution for data and voice). See DV (data and voice) standard.
1× RTT (1× radio transmission technology)
DO (data only) standard
DV (data and voice standard)
FCH (fundamental channel)
forward link configurations
H-ARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request)
MAC index. See MAC-ID.
MAC-ID
overview
rate control
R-DCCH (reverse dedicated control channel)
reverse link configurations
R-FCH (reverse fundamental channel)
R-PCSCH (reverse power control subchannel)
R-SCH (reverse supplementary channel)
SCCH (supplemental code channel)
SCH (supplementary channel)
transition probability
Rural environments, path loss
Rx (receiver)
definition
performance
sensitivity
thermal noise analysis. See Thermal noise.
RZ (return-to-zero) line code
SACCH (slow associated control channel)
Samplers
Sampling
Sampling theorems
Scalable OFDM (SOFDM)
SCCH (supplemental code channel)
SCH (supplementary channel)
Scheduler
SDMA (space-division multiple access)
Second generation (2G)
Second generation (2.5G)
CNIR (carrier-to-noise-and-interference ratio)
EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution)
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
puncturing
RACH (reverse access channel)
Sectoring
Selective bandpass filter
Sensitivity
Separation distance (AM channels)
Separation distance (geographic)
SF (spreading factor)
Shadowing losses
Shannon, Claude
Sharing bandwidth. See Multiple user channels.
Sharp cutoff filters
Side lobes
Signaling. See Baseband signaling; Carrier-based signaling; Spread-spectrum signaling.
Signal-processing functions
Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR)
Single full-duplex
Sinks
SIR (signal-to-interference ratio)
16-QAM modulation
64-QAM modulation
Slope overload noise
Slotted Aloha
Slow associated control channel (SACCH)
Slow fading
Slow frequency hoppers
Small-scale fading
Snell's law
SNIR (signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio)
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
optimizing systems
speech sources
waterfall curves
SOFDM (scalable OFDM)
Soft handoffs
Source coding. See LPC (linear predictive coder); Vocoders.
Sources of information
in block diagrams
data
BER (bit error rate)
burstiness
delays
QoS (quality of service)
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
throughput
datagrams
error correction. See Coding for error correction.
images
QoS (quality of service)
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
music
QoS (quality of service)
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
QoS (quality of service)
common parameters
for information sources
perceptual measures. See Subscriber requirements.
streaming vs. bursting
video
QoS (quality of service)
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
Sources of information, speech
delay budget
delay jitter
delays
digitizing. See also PCM (pulse code modulation).
formants
LPC (linear predictive coder)
model of human voice
overview
source coding. See LPC (linear predictive coder); Vocoders.
vocoders
VSELPC (vector-sum excited linear predictive coder)
waveform coding. See PCM (pulse code modulation).
dynamic range
QoS (quality of service)
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
source characteristics
streaming signals
subscriber requirements
Space-division multiple access (SDMA)
Spectral efficiency
BFSK (binary frequency-shift keying)
cost of
definition
FSK (frequency-shift keying)
increasing
QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying)
Spectral shaping
Spectrum allocation. See also Traffic engineering.
available channels, and number of subscribers
cochannel interference. See also Interference prediction.
distinct channels available
example
FDM (frequency-division multiplexing)
FDMA (frequency-division multiple access)
interference-limited systems
laws and regulations
noise-limited systems
NTIA chart of
Spectrum shortages, history of
Speech
delay budget
delay jitter
delays
digitizing
formants
LPC (linear predictive coder)
model of human voice
overview
vocoders
VSELPC (vector-sum excited linear predictive coder)
dynamic range
QoS (quality of service)
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
source characteristics
streaming signals
subscriber requirements
Spreading factor (SF)
Spreading interference. See Spread-spectrum signaling.
Spread-spectrum modulation
Spread-spectrum signaling. See also Baseband signaling; Carrier-based signaling; CDMA (code-division multiple access).
chips
DSSS (direct-sequence spread spectrum)
fast hoppers
FHSS (frequency-hopping spread spectrum)
hopping away from interference
narrowband interference
necessary conditions
overview
SF (spreading factor)
slow hoppers
spreading interference
Spread-spectrum techniques
Spread-spectrum-based code-division. See CDMA (code-division multiple access).
SQNR (signal-to-quantization-noise ratio)
Square grid
Standards. See also Laws and regulations; RTT (radio transmission technology).
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
ANSI/TIA/EIA-136
cdma2000. See RTT (radio transmission technology).
D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
HSPA
HSUPA
IS-95
IS-95A
IS-95B
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
NA-TDMA (North American Time-Division Multiple Access)
TIA/IS-41 Interim
TIA/IS-54
USDC (U.S. Digital Cellular)
Statistical model, moving receiver
Streaming signals
speech sources
vs. bursting
Subscriber density. See also Multiple user channels.
cell radius, effects of
growth. See Cells, splitting; Sectoring.
managing
Subscriber requirements. See also GOS (grade of service); QoS (quality of service).
data
designing for
images
music
speech sources
video
Subscribers
calling habits
end users, definition
maximum, CDMA
maximum, TDMA
Subsystems
Suburban environments, path loss
Supergroups
Supplemental code channel (SCCH)
Supplementary channel (SCH)
Switch state
Switch state probabilities
Symbol period
Sync channels
Sync interval
System architecture. See also Designing systems.
System loss
System noise. See also Noise.
System-level design
Systems, definition
Systems engineers
applicable disciplines
development processes
responsibilities
role of
system documentation
TC (turbo coder)
TDM (time-division multiplexing)
TDM time interval (TTI)
TDMA (time-division multiple access)
efficiency
frame preamble
frames
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
guard interval
maximum subscribers
overview
preamble interval
sync interval
time-division duplexing
USDC (U.S. Digital Cellular)
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
Telegraphy, history of cellular systems
Television, NTSC scans
Thermal noise. See also Noise.
average power
definition
Johnson noise
mobile telephone receiver, example
noise floor
output-noise power spectrum
average power
calculating
LNA (low-noise amplifier)
power spectrum
sources of
amplifiers
passive systems
resistors
RMS (root mean square), calculating
typical values
white noise
available power
definition
noise temperature
power spectrum
Thermal noise, two-ports
available gain
Butterworth filter
cascade of
definition
effective input-noise temperature
calculating, example
calculating output-noise power spectrum
definition
vs. noise figure
LNA (low-noise amplifier)
lossy transmission lines
noise bandwidth
noise figure
calculating, example
overview
vs. effective input-noise temperature
Third generation (3G)
overview
OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor)
PPSDN (public packet-switched data network)
W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access)
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)
Threshold comparators
Throughput
calculating
data transmission
definition
TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)
TIA/IS-54 standard
Time dispersive channels
Time-division duplexing
Time-division multiple access (TDMA). See TDMA (time-division multiple access).
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
Time-varying channels
Titanic, wireless system
Toll quality speech communication
Top-level design
Trade-offs
Traffic engineering
average call duration
average holding time
blocked calls
blocked calls cleared model
blocked calls delayed model
blocking probability
call arrival model
carried load
carried traffic intensity
definition
Erlang B formula
Erlang B table
GOS (grade of service)
hold time model
offered load
offered traffic intensity
Poisson model
state of the switch
subscriber calling habits
switch state probabilities
throughput
trunking efficiency
trunking theory
trunks
Transducers. See also Antennas.
Transferring calls. See Handoffs.
Transition probability
Transmitter (Tx). See Tx (transmitter).
Transmitter distance, path loss
Transmitting antennas
Trellis diagrams
Triangular grid
Triple redundancy
Trunking
Trunking efficiency
Trunking theory
Trunks
TTI (TDM time interval)
TTL (transistor-transistor logic)
Turbo coder (TC)
Turbo coders
2G (second generation)
2.5G (second generation)
CNIR (carrier-to-noise-and-interference ratio)
EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution)
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
puncturing
RACH (reverse access channel)
2B1Q line code
Two-ports. See Thermal noise, two-ports.
Two-ray model
Tx (transmitter)
definition
line drivers
signal-processing functions
wired systems
wireless systems
UEs (user elements)
UHF (ultra-high frequency)
UMB (Ultra-Mobile Broadband)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
UMTS Release 5. See HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access).
UMTS Release 99
Unlicensed radio services
Uplink
Urban environments, path loss predictions. See also Hata model.
U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) standard. See USDC (U.S. Digital Cellular) standard.
USDC (U.S. Digital Cellular) standard
2G (second generation) systems
history of
overview
Users. See Subscribers.
UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)
VBR (variable bit rate)
Video
QoS (quality of service)
source characteristics
subscriber requirements
Video conferencing
Viterbi, A. J.
Viterbi algorithm
VLR (visitor location register)
Vocoders
DPCM vs. LPC
formants
LPC (linear predictive coder)
model of human voice
VSELPC (vector-sum excited linear predictive coder)
VoIP (voice over IP)
VSELPC (vector-sum excited linear predictive coder)
Walsh functions
Waterfall curves
Waveform coding. See PCM (pulse code modulation).
Wavelength, relation to frequency
W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access)
White noise
available power
definition
noise temperature
power spectrum
Wiener-Khinchine theorem
WiFi (Wireless Fidelity)
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
Wired systems
transmitters
vs. wireless
Wireless systems
definition
overview
vs. wired systems