NOTES

These shortened forms are used throughout the notes for frequently cited manuscript collections and selected books.

HHL	William Tecumseh Sherman Manuscripts, Henry E. Huntingon Library, San Marino, California
HLOS	M. A. DeWolfe Howe, ed., Home Letters of General Sherman (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909)
LC-CE	Charles Ewing Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
LC-TE	Thomas Ewing Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
LC-WTSP	William Tecumseh Sherman Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Navy-OR	Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894–1927)
OHC-PBEP	Philemon B. Ewing Papers, Ohio History Connection, Columbus
OHC-WTSP	William Tecumseh Sherman Papers, Ohio History Connection, Columbus
OR	War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 129 vols. (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901)
SCW	Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin, eds., Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999)
Sword	Wiley Sword Collection
Thorndike	Rachel Sherman Thorndike, ed., The Sherman Letters: Correspondence Between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1894)
UND-SFP	William Tecumseh Sherman Family Papers, University of Notre Dame Archives, Notre Dame, Indiana

Other abbreviations used in the notes, especially regarding letter writers and recipients, are:

HBE	Hugh Boyle Ewing
PBE	Philemon Boyle Ewing
EES	Ellen Sherman, née Ewing
JS	John Sherman
WTS	William Tecumseh Sherman
HST	Henry S. Turner

PROLOGUE: DEATH STARED US ALL IN THE FACE

1   Lucius W. Barber, Army Memoirs of Co. “D” 15th Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Chicago: J.M.W. Jones Stationary and Printing Co., 1894), 56; B. F. Thomas, 14th Iowa Volunteer Infantry (n.p.: privately printed, 1907), ch. v; Charles Hubert, History of the 50th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Kansas City, Mo.: Western Veteran Publishing, 1894), 94; Wilbur F. Crummer, With Grant at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg (Oak Park, Ill.: E.C. Crummer Co., 1915), 68; OR, 10 (pt. 1):582, 583.

2   John A. Cockerill, “A Boy at Shiloh,” in Under Both Flags, ed. George M. Vickers (New York: Western M. Wilson, 1896), 370.

3   Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900), 77–80. Total casualties at Shiloh are placed at 23,741 by Livermore, with the killed and wounded numbering 19,897, compared with 11,953 for the combined killed and wounded at the earlier battles of Manassas, Wilson’s Creek, Fort Donelson and Pea Ridge.

4   James Lee McDonough, Shiloh—In Hell before Night (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977), 25, 42, 45, 48, 50, 91, 124–25; O. Edward Cunningham, Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862, ed. Gary D. Joiner and Timothy B. Smith (New York: Savas Beatie, 2007), 221.

5   WTS to JS, April 22, 1862, in Thorndike, 143, 145; OR, 10 (pt. 2):50; McDonough, Shiloh, 52, 56, 73; Larry J. Daniel, Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 138.

6   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:249; McDonough, Shiloh, 54.

7   McDonough, Shiloh, 37–41, 45, 52; OR, 10 (pt. 2):46, 50–51; Steven E. Woodworth, Sherman (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 49.

8   McDonough, Shiloh, 56.

9   OR, 10 (pt. 2):93, 94, and (pt. 1):89.

10    McDonough, Shiloh, 53; Cincinnati Commercial, December 11, 1861.

11    Alfred T. Andreas, “The ‘Ifs and Buts’ of Shiloh,” in “Military Essays and Recollections,” Military Order of the Loyal Legions of the United States, Illinois Commandery (Chicago: Dial Press, 1891), 1:123; McDonough, Shiloh, 92.

12    McDonough, Shiloh, 92; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:250, 256.

13    Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 223; John K. Duke, History of the 53rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Portsmouth, Ohio: Blade Printing Co., 1900), 43–45; OR, 10 (pt. 1):249; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:256–57.

14    McDonough, Shiloh, 124–25: WTS to EES, April 11, 1862, in HLOS, 222, 223; WTS to EES, April 24, 1862, in SCW, 209.

15    McDonough, Shiloh, 101; Cunningham, Shiloh, 174–76; Stacy D. Allen, “Shiloh! The Campaign and First Day’s Battle,” Blue & Gray Magazine (Winter 1997), 26.

16    John T. Taylor, “Reminiscences of Service as an Aide-de-Camp with General William Tecumseh Sherman,” War Talks in Kansas: A Series of Papers Read Before the Kansas Commandery of Military Order of the Loyal Legions of the United States (Kansas City, Kans., 1908), 132; WTS to EES, April 11, 1862, in HLOS, 220.

17    McDonough, Shiloh, 114; Cockerill, “A Boy at Shiloh,” 364.

18    Lewis, Sherman, 222.

19    Duke, 53rd Ohio, 45–47.

20    WTS to JS, April 22, 1862, in Thorndike, 143; Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 26–27; McDonough, Shiloh, 116.

21    McDonough, Shiloh, 116.

22    Ibid., 120; Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 27; Cunningham, Shiloh, 219–23.

23    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:265–66; McDonough, Shiloh, 124–25; Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 47; U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 2 vols. (New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1885), 1:343.

24    Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 47–49.

25    Ibid., 48–49; Cunningham, Shiloh, 221–37.

26    Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 50.

27    Ibid.

28    Ibid., 50–51.

29    Wiley Sword, Shiloh: Bloody April (New York: William Morrow, 1974), 135; Daniel, Shiloh, 206.

30    McDonough, Shiloh, 128; Timothy B. Smith, The Untold Story of Shiloh: The Battle and the Battlefield (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 29.

31    Smith, Untold Story of Shiloh, 29; Sherman, Personal Memoirs, 1:266; Grant, Memoirs, 1:367.

32    Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:349; McDonough, Shiloh, 182–83; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 120.

33    McDonough, Shiloh, 183.

34    Ibid., 196; OR, 10 (pt. 1):570; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:259–60.

35    Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:343; SCW, 203, 204; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 133; Lewis, Sherman, 232.

36    WTS to EES, April 14, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., April 27, 1862, and WTS to JS, May 12, 1862, SCW, 213, 217; William T. Sherman, Report of the Proceedings of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee at the 14th Annual Meeting (Cincinnati, 1881); John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 182.

1. MY FATHER NAMED ME WILLIAM TECUMSEH

1   Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 10; Ronald N. Satz, Tennessee’s Indian Peoples: From White Contact to Removal, 1540–1840 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1979), 34–38; Carl Waldman, Atlas of the North American Indian, 3rd ed. (New York: Checkmark Books, 2009), 150; Michael Johnson, Encyclopedia of Native Tribes of North America (Edison, N.J.: Chartwell Books, 1999), 32; “Shawnees,” in The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, ed. Carroll Van West (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1998), 843–44.

2   Satz, Tennessee’s Indian Peoples, 38; Waldman, North American Indian, 150.

3   Satz, Tennessee’s Indian Peoples, 38, 39; Waldman, North American Indian, 151; George Brown Tindall with David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 1:352, 353.

4   Waldman, North American Indian, 152, 153.

5   Lewis, Sherman, 22; Waldman, North American Indian, 153; Satz, Tennessee’s Indian Peoples, 43; “Thames, Battle of,” in The Kentucky Encyclopedia, ed. John E. Kleber, (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1992), 877.

6   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:11.

7   Lewis, Sherman, 21; Waldman, North American Indian, 150, 152; Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987), 200.

8   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:11; Lewis, Sherman, 22; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 4.

9   WTS to JS, January 16, 1842, in Thorndike, 17–18.

10    WTS to HBE, March 10, 1844, OHC-WTSP.

11    WTS to EES, September 7, 1841, in HLOS, 14; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:24, 25; James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Rand McNally, 1971), 47.

12    Lewis, Sherman, 596.

13    Ibid., 597; WTS to EES, August 22, 1868, UND-SFP; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 338; Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (2001; repr., New York: Perennial, 2002), 298.

14    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:9–10; Lewis, Sherman, 20–21; Marszalek, Sherman, 1–2.

15    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:10, 12; Lewis, Sherman, 20–21; Marszalek, Sherman, 4.

16    “The Thomas Ewing Family: Partial Genealogy,” LC-TE; Lewis, Sherman, 18, 19, 26; Marszalek, Sherman, 8; Merrill, Sherman, 16–17.

17    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:11; Lewis, Sherman, 27, 18; Marszalek, Sherman, 5.

18    Lewis, Sherman, 24, 30–31; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:12–13.

19    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:13.

20    Ibid., 1:13–14; Thomas Ewing to EES, February 13, 1865, LC-TE.

21    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 6; Marszalek, Sherman, 9.

22    Lewis, Sherman, 24, 38.

23    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 5.

24    WTS to EES, September 17, 1844, in HLOS, 27; WTS to JS, July 14, 1841, LC-WTSP; Marszalek, Sherman, 8, 9, 15, 16; Lewis, Sherman, 41; Merrill, Sherman, 22, 26; WTS to JS, October 24, 1844, in Thorndike, 26.

25    Lewis, Sherman, 34; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:13.

26    Lewis, Sherman, 52, 621; Ellen Sherman, “Recollections for My Children,” October 28, 1880, OHC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:11; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 7. It is interesting to note that Sherman’s daughter, Rachel Sherman Thorndike, did not include the portion of Sherman’s letter about not being a Catholic when she published his December 29, 1875, communiqué to brother John, in The Sherman Letters, which she edited after her father died (see pp. 346–47).

27    WTS to EES, April 7, 1842, in Howe, HLOS, 20.

28    Lewis, Sherman, 621, 108; William Tecumseh Sherman to Charles Ewing, May 29, 1878, LC-CE.

29    Lewis, Sherman, 626, 650–51; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 387.

2. I WAS NOTIFIED TO PREPARE FOR WEST POINT

1   Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 39; John Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 14–15; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:13–14.

2   Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 2, 395.

3   Marszalek, Sherman, 12, 13.

4   James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Rand McNally, 1971), 21.

5   Lewis, Sherman, 35.

6   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:11; Lewis, Sherman, 44.

7   Lewis, Sherman, 44–45; John Sherman, Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet: An Autobiography, 2 vols. (Chicago: Warner Co., 1895), 1:32–33.

8   Thomas Ewing to Lewis Cass, August 1, 1835, UND-SFP.

9   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:14.

10    Lewis, Sherman, 45; Marszalek, Sherman, 13.

11    Marszalek, Sherman, 13–14.

12    Stephen E. Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 151; Marszalek, Sherman, 20.

13    Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 151; Lewis, Sherman, 54.

14    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:14.

15    Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 151–52.

16    Ibid., 152, 124.

17    WTS to Thomas Ewing, March 26, 1836, and Mary Sherman to Lewis Cass, Secretary of War, May 5, 1836, in Joseph H. Ewing, Sherman at War (Dayton, Ohio: Morningside House, 1992), 22; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:14–15.

18    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:15.

19    Ibid., 1:15–16.

20    Lewis, Sherman, 51.

21    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16.

22    In the summer of 1990 I spent several weeks at the United States Military Academy on an ROTC fellowship. The description of West Point’s geographic setting comes mainly from impressions and information gained at that time.

23    The description continues to draw upon my impressions of West Point and also draws upon Robert Cowley and Thomas Guinzburg, eds., West Point: Two Centuries of Honor and Tradition (New York: Warner Books, 2002), 19–20.

24    Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 7–19, 44–61, 63.

25    Cowley and Guinzburg, eds., West Point, 30.

26    Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 67, 154; Cowley and Guinzburg, eds., West Point, 34.

27    James M. Lynch and Ronald H. Bailey, West Point: The First 200 Years (Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2002), 56.

28    Ibid., 57, 59.

29    Ibid., xv.

30    George W. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Cadets of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from Its Establishment, March 16, 1802, to the Army Re-organization of 1866–67, 2 vols. (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868), 1:338.

3. IN THE SERVICE OF MY COUNTRY

1   WTS to HBE, January 25, 1844, OHC-WTSP (Sherman was describing for Hugh Boyle Ewing, who was considering attending West Point, what the academy had been like for him); William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:16.

2   David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. 5 vols. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 4:1807–8; Mark M. Boatner III, The Civil War Dictionary (New York: David McKay, 1959), 769; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:247.

3   WTS to HBE, January 25, 1844, OHC-WTSP.

4   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16; WTS to HBE, January 25, 1844, OHC-WTSP.

5   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 9; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 11.

6   James M. Lynch and Ronald H. Bailey, West Point: The First 200 Years (Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2002), 42.

7   WTS to HBE, January 25, 1844, OHC-WTSP.

8   Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 55–56; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 22; WTS to PBE, September 30, 1837, OHC-PBEP.

9   Lewis, Sherman, 57.

10    WTS to Thomas Ewing, June 21, 1836, LC-TE; George W. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Cadets of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from Its Establishment, March 16, 1802, to the Army Re-organization of 1866–67, 2 vols. (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868), 1:595, 598, 600; Lewis, Sherman, 62.

11    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16; Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 153.

12    Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 148.

13    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16–17; WTS to EES, August 21, 1839, in HLOS, 9; Marszalek, Sherman, 21; Lynch and Bailey, West Point, 53.

14    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16; Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 90–105.

15    Lewis, Sherman, 59; WTS to PBE, September 30, 1837, OHC-PBEP; WTS to EES, November 28, 1842, in HLOS, 24.

16    WTS to EES, November 28, 1842, in HLOS, 24.

17    WTS to PBE, October 13, 1838, OHC-PBEP; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 15, 17; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16.

18    WTS to JS, January 14, 1840, in Thorndike, 10; WTS to PBE, October 13, 1838, OHC-PBEP; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 10.

19    WTS to EES, May 4, 1839, in HLOS, 7–9.

20    Lewis, Sherman, 61–62.

21    WTS to JS, March 7, 1840, in Thorndike, 11–13.

22    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:16; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 14.

23    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 13–14.

24    Robert Cowley and Thomas Guinzburg, eds., West Point: Two Centuries of Honor and Tradition (New York: Warner Books, 2002), 42; Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 162–63.

25    Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 163, 164; Marszalek, Sherman, 23.

26    Cullum, Biographical Register of the USMA, 1:592.

27    Ibid., 1:592, 597, 599, 602, 609, 619; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 12.

28    Cullum, Biographical Register of the USMA, 1:548–619; James Lee McDonough, Stones River—Bloody Winter in Tennessee (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 79, 116.

29    WTS to PBE, July 11, 1837, OHC-PBEP; Marszalek, Sherman, 26.

30    WTS to EES, August 30, 1837, in HLOS, 4–5; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 14.

31    WTS to JS, December 6, 1837, in Thorndike, 3.

32    WTS to PBE, January 27, 1838, OHC-PBEP; Michael Fellman, Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Random House, 1995), 15.

33    WTS to JS, September 15, 1838, in Thorndike, 4, 5; Ellen Ewing’s description of Cump’s appearance is found in ibid., 3.

34    James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Rand McNally, 1971), 34; Fellman, Citizen Sherman, 15.

35    Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987), 274.

36    WTS to EES, March 10, 1839, in HLOS, 6; WTS to JS, April 13, 1839, in Thorndike, 7–8; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 9.

37    Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 274.

38    Liddell Hart, Sherman, 9; “Register of Delinquencies,” 124, United States Military Academy Library, cited in Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 14.

39    Liddell Hart, Sherman, 10.

40    Ibid.

41    Cullum, Biographical Register of the USMA, 1:592–619.

4. SAND AND SUN, SEMINOLES AND SPANIARDS

1   George Brown Tindall with David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 1:427; Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987), 265.

2   PBE to Maria Ewing, June 21, 1840, UND-SFP; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:427–28.

3   Walter R. Borneman, Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America (New York: Random House, 2008), 44.

4   Tindall and Shi, America, 1:429.

5   Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 67.

6   Ibid., 73; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 37; WTS to EES, September 7, 1841, in HLOS, 15.

7   WTS to JS, October 24, 1844, in Thorndike, 26.

8   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:17; Marszalek, Sherman, 30–31.

9   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:17; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 17; James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Rand McNally, 1971), 44.

10    Richard Delafield to Joseph G. Totten, September 22, 1840, and Totten to Delafield, September 26, 1840, UND-SFP.

11    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:17; WTS to Maria Ewing, October 2, 1840, UND-SFP.

12    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:17–18.

13    WTS to JS, March 30, 1841, in Thorndike, 13.

14    WTS to EES, September 7, 1841, in HLOS, 14.

15    WTS to JS, March 30, 1841, LC-WTSP; Russell F. Weigley, History of the United States Army, enlarged ed. (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1984), 162.

16    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:25.

17    Weigley, U.S. Army, 161; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:19; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:375, 412. Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of U.S. Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1977), 67–68; Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 257–58; Carl Waldman, Atlas of the North American Indian, 3rd ed. (New York: Checkmark Books, 2009), 157–59.

18    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:18–19.

19    WTS to PBE, October 24, 1840, OHC-PBEP; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 13; Merrill, Sherman, 50; Marszalek, Sherman, 38; WTS to EES, September 7, 1841, in HLOS, 16; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:19.

20    WTS to PBE, October 24, 1840, OHC-PBEP; Merrill, Sherman, 49.

21    Marszalek, Sherman, 35.

22    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:19–22.

23    Ibid., 1:19; WTS to PBE, March 19, 1841, OHC-PBEP.

24    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:23; WTS to PBE, June 2, 1841, OHC-PBEP.

25    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:22–25; Lewis, Sherman, 68.

26    WTS to JS, July 14, 1841, LC-WTSP.

27    WTS to EES, September 7, 1841, in HLOS, 14, 16.

28    Lewis, Sherman, 69.

29    WTS to JS, February 15, 1842, in Thorndike, 21.

30    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:26.

31    WTS to EES, January 13, 1842, in HLOS, 17–18; WTS to JS, February 15, 1842, in Thorndike, 21.

32    WTS to EES, January 13, 1842, in HLOS, 17–18; WTS to JS, February 15, 1842, in Thorndike, 21–22.

33    WTS to JS, February 15, 1842, in Thorndike, 22; WTS to EES, January 13, 1842, in HLOS, 18–19.

34    WTS to EES, April 7, 1842, in HLOS, 22.

5. MILITARY CAMARADERIE, SOUTHERN ARISTOCRACY,PROSPECTIVE MATRIMONY

1   WTS to EES, April 7, 1842, in HLOS, 19–20.

2   Ibid., 20.

3   Ibid.; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:27.

4   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:27; WTS to EES, April 7, 1842, in HLOS, 21–22.

5   WTS to EES, April 7, 1842, in HLOS, 22–23.

6   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:27.

7   Ibid., 1:33–34.

8   Ibid., 1:34; WTS to JS, May 23, 1843, LC-WTSP.

9   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:35; WTS to JS, May 23, 1843, LC-WTSP.

10    WTS to JS, May 23, 1843, LC-WTSP; WTS to HBE, March 10, 1844, OHC-WTSP.

11    WTS to JS, May 23, 1843, LC-WTSP.

12    John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 43; WTS to JS, May 23, 1843, LC-WTSP.

13    Marszalek, Sherman, 48; James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Rand McNally, 1971), 58; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 22; WTS to EES, March 12, 1843, UND-SFP.

14    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:31; Marszalek, Sherman, 44.

15    WTS to EES, November 28, 1842, in HLOS, 24; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 75.

16    WTS to JS, October 24, 1844, in Thorndike, 26; WTS to EES, June 14, 1844, UND-SFP.

17    WTS to JS, January 19, 1844, in Thorndike, 24; Marszalek, Sherman, 48, 49; WTS to EES, February 8 and September 17, 1844, UND-SFP. The February 8, 1844, letter to Ellen is both interesting and revealing, yet less than one-fifth of it was published in HLOS (pp. 24–25), a fact clearly demonstrating that a scholar should not rely solely upon an edited publication.

18    WTS to JS, January 19, 1844, in Thorndike, 24; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:28.

19    WTS to JS, January 19, 1844, in Thorndike, 24.

20    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:28; Mark Twain, a documentary by Ken Burns originally broadcast on PBS in 2009.

21    WTS to JS, January 19, 1844, in Thorndike, 24; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:28.

22    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:28, 29; WTS to JS, January 19, 1844, in Thorndike, 24, 25.

23    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:29; Marszalek, Sherman, 47.

24    WTS to JS, January 19, 1844, in Thorndike, 25.

25    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:29–30; WTS to EES, February 8, 1844, UND-SFP; WTS to PBE, February 20, 1844, OHC-PBEP; WTS to HBE, March 10, 1844, OHC-WTSP.

26    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:30.

27    Ibid.; Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 33.

28    WTS to EES, November 19, 1845, and January 31, 1846, UND-SFP.

29    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:31.

30    Ibid., 1:12.

6. AND THEN THERE WAS A WAR ON

1   WTS to EES, September 17, 1844, in HLOS, 25.

2   George Brown Tindall and David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 1:539.

3   Bernard Mayo, Henry Clay: Spokesman of the New West (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1937), 367–68.

4   John Seigenthaler, James K. Polk (New York: Times Books, 2003), 71–72; Walter R. Borneman, Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America (New York: Random House, 2008), 81–82, 122–23; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:538–39.

5   Borneman, Polk, 175–76.

6   Tindall and Shi, America, 1:539.

7   Ibid., 1:539, 541.

8   WTS to JS, August 29, 1845, and January 4, 1846, in Thorndike, 28, 29; WTS to EES, February 8, 1844, UND-SFP; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:34.

9   Tindall and Shi, America, 1:543–44; Borneman, Polk, 144–45.

10    WTS to EES, September 17, 1844, and June 9, 1845, in HLOS, 26, 29; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:32.

11    WTS to JS, April 4, 1845, and January 4, 1846, in Thorndike, 27, 29.

12    WTS to EES, June 14, 1844, UND-SFP.

13    Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 24–25.

14    James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Rand McNally, 1971), 63 (quoting Sherman about the influence of West Point); Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 30, and 360n.

15    WTS to EES, June 9, 1845, in HLOS, 27–28.

16    WTS to EES, June 14, 1844, UND-SFP; WTS to HBE, March 10, 1844, OHC-WTSP.

17    WTS to EES, February 8, 1844, UND-SFP.

18    WTS to JS, January 4, 1846, in Thorndike, 29; WTS to EES, January 31, 1846, in HLOS, 32.

19    WTS to EES, January 31, 1846, in HLOS, 31; WTS to JS, January 4, 1846, in Thorndike, 30.

20    Sam W. Haynes, James K. Polk and the Expansionist Impulse (New York: Pearson Longman, 1997), 125; Seigenthaler, Polk, 132.

21    Borneman, Polk, 194–96; Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987), 281; Haynes, Polk, 122–23; Eugene Irving McCormac, James K. Polk: A Political Biography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1922), 385.

22    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:544.

23    Ibid.; Haynes, Polk, 120.

24    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:538; Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 280–81; Haynes, Polk, 126–32.

25    Haynes, Polk, 129–30; Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 281.

26    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:544; Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 281; Haynes, Polk, 143.

27    Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 280.

28    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:35, 37; WTS to EES, June 11, 1846, UND-SFP; HLOS, 33–34.

29    WTS to EES, June 30, 1846, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:37.

30    WTS to EES, June 30, 1846, UND-SFP.

31    WTS to EES, June 30, July 12 and August 3, 1846, UND-SFP.

32    WTS to EES, August 3, 1846, in HLOS, 38, 39.

33    WTS to EES, July 12, 1846, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:37–38; WTS to EES, August 3, 1846, in HLOS, 40, 41, 44.

34    WTS to EES, August 3, 1846, in HLOS, 38, 40, 42.

35    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:38; WTS to EES, July 12 and August 3, 1846, in HLOS, 37, 43.

36    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., May 3, 1862, in SCW, 214.

37    WTS to EES, August 28, 1846, in HLOS, 44, 45; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:39.

38    WTS to EES, August 28, 1846, in HLOS, 46; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:39.

39    WTS to EES, September 12, 1846, in HLOS, 50.

40    WTS to EES, September 12 and 18, 1846, in HLOS, 50, 63; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:39.

41    WTS to EES, September 16 and 18, 1846, in HLOS, 52, 54, 57, 61–63; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:40.

42    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:40; WTS to EES, September 16, 1846, in HLOS, 60.

43    WTS to EES, September 16, 1846, in HLOS, 58.

44    Ibid., 61.

45    WTS to Elizabeth Sherman, November 10, 1846, in Thorndike, 31; WTS to EES, October 27, 1846, in HLOS, 64.

46    WTS to EES, October 27, 1846, in HLOS, 64, 65, 66; WTS to Elizabeth Sherman, November 10, 1846, in Thorndike, 31.

47    WTS to EES, November 6, 1846, in HLOS, 68.

48    WTS to Elizabeth Sherman, November 10, 1846, in Thorndike, 32.

49    Ibid.; WTS to EES, November 6, 1846, in HLOS, 67.

50    WTS to Elizabeth Sherman, November 10, 1846, in Thorndike, 34.

51    Ibid., 36; WTS to EES, November 24, 1846, in HLOS, 71–72.

7. DEPRIVED OF MILITARY GLORY

1   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:42, 43; WTS to EES, January 26, 1847, in HLOS, 81–82.

2   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:43.

3   Ibid., 1:43–44.

4   WTS to EES, April 25, 1847, in HLOS, 102.

5   WTS to EES, July 11, 1847, in HLOS, 107, 108; JS to WTS, May 2, 1847, in Thorndike, 38–39.

6   WTS to EES, November 10, 1847, and August 28, 1848, in HLOS, 109, 116.

7   WTS to EES, March 12, 1847, in HLOS, 94; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:46–48.

8   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:51, 52; WTS to EES, January 27, March 12, April 25, July 11, 1847, in HLOS, 85, 88, 101, 106, 108.

9   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:51, 52, 53.

10    Ibid., 1:52, 53.

11    WTS to EES, March 12, April 25, and May 1, 1847, in HLOS, 93, 99, 102.

12    WTS to EES, March 12, 1847, in HLOS, 90–91; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:45.

13    WTS to EES, March 12, 1847, in HLOS, 89–90.

14    WTS to EES, February 3, 1848, in HLOS, 110–11.

15    WTS to EES, March 12, 1847, in HLOS, 91–92.

16    WTS to EES, March 12, 1847, April 10 and August 28, 1848, in HLOS, 97, 114, 115, 117.

17    WTS to EES, April 10, 1848, in HLOS, 114.

18    WTS to EES, August 28, 1848, in HLOS, 116.

19    EES to WTS, January 19 and February 2, 1849, and WTS to EES, March 5, 1849, UND-SFP.

20    Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 22.

21    WTS to EES, October 8, 1847, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:54, 86–87.

22    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:87.

23    WTS to JS, April 18, 1848, in Thorndike, 39.

24    Ibid.

25    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:56, 61; WTS to EES, July 11, 1847, in HLOS, 106.

26    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:59–60.

27    Ibid., 1:61.

28    Ibid., 1:61–62.

29    WTS to JS, April 18, 1848, in Thorndike, 39; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:65.

30    Alan Brinkley, American History: A Survey, 10th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999), 444; Irwin Unger, These United States: The Questions of Our Past (New York: Prentice Hall, 1999), 319; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:74–75.

31    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:64–65.

32    Ibid., 1:65.

33    Ibid., 1:70; Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 45–46.

34    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:70, 71, 73.

35    WTS to HST, August 25, 1848, in Thorndike, 44, 45.

36    Ibid., 46; WTS to JS, August 24, 1848, in Thorndike, 42. Sherman later wrote, “I prepared with great care the letter to the adjutant-general, which Colonel Mason modified in a few particulars; and as it was important to send not only the specimens which had been presented to us along our route of travel, I advised the colonel to . . . send to Washington a large sample of the commercial gold in general use, and to pay for the same out of the money in his hands known as the ‘civil fund,’ arising from duties collected at the several ports in California. He consented to this.” (Sherman, Memoirs, 1:81).

37    Walter R. Borneman, Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America (New York: Random House, 2008), 308, 313; Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America, rev. ed. (New York: Free Press, 1994), 157; David Herbert Donald, Jean Harvey Baker, and Michael F. Holt, The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 78; Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987), 285.

38    WTS to HST, August 25, 1848, in Thorndike, 46–47; WTS to EES, August 28, 1848, in HLOS, 117.

39    WTS to HST, August 25, 1848, in Thorndike, 47; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:80.

40    George Brown Tindall with David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 1:596; Thomas Childers, “Europe and Western Civilization in the Modern Age,” Revolution in Central Europe (a 1998 course from the Teaching Company, Chantilly, Va.) part 2, disc 3, lecture 14; Brinkley, American History, 444.

41    Brinkley, American History, 444; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:596; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:58.

42    Brinkley, American History, 444; WTS to HST, August 25, 1848, in Thorndike, 44–48.

43    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:82, 89–90, 101.

44    Brinkley, American History, 445, 446.

45    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:84–85.

46    Ibid., 1:87–89, 95; WTS to EES, March 5, 1849, UND-SFP.

47    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:92–94.

48    Ibid., 1:92–102; Kennett, Sherman, 48–49; WTS to HST, August 25, 1848, in Thorndike, 48.

49    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:103–4; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 32.

50    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:104.

8. CALIFORNIA AGAIN—A BRAND-NEW GAME

1   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:106; WTS to EES, March 29, 1850, UND-SFP.

2   Headquarters of the Army, February 28, 1850, Special Field Orders No. 17, granting a leave of absence of six months for W. T. Sherman, by command of Winfield Scott, UND-SFP; WTS to EES, March 27 and 29, 1850, UND-SFP.

3   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:106; EES to Maria Ewing, May 4, 1850, HHL.

4   WTS to EES, March 29, 1850, UND-SFP.

5   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:106; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 80; EES to Maria Ewing, May 8, 1850, HHL.

6   EES to Maria Ewing, May 9, 1850, HHL.

7   Ibid.

8   Maria Ewing to EES, May 9, 1850, HHL.

9   Maria Ewing to EES, June 21 and June 8, 1850, HHL.

10    George Brown Tindall with David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 1:601.

11    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:106, 107.

12    Ibid., 1:107; WTS to JS, July 1850, in Thorndike, 48–49; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 68; William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 196.

13    David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis: 1848 to 1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 95; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:276. Also see the Constitution, article I, section 2, and the Thirteenth Amendment, section 1.

14    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:570–72; James G. Randall and David Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2nd ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1969), 4–5.

15    The best single work on the period, for a combination of detailed information, excellent analysis, and acceptable readability remains David Potter’s Impending Crisis. See also Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987).

16    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:597.

17    Potter, Impending Crisis, 91, 95.

18    Ibid., 91, 92, 93; Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 373.

19    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:100, 101, 104.

20    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:107; Potter, Impending Crisis, 97, 98, 100, 108.

21    Potter, Impending Crisis, 99, 100; Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 4, 5.

22    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:107; Roland, American Iliad, 8.

23    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:108, 109.

24    Potter, Impending Crisis, 108–13.

25    Ibid., 114; Roland, American Iliad, 8.

26    Roland, American Iliad, 8; Potter, Impending Crisis, 116, 117; Davis, Jefferson Davis, 203.

27    Marszalek, Sherman, 85; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:109.

28    WTS to HBE, January 5, 1851, OHC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:109, 110.

29    WTS to EES, October 8, 1850, UND-SFP; EES to Maria Ewing, May 22, 1850, HHL; WTS to EES, November 1, 1850, UND-SFP.

30    WTS to EES, October 23 and November 1, 1850, January 25, 1851, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, November 12, 1850, LC-WTSP; WTS to HBE, January 5, 1851, OHC-WTSP; WTS to JS, January 14, 1851, in Thorndike, 49.

31    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:110; WTS to HBE, June 15, 1852, OHC-WTSP; Marszalek, Sherman, 87.

32    WTS to HBE, April 30, 1856, OHC-WTSP; Maria Ewing to EES, June 12 and June 19, September 23, 1851, HHL.

33    WTS to HBE, June 15, 1852, OHC-WTSP; WTS to EES, May 30, 1852, UND-SFP.

34    Marszalek, Sherman, 88; WTS to EES, August 14, 1852, UND-SFP.

35    WTS to HBE, June 15, 1852, OHC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:110.

36    WTS to EES, September 30, 1852, UND-SFP.

37    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:112, 113; WTS to JS, November 17, 1852, LC-WTSP.

38    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:113; WTS to EES, November 4 and 16, December 2 and 14, 1852, UND-SFP.

39    Dwight L. Clarke, William Tecumseh Sherman: Gold Rush Banker (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1969), 11, 12.

40    Ibid., 13, 15; Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (2001; repr., New York: Perennial, 2002), 60.

41    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:114; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 10, 12, 13.

42    WTS to HBE, June 15, 1852, OHC-WTSP; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 12; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:114.

43    Maria Ewing to EES, February 27, 1853, HHL.

44    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 16; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:115–17.

45    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:121.

46    Ibid., 1:117.

47    Ibid., 1:118; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 17, and see also 363n32.

48    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:119, 120.

49    Ibid., 1:120.

50    Ibid., 1:121.

51    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 19; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:121, 122.

52    Marszalek, Sherman, 94, 95; Kennett, Sherman, 63; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:121.

53    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 18–19; WTS to JS, June 3, 1853, in Thorndike, 52, 53.

54    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 20; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:122.

55    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 20; Kennett, Sherman, 66; WTS to JS, June 3, 1853, LC-WTSP.

9. GOLDEN STATE BANKER

1   WTS to JS, July 14, 1841, and November 5, 1857, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, July 29, 1857, in HLOS, 148.

2   WTS to HBE, December 15, 1854, in OHC-WTSP; Dwight L. Clarke, William Tecumseh Sherman: Gold Rush Banker (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1969), 28; EES to Maria Ewing, December 8, 1853, HHL.

3   EES to Maria Ewing, February 19, 1854, HHL, tells of Thomas Ewing’s “likeness” over the mantel in San Francisco. Many of the letters that Ellen Sherman wrote to her mother while in San Francisco are indisputable evidence documenting Cump’s serious problems with asthma. See December 12, 23, 27, 29, 1853; January 3, 31, June 28, July 22, August 12, November 24, December 15, 1854; March 8, December 4, 17, 1855; January 14, 15, February 4, April 19, 1856, HHL. See also Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, vii.

4   Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 5; John S. Littell, The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast of North America (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft, 1882), 126.

5   Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, viii, 7.

6   Ibid., 5, 7, 8.

7   Ibid., 8, 9, 13.

8   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:124, 125; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 38.

9   Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 29, 30, 31, 32.

10    Ibid., 25, 34.

11    EES to Maria Ewing, November 19, 1853, and February 19, 1854, HHL.

12    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 23, 33; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:124.

13    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:125.

14    Ibid., 1:124, 125; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 24, 26, 33.

15    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 27, 40, 41, 49; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:125.

16    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 53; WTS to HST, August 31, 1854, OHC-WTSP.

17    EES to Maria Ewing, December 12, 23, 27, 1853, HHL.

18    EES to Maria Ewing, October 31, 1853, and October 7, 1854, HHL.

19    EES to Maria Ewing, October 31 and December 4 and 23, 1853, and March 19, 1854, HHL; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 33, 56.

20    Numerous letters from Ellen to her mother indicated that she considered the Ewing place in Lancaster to be “home”; see, for example, EES to Maria Ewing, July 10 and 22, December 15, 1854 (several other letters could be referenced).

21    Maria Ewing to EES, May 15, 1856, and EES to Maria Ewing, February 19, 1854, HHL.

22    George Brown Tindall and David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 1:468–69; Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987), 319–20.

23    EES to Maria Ewing, October 29, 1854, HHL; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 57.

24    Douglas quoted in David H. Donald, Jean Harvey Baker, and Michael F. Holt, The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 90.

25    Irwin Unger, These United States: The Questions of Our Past (New York: Prentice Hall, 1999), 325; for Douglas quote, see Donald, Baker, and Holt, Civil War and Reconstruction, 88.

26    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:611, is the source of the voting figures.

27    Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 11; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:609–10.

28    David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), 260–61.

29    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:611–12. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis: 1848 to 1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 145–76, presents a thorough and excellent account of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

30    WTS to JS, November 30, 1854, in Thorndike, 53–54.

31    WTS to HST, June 15, 1854, OHC-WTSP.

32    EES to Maria Ewing, November 24, 1854, HHL.

33    EES to Maria Ewing, July 31, 1856, HHL; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 95.

34    EES to Maria Ewing, July 10 and 22, 1854, HHL; WTS to HBE, December 15, 1854, OHC-WTSP.

35    WTS to HST, December 23, 1854, OHC-WTSP; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 68, 73.

36    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:125; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 59, 60, 87, 95.

37    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:126; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 68, 139–40, 364–65.

38    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:127; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 69, 71.

39    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:127, 136; EES to Maria Ewing, February 15, 1855, HHL.

40    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:128, 129.

41    Ibid., 1:130.

42    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 118; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:130.

43    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 109, 110; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:133.

44    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:133.

45    Ibid., 1:134, 135; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 111, 380.

46    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:135; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 107, 111.

47    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:135; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 88, 107, 111, 116, 118.

48    EES to Maria Ewing, February 28, 1855, HHL; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 115.

49    EES to Maria Ewing, March 8, 1855, HHL; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 114.

50    EES to Maria Ewing, March 8, 1855, HHL.

51    Ibid.; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:136.

52    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:136–37.

53    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 99, 378, 391.

54    WTS to JS, March 20, 1856, OHC-WTSP; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 197.

55    WTS to HBE, June 29, 1855, OHC-WTSP.

56    WTS to HBE, December 15, 1854, June 29, 1855, and April 30, 1856, OHC-WTSP.

57    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 158; WTS to HBE, April 30, 1856, OHC-WTSP.

58    WTS to JS, August 19, 1856, OHC-WTSP; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 193, 203, 204, 209.

59    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:139; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 193, 207.

60    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:139; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 208, 209, 212, 213.

61    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 212, 216; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:143, 144; EES to Maria Ewing, June 16, 1856, HHL.

62    EES to Maria Ewing, June 16, 1856, and Maria Ewing to EES, June 30, 1856, HHL.

63    EES to Maria Ewing, May 20 and June 16, 1856, HHL.

64    EES to Maria Ewing, August 15, 1856, HHL.

65    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 220–21.

66    WTS to JS, July 7 and August 19, 1856, OHC-WTSP; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 223, 396, 397.

67    WTS to JS, July 7 and August 3, 1856, OHC-WTSP.

68    Potter, Impending Crisis, 209–24; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:612–15.

69    WTS to JS, August 19, 1856, OHC-WTSP.

10. I WAS FIT FOR THE ARMY BUT NOTHING ELSE

1   WTS to JS, August 3 and 19, 1856, OHC-WTSP.

2   WTS to JS, March 20, 1856, OHC-WTSP.

3   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:150; WTS to JS, August 19, 1856, OHC-WTSP.

4   Dwight L. Clarke, William Tecumseh Sherman: Gold Rush Banker (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1969), 234; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:150.

5   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:151; EES to Maria Ewing, December 14, 1856, HHL.

6   EES to Maria Ewing, July 31, 1856, HHL.

7   Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 278–79.

8   EES to Maria Ewing, April 5, 1857, HHL; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 230, 276.

9   Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 292, 333; WTS to HTS, March 4, 1857, OHC-WTSP.

10    EES to Maria Ewing, April 5, 1857, HHL.

11    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 230, 276, 302, 312.

12    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:153–54; Kenneth M. Stampp, America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 221–22.

13    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:154–55.

14    WTS to HTS, October 13, 1857, OHC-WTSP; Stampp, America in 1857, 224; George Brown Tindall with David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 1:621; Alan Brinkley, American History: A Survey, 10th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999), 457–58; Irwin Unger, These United States: The Questions of Our Past (New York: Prentice Hall, 1999), 218; Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987), 400–401.

15    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:621; Stampp, America in 1857, 229–30; Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 401.

16    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:155; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 327.

17    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:155–56; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 328–29.

18    WTS to EES, August 24 and September 18, 1857, in HLOS, 149–50, 151; WTS to EES, October 6, 1857, UND-SFP.

19    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 324, 334; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:156; WTS to HST, August 10, 1857, and WTS to HBE, November 26, 1857, OHC-WTSP.

20    WTS to HBE, June 25 and November 26, 1857, OHC-WTSP.

21    WTS to EES, July 29, 1857, in HLOS, 149; WTS to EES, October 23, 1857, and EES to WTS, November 30, 1857, UND-SFP.

22    WTS to JS, December 1857, in Thorndike, 64; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 333.

23    Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 318, 333–35, 339, 348; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:157–58.

24    WTS to EES, July 29, 1857, in HLOS, 148–49; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 112–13.

25    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:158; Clarke, Gold Rush Banker, 338, 339.

26    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:158; Howe, HLOS, 153.

27    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:158–59; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 48.

28    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:159; WTS to EES, September 25, 1858, in HLOS, 156.

29    EES to WTS, October 13, 1858, UND-SFP.

30    Ibid.; WTS to EES, October 12, 1858, UND-SFP.

31    EES to Maria Ewing, November 13, 1858, HHL.

32    EES to Maria Ewing, December 29, 1858, HHL.

33    WTS to HBE, January 20, 1859, OHC-WTSP.

34    Maria Ewing to EES, March 18, 1859, HHL; WTS to EES, April 15, 1859, in HLOS, 158–59.

35    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:160; WTS to JS, April 30, 1859, in Thorndike, 68–69.

36    Robert Ergang, Europe Since Waterloo (Boston: D.C. Heath, 1954), 142, 155–56.

37    WTS to JS, and JS to WTS, June 19, 1859, in Thorndike, 71, 72–75.

38    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:160.

39    Ibid.

40    Walter L. Fleming, ed., General W. T. Sherman as College President: A Collection of Letters, Documents and Other Material, Chiefly from Private Sources (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1912), 13, 14, 25; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:162–66.

41    WTS to G. Mason Graham, February 8 and 21, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 153, 180.

42    WTS to G. Mason Graham, February 8, 1860, in ibid., 153–54.

11. IN A HELL OF A FIX

1   WTS to G. Mason Graham, August 20 and September 7, 1859, and George B. McClellan to WTS, October 23, 1859, in Walter L. Fleming, ed., General W. T. Sherman as College President: A Collection of Letters, Documents, and Other material, Chiefly from Private Sources (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1912), 33–34, 37–38, 40–42; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:163.

2   WTS to EES, December 12, 1859, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 75–76.

3   WTS to JS, September 1859, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 39; WTS to JS, October 1859, in Thorndike, 77.

4   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:1095.

5   Dwight L. Clarke, William Tecumseh Sherman: Gold Rush Banker (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1969), 353.

6   George Brown Tindall with David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 1:625–26; David H. Donald, Jean Harvey Baker, and Michael F. Holt, The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 114.

7   David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis: 1848 to 1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 371, 372.

8   Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987), 404; Potter, Impending Crisis, 376; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:626.

9   Potter, Impending Crisis, 379.

10    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:626–27.

11    WTS to EES, December 12 and 16, 1859, and WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., December 23, 1859, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 77, 85, 89.

12    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:627; Bailey and Kennedy, American Pageant, 393.

13    Ibid.

14    WTS to EES, December 12, 1859, in HLOS, 167–68.

15    Ibid., 168; George W. Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Cadets of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from Its Establishment, March 16, 1802, to the Army Re-organization of 1866–67, 2 vols. (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868), 1:592; WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., December 23, 1859, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 88.

16    WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., December 23, 1859, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 88–89.

17    WTS to EES, December 12, 1859, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 77; Tindall and Shi, America, 1:627.

18    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:164; article written by G. Mason Graham, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 21; WTS to EES, November 12, 1859, and January 12 and 24, 1860, and WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., May 11, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 48–51, 117, 127, 213.

19    WTS to EES, January 12 and 24, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 117–18, 127.

20    WTS to G. Mason Graham, January 13, 1860, WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., January 29, 1860, WTS to EES, February 3 and June 28, 1860, and WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., January 21, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 120, 131, 140–41, 222, 125.

21    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:166; WTS to EES, February 17, 1860, and WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., February 17, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 169–70, 173.

22    WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., January 21, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 125; WTS to EES, February 21, 1860, UND-SFP.

23    WTS to HBE, April 15, 1860, OHC-WTSP.

24    WTS to G. Mason Graham, March 21, 1860, and WTS to EES, March 30, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 192, 194.

25    WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., January 21, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 124–25.

26    WTS to JS, February, 1860, in Thorndike, 80.

27    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:627–28.

28    WTS to JS, May 8 and June 1860, in Thorndike, 83–84.

29    WTS to EES, July 10, 1860, in HLOS, 178–79.

30    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:168, 169.

31    Ibid., 1:169–70.

32    Ibid., 1:170; WTS to EES, November 10 and 23, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 304, 205; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 138.

33    Tindall and Shi, America, 1:631–32; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:171; WTS to EES, December 15, 1860, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 315; WTS to EES, January 27, 1861, in HLOS, 193.

34    WTS to Minnie Sherman, December 15, 1860, and WTS to EES, January 1 and 8, 1861, in Fleming, Sherman as College President, 313–14, 325, 332.

35    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:172.

36    Ibid., 1:172, 173; WTS to G. Mason Graham, January 16 and 20, 1861, and WTS to JS, January 16, 1861, in SCW, 37, 44, 40.

37    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:180–82; Sherman Diary, February 22, 1861, UND-SFP.

38    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:184–86.

39    Ibid., 1:185–86.

12. NO MAN CAN FORESEE THE END

1   Lincoln’s address can be found in David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 5 vols. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 5:2376–77.

2   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:184.

3   WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., June 3, 1861, LC-TE; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., May 17, 1861, in Joseph H. Ewing, Sherman at War (Dayton, Ohio: Morningside House, 1992), 27.

4   WTS to PBE, July 13, 1862, in Ewing, Sherman at War, 59; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., January 8, 1861, LC-TE.

5   J. David Hacker, “A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead,” Civil War History (December 2011), 307–48. For further discussion of Civil War losses, see James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 347, 485, 619, 854.

6   Stephens quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 244.

7   Timothy D. Johnson, A Gallant Little Army: The Mexico City Campaign (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), is an excellent study of Scott’s campaign; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:196.

8   WTS to JS, April 25 and June 8, 1861, in Thorndike, 115, 123; WTS to JS, May 20, 1861, LC-WTSP.

9   WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., May 31, 1861, and WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., June 3, 1861, LC-TE; WTS to JS, May 20, 1861, LC-WTSP.

10    WTS to JS, April 12 and 14, May 24, 1861, in Thorndike, 110, 112, 122–23; WTS to Tom Ewing Jr., June 3, 1861, in HLOS, 198.

11    For more discussion of the evolution of warfare during the Civil War, the reader may consult standard textbooks on the conflict, especially David Herbert Donald, Jean Harvey Baker, and Michael F. Holt, The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), and James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). In addition, Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson, Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982), is helpful. Relative to the impact of the rifled musket, see Paddy Griffith, Battle Tactics of the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), and Earl J. Hess, The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat: Reality and Myth (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2008).

12    WTS to EES, December 18 and 23, 1860, and January 5 and 27, 1861, WTS to Minnie Sherman, December 15, 1860, WTS to G. Mason Graham, January 5, 1861, and WTS to HBE, December 18, 1860, and January 12, 1861, all in SCW, 14, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 30, 31, 36, 47.

13    WTS to JS, December 9 and 18, 1860, January 16, 1861, and WTS to EES, February 1, 1861, in SCW, 16, 24, 41, 50.

14    JS to WTS, January 6, April 12 and 14, 1861, in Thorndike, 92, 110, 112; WTS to JS, January 16 and February 1, 1861, WTS to Charles Ewing, February 3, 1861, WTS to Tom Ewing Jr., February 3, 1861, WTS to EES, February 1, 1861, and EES to WTS, January 29, 1861, all in SCW, 41, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56; EES to WTS, January 4, 1861, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:184; Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 114.

15    WTS to EES, January 20, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to Minnie Sherman, December 15, 1860, and July 14, 1861, OHC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:966.

16    WTS to David Boyd, April 4, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, April 25, 1861, in Thorndike, 115.

17    WTS to EES, December 18, 1860, WTS to JS, December 18 and 29, 1860, March 21, 1861, and WTS to Charles Ewing, February 3, 1861, all in SCW, 22, 23, 28, 63, 52.

18    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., May 17, 1861, and WTS to Tom Ewing Jr., May 23, 1861, in SCW, 85, 91; WTS to JS, n.d., in Thorndike, 109; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 72.

19    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:186; WTS to JS, April 8, 1861, LC-WTSP; WTS to David Boyd, May 13, 1861, UND-SFP.

20    Maria Ewing to EES, April 14, 1861, HHL; WTS to JS, April 8, 1861, and Tom Ewing Jr., to WTS, May 6, 1861, LC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:188; JS to WTS, April 14 and May 30, 1861, in Thorndike, 112, 117.

21    WTS to JS, February 1, 1861, and WTS to Gov. Thomas O. Moore, January 18, 1861, LC-WTSP.

22    WTS to Tom Ewing Jr., February 3, 1861, LC-TE; WTS to David Boyd, April 4, 1861, UND-SFP.

23    S. A. Smith to WTS, April 24, 1861, in Walter L. Fleming, ed., General W. T. Sherman as College President: A Collection of Letters, Documents and Other Material, Chiefly from Private Sources (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1912), 378; Ewing, Sherman at War, 26.

24    Donald, Baker, and Holt, Civil War and Reconstruction, 176; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 290–91; McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 158–59.

25    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:186–87.

26    Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899), 7; Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 1854–1865 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1955), 131; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 291; Donald, Baker, and Holt, Civil War and Reconstruction, 176.

27    McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 291; Donald, Baker, and Holt, Civil War and Reconstruction, 176; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:191.

28    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:191–92; WTS to Tom Ewing Jr., May 11, 1861, LC-TE.

29    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:192.

30    Ibid., 1:192–93; WTS to JS, June 20, 1861, in Thorndike, 124.

13. ACTION AT BULL RUN

1   WTS to JS, July 19, 1861, LC-WTSP.

2   A valuable account of First Bull Run is William C. Davis, Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War (New York: Doubleday, 1977). See also Bruce Catton, The Coming Fury (New York: Pocket, 1967), 449, as well as Catton’s This Hallowed Ground (New York: Pocket, 1961), 56, 57. Helpful too is Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York: Random House, 1958–1974), 1:71–74.

3   Joseph B. Mitchell, Decisive Battles of the Civil War (New York: Fawcett, 1955), 27; Foote, The Civil War, 1:57–58; Ernest B. Furgurson, “The End of Illusions,” Smithsonian, July–August, 2011, 56, 58; Davis, Bull Run, 15, 26, 64, 66.

4   Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols. (New York: Scribner, 1959–1971), 1:211; Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), 370; Richard N. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (New York: Macmillan, 1958), 136; Benjamin P. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1952), 270.

5   Current, Lincoln Nobody Knows, 137; Davis, Bull Run, 72; Catton, Coming Fury, 442.

6   Current, Lincoln Nobody Knows, 139; WTS to EES, July 19, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, July 19, 1861, LC-WTSP.

7   James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 335–36; Foote, The Civil War, 1:71.

8   Davis, Bull Run, 72; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:197.

9   Davis, Bull Run, 72; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 370; Nevins, War for the Union, 1:214; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:196.

10    Mitchell, Decisive Battles, 30; Catton, Coming Fury, 445–50; Foote, The Civil War, 1:71, 74; Francis F. Wilshin, “Manassas (Bull Run),” National Park Service Historical Handbook Series, no. 15 (Washington, D.C., 1957), 5, 6.

11    Catton, Coming Fury, 450; Catton, Hallowed Ground, 58.

12    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:199; Davis, Bull Run, 155–56.

13    Davis, Bull Run, 156; Wilshin, “Manassas,” 9.

14    Davis, Bull Run, 155–56; Catton, Coming Fury, 453; Foote, The Civil War, 1:75.

15    Mitchell, Decisive Battles, 32.

16    Davis, Bull Run, 159–60; Catton, Coming Fury, 455.

17    Davis, Bull Run, 167–68; Foote, The Civil War, 1:75; Catton, Coming Fury, 455.

18    Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 87; Mitchell, Decisive Battles, 33; Furgurson, “End of Illusions,” 61.

19    WTS to EES, July 28, 1861, UND-SFP.

20    Wilshin, “Manassas,” 10; Davis, Bull Run, 166, 171.

21    Davis, Bull Run, 175–77, 185; WTS to EES, July 28, 1861, UND-SFP.

22    WTS to EES, July 28, 1861, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:200; Davis, Bull Run, 186.

23    Davis, Bull Run, 186, 188; Mitchell, Decisive Battles, 36; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 87.

24    Davis, Bull Run, 187; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 371–72.

25    Liddell Hart, Sherman, 88.

26    Ibid.; Davis, Bull Run, 217–18; WTS to EES, July 28, 1861, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:203. Sherman’s letter to Ellen overstates the number of men wounded; possibly he reversed the five and the zero.

27    Davis, Bull Run, 224–25. For recent scholarly assessment of issues associated with the battle, see: “Historians’ Forum: The First Battle of Bull Run,” Civil War History 57, no. 2 (June 2011): 106–20.

28    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:205.

29    Catton, Coming Fury, 464–66; Mitchell, Decisive Battles, 37–38.

30    WTS to EES, July 28, 1861, UND-SFP.

31    WTS to EES, July 24 and August 3, 1861, UND-SFP.

32    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:205; WTS to JS, August 19, 1861, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, July 28, August 3 and 20–27, 1861, UND-SFP.

33    Current, Lincoln Nobody Knows, 139; WTS to EES, August 3, 1861, UND-SFP.

34    WTS to EES, August 17 and 19, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, August 19, 1861, LC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:206.

35    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:207.

36    Ibid., 1:207, 208.

37    Ibid., 1:206, 208.

38    WTS to EES, August 3, 1861, UND-SFP.

39    WTS to EES, July 28, August 3, 12, and 17, 1861, UND-SFP.

40    WTS to EES, January 8, August 17 and 20–27, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, December 29, 1860, and September 9, 1861, LC-WTSP.

41    WTS to EES, August 3, 1861, UND-SFP.

42    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., September 15, 1861, LC-TE; WTS to EES, August 20–27, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, August 19, 1861, LC-WTSP.

43    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:210, 211; WTS to EES, August 19, 1861, UND-SFP.

44    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:210, 211; WTS to EES, August 20–27, 1861, UND-SFP.

14. “CRAZY” IN KENTUCKY

1   WTS to Salmon P. Chase, October 14, 1861, WTS to JS, October 5, 1861, WTS to David Boyd, May 13, 1861, all in SCW, 149, 144, 84.

2   Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 4:532; James A. Rawley, Turning Points of the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), 11; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 284. The land area figures are taken from a 2001 Rand McNally atlas. My calculation of free-state territory did not include the states of California and Oregon, which were essentially isolated on the West Coast and played no meaningful role in the military aspects of the Civil War.

3   WTS to JS, December 9, 1860, LC-WTSP; Rand McNally atlas.

4   Rawley, Turning Points, 14.

5   Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 34; Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 129.

6   Robert Selph Henry, The Story of the Confederacy (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931), 70, 71.

7   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:211–12; WTS to EES, September 18, 1861, UND-SFP.

8   WTS to EES, September 18, 1861, UND-SFP.

9   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:214; SCW, 150.

10    WTS to EES, September 18, 1861, UND-SFP; Steven E. Woodworth, Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 39–41.

11    James Lee McDonough, War in Kentucky: From Shiloh to Perryville (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 63–65.

12    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:214–15; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 100.

13    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:216; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., September 30, 1861, in SCW, 141; WTS to EES, October 6, 1861, UND-SFP; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 100; James Lee McDonough, “Tennessee and the Civil War,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 196; Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 58; Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols. (New York: Scribner, 1959–1971), 2:20.

14    WTS to EES, October 6 and 12, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., September 30, 1861, in SCW, 142.

15    WTS to JS, October 5, 1861, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, October 6, 1861, UND-SFP.

16    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:216; OR, 4:296.

17    WTS to Abraham Lincoln, October 10, 1861, WTS to JS, October 26, 1861, and WTS to William Dennison Jr., November 6, 1861, all in SCW, 146, 153, 156.

18    John E. Kleber, ed., The Kentucky Encyclopedia (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1992), 253; WTS to JS, November 21, 1861, LC-WTSP.

19    McDonough, “Tennessee and the Civil War,” 196; Catton, Terrible Swift Sword, 59.

20    WTS to EES, October 12, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to Salmon P. Chase, October 14, 1861, in SCW, 147, 149; Catton, Terrible Swift Sword, 59.

21    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:218.

22    Ibid., 1:218–19, 229.

23    Ibid., 1:219–20, 222, 231–32; SCW, 113, 148; WTS to Lorenzo Thomas, November 4, 1861, in OR, 4:333.

24    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:220–22, 229–32.

25    New York Tribune, October 30, 1861; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 195.

26    WTS to Lorenzo Thomas, November 4 and 6, 1861, in OR, 4:333, 341.

27    Lewis, Sherman, 197; Kennett, Sherman, 139; Michael Fellman, Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Random House, 1995), 95; John Marszalek, Sherman’s Other War: The General and the Civil War Press (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1981), 60–63;. WTS to William Dennison Jr., November 6, 1861, in SCW, 156–57.

28    EES to WTS, October 10, 1861, and WTS to EES, October 12, 1861, in SCW, 147, 148; WTS to JS, November 21, 1861, LC-WTSP.

29    WTS to JS, November 21, 1861, LC-WTSP.

30    WTS to JS, January 8, 1862, LC-WTSP.

31    Kennett, Sherman, 141; Fellman, Citizen Sherman, 97; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 167.

32    EES to JS, November 10, 1861, LC-WTSP; JS to WTS, November 17, 1861, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, November 21, 1861, LC-WTSP.

33    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., December 12, 1861, LC-WTSP; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 110, 111.

34    Liddell Hart, Sherman, 111; Lewis, Sherman, 200.

35    Cincinnati Commercial, December 11, 1861.

36    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., December 12, 1861, LC-WTSP; Lewis, Sherman, 203.

37    WTS to Henry Halleck, December 12, 1861, in SCW, 165; WTS to EES, January 1, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, January 4, 8, 9, 1862, LC-WTSP; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., December 24, 1861, LC-TE. Also see Simpson’s and Berlin’s introduction to chapter 4 of SCW (p. 166); JS to EES, December 14, 1861, UND-SFP; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 103–6.

38    For various views of Sherman’s mental state in the fall of 1861, see Fellman, Citizen Sherman, 99; Kennett, Sherman, 145–48; Lewis, Sherman, 201–7; Marszalek, Sherman, 164–69.

39    WTS to EES, January 1, 1862, UND-SFP.

40    WTS to EES, January 29, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, January 8, 1862, LC-WTSP.

41    WTS to JS, January 8, 1862, LC-WTSP.

42    Many sources attest to Sherman’s health problems. Several letters of the General and Ellen inspired this paragraph on that topic. In addition to earlier discussion, see EES to JS, November 10, 1861, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, October 12, 1861, and January 29, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, January 8, 1862, LC-WTSP.

43    WTS to JS, January 8, 1862, LC-WTSP.

44    Lewis, Sherman, 203–4.

45    WTS to JS, February 3, 1862, in Thorndike, 139; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:236; WTS to JS, December 24, 1861, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, January 11, 1862, UND-SFP.

46    Lewis, Sherman, 207, 209–10; Fellman, Citizen Sherman, 102; Kennett, Sherman, 154; Marszalek, Sherman, 168; EES to WTS, January 8, 1862, and WTS to EES, January 11, 1862, UND-SFP.

47    Lewis, Sherman, 205–6. The description of Ellen’s actions on behalf of her husband is in SCW, 188.

48    Lewis, Sherman, 205–9; EES to WTS, January 29, 1862, UND-SFP.

15. TRIUMPHANT IN TENNESSEE

1   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:238.

2   Ibid.

3   David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. 5 vols. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 2:713, 863–72, and 4:1807–8.

4   OR, 7:73–74; U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 2 vols. (New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1885), 1:286–87.

5   Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:287.

6   OR, 8:509.

7   Ibid., 7:526, and 8:482, 503.

8   Ibid., 8:406, 411, 431, 475–76.

9   Ibid., 7:121, and 5:41.

10    Ibid., 7:571, 121.

11    Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Forts Henry and Donelson: The Key to the Confederate Heartland (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), 101–21, is the most detailed and scholarly history of the campaign.

12    Ibid., 103–6.

13    Stanley F. Horn, The Army of Tennessee: A Military History (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), 83. Grant’s letter to his wife is quoted in Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 156; see also 202n.

14    James Lee McDonough, “Tennessee and the Civil War,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 54, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 197–98; Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 58.

15    Cooling, Forts Henry and Donelson, 245; Robert Selph Henry, The Story of the Confederacy (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931), 81; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 115; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, To the Battles of Franklin and Nashville and Beyond (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2011), 9. For detailed discussion of the 1862 Kentucky campaign, see James Lee McDonough, War in Kentucky: From Shiloh to Perryville (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, Tenn., 1994).

16    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:239; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 118; OR, 7:629; JS to WTS, February 15, 1862, in Thorndike, 140.

17    WTS to EES, February 17, 1862, WTS to JS, February 23, 1862, and WTS to Charley Ewing, February 27, 1862, all in SCW, 191, 193, 194.

18    Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:315.

19    OR, 10 (pt. 2):28–29; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:245.

20    Bruce Catton, Grant Moves South (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960), 193; Grant, Memoirs, 1:325; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:245.

21    OR, 7:679–80, 682.

22    Larry J. Daniel, Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 75 and 336n51, gives a good summation of the number of transports carrying the Federal troops up the Tennessee. See also Stacy D. Allen, “Shiloh! The Campaign and First Day’s Battle,” Blue & Gray Magazine (Winter 1997), 12; Edward Cunningham, Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862, eds. Gary D. Joiner and Tim-othy B. Smith (New York: Savas Beatie, 2007), 77, 78.

23    OR, 7:674, and 10 (pt. 1):22, and (pt. 2):6, 22; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:246–47; Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 12.

24    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:247.

25    Ibid., 1:247–48; OR, 10 (pt. 1): 22–23, and (pt. 2): 34–36, 42, 43, 45; Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 13.

26    James Lee McDonough, Shiloh—In Hell before Night (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977), 44–45.

27    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:248.

28    OR, 10 (pt. 1):27; Timothy B. Smith, Rethinking Shiloh: Myth and Memory (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2013), 2.

29    OR, 10 (pt. 1):26–27, contains both of Sherman’s communications dated March 17, 1862. See also Liddell Hart, Sherman, 121.

30    McDonough, Shiloh, 38–40.

31    Catton, Grant Moves South, 212–13; McDonough, Shiloh, 22.

32    Catton, Grant Moves South, 213; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 213.

33    Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 16; McDonough, Shiloh, 52.

34    Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle,” 18; McDonough, Shiloh, 52; OR, 10 (pt. 2):50.

35    WTS to EES, April 3, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., April 4, 1862, in SCW, 198–200.

36    OR, 10 (pt. 2):91.

37    OR, 10 (pt. 2):93, 94, and (pt. 1): 89.

38    McDonough, Shiloh, 86–90.

39    WTS to EES, April 11, 1862, UND-SFP. For full coverage and analysis of the campaign and battle of Shiloh, see Allen, “Shiloh! First Day’s Battle”; Stacy D. Allen, “Shiloh—The Second Day!” Blue & Gray Magazine (Spring 1998); Cunningham, Shiloh; Daniel, Shiloh; McDonough, Shiloh; Timothy B. Smith, The Untold Story of Shiloh: The Battle and the Battlefield (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006); and Wiley Sword, Shiloh: Bloody April (New York: William Morrow, 1974).

40    OR, 10 (pt. 1):640.

41    Ibid.

42    Robert Selph Henry, “First with the Most” Forrest (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1944), 80–81; Robert Selph Henry, ed., As They Saw Forrest (Jackson, Tenn.: McCowat-Mercer Press, 1956), 39, 40; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 123.

43    OR, 10 (pt. 1):113–14, 641; Allen, “The Second Day!” 47.

44    Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900), 77–80; Lewis, Sherman, 232.

45    WTS to EES, April 14, 1862, UND-SFP; OR, 10 (pt. 1):644–46.

46    WTS to EES, April 14, 1862, UND-SFP.

47    Ibid.; EES to WTS, April 9, 1862, UND-SFP.

48    WTS to EES, April 14, 1862, UND-SFP.

49    WTS to William T. Sherman Jr., April 19, 1862, in SCW, 205–6.

50    Maria Ewing to EES, December 9, 1862, HHL.

51    Cincinnati Gazette, April 14, 1862; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., April 27 and May 3, 1862, in SCW, 212, 213.

52    OR, 10 (pt. 1):665; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., April 27, 1862, in SCW, 212; Allen, “The Second Day!” 49.

16. THIS IS NO COMMON WAR

1   Bruce Catton, This Hallowed Ground (New York: Pocket, 1961), 147; James Lee McDonough, War in Kentucky: From Shiloh to Perryville (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 17, 18, 20.

2   Robert Selph Henry, The Story of the Confederacy (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931), 130–31; Stacy D. Allen, “Shiloh—The Second Day!” Blue & Gray Magazine (Spring 1998), 55.

3   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:270–71.

4   Ibid., 1:275–76.

5   OR, 10 (pt. 1):665, 666.

6   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:272; James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Rand McNally, 1971), 204; WTS to EES, May 26, 1862, UND-SFP.

7   WTS to EES, June 6, 1862, UND-SFP.

8   WTS to EES, May 26, 1862, UND-SFP.

9   Henry, Story of the Confederacy, 131; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:273; WTS to JS, May 31, 1862, LC-WTSP.

10    Henry, Story of the Confederacy, 131.

11    James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 231, called Farragut “the most remarkable naval commander of the war.”

12    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:274, 275, 278.

13    WTS to JS, May 31, 1862, in Thorndike, 155; WTS to EES, June 10, 1862, UND-SFP; OR, 17 (pt. 2):100; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 306.

14    For a discussion of Halleck’s inauguration of the Chattanooga campaign, see McDonough, War in Kentucky, 37–42.

15    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:275, 278.

16    WTS to EES, June 27, 1862, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:277.

17    WTS to B. Stanton, June 10, 1862, UND-SFP.

18    WTS to EES, June 10, 1862, and WTS to B. Stanton, June 10, 1862, UND-SFP.

19    WTS to S. S. L’Hommedieu, Esq., July 7, 1862, in SCW, 246–48.

20    EES to WTS, June 1, 1862, and WTS to EES, June 6 and 10, 1862, UND-SFP.

21    EES to WTS, June 20, 1862, UND-SFP; Merrill, Sherman, 202; WTS to PBE, July 14, 1862, in SCW, 230, 254.

22    For McClellan on Halleck, see James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 525; WTS to General Halleck, July 16, 1862, and WTS to JS, August 13, 1862, in SCW, 255, 256, 273; Lewis, Sherman, 242.

23    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., June 7, 1862, WTS to PBE, July 13, 1862, and WTS to JS, August 13, 1862, all in SCW, 239, 253, 273; Merrill, Sherman, 204.

24    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:285.

25    Ibid.; WTS to EES, August 20, 1862, UND-SFP; Lewis, Sherman, 244.

26    OR, 17 (pt. 2):127.

27    Lewis, Sherman, 243–44; WTS to EES, December 14, 1862, UND-SFP.

28    WTS to EES, October 4, 1862, UND-SFP: WTS to Minnie Sherman, October 4, 1862, OHC-WTSP.

29    WTS to EES, August 10, September 22, December 14, 1862, UND-SFP.

30    OR, 3 (pt. 2):349, 402, and 17 (pt. 2):178; WTS to EES, August 20, 1862, UND-SFP.

31    OR, 17 (pt. 1):23. Back in 1861, General Halleck had assessed leading secessionists in Missouri thousands of dollars to compensate for destruction perpetrated by guerrillas: see Noel C. Fisher, “‘Prepare Them for My Coming’: General William T. Sherman, Total War, and Pacification in West Tennessee,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 51, no. 2 (Summer 1992): 80.

32    WTS to Thomas C. Hindman, October 17, 1862, and WTS to Mrs. Valeria Hurlbut, November 6, 1862, in SCW, 317, 321; OR, 17 (pt. 1):145; Lewis, Sherman, 252.

33    OR, 17 (pt. 1):144–45, and (pt. 2):235–36, 240, 261.

34    Ibid., 17 (pt. 2):280–81, 285; WTS to Edwin M. Stanton, December 16, 1862, in SCW, 347.

35    WTS to Miss P. A. Fraser, October 22, 1862, in SCW, 318.

36    WTS to JS, October 1, 1862, in Thorndike, 165; OR, 17 (pt. 2): 261; EES to WTS, August 30, 1862, UND-SFP.

37    WTS to “New York Gentlemen,” September 17, 1862, in SCW, 296–97; Maria Ewing to EES, December 9, 1862, HHL.

38    Benjamin Franklin Cooling, To the Battles of Franklin and Nashville and Beyond (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2011), provides a recent, scholarly appraisal of partisan war in Tennessee and Kentucky.

39    WTS to Minnie Sherman, August 6, 1862, OHC-WTSP; WTS to John C. Pemberton, November 18, 1862, in OR, 17 (pt. 2):872–73.

40    David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. 5 vols. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 1:477–79; OR, 17 (pt. 2):113, 158–60; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:285.

41    OR, 17 (pt. 2):113, 140, 158–59, 179, 201, 216.

42    WTS to JS, September 3 and October 1, 1862, LC-WTSP.

43    WTS to JS, September 22 and October 1, 1862, and WTS to Thomas Tasker Gantt, September 23, 1862, in SCW, 301, 311, 303.

44    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:285–86; OR, 3 (pt. 2):402, and 17 (pt. 2):140–41, 178–79.

45    WTS to EES, August 5, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to EES, August 20, 1862, and WTS to W. H. H. Taylor, August 25, 1862, in SCW, 281–83, 287–88.

46    OR, 17 (pt. 2):150, 163, 186; WTS to EES, October 4, 1862, UND-SFP.

47    OR, 17 (pt. 2):150, 163, 170–71, 186; WTS to Lorenzo Thomas, August 11, 1862, in OR, 3 (pt. 2):350; WTS to JS, August 13, 1862, in SCW, 271, 272.

48    OR, 17 (pt. 2):117, 118, 128, 169, 187; WTS to PBE, November 2, 1862, in SCW, 319; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:307.

49    Lewis, Sherman, 251; WTS to Charles Ewing, July 8, 1862, in SCW, 248–49.

50    EES to WTS, April 13, 18, 26, 29, May 9, August 17, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., June 7, 1862, and WTS to Charles Ewing, July 8, 1862, in SCW, 238–39, 248–50.

51    EES to WTS, August 1 and 17, 1862, and WTS to EES, September 25, October 1, December 14, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, August 26 and December 14, 1862, LC-WTSP.

52    WTS to PBE, July 13, 1862, WTS to EES, August 10, 1862, WTS to JS, August 13 and September 3, 1862, WTS to the Sherman children, December 8, 1862, and EES to JS, December 11, 1862, all in SCW, 251, 267, 273–74, 294, 340, 344; EES to Thomas Ewing Sr., November 5, 1862, UND-SFP. On the Gayoso House, see The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, ed. Carroll Van West (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society, 1998), 353.

53    WTS to EES, December 14, 1862, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, December 20, 1862, LC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:283–84; OR, 17 (pt. 2):273, 351–52, 856–57.

17. THE STRONGEST PLACE I EVER SAW

1   OR, 16 (pt. 2):14, 16, 63.

2   John Keegan, The American Civil War: A Military History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), 207; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 421–22.

3   Kenneth P. Williams, Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War, 5 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 4:26; James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 233–34, 254.

4   Bruce Catton, This Hallowed Ground (New York: Pocket, 1961), 259; Thomas L. Connelly, “Vicksburg: Strategic Point or Propaganda Device?” Military Affairs 34, no. 2 (April 1970): 49–53.

5   Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 254–55.

6   OR, 17 (pt. 2):244–45, 262, 285; Lewis, Sherman, 256.

7   OR, 17 (pt. 1):466–69.

8   Ibid., 17 (pt. 1):466–69, and (pt. 2):347.

9   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:302; OR, 17 (pt. 1):471.

10    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:304; OR, 17 (pt. 1):471, 472, 473.

11    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:304–8; OR, 17 (pt. 1):472–74.

12    James W. Denver to “My Dear Wife,” November 29, 1862, James W. Denver Papers, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, cited in Steven E. Woodworth, Sherman (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 62, 185.

13    WTS to JS, December 20, 1862, LC-WTSP; EES to WTS, December 23, 1862, UND-SFP.

14    OR, 17 (pt. 1):601; WTS to JS, December 14, 1862, LC-WTSP; David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 5 vols. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 3:1552.

15    WTS to JS, December 14, 1862, LC-WTSP; OR, 17 (pt. 1):605.

16    William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:308, 312; Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing But Victory: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1865 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 262, 263; Michael B. Ballard, Vicksburg: The Campaign That Opened the Mississippi (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 131.

17    U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 2 vols. (New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.), 1:430–31; OR, 17 (pt. 1):474, 475.

18    Lewis, Sherman, 257–58; Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, 4:218, 219, 301, 524.

19    OR, 17 (pt. 1): 604, 605; Heidler and Heidler, Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, 1:431.

20    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:312; Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, 4:209.

21    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:312–13; WTS to JS, January 6, 1863, LC-WTSP.

22    OR, 17 (pt. 1):605; WTS to David Porter, December 28, 1862, HHL; William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 48; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:312–13, 318–19; WTS to EES, January 4, 1863, UND-SFP; Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, 4:544.

23    OR, 17 (pt. 1):606, 652; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:314; Shea and Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key, 52.

24    OR, 17 (pt. 1):606–7; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:314–15.

25    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:315, 318; WTS to EES, January 4, 1863, UND-SFP; Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (1888; repr., New York: Castle Books, 1956), 3:468, 471. After Sherman’s memoirs were published, George W. Morgan, in an article written for Century Magazine and later published in Battles and Leaders, claimed that Sherman had said before the assault that “we will lose 5000 men before we take Vicksburg, and may as well lose them here as anywhere else” (3:467).

26    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:316; OR, 17 (pt. 1):609, 610; WTS to EES, January 4, 1863, UND-SFP.

27    WTS to EES, January 4, 1863, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, January 6, 1863, LC-WTSP; Keegan, The American Civil War, 211.

28    Maria Ewing to EES, January 22, 1863, HHL.

29    WTS to JS, January 17, 1863, LC-WTSP.

30    Ibid.; WTS to EES, January 4 and 24, 1863, and EES to WTS, January 14, 1863, UND-SFP.

31    OR, 17 (pt. 2):528; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:316–19.

32    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:318–20.

33    Ibid.; Williams, Lincoln Finds a General, 4:292; Navy-OR, 23:602.

34    OR, 17 (pt. 1):755–56; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:320–21.

35    OR, 17 (pt. 1):719, 756, 784–85; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:321–23, 325.

36    OR, 17 (pt. 1):785; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:324.

37    WTS to EES, January 12, 16, 24, 1863, UND-SFP.

38    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:324–25; WTS to JS, January 17, 1863, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, January 16, 1863, UND-SFP.

39    OR, 17 (pt. 1):700–710; Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 280.

40    WTS to E. A. Hitchcock, January 25, 1863, in SCW, 369; WTS to JS, January 17 and 25, 1863, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, January 12 and 24, 1863, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:319–20.

41    OR, 17 (pt. 1):701, 603.

42    OR, 17 (pt. 2):553–54, 570–71, 586, 883; WTS to EES, January 4 and 12, 1863, UND-SFP.

43    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., January 16, 1863, in SCW, 354; WTS to JS, January 17, 1863, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, January 16 and 28, February 6, 1863, UND-SFP.

18. THE RIVER OF OUR GREATNESS IS FREE

1   OR, 24 (pt. 1):11.

2   Ibid., 24 (pt. 1):9, 11.

3   Ibid., 24 (pt. 1):12, 13, 14.

4   Ibid., 17 (pt. 2):555.

5   WTS to EES, February 6, 1863, UND-SFP.

6   OR, 17 (pt. 2):572; WTS to Ethan A. Hitchcock, January 25, 1863, in SCW, 367.

7   Chicago Tribune, January 15, 1863, New York Times, January 19, 1863, and Cincinnati Gazette, January 31, 1863, all cited in John F. Marszalek, Sherman’s Other War: The General and the Civil War Press (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1981), 120–22.

8   WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., February 17, 1863, in SCW, 398.

9   Anna McAllister, Ellen Ewing: Wife of General Sherman (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1936), 246; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 262.

10    JS to WTS, February 26, 1863, and WTS to JS, March 14, 1863, in SCW, 419, 421; EES to WTS, February 8, 11, 14, 1863, UND-SFP; McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 245–47.

11    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., April 27, 1862, in SCW, 212.

12    For information about the most important newspapers, see Marszalek, Sherman’s Other War, 36–39.

13    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., January 16, 1863, in SCW, 355–56.

14    Ibid., 356; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 131–32; Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 169–70.

15    OR, 17 (pt. 2):889; James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 294; Mark E. Neely Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 35; Marszalek, Sherman’s Other War, 129.

16    OR, 17 (pt. 2):580–81; New York Herald, January 18, 1863.

17    Ibid., 17 (pt. 2):890–91.

18    Ibid., 17 (pt. 2):894; Marszalek, Sherman’s Other War, 142–43.

19    Ibid., 17 (pt. 2):894.

20    Ibid., 17 (pt. 2):895.

21    Marszalek, Sherman’s Other War, 144–45.

22    EES to WTS, April 9, 1863, UND-SFP.

23    OR, 17 (pt. 2):895–97.

24    WTS to E. O. C. Ord, February 22, 1863, in SCW, 406.

25    Ibid.; WTS to JS, February 12, 1863, in SCW, 397.

26    WTS to JS, March 14, 1863, and WTS to E. O. C. Ord, February 22, 1863, in SCW, 420, 406; WTS to EES, February 22 and 26, 1863, UND-SFP.

27    McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 243; WTS to EES, February 22, 1863, UND-SFP.

28    WTS to EES, February 22, 1863, UND-SFP.

29    WTS to Benjamin H. Grierson, February 9, 1863, in SCW, 396.

30    WTS to JS, February 12, 1863, in SCW, 397.

31    Bruce Catton, This Hallowed Ground (New York: Pocket, 1861), 263.

32    Navy-OR, 24:474; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:329; WTS to EES, January 24, 1863, UND-SFP.

33    David D. Porter, The Naval History of the Civil War (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1998), 303; Navy-OR, 24:474.

34    David D. Porter, Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1885), 145; Navy-OR, 24:474; Porter, Naval History, 304. Both dates and times differ somewhat in the various accounts of the expedition. I have accepted the dates given by an officer aboard the Cincinnati, who kept a daily journal published in Navy-OR, believing that his continual daily entries are more likely to be accurate about the date of events than someone, even Sherman or Porter, who later summarized the expedition.

35    Navy-OR, 24:474–75, 493; Porter, Naval History, 304.

36    Porter, Incidents, 145, 157; Navy-OR, 24:475, 493.

37    Navy-OR, 24:475; Porter, Incidents, 149–50.

38    Porter, Naval History, 305; Navy-OR, 24:494.

39    Navy-OR, 24:476–77; Porter, Incidents, 160–64; Porter, Naval History, 305.

40    Porter, Incidents, 162.

41    Ibid., 161; OR, 24 (pt. 1):436–37; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:332.

42    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:332; OR, 24 (pt. 1):433.

43    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:332.

44    Navy-OR, 24:488–89.

45    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:332–34; Porter, Naval History, 306.

46    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:333–34; Porter, Naval History, 306.

47    Porter, Incidents, 168–69; Navy-OR, 24:495.

48    Navy-OR, 24:479–80, 495.

49    Ibid., 24:496.

50    Ibid., 24:479.

51    OR, 24 (pt. 1):434, 436; WTS to EES, April 10, 1863, UND-SFP.

52    WTS to JS, April 10, 1863, in SCW, 450.

53    WTS to EES, April 17, 1863, UND-SFP.

54    WTS to JS, April 3, 1863, in SCW, 439.

55    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:339–43; WTS to JS, April 26, 1863, in SCW, 459.

56    WTS to EES, April 23, 1863, UND-SFP; Porter, Naval History, 310; Michael B. Ballard, Vicksburg: The Campaign That Opened the Mississippi (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 199.

57    Porter, Naval History, 310, 311; William L. Shea and Terrence J. Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 98–99.

58    Porter, Naval History, 311; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:343–44.

59    Ibid.; Porter, Incidents, 176.

60    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:344; Porter, Naval History, 312.

61    OR, 24 (pt. 3):158; Ballard, Vicksburg, 210.

62    OR, 24 (pt. 3):209, 762.

63    Ibid., 24 (pt. 3):240.

64    Ibid., 24 (pt. 3):242–43; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:345; Ballard, Vicksburg, 203, 213; Catton, Hallowed Ground, 285; Shea and Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key, 94, 102–3.

65    Ballard, Vicksburg, 207–8; Shea and Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key, 93–94; Catton, Hallowed Ground, 286; Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York: Random House, 1958–1974), 2:335, 341.

66    OR, 24 (pt. 3):211, and (pt. 1):80.

67    Ibid., 24 (pt. 1):80–81.

68    Ibid., 24 (pt. 1):84, 87.

69    U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 2 vols. (New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1885), 1:474–76.

70    Ibid., 1:476–78.

71    Edwin C. Bearss, Fields of Honor (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2006), 210–14; Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:480.

72    WTS to EES, April 29, 1863, UND-SFP.

73    Ibid.; OR, 24 (pt. 3):274.

74    OR, 24 (pt. 1):33, 35, and (pt. 3):268–69, 285.

75    Ibid., 24 (pt. 3):285, and (pt. 1):755–56; Bearss, Fields of Honor, 214.

76    Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:487–528; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:345–50. See also the official reports of Grant and Sherman in OR, 24 (pt. 1):48–54, 753–55. Additionally consulted were Ballard, Vicksburg, 226–318; Bearss, Fields of Honor, 210–33. For a full discussion of the battle of Champion’s Hill, see Timothy B. Smith, Champion’s Hill: Decisive Battle for Vicksburg (New York: Savas Beatie, 2004).

77    Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:528.

78    The discussion of the May 19 and 22 attacks is based upon the accounts of Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 401–12; Shea and Winschel, Vicksburg Is the Key, 146–49; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:350–53.

79    Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:531.

80    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:352–53; OR, 24 (pt. 1):86–87.

81    WTS to John Rawlins, June 17, 1863, in SCW, 486.

82    WTS to JS, June 27, 1863, in SCW, 495; OR, 24 (pt. 1):103. Consult Richard L. Kiper, Major General John Alexander McClernand: Politician in Uniform (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999), for a biographical study of the man.

83    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:353–54; WTS to EES, June 2 and 11, 1863, UND-SFP.

84    WTS to EES, June 27, 1863, UND-SFP.

85    Ibid.

86    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:354–56; Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1:555; OR, 24 (pt. 3): 461, 472.

87    WTS to EES, July 15, 1863, UND-SFP; OR, 24 (pt. 3):472.

19. WHY WAS I NOT KILLED AT VICKSBURG?

1   WTS to EES, July 5, 1863, UND-SFP; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 229; OR, 24 (pt. 2):533–34; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:356.

2   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:356–57; WTS to JS, July 19, 1863, LC-WTSP; OR, 24 (pt. 3):531.

3   OR, 24 (pt. 3):531; WTS to JS, July 19, 1863, LC-WTSP; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 295.

4   WTS to David Stuart, August 1, 1863, WTS to Edward O. C. Ord, August 3, 1863, and WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., August 20, 1863, all in SCW, 512, 513, 523.

5   OR, 24 (pt. 3):473, 531.

6   Lewis, Sherman, 298.

7   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:370; WTS to PBE, July 28, 1863, in SCW, 508.

8   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:370; Anna McAllister, Ellen Ewing: Wife of General Sherman (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1936), 262; WTS to JS, July 28, 1863, in Thorndike, 209.

9   Henry W. Halleck to WTS, August 4, 1863, in Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002); Lewis, Sherman, 299; WTS to PBE, July 28, 1863, and WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., August 13, 1863, in SCW, 508, 522.

10    WTS to PBE, July 28, 1863, and WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., August 13, 1863, in SCW, 508, 521; McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 261–63.

11    WTS to EES, May 2, 1863, and WTS to William T. Sherman Jr., June 21, 1863, UND-SFP; McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 260.

12    McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 259; WTS to JS, September 9, 1863, LC-WTSP.

13    McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 264–65; WTS to JS, September 9, 1863, LC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:370–71.

14    WTS to JS, September 9, 1863, LC-WTSP; McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 264–65; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:371.

15    The summary of the battle of Chickamauga is based on James Lee McDonough Chattanooga—A Death Grip on the Confederacy (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 3–19.

16    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:372–73.

17    McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 266–67; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:373–74.

18    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:374; John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 31 vols. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967– ), 9:274–75; Lewis, Sherman, 309; OR, 30 (pt. 4):356–57; WTS to JS, October 24, 1863, LC-WTSP.

19    WTS to EES, October 6, 1863, UND-SFP.

20    WTS to EES, October 10, 1863, UND-SFP.

21    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:375; WTS to EES, October 14, 24, 28, 1863, and January 28, March 10, June 12, 26, 1864, UND-SFP; McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 267–72.

22    WTS to PBE, October 24, 1863, in SCW, 564.

23    OR, 30 (pt. 4):236.

24    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:376–78.

25    Marszalek, Sherman, 239; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:378; WTS to EES, October 14, 1863, UND-SFP.

26    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:378; OR, 30 (pt. 4):356; Lewis, Sherman, 312.

27    OR, 30 (pt. 4):236, 355, 404; McDonough, Chattanooga, 49.

28    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:383; Lewis, Sherman, 313.

29    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:383–84.

30    Ibid., 1:386; Lewis, Sherman, 314; WTS to EES, November 14, 1863, UND-SFP.

31    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:386; Marszalek, Sherman, 242.

32    McDonough, Chattanooga, 53.

33    Ibid., 55–58; Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (1897; repr., New York: Da Capo, 1986), 5.

34    McDonough, Chattanooga, 55–58, 76–88, 95–96; Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 8–9.

35    Grant, Personal Memoirs, 2:49, 58; McDonough, Chattanooga, 104.

36    OR, 31 (pt. 2):39, 64.

37    Ibid., 31 (pt. 2):41; Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (1888; repr., New York: Castle Books, 1956), 3:712; McDonough, Chattanooga, 118–19.

38    OR, 31 (pt. 2):572–73.

39    Henry H. Wright, A History of the Sixth Iowa Infantry (Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1923), 235; OR, 31 (pt. 2):573.

40    McDonough, Chattanooga, 117–22.

41    Ibid., 122; Wiley Sword, Mountains Touched with Fire: Chattanooga Besieged, 1863 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1995), 237; OR, 31 (pt. 2):42, 573, 746–48; Steven E. Woodworth, Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 183.

42    McDonough, Chattanooga, 127–28.

43    OR, 31 (pt. 2):315; John Geary to Mary Geary, December 4, 1863, John W. Geary Letters, Chickamauga–Chattanooga National Military Park Library; McDonough, Chattanooga, 129–42.

44    McDonough, Chattanooga, 145; Lewis, Sherman, 320; OR, 31 (pt. 2):574; WTS to EES, July 15, 1863, UND-SFP.

45    OR, 31 (pt. 2):574, 631, 633, 636.

46    Ibid., 31 (pt. 2):574, 636.

47    McDonough, Chattanooga, 150–51.

48    OR, 31 (pt. 2):360–61, 369, 634, 655; McDonough, Chattanooga, 157; Norman D. Brown, ed., One of Cleburne’s Command: The Civil War Reminiscences and Diary of Captain Samuel T. Foster, Granbury’s Texas Brigade, CSA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980), 62.

49    OR, 31 (pt. 2):369, 634, 636–37, 644, 648, 649, 653, 737–38, 751; McDonough, Chattanooga, 154–56. This account benefits from a tour of the Sherman–Hardee/Cleburne battle area at the northern end of Missionary Ridge, led by James H. Ogden, historian/ranger with the National Park Service, Chickamauga–Chattanooga National Military Park, on Saturday, May 15, 2010.

50    Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 471.

51    Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 3:716–26; McDonough, Chattanooga, 164.

52    Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 3:716–26; McDonough, Chattanooga, 168–69, 174–76.

53    McDonough, Chattanooga, 176; Alexander W. Reynolds report, December 15, 1863, J. Patton Anderson Papers, in the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University of Florida, Gainesville.

54    McDonough, Chattanooga, 161–80.

55    Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 3:725; McDonough, Chattanooga, 167.

56    OR, 31 (pt. 2):96; McDonough, Chattanooga, 167–68, 194.

57    For a detailed discussion of the fight for the center of Missionary Ridge, both the Union assault and the Confederate defense, see McDonough, Chattanooga, 161–205. I have walked the crest of the ridge all along the area where the Federals attacked, a distance of approximately two miles. I have also rapidly climbed the ridge (some years ago) at two markedly different places, in order to get some “feel” for the endeavor, both in terms of the time required to scale the height (without opposition obviously, and without carrying firearms) and the difficulties, as well as the advantages, presented by the terrain.

58    OR, 31 (pt. 2):34, 45.

59    McDonough, Chattanooga, 162; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:390; Grant, Personal Memoirs, 2:88.

60    Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900), 106–8.

61    OR, 31 (pt. 2): 25, 45, 49–50.

62    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:393; WTS to EES, December 8, 1863, UND-SFP.

63    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:393–94.

64    Ibid., 1:394, 414, 417.

65    Grenville M. Dodge, Personal Recollections of President Abraham Lincoln, General Ulysses Grant and General William T. Sherman (n.p.: Monarch Printing Co., 1914), 138–42.

66    OR, 31 (pt. 3):497.

20. ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND STRONG

1   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 1:414, 417; WTS to EES, January 11, 1864, UND-SFP.

2   WTS to EES, January 5 and 11, 1864, UND-SFP; WTS to Minnie Sherman, January 6, 1864, OHC-WTSP; “Site of the Burnet House—Cincinnati, Ohio—American Waymarking.com,” 1 and 2, as well as information from the historical marker placed on the site of the Burnet House in 2012.

3   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:417; WTS to EES, January 11 and 19, 1864, UND-SFP.

4   WTS to EES, January 11 and 19, 1864, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, January 28, 1864, LC-WTSP.

5   WTS to EES, January 28, 1864, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, January 28, 1864, LC-WTSP.

6   Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 224; OR, 24 (pt. 3):472.

7   WTS to EES, January 11, 1864, UND-SFP.

8   OR, 24 (pt. 3):472; WTS to JS, April 3, 1863, in SCW, 437.

9   Sherman, Memoirs, 1:417–18; Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 480, placed Sherman’s numbers at 27,000.

10    WTS to JS, January 28, 1864, LC-WTSP; WTS to EES, January 28, 1864, UND-SFP.

11    WTS to Minnie Sherman, January 28, 1864, OHC-WTSP.

12    OR, 32 (pt. 2):278–81.

13    WTS to JS, January 28, 1864, LC-WTSP.

14    Liddell Hart, Sherman, 225; WTS to EES, January 28, 1864, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:419, 421; OR, 30 (pt. 4):236; Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 481.

15    WTS to EES, February 7, 1864, UND-SFP; Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 482–83.

16    WTS to EES, February 7 and March 10, 1864, UND-SFP.

17    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:420–21 (see also “Chronology,” 2:1102); OR, 23 (pt. 2):175–76; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 226.

18    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:423; Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 485.

19    WTS to EES, March 10, 1864, UND-SFP; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:418, 422–23.

20    OR, 32 (pt. 1):177; Sherman, Memoirs, 1:414–15, 421–22.

21    WTS to EES, March 10, 1864, UND-SFP.

22    Steven E. Woodworth, This Great Struggle: America’s Civil War (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011), 389; Gary W. Gallagher, “The War Was Won in the East,” Civil War Times (February 2011), 21. A number of professional Civil War historians, while recognizing the dramatic appeal and profuse bloodletting of the Gettysburg clash, are convinced that the significance of the battle has been overrated, a point of view I have long held.

23    WTS to EES, March 12, 1864, UND-SFP.

24    Ibid.

25    James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 454–55, discusses the Southern view of blacks serving in the Union Army.

26    WTS to JS, April 22, 1864, LC-WTSP; WTS to Lorenzo Thomas, April 12, 1864, in SCW, 621.

27    Woodworth, This Great Struggle, 248.

28    Russell F. Weigley, History of the United States Army, enlarged ed. (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1984), 211 (Weigley states that the U.S. government, by the time the war was over, had paid $585 million in total bounties, as much as the entire pay for the U.S. Army during the war); WTS to JS, April 5 and 11, 1864, and WTS to Minnie Sherman, May 1, 1864, in SCW, 613, 619, 633.

29    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:428–29.

30    WTS to JS, March 24 and April 5, 1864, in SCW, 610, 613.

31    Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 345; “Site of the Burnet House,” 1 and 2, and historical marker.

32    Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 175; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 720–21.

33    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:490–92; OR, 32 (pt. 3):312–14.

34    David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 5 vols. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 1:174–76; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:489–92.

35    Sherman, Memoirs, 1:425, 2:492; WTS to EES, March 10, 1864, UND-SFP.

36    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., April 27, 1864, in SCW, 631.

37    Roland, American Iliad, 174–75; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 722–23; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:471; OR, 32 (pt. 3):491.

38    Roland, American Iliad, 176–80; OR, 46 (pt. 1):20.

39    WTS to EES, March 10, 1864, UND-SFP.

40    WTS to JS, March 24, 1864, in SCW, 609; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:465–66.

41    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:465–66, 468; OR, 38 (pt. 1):62.

42    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:468–69; OR, 32 (pt. 3):495.

43    James Lee McDonough, War in Kentucky: From Shiloh to Perryville (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 43–44. My information about the railroads is taken from the OR, 16 (pt. 1): 248, 297, 391, 392, 608. I also have examined the tunnel near Cowan, as well as the area south of it. The length of the tunnel is taken from information available at the Cowan Railroad Museum. I viewed as well the curving tunnel, about a quarter of a mile long, located approximately halfway between Pulaski, Tennessee, and Athens, Alabama, on the Nashville & Decatur line. I have taken a look too at several vulnerable trestles, bridges and creek crossings south of Nashville, on all three railroads in question, as well as a number of places north of Nashville on the L & N road. The Federals certainly faced a major task in protecting those rails during the Atlanta campaign.

44    OR, 32 (pt. 3):471–72, 496–97.

45    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:467–69; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 261, and 545n3. See also Albert Castel, “Prevaricating Through Georgia: Sherman’s Memoirs as a Source on the Atlanta Campaign,” Civil War History 40, no. 1 (March 1994): 48–71. Accusing Sherman of “dubious or at least exaggerated statements . . . designed to create the impression of bold, innovative, yet pragmatic leadership,” relative to logistic preparations for the campaign, Castel concluded that “the kindest thing that can be said about Sherman’s account [in his memoirs] of how he allegedly obtained the additional rail transport needed to conduct the Atlanta campaign is that it is a ‘tall story’ designed to entertain readers” (51–52). Granted that Sherman’s memoirs, like those of any general, must be read with caution; granted that Sherman in those memoirs casts himself in the best light possible; and granted that Castel is an accomplished and distinguished historian; nevertheless, Castel’s assessment of Sherman, in my judgment, is overly critical. I agree with John Marszalek who, in an article in the same issue of Civil War History as Castel’s, wrote that Castel “came to the task of this article all too ready to impute to Sherman conscious motives and aims that I am convinced Sherman never thought about or ever had.” Stating that Sherman “pressured everyone in every way he knew to get the railroads organized behind him,” Marszalek concluded, correctly I believe, that “without that pressure [Sherman] would have had available to him many fewer cars than he actually had, no matter what the technical aspects of the procurement were” (73–74).

46    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:467–69; WTS to JS, April 11, 1864, LC-WTSP; WTS to Charles A. Dana, April 21, 1864, in SCW, 619–20, 624.

47    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:467; OR, 38 (pt. 1):83.

48    Lewis, Sherman, 351; Wesley K. Clark, foreword to Steven E. Woodworth, Sherman (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), xiii.

49    WTS to Thomas Ewing Jr., April 18, 1864, in SCW, 622.

50    Ibid.; Lewis, Sherman, 355.

51    WTS to JS, April 22, 1864, LC-WTSP.

52    Ibid.

53    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:494.

54    OR, 38 (pt. 1):62–63; Jacob D. Cox, Atlanta (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1882), 25.

55    WTS to EES, May 4, 1864, UND-SFP.

21. I KNEW MORE OF GEORGIA THAN THE REBELS DID

1   WTS to U. S. Grant, April 10, 1864, in OR, 32 (pt. 3):313; WTS to EES, May 22, 1864, UND-SFP.

2   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 2:496; Jacob D. Cox, Atlanta (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1882), 29–31; Norman D. Brown, ed., One of Cleburne’s Command: The Civil War Reminiscences and Diary of Captain Samuel T. Foster, Granbury’s Texas Brigade, CSA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980), 72.

3   Cox, Atlanta, 29–31; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:496; Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (1888; repr., New York: Castle Books, 1956), 4:279, 296; Gilbert E. Govan and James W. Livingood, A Different Valor: The Story of General Joseph E. Johnston, C.S.A. (1956; repr., Westbury, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 261; OR, 38 (pt. 2):114.

4   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:488.

5   Ibid., 2:471–72, 488.

6   Cox, Atlanta, 31; Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 121; OR, 38 (pt. 1):59, 63. John M. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York: Century, 1897), 123.

7   Cox, Atlanta, 31–32; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:496; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 123, 129; OR, 38 (pt. 1):59, 63.

8   OR, 38 (pt. 1):59, 63; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:496.

9   Richard M. McMurry, John Bell Hood and the War for Southern Independence (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1982), 101; Thomas Lawrence Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 336; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:496.

10    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:496–99; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 357.

11    OR, 38 (pt. 1):63–64; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:499; Lewis, Sherman, 357.

12    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:500. For Sherman’s official report of the action, see OR, 38 (pt. 1):63–64.

13    Steven E. Woodworth, Sherman (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), xii; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 123–27.

14    Castel, Decision in the West, 181–82; Larry Daniel, Days of Glory: The Army of the Cumberland, 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 395.

15    OR, 38 (pt. 3):483; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:409. Albert Castel’s study of the Atlanta campaign is the most extensive and detailed work on the subject. The book has many pluses, and anyone who is seriously interested in the campaign should consider it imperative reading. However, I believe that Castel had difficulty treating Sherman objectively. Richard M. McMurry has also written a valuable book on the campaign: Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000). And certainly Connelly’s Autumn of Glory remains essential for any scholarly study of the campaign. Another book that should be consulted is Stephen Davis, Atlanta Will Fall: Sherman, Joe Johnston, and the Yankee Heavy Battalions (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2001).

16    OR, 38 (pt. 1):64; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:500–503; Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 340–42.

17    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:503; Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 498; Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 342. Woodworth, Sherman, 112, described the shape of the Confederate position as like an arc. General Oliver O. Howard likened it to “a horse-shoe-shaped line” (Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:299), while Larry Daniel compared it to “a large shepherd’s crook” (Days of Glory, 399).

18    Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 140–41.

19    OR, 38 (pt. 2):118; Andrew McCornack to his father, May 21, 1864, McCornack letters, Sword.

20    OR, 38 (pt. 1):64; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:503.

21    Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to “Folks at Home,” May 21, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

22    Andrew McCornack to parents and sisters, May 18 and 24, 1864, McCornack letters, Sword.

23    Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 498–505.

24    McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 73, 183.

25    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:504.

26    Cox, Atlanta, 56; OR, 38 (pt. 4):242.

27    Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 344–45; Steven E. Woodworth, This Great Struggle: America’s Civil War (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011), 276; Cox, Atlanta, 56; Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York: Random House, 1958–1975), 3:339.

28    Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 345–46; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 79–80; OR, 38 (pt. 4):242.

29    Castel, Decision in the West, 198; Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 345; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 80–81; OR, 38 (pt. 4):728 and (pt. 3):715.

30    McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 81; Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 347; Castel, Decision in the West, 202.

31    OR, 38 (pt. 3):616; R. Lockwood Tower, ed., A Carolinian Goes to War: The Civil War Narrative of Arthur Middleton Manigault, Brigadier General, C. S. A. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1983), 187; Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:303, 305.

32    OR, 38 (pt. 4):299; WTS to EES, May 22, 1864, UND-SFP.

33    Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 352; OR, 38 (pt. 4):296; Davis, Atlanta Will Fall, 60; Jacob Dickason to brother, May 22, 1864, Sword.

34    Lewis, Sherman, 368; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:511.

35    OR, 38 (pt. 4):260–61. The distance figures are derived from the Georgia Official Highway and Transportation Map for 2009–2010.

36    OR, 38 (pt. 1):65 and (pt. 4):272, 288; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:512.

37    Davis, Atlanta Will Fall, 66; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 86, 88; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 259; Brown, One of Cleburne’s Command, 80.

38    James Reston Jr., Sherman’s March and Vietnam (New York: Macmillan, 1984), 25; Lewis, Sherman, 366.

39    Cox, Atlanta, 70; OR, 38 (pt. 1):143 and (pt. 2):123.

40    OR, 38 (pt. 2):123.

41    Daniel, Days of Glory, 401; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:513.

42    Cox, Atlanta, 72–73; Daniel, Days of Glory, 402; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 89; Castel, Decision in the West, 225; OR, 38 (pt. 2):60, 123; Sam Davis Elliott, Soldier of Tennessee: General Alexander P. Stewart and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 184; Lewis N. Wynne and Robert A. Taylor, eds., This War So Horrible: The Civil War Diary of Hiram Smith Williams (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993), 81.

43    OR, 38 (pt. 2):48.

44    Ibid., 38 (pt. 2):14, 124, 125; Elliott, Soldier of Tennessee, 189; Hambleton Tapp and James C. Klotter, eds., The Union, The Civil War, and John W. Tuttle: A Kentucky Captain’s Account (Frankfort: Kentucky Historical Society, 1980), 187.

45    OR, 38 (pt. 2):616, 818.

46    Ibid., 38 (pt. 1):66; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:513.

47    OR, 38 (pt. 1):193–94, 377, 423, 864–65, and (pt. 4):323, 327; Cox, Atlanta, 76.

48    Castel, Decision in the West, 230, tells about the buglers. See also OR, 38 (pt. 1):377, 865, 866, and (pt. 3):724.

49    OR, 38 (pt. 4):324; Cox, Atlanta, 77.

50    OR, 38 (pt. 1):865, 866, and (pt. 3):725, and (pt. 4):324; Daniel, Days of Glory, 403; Castel, Decision in the West, 235.

51    Brown, One of Cleburne’s Command, 88; OR, 38 (pt. 3):616.

52    OR, 38 (pt. 1):195, 379, 423; Daniel, Days of Glory, 403.

53    Daniel, Days of Glory, 403; OR, 38 (pt. 4):326, 418.

54    Liddell Hart, Sherman, 260.

55    Castel, Decision in the West, 243; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 91; Tower, ed., A Carolinian Goes to War, 190. Manigault gives the march distance as eight or ten miles.

56    Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr., General William J. Hardee: Old Reliable (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 205; Castel, Decision in the West, 243–46; Foote, The Civil War, 3:350.

57    Robert G. Ardry to Dear Father, June 2, 1864, from the Ardry letters, Sword.

58    McCornack to Parents and Sisters, May 30, 1864, McCornack letters, Sword; Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:270; Castel, Decision in the West, 246.

59    Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to Folks at Home, June 5, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword; Foote, The Civil War, 3:351; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 92–94; Cox, Atlanta, 80.

22. I WANT A BOLD PUSH FOR ATLANTA

1   Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (New York: Random House, 1958–1975), 3:290–99.

2   WTS to EES, May 20 and June 30, 1864, UND-SFP.

3   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 2:522–23; Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 261; WTS to EES, June 12, 1864, UND-SFP.

4   OR, 38 (pt. 4):474.

5   Ibid., 38 (pt. 4):480; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:523.

6   OR, 38 (pt. 4):480.

7   Thomas Lawrence Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 373–80; Richard McMurry, Atlanta, 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 97–99.

8   Andrew McCornack to Parents and Sisters, May 30 and June 8, 1864, McCornack letters, Sword.

9   Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (1888; repr., New York: Castle Books, 1956), 4:307; WTS to EES, June 12, 1864, UND-SFP; OR, 38 (pt. 4):507–8.

10    Andrew McCornack to Parents and Sisters, June 17, 1864, McCornack letters, Sword; WTS to EES, June 9 and 12, 1864, UND-SFP.

11    WTS to EES, June 12, 1864, UND-SFP.

12    WTS to EES, June 26, 1864, UND-SFP.

13    Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:309; Foote, The Civil War, 3:353, 355; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:523.

14    Steven E. Woodworth, Sherman (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 116, 117.

15    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:524; OR, 38 (pt. 4):480.

16    Liddell Hart, Sherman, 264; Foote, The Civil War, 3:391.

17    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:527–28; James Lee McDonough, Schofield: Union General in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1972), 80–81; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 264; Foote, The Civil War, 3:392–93.

18    Noah G. Hill to Father, June 26, 1864, Sword.

19    OR, 38 (pt. 4):558; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:528–29.

20    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:529; John M. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York: Century, 1897), 134.

21    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:529–30.

22    N. A. Pinney, History of the 104th Ohio Volunteer Infantry from 1862 to 1865 (Akron, Ohio: Werner and Lohmann, 1886), 45.

23    OR, 38 (pt. 4):492, 588.

24    Ibid., 38 (pt. 4):408, 466.

25    Ibid., 38 (pt. 4):507–8.

26    Ibid., 38 (pt. 4):572–73.

27    Ibid., 38 (pt. 1):68; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 265; Foote, The Civil War, 3:394.

28    OR, 38 (pt. 1):68; Foote, The Civil War, 3:395.

29    OR, 38 (pt. 1):68; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:530; McDonough, Schofield, 82–83; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 142–44.

30    Larry J. Daniel, Days of Glory: The Army of the Cumberland, 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 408–9; Foote, The Civil War, 3:397; Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 520–23.

31    OR, 38 (pt. 4):609, 610; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:531.

32    OR, 38 (pt. 1):69, and (pt. 4):611, 612; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 266.

33    OR, 38 (pt. 4):607; Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 525.

34    OR, 38 (pt. 5):91.

35    Ibid., 38 (pt. 4):611; Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:310; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 266; William Farries to sister, June 29, 1864, and William Farries to brother, July 6, 1864, Farries letters, Sword.

36    WTS to EES, June 30, 1864, UND-SFP.

37    WTS to Minnie Sherman, June 30, 1864, in SCW, 661–62.

38    McDonough, Schofield, 84; Jacob D. Cox, Atlanta (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1882), 122–31; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:531–32.

39    OR, 38 (pt. 5):3.

40    James P. Jones, “Black Jack”: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1967), 209. Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to Folks at Home, July 17, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

41    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:532–33.

42    Ibid., 2:535; Foote, The Civil War, 3:402.

43    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:535–36.

44    Ibid., 2:536; McDonough, Schofield, 85; Cox, Atlanta, 134.

45    OR, 38 (pt. 4):637; John F. Marszalek, Sherman’s Other War: The General and the Civil War Press (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1981), 165–66.

46    OR, 38 (pt. 4):637, 642.

47    Marszalek, Sherman’s Other War, 167, 180.

48    WTS to EES, June 12 and 30, July 9, 1864, UND-SFP; WTS to HBE, July 13, 1864, OHC-WTSP; WTS to PBE, July 13, 1864, in SCW, 666.

49    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:540.

50    Ibid., 2:536, 540; Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 392–93; Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 340.

51    OR, 38 (pt. 2):515; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:540; McDonough, Schofield, 86.

52    Cox, Atlanta, 140; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:541–42; OR, 38 (pt. 2):516. For a detailed account of the crossing, see McDonough, Schofield, 86–88.

53    Cox, Atlanta, 140; McDonough, Schofield, 87.

54    OR, 38 (pt. 5):68, 76, 92.

55    Ibid., 38 (pt. 5):68, 76, 92; Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to Folks at Home, July 17, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

56    OR, 38 (pt. 2):761; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 117–18.

57    WTS to PBE, July 13, 1864, in SCW, 666–67; Foote, The Civil War, 3:406–7; William Farries to brother, July 15, 1864, Farries letters, Sword.

58    Castel, Decision in the West, 341–42; OR, 38 (pt. 5):881.

59    Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 396–97.

60    Ibid., 397–98.

61    OR, 38 (pt. 5):878, 881, 882.

62    Ibid., 38 (pt. 5):883.

63    OR, 38 (pt. 5):885; James Lee McDonough and Thomas L. Connelly, Five Tragic Hours: The Battle of Franklin (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983), 3, 4.

64    Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 417; OR, 38 (pt. 5):879–80.

65    Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 417–21 (uses the term “liar” in speaking of Hood); Richard M. McMurry, John Bell Hood and the War for Southern Independence (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1982), 118–23; Castel, Decision in the West, 352–58.

66    OR, 38 (pt. 5):66, 108.

67    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:540–42; OR, 38 (pt. 5):108; Castel, Decision in the West, 347–48.

68    OR, 38 (pt. 5):143–44, 149, 150.

69    Ibid., 38 (pt. 5):123, 150.

70    Ibid., 38 (pt. 5):128, 137, 141.

71    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:464, 466, 467.

72    OR, 38 (pt. 5):150–51.

73    Ibid., 38 (pt. 5):170; Jones, “Black Jack,” 210.

74    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:543–44; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 231–32.

75    Foote, The Civil War, 3:472; Bruce Catton, This Hallowed Ground (New York: Pocket, 1961), 421; Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 439.

76    OR, 38 (pt. 3):630–31; J. B. Hood, Advance and Retreat (1880; repr., Secaucus, N.J.: Blue & Grey Press, 1985), 168, 169, 171; Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr., General William J. Hardee: Old Reliable (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 225; Cox, Atlanta, 151–59; Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 418, 423, 440–44; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 146–52; McMurry, John Bell Hood, 127–30; Daniel, Days of Glory, 412–14. Mark M. Boatner, The Civil War Dictionary (New York: David McKay, 1959), 626, was consulted for the casualty figures. Both Cox, Atlanta, and McMurry, in his biography of Hood, indicate that Confederate casualties may have been significantly higher. Woodworth, This Great Struggle (289), states that Confederate casualties totaled 4,796.

77    Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 540–41; Castel, Decision in the West, 383–86; Jones, “Black Jack,” 213; OR, 38 (pt. 1):907, and (pt. 3):543, 746; Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:314; Irving A. Buck, Cleburne and His Command, ed. Thomas Robson Hays (1908; repr., Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot Publishing, 1987), 233.

78    Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 542–43.

79    Jones, “Black Jack,” 213; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:549; Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 543; Castel, Decision in the West, 386–87.

80    OR, 38 (pt. 3):631; Woodworth, This Great Struggle, 289.

81    Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 444–45; OR, 38 (pt. 3):631; Hood, Advance and Retreat, 173–77; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 153; Castel, Decision in the West, 389, 413.

82    Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 543–46, 549; Castel, Decision in the West, 393; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 154.

83    Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 448; Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 550; Castel, Decision in the West, 398.

84    Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 550–52; Jones, “Black Jack,” 214; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:550.

85    OR, 38 (pt. 1):73, and (pt. 3):103; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:551; Jones, “Black Jack,” 116, 214–15.

86    OR, 38 (pt. 3):582–84.

87    Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to “My Dear Mother and Sisters,” August 1, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

88    OR, 38 (pt. 3):103, 262, 265.

89    Jones, “Black Jack,” 216; Castel, Decision in the West, 393; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:554; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 147.

90    Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 147.

91    Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 566; Jones, “Black Jack,” 216.

92    Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 30; Castel, Decision in the West, 412 (which gives the Confederate loss as 5,500); OR, 38 (pt. 1):73, and (pt. 3):21; Cox, Atlanta, 176.

93    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:555; Foote, The Civil War, 3:482; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 284.

94    Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 147–48; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:553–54. Castel, Decision in the West, 413–14, claims Sherman “did not” order Thomas to make a lodgment in Atlanta. Castel does admit that Thomas and his soldiers were less than aggressive, and “more concerned . . . with being attacked than with making an attack.”

95    Cox, Atlanta, 171; Castel, Decision in the West, 414. Cox states that Colonel John W. Sprague “was soon hard pressed in Decatur, but [brigade commander James W.] Reilly going to his assistance, [Confederate cavalry under Joseph] Wheeler was repulsed and the extreme flank . . . was made secure.” Evidently Cox, who was Reilly’s superior officer, considered the reinforcements ordered by Sherman both necessary and timely.

96    OR, 38 (pt. 1):73–74; Cox, Atlanta, 21.

97    Woodworth, Nothing but Victory, 569; Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:317; Catton, Hallowed Ground, 424.

98    WTS to Emily Hoffman, June 9, 1864, in SCW, 642.

99    WTS to Emily Hoffman, August 5, 1864, in SCW, 682–83; Catton, This Hallowed Ground, 424.

100    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:559; WTS to EES, July 29, 1864, UND-SFP.

101    OR, 38 (pt. 5):272–73; WTS to EES, August 2, 1864, UND-SFP; Jones, “Black Jack,” 222; WTS to John A. Logan, July 27, 1864, in SCW, 675.

102    WTS to EES, July 26, 1864, UND-SFP.

103    OR, 38 (pt. 1):77–78, and (pt. 3):104–5; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:561–64; Jones, “Black Jack,” 222–23.

104    Andrew McCornack to his parents and sisters, August 1, 1864, McCornack letters, Sword.

105    OR, 38 (pt. 1):77–78, and (pt. 3):104–5; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:561–64; Jones, “Black Jack,” 222–23.

106    Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to “My Dear Mother and Sisters,” August 1, 1864, and to “Dear Father,” August 4, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

107    WTS to JS, July 31, 1864, in SCW, 679.

108    OR, 38 (pt. 1):78, and (pt. 3):86; Jones, “Black Jack,” 224, 225.

109    Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 155; OR, 38 (pt. 5):391–92, 408–9, 434, 447; McDonough, Schofield, 93.

110    OR, 38 (pt. 5):408–9, 434, 447, 452.

111    Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to Dear Mother, August 8, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

112    OR, 38 (pt. 5):367, 390, 447.

113    Woodworth, This Great Struggle, 303; OR, 38 (pt. 1):80–82, and (pt. 5):482.

114    Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:321–22; Jones, “Black Jack,” 226; McDonough, Schofield, 95.

115    Liddell Hart, Sherman, 298; Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 4:322; McMurry, Atlanta, 1864, 165–66, 170–72; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:580; Andrew McCornack to Dear Parents and Sisters, September 11, 1864, McCornack letters, Sword; Letter of Captain Samuel D. McConnell, September 23, 1864, Sword.

116    Cox, Atlanta, 207; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 302–3; McDonough, Schofield, 96–97.

117    OR, 38 (pt. 5):718, 719, 746; Liddell Hart, Sherman, 300–301; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:581.

118    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:582; OR, 38 (pt. 5):777.

23. IT’S A BIG GAME, BUT I KNOW I CAN DO IT

1   WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., August 13, 1863, in SCW, 522; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 509.

2   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 2:587, 589; OR, 38 (pt. 1):87; Lewis, Sherman, 409–10.

3   Basil H. Liddell Hart, Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American (New York: Praeger, 1929), 305; Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still Jr., Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 326; Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 543–47.

4   JS to WTS, July 24, 1864, and WTS to JS, July 31, 1864, in SCW, 679, 680.

5   Stephen Davis, What the Yankees Did to Us: Sherman’s Bombardment and Wrecking of Atlanta (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2012), 377; Castel, Decision in the West, 543; Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), 196.

6   WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., August 11 and September 15, 1864, in SCW, 689, 712.

7   Maurice Matloff, ed., American Military History (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969), 7.

8   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:490.

9   Ibid., 2:491–92.

10    OR, 39 (pt. 2):355–56.

11    Ibid., 39 (pt. 2):412–13.

12    James Lee McDonough, Nashville: The Western Confederacy’s Final Gamble (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004), 8, 35, 36, 37.

13    OR, 39 (pt. 3):3, 135; Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (1888; repr., New York: Castle Books, 1956), 4:441; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:628.

14    OR, 39 (pt. 3):64, 162, 222.

15    Ibid., 39 (pt. 3):202, 203, 357, 395, 576, 594, 595.

16    Ibid., 39 (pt. 3):202, 395.

17    Ibid., 39 (pt. 3):358, 660.

18    Ibid., 39 (pt. 3):358, 359.

19    Basil H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, rev. ed. (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968), 153.

20    OR, 39 (pt. 3):239, 594, 679.

21    Henry Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman: Passages from the Letters and Campaign Diaries of Henry Hitchcock, ed. M. A. De Wolfe Howe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927), 21.

22    OR, 38 (pt. 5):794, and 39 (pt. 2):414.

23    OR, 39 (pt. 2):417, 418–19; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:592–603; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 289; WTS to Tom Sherman, November 10, 1864, OHC-WTSP.

24    Davis, What the Yankees Did, 257, 258, 427; Lee Kennett, Marching Through Georgia: The Story of Soldiers and Civilians During Sherman’s Campaign (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 125–26, 240; Castel, Decision in the West, 464, 488; Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman’s Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns (New York: New York University Press, 1985), 136, 139; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:654; Burke Davis, Sherman’s March (New York: Random House, 1980), 5, 29; Noah Andre Trudeau, Southern Storm: Sherman’s March to the Sea (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 68, 88.

25    OR, 39 (pt. 3):378; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:616.

26    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:646, 649.

27    OR, 39 (pt. 3):358; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:654, 656.

28    OR, 39 (pt.3):701.

29    Ibid., 39 (pt. 3):713–14.

30    Ibid., 39 (pt. 3):713.

31    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 75, 76; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:659; John Bennett Walters, Merchant of Terror: General Sherman and Total War (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), 172.

32    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:659; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 75.

33    Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to mother and sisters, December 19, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

34    Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 257.

35    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 75–76; Davis, Sherman’s March, 30, 87; Glatthaar, March to the Sea, 71; Kennett, Marching Through Georgia, 301; Marszalek, Sherman, 302.

36    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:661–62; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 83–85; Trudeau, Southern Storm, 118.

37    Anne J. Bailey, The Chessboard of War: Sherman and Hood in the Autumn Campaigns of 1864 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 61–62; OR, 44:797–98; WTS to EES, January 15, 1865, UND-SFP; Victor Davis Hanson, The Sound of Battle (New York: Anchor, 2001), 170.

38    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 85; George Ward Nichols, The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1865), 56–58; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:663–65; Stanley Weintraub, General Sherman’s Christmas: Savannah, 1864 (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 76; Davis, Sherman’s March, 63.

39    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 86; Weintraub, Sherman’s Christmas, 80–81; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:666.

40    Nichols, Story of the Great March, 56; Weintraub, Sherman’s Christmas, 87; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 119, 122, 158.

41    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 78.

42    Nichols, Story of the Great March, 84; Weintraub, Sherman’s Christmas, 66, 85; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 155.

43    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 121–23.

44    Davis, Sherman’s March, 46; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 101; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 96, 127; Weintraub, Sherman’s Christmas, 57; Walters, Merchant of Terror, 176, 177; Glatthaar, March to the Sea, 77, 78; Marszalek, Sherman, 305; Trudeau, Southern Storm, 325–26.

45    Jesse B. Connelly Diary, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis; James Lee McDonough, War in Kentucky: From Shiloh to Perryville (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 193–96.

46    Bailey, Chessboard of War, 115–16; Weintraub, Sherman’s Christmas, 127–29; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 260.

47    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:670; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 161; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 86. Sherman gives the date as December 8 in his memoirs, but Hitchcock and Nichols, recording events during the march and riding with Sherman, both place the event as December 9.

48    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:670; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 161–62; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 86.

49    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:671–72; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 185–86.

50    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 187; William B. Hazen, A Narrative of Military Service (Boston: Ticknor and Co., 1885), 333–34; WTS to EES, January 15, 1865, UND-SFP; Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to “Dear Folks at Home,” December 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

51    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 195–96, 198; OR, 44:702, 727, 783; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:711; Eugene A. “Casey” McWayne to “Dear Mother and Sisters,” December 19, 1864, McWayne letters, Sword.

52    Weintraub, Sherman’s Christmas, 167–68.

53    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:694–95; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 199; WTS to EES, December 25, 1864, and January 2, 1865, UND-SFP; “Historical Reference Handbook for the Green-Meldrim House,” edited by Jim Harden, and researched by Dr. Michael D. Morford. Thomas S. Johnston, M.D., kindly provided this last source for my research, and I am grateful to him. Peter W. Meldrim was the second owner, purchasing the house after the death of Charles Green.

54    “Handbook for the Green-Meldrim House.”

55    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 199; Weintraub, Sherman’s Christmas, 176.

56    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 201.

57    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:682.

58    OR, 44:6, 7, 726–28, 743.

59    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:700–701.

60    OR, 44:797–98.

61    Ibid., 44:798–800; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:697; Trudeau, Southern Storm, 243, 535; Davis, Sherman’s March , 145, 210; Glatthaar, March to the Sea, 73; Kennett, Marching Through Georgia, 306, 307.

62    OR, 44:6–7, 841; WTS to EES, December 16, 1864, January 5 and 15, 1865, UND-SFP.

63    WTS to EES, December 25, 1864, and January 5, 1865, UND-SFP.

64    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 202, 203; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 101; WTS to EES, December 25, 1864, UND-SFP.

65    Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 202, 203.

66    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:727–28.

67    OR, 47 (pt. 2):36–37.

68    WTS to Salmon P. Chase, January 11, 1865, in SCW, 794; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:729; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 103.

69    WTS to EES, January 15, 1865, UND-SFP.

70    OR, 47 (pt. 2):5–6; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:723.

71    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:725; OR, 47 (pt. 2):37–41.

72    OR, 47 (pt. 2):37–41; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:726–27; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 102.

73    OR, 47 (pt. 2):60–62; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 273; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:730–31.

24. TAKING THE WAR TO THE BRAGGART CAROLINIANS

1   WTS to EES, December 31, 1864, January 2 and 5, 1865, UND-SFP; WTS to Minnie Sherman, December 25, 1864, in SCW, 779.

2   EES to WTS, December 30, 1864, UND-SFP.

3   WTS to EES, January 15, 1865, UND-SFP.

4   Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 269–70; WTS to EES, March 10 and April 22, 1864, and WTS to PBE, January 29, 1865, in SCW, 608n4, 627n6, 814.

5   John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 31 vols. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967– ), 13:148–49, 153–54.

6   WTS to JS, January 22, 1865, and WTS to PBE, January 29, 1865, in SCW, 809, 811–12; Simon, Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 13:154.

7   WTS to JS, January 22, 1865, in SCW, 809; OR, 47 (pt. 2):102–4; Simon, Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 13:350.

8   OR, 47 (pt. 2):102–4, 154–56.

9   Ibid., 44:702, and 47 (pt. 2):69; WTS to JS, December 31, 1864, in SCW, 786.

10    Manning F. Force, General Sherman (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1899), 265–71; James P. Jones, “Black Jack”: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1967), 244; Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 4.

11    Force, General Sherman, 269–70; Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr., General William J. Hardee: Old Reliable (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 276; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 277.

12    William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 2:741, 752.

13    Ibid., 2:752; Richard Harwell and Philip N. Racine, eds., The Fiery Trail: A Union Officer’s Account of Sherman’s Last Campaigns (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986), 90.

14    Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 98.

15    Ibid., 92, 99, 101, 105.

16    Ibid., 92; Steven E. Woodworth, Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 610.

17    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:754; Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 106–8; George Ward Nichols, The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1865), 150–51.

18    Force, General Sherman, 269–70; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:755.

19    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:755; Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 119; Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman’s Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns (New York: New York University Press, 1985), 142.

20    Glatthaar, March to the Sea, 142–43; Joseph B. Foraker, Notes of a Busy Life (Cincinnati: Stewart and Kidd Co., 1916), 53; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:734.

21    Nichols, Story of the Great March, 149; Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 117.

22    Nichols, Story of the Great March, 149, 150.

23    Royster, Destructive War, 5–6. Nichols, Story of the Great March, 162.

24    Royster, Destructive War, 7.

25    Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 103, 110, 122, 128, 129; Royster, Destructive War, 11, 12, 14, 16; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:761.

26    Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 128; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 161, 162.

27    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:761, 762–64.

28    Ibid., 2:758, 761; Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 128; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 282.

29    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:31, 761, 764–65.

30    Ibid., 2:765–66.

31    Ibid., 2:766; Book of Daniel 5:24–31 (Revised Standard Version); Glatthaar, March to the Sea, 143.

32    Force, General Sherman, 274; Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 129; Royster, Destructive War, 20; Nichols, Story the Great March, 165; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:766–67.

33    Nichols, Story of the Great March, 165; Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 129; Royster, Destructive War, 19.

34    Nichols, Story of the Great March, 165; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:767.

35    Royster, Destructive War, 19.

36    Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 134; Royster, Destructive War, 30; Louisville Courier-Journal, July 8, 1875.

37    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:760, 768.

38    Ibid., 2:767; New York Times, June 9, 1881. For a full discussion of the issues, consult Marion B. Lucas, Sherman and the Burning of Columbia (College Station, Tex.: A & M University Press, 1976).

39    Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 139.

40    Ibid., 143, 148, 149.

41    OR, 47 (pt. 2):533, 543–44, 554–55.

42    Ibid., 47 (pt. 2):546, 596–97.

43    WTS to EES, March 12, 1865, UND-SFP.

44    OR, 47 (pt. 2):154–56, 793–94; WTS to EES, December 31, 1864, UND-SFP.

45    OR, 47 (pt. 2):704, 717, 721.

46    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 290; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 249.

47    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:776–77; David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 5 vols. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2000), 1:215, 216; OR, 47 (pt. 2):794–95.

48    Nichols, Story of the Great March, 252.

49    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 291; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 251; OR, 47 (pt. 1):909; Jacob Cox, The March to the Sea; Franklin and Nashville (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1882), 147; James Lee McDonough, Schofield: Union General in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1972), 151.

50    Heidler and Heidler, Encyclopedia of the Civil War, 1:215–17; OR, 47 (pt. 2):949.

51    Heidler and Heidler, Encyclopedia of the Civil War, 1:215–17.

52    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:786; OR, 47 (pt. 2):919.

53    WTS to Thomas Ewing Sr., December 31, 1864, in SCW, 782.

54    Heidler and Heidler, Encyclopedia of the Civil War, 1:215–17.

55    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:788–89.

56    WTS to Minnie Sherman, March 24, 1865, in SCW, 834; WTS to EES, March 23, 1865, UND-SFP.

57    WTS to William M. McPherson, March 24, 1865, in SCW, 833.

58    WTS to Salmon P. Chase, January 11, 1865, and WTS to William M. McPherson, March 24, 1865, in SCW, 795, 833.

59    WTS to Thomas Turner, March 25, 1865, in SCW, 835–36.

60    OR, 47 (pt. 3):6.

61    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:810; Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (1897; repr., New York: Da Capo, 1986), 417–18.

62    Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 418–20; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:810.

63    Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 420–21.

64    Ibid., 422–23; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:811.

65    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:811; Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 413–14, 423; Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), 711–12.

66    Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 423–24; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:811–12.

67    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:812, 813; Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 424; Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 713.

68    Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 424; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:812, 813.

69    WTS to EES, March 31 and April 5, 1865, UND-SFP.

70    Ibid.

71    WTS to Thomas Ewing, April 5, 1865, in SCW, 842.

72    OR, 47 (pt. 3):128–29; E. B. Long with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–65 (New York: Doubleday, 1971), 675.

25. A SOLDIER OF RENOWN

1   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 2:836; OR, 47 (pt. 3):220–21.

2   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:837; OR, 47 (pt. 3):245.

3   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:837–38; Gilbert E. Govan and James W. Livingood, A Different Valor: The Story of General Joseph E. Johnston, C.S.A. (1956; repr., Westbury, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 363–64; Joseph E. Johnston, Narrative of Military Operations Directed During the Late War Between the States (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 402–4.

4   OR, 47 (pt. 3):238–39.

5   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:838–39; Henry Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman: Passages from the Letters and Campaign Diaries of Henry Hitchcock, ed. M. A. De Wolfe Howe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927), 309; Richard Harwell and Philip N. Racine, eds., The Fiery Trail: A Union Officer’s Account of Sherman’s Last Campaigns (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986), 213.

6   Harwell and Racine, Fiery Trail, 213; James P. Jones, “Black Jack”: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1967), 258.

7   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:839–40; Jones, “Black Jack,” 258.

8   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:840; Govan and Livingood, A Different Valor, 365.

9   OR, 47 (pt. 3):177, 221; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:840; Govan and Livingood, A Different Valor, 365.

10    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:840–41; Govan and Livingood, A Different Valor, 365.

11    Govan and Livingood, A Different Valor, 365–66.

12    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:814, 841; OR, 47 (pt. 3):243.

13    OR, 47 (pt. 3):243–44.

14    OR, 47 (pt. 3):263; Burke Davis, Sherman’s March (New York: Random House, 1980), 270; Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 401, 407.

15    OR, 47 (pt. 3):263, 334.

16    Ibid., 47 (pt. 1):37–38, and (pt. 3):277, 311–12, 454, 634.

17    Ibid., 47 (pt. 3):285–86, 334; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:860, 861–62.

18    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:851; Davis, Sherman’s March, 272, 273; Brooks D. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 97.

19    OR, 47 (pt. 3):293, 301–2.

20    Ibid., 47 (pt. 3):311; Davis, Sherman’s March, 275.

21    OR, 47 (pt. 3):263, 302.

22    John M. Gibson, Those 163 Days: A Southern Account of Sherman’s March from Atlanta to Raleigh (New York: Coward-McCann, 1961), 286, 287; Davis, Sherman’s March, 275.

23    OR, 47 (pt. 3):482; John M. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York: Century, 1897), 350–52; Davis, Sherman’s March, 276; George Ward Nichols, The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1865), 320.

24    Frederic Bancroft and William A. Dunning, eds., The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3 vols. (New York: William S. Hein and Co., 1908), 3:116–17.

25    Tom Ewing quoted in Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 313.

26    OR, 47 (pt. 3):335; WTS to U. S. Grant, “private and confidential,” May 10, 1865, in SCW, 894–95.

27    WTS to EES, May 8, 1865, UND-SFP; OR, 47 (pt. 3):478, 582.

28    Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 558–59.

29    OR, 47 (pt. 3):410–12.

30    Ibid., 47 (pt. 3):412.

31    WTS to EES, May 8 and 10, 1865, UND-SFP.

32    Lewis, Sherman, 564–65.

33    OR, 47 (pt. 3):435, 454–55; Davis, Sherman’s March, 281; Anna McAllister, Ellen Ewing: Wife of General Sherman (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1936), 303–4; EES to WTS, May 17, 1865, UND-SFP.

34    OR, 47 (pt. 3):454–55.

35    WTS to James E. Yeatman, May 21, 1865, UND-SFP.

36    OR, 47 (pt. 3):531.

37    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 317; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:864.

38    Davis, Sherman’s March, 287; Nichols, Story of the Great March, 354, 369.

39    Nichols, Story of the Great March, records the proceedings on 350–82; see particularly 354 and 365 for the quotations.

40    OR, 47 (pt. 3):532, 562; Jones, “Black Jack,” 261; Oliver O. Howard, The Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, 2 vols. (New York: Baker and Taylor, 1907), 2:210–11.

41    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:865; Lewis, Sherman, 572–73.

42    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:865; Jones, “Black Jack,” 262; Lewis, Sherman, 573–75; Bancroft and Dunning, Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:137.

43    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:865–69; Lewis, Sherman, 575.

44    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:866; OR, 47 (pt. 3):586.

45    OR, 47 (pt. 3):576.

46    Ibid., 47 (pt. 3):582.

47    Ibid., 47 (pt. 3):582–83.

48    Ibid., 47 (pt. 3):586, and (pt. 1):44; Bancroft and Dunning, Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:128.

49    Bancroft and Dunning, Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:128–29; WTS to JS, August 3, 1865, in Thorndike, 252.

50    Lewis, Sherman, 583–84.

51    Ibid., 583, relates Scott’s words to Sherman.

52    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:900; Lewis, Sherman, 584–86; McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 308–9; WTS to JS, December 22, 1865, in Thorndike, 260.

53    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:903.

54    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 323.

55    WTS to E. O. C. Ord, March 1, 1866, William T. Sherman MSS, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Lewis, Sherman, 592.

56    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:901, 902; Robert G. Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), 13, 18, 19; Lewis, Sherman, 595, 599; Stephen E. Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863–1869 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 259.

57    Athearn, Sherman, 201, 202; WTS to E. O. C. Ord, May 28, 1867, Sherman MSS, Missouri Historical Society.

58    Athearn, Sherman, 66, 207–8; Russell F. Weigley, History of the United States Army, enlarged ed. (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1984), 262, 267. See also Weigley’s The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1977), 157–59.

59    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:924–25; WTS to EES, September 19, 1867, UND-SFP.

60    Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 294; Athearn, Sherman, 205, 206; Lewis, Sherman, 596.

61    Athearn, Sherman, 202.

62    Ibid., 203–4; WTS to JS, June 11, 1868, in Thorndike, 318–19; Kennett, Sherman, 299.

63    Athearn, Sherman, 209; WTS to JS, September 23, 1868, in Thorndike, 321–22; WTS to EES, August 28, 1868, UND-SFP.

64    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:904–5; Lewis, Sherman, 588–89.

65    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:905–9; WTS to EES, October 26, 1866, UND-SFP.

66    WTS to EES, November 18, 1866, UND-SFP; WTS to JS, November 7, 1866, in Thorndike, 284–86.

67    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 329; Lewis, Sherman, 589; WTS to EES, November 18, 1866, UND-SFP.

68    McAllister, Ellen Ewing, 316–17.

69    Merrill, Sherman, 316; WTS to E. O. C. Ord, April 23, 1867, Sherman MSS, Missouri Historical Society.

70    Merrill, Sherman, 316–17.

71    WTS to JS, October 20, 1866, in Thorndike, 277; Athearn, Sherman, 212–17.

72    WTS to EES, May 10, 1867, UND-SFP; Lewis, Sherman, 595–96.

73    EES to Thomas Ewing Sr., March 5, 1868, UND-SFP.

74    Lewis, Sherman, 586–87; WTS to JS, n.d., September 21, November 4 and 29, 1865, and January 19, February 11, and n.d., 1866, in Thorndike, 254, 256, 257, 260, 261–62.

75    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:920, 921.

76    Ibid., 2:921, 922, 923.

77    JS to WTS, March 1866, and WTS to JS, August 3 and September 12, 1867, in Thorndike, 269, 292, 295.

26. GENERAL-IN-CHIEF, I

1   EES to Thomas Ewing Sr., January 19 and March 19, 1869, OHC-WTSP.

2   Ibid.

3   Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 604.

4   William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 2:928, 931.

5   Ibid., 2:932–33; Lewis, Sherman, 601.

6   Sherman, Memoirs, 2:933–35.

7   James Pickett Jones, John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1982), 28–29, 34–36, 39–41; Lewis, Sherman, 603; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 343.

8   WTS to E. O. C. Ord, August 1, 1870, OHC-WTSP.

9   WTS to EES, April 21, 1871, UND-SFP; James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Rand McNally, 1971), 338.

10    My account of the confrontation at Fort Sill is primarily based upon Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), 244–46, 250–54. Also consulted were Paul Andrew Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), 234–36; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 346–47; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 394–95; Merrill, Sherman, 340; Robert G. Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), 290–96; Steven E. Woodworth, Sherman (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 169–70.

11    Brown, Bury My Heart, 254–55; Hutton, Phil Sheridan, 236; Merrill, Sherman, 340.

12    Merrill, Sherman, 341; Marszalek, Sherman, 397; Athearn, Sherman, 296; Woodworth, Sherman, 170.

13    Lewis, Sherman, 609–11; Merrill, Sherman, 343.

14    Merrill, Sherman, 343–44; WTS to EES, December 4, 1871, OHC-WTSP.

15    WTS to EES, December 4 and 14, 1871, OHC-WTSP.

16    WTS to EES, December 28, 1871, OHC-WTSP.

17    Ibid.; WTS to EES, January 6, 1872, OHC-WTSP; Lewis, Sherman, 612.

18    WTS to EES, January 6, 1872, OHC-WTSP.

19    Williston Walker, A History of the Christian Church, 3d ed. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970), 251, 523, 524; WTS to HST, March 1, 1872, OHC-WTSP; WTS to EES, February 18, 1872, UND-SFP.

20    WTS to HST, March 1, 1872, OHC-WTSP; Joseph Audenried, “Notes of Travel in Europe: General Sherman in Europe and the East,” OHC-WTSP.

21    WTS to HST, April 16 and 25, 1872, OHC-WTSP.

22    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 350.

23    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:943; WTS to HST, November 5, 1872, OHC-WTSP; Lewis, Sherman, 613.

24    Merrill, Sherman, 349; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:943; Brown, Bury My Heart, 220–40; John M. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York: Century, 1897), 435.

25    Brown, Bury My Heart, 233–38.

26    Ibid., 230–31, 239–40.

27    Merrill, Sherman, 350; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 437, 438.

28    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:943–44; Merrill, Sherman, 352–53; Lewis, Sherman, 615.

29    Joseph T. Durkin, S.J., General Sherman’s Son (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959), 36, 38, 40.

30    Ibid., 39.

31    Ibid., 52; WTS to Minnie Sherman Fitch, June 16, 1878, OHC-WTSP.

32    WTS to HST, May 27, June 28, July 24, 1878, OHC-WTSP; Merrill, Sherman, 372.

33    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 366–67; WTS to Elly Sherman, June 5, 1878, and WTS to HST, November 29, 1878, OHC-WTSP.

34    George Brown Tindall with David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 2:726; Woodworth, Sherman, 171; Marszalek, Sherman, 413–14; WTS to HST, July 29, August 4 and 10, October 13, December 25, 1878, and March 9, 1879, OHC-WTSP.

35    WTS to HST, March 9, 1879, OHC-WTSP.

36    Ibid.

37    Ibid. The military academy, located at Alexandria when Sherman was connected with it, had been moved to Baton Rouge.

38    Ibid.

39    Kennett, Sherman, 311, 312; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:1113.

40    Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of U.S. Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1977), xx, 168; Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America, rev. ed. (New York: Free Press, 1994), 272–73.

41    Tindall and Shi, America, 2:793–95; Kennett, Sherman, 312.

42    Millett and Maslowski, For the Common Defense, 274; Kennett, Sherman, 316.

43    Kennett, Sherman, 314; Millett and Maslowski, For the Common Defense, 271–72.

44    WTS to HST, May 2, 1880, OHC-WTSP; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 445–46.

45    WTS to HST, May 2, 1880, OHC-WTSP; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 445, 447.

46    Michael Fellman, Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Random House, 1995), 345; “The Evils of the Dance,” EES to “Mr. Rulofson,” December 2, 1877, OHC-WTSP.

47    EES to granddaughter Eleanor Fitch, June 3, 1880, OHC-WTSP; Fellman, Citizen Sherman, 359, 361; Marszalek, Sherman, 421.

27. GENERAL-IN-CHIEF, II

1   Ohio State Journal, August 12, 1880; Columbus Evening Dispatch, August 11, 1880.

2   Ohio State Journal, August 12, 1880; Columbus Evening Dispatch, August 13, 1880.

3   Columbus Evening Dispatch, August 11 and 12, 1880; Ohio State Journal, August 12, 1880.

4   Columbus Evening Dispatch, August 12, 1880; Ohio State Journal, August 12, 1880.

5   WTS to HST, May 16 and August 26, 1880, OHC-WTSP; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 2:1115.

6   WTS to HST, August 26, October 8, November 25, 1880, OHC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:1115; Michael Fellman, Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman (New York: Random House, 1995), 359; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 419.

7   George Brown Tindall with David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 2:869; WTS to HST, June 18, 1880, OHC-WTSP.

8   WTS to HST, November 25, 1880, OHC-WTSP.

9   WTS to HST, January 16 and 29, February 7, 1881, OHC-WTSP; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:1115–16.

10    WTS to HST, March 10, 1881, OHC-WTSP; Tindall and Shi, America, 2:869–70.

11    WTS to HST, July 4 and 30, August 28, 1881, OHC-WTSP.

12    WTS to HST, July 4 and August 28, 1881, OHC-WTSP.

13    WTS to HST, August 28 and September 16, 1881, OHC-WTSP.

14    Tindall and Shi, America, 2:870; WTS to HST, October 23 and November 24, 1881, OHC-WTSP; Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 8th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1987), 493.

15    WTS to HST, November 24, 1881, OHC-WTSP.

16    William B. Hesseltine and David L. Smiley, The South in American History, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960), 395–96, 402, 412.

17    WTS to HST, November 24, 1881, OHC-WTSP; Howard Jones, The Course of American Diplomacy: From the Revolution to the Present, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1988), 227; New York Times, November 28, 1873.

18    Hesseltine and Smiley, The South, 412; WTS to HST, November 24, 1881, OHC-WTSP.

19    WTS to HST, November 24, 1881, OHC-WTSP. On the Southern “lost cause” mentality, see John Latschar and Robert K. Sutton, eds., The Civil War Remembered (National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, 2011), 158–60, 169, 171; Thomas L. Connelly, The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), 91–98, 100–103; Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William N. Still Jr., Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 405–8, 412–13; Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 168–72.

20    WTS to HST, March 3, 1873, May 3 and 16, 1876, August 15, 1880, OHC-WTSP.

21    WTS to HST, October 22, 1879, June 23 and August 15, 1880, OHC-WTSP.

22    WTS to HST, March 3, 1879, June 23 and August 15, 1880, OHC-WTSP.

23    WTS to HST, August 21 and November 24, 1881, OHC-WTSP.

24    WTS to HST, November 5 and 24, December 12, 1881, OHC-WTSP.

25    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:948–49, 1116; WTS to EES, June 19 and 22, 1882, UND-SFP; JS to WTS, March 7, 1884, in Thorndike, 358–59 (see also p. 355).

26    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:949; WTS to JS, June 7, 1883, in Thorndike, 356–57.

27    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:949, 1116, 1117; WTS to JS, February 28, 1883, in Thorndike, 354; Angie Debo, Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976), 172–92.

28    Marszalek, Sherman, 457, 484; Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 377; WTS to EES, September 16, 1883, UND-SFP.

29    EES to WTS, May 8, 1876, UND-SFP.

30    WTS to JS, June 7 and 15, 1884, in Thorndike, 361, 362; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 378.

31    JS to WTS, May 4, 1884, in Thorndike, 359; Lewis, Sherman, 631.

32    Marszalek, Sherman, 448; WTS to Lewis A. Leonard, September 4, 1884, Lewis A. Leonard Correspondence, Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta.

33    Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 631–36.

34    Lewis, Sherman, 632; WTS to HST, June 18, 1880, OHC-WTSP.

35    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:1121.

36    Ibid. The St. Louis Globe Democrat is quoted in Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 319.

37    WTS to HST, February 1, 1880, OHC-WTSP; Kennett, Sherman, 317–21; Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 356–58.

38    WTS to HST, February 1, 1880, OHC-WTSP.

39    Sherman, Memoirs, 2:5.

40    Hirshson, The White Tecumseh, 382.

28. WE CAN ONLY BOW TO THE INEVITABLE

1   JS to WTS, June 1886, in Thorndike, 373.

2   WTS to JS, February 23 and April 3, 1886, in Thorndike, 370; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols. (1885; repr., New York: Library of America, 1990), 2:1117, 1118; WTS to EES, September 16,1888, UND-SFP.

3   JS to WTS, September 3, 1887, and WTS to JS, September 6, 1887, in Thorndike, 376–77.

4   Anna McAllister, Ellen Ewing: Wife of General Sherman (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1936), 365–67.

5   Ibid., 367–68; Sherman, Memoirs, 2:1118; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1932), 645.

6   William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 490–94, 500, 504–17; Lewis, Sherman, 639; James Pickett Jones, John A. Logan: Stalwart Republican from Illinois (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1982), 223–24.

7   Paul Andrew Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), 372–74; Lee Kennett, Sherman: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Perennial, 2002), 335.

8   WTS to Elly Sherman Thackara, February 11, 1889, OHC-WTSP.

9   WTS to Elly Sherman Thackara, February 26, 1889, OHC-WTSP.

10    WTS to Elly Sherman Thackara, April 17 and May 3, 1889, OHC-WTSP.

11    WTS to Elly Sherman Thackara, May 20, June 25, August 4, September 6, 1889, OHC-WTSP; Joseph T. Durkin, S.J., General Sherman’s Son (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959), 109–10.

12    WTS to Elly Sherman Thackara, September 6, 1889, and March 19, 1890, OHC-WTSP; WTS to JS, November 12, 1889, in Thorndike, 379–80.

13    WTS to JS, November 12, 1889, in Thorndike, 379; see also p. 373.

14    WTS to Elly Sherman Thackara, September 6, 1889, and September 26, 1890, OHC-WTSP.

15    WTS to Elly Sherman Thackara, January 20, 1890, OHC-WTSP; WTS to Charles F. Manderson and others, February 9, 1890, HHL.

16    WTS to Elly Sherman Thackara, January 30, March 19, September 26, October 2, 1890, OHC-WTSP.

17    WTS to JS, February 3, 1891, in Thorndike, 381; WTS to Mrs. Kimble, February 5, 1891, Jean and Alexander Heard Library, Special Collections, Vanderbilt University, Nashville.

18    Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of General William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 386–88; Lewis, Sherman, 651–53; Kennett, Sherman, 336–37; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 492–99.