Testicular cancer often produces no symptoms, so many doctors recommend monthly self-exams. The American Cancer Society, however, makes no recommendation but leaves the decision up to each individual man in consultation with his doctor.
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men ages 20 to 25. Untreated, the cancer can spread to the lymph nodes and lungs, where it can be more difficult to treat.
The most common symptom of testicular cancer is a small, painless lump in a testicle or a slightly enlarged testicle. Other possible symptoms include a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, a dull ache in the lower stomach or groin, a change in the way a testicle feels, or a sudden accumulation of blood or fluid in the scrotum. These symptoms can also be caused by infections or other conditions that are not cancer. Symptoms of advanced testicle cancer can include lower back pain and, if the cancer has spread to the lungs, shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain.
The best time to examine your testicles is during or after a hot bath or shower, when the skin of the scrotum is soft and relaxed. Soapy skin makes it easier to feel lumps underneath. Examine each testicle separately, holding the penis out of the way.
Examine each testicle gently with both hands. The index and middle fingers should be placed underneath the testicle while the thumbs are placed on top. Roll the testicle gently between the thumbs and fingers. It’s normal for one testicle to be lower, or slightly larger, than the other. The epididymis is a cord-like structure on the top and back of the testicle that stores and transports the sperm. Do not confuse the epididymis with an abnormal lump.
You’re looking for any change in the size, shape, or consistency of the testes, as well as any hard lumps or smooth, rounded masses, which might feel like a kernel of uncooked rice or a hard pea. The surface should feel smooth and rubbery except near the top and back where you’ll find the epididymis. Within the testes are blood vessels, sperm-conducting tubes, and supporting tissue that shouldn’t be confused with cancer.
While you’re at it, take a minute to check your penis for any sores or lumps, which can indicate anything from an irritated hair follicle to a sexually transmitted disease.
If you have any lumps or other symptoms, see your doctor immediately. It doesn’t mean you necessarily have cancer, but only your doctor will be able to make that determination. Be aware that early treatment of testicular cancer does not impair a man’s ability to father children.
