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Adams, Abigail
education of, 92
letters of, 75
on postwar American government design, 83
on postwar nonexistence of national government, 323
on slavery, 316
utopian agenda emergence and, 69–70
Mercy Otis Warren and, 91
Adams, John
Articles of Confederation and, 84
Common Sense and, 67–68, 76
Continental Army support problem and, 256
Declaration of Independence and, 74, 85–86, 87n
Dickinson and, 60–61
on diplomatic strategy, 60–61, 76
First Continental Congress and, 32, 33
foreign policy and, 82n
on French Revolution, 74
on independence, 60, 71–72, 74–75, 81, 82
letters of, 75
New York campaign and, 116
on officer class, 176
on Parliamentary sovereignty, 10–12, 14
peace settlement and, 272
on Philadelphia campaign, 167
popular referendum on independence and, 80–81, 82
on postwar American government design, 72–73, 74, 82, 83, 84
postwar nonexistence of national government and, 323
on property qualifications for voting, 80–81
Puritan background of, 59
as representative leader, 56
on responsibility of George III, xv, 48
Second Continental Congress and, 64
state constitutions resolution, 74–75
Staten Island Peace Conference and, 132–33
utopian agenda and, xii, 68–70, 76, 320
on Virginia, 78
Mercy Otis Warren and, 91, 92, 93
Washington Commander in Chief appointment and, 60, 102
Adams, Samuel
anti-national sentiment, 263, 264, 287
Boston Tea Party and, 17–18
on Coercive Acts, 26, 27
colonial communication network and, 16
conspiracy narratives and, 62
First Continental Congress and, 31–32, 33
popular referendum on independence and, 80–81
Address to the People of Great Britain, An (Jay), 39–40, 42
Administration of Justice Act (1774), 20–21
African Americans
in Continental Army, 154, 182, 218–19, 247, 319
loyalists, 150
See also enslaved people/former slaves; slavery
Allen, Ethan, 215
American Revolution, descriptive terms for, xi–xii, 55
American Scripture (Maier), 84
Amherst, Lord Jeffrey, 197, 198
André, John, 187, 225
anti-national sentiment
Articles of Confederation and, 156, 213
Confederation Congress postwar weakness and, 291
confederationists, 257–58, 262–63
conspiracy narratives and, 265, 266–67, 287–88, 324–25
Continental Army and, 257, 258, 289
Continental Army support problem and, 211
mass resistance and, 233, 267
popular antagonism toward Continental Army and, 257–58, 286, 287, 289
postwar strength of, 322, 324–25
True Whigs, 263–64, 265–67, 287, 288, 290, 324–25
utopian agenda deferral and, xvi
Aranda, Count (Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea), 271–73
Arendt, Hannah, xii–xiii
Arnold, Benedict, 162, 165n, 224–26, 238
Articles of Confederation
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 199
Continental Army support problem and, 156, 211, 213, 214–15, 216, 240
Dickinson Draft, 82–84, 156, 213, 275
Hamilton on, 213–16, 279, 284–85
national debt and, 260–61
revision proposals, 266, 279, 284–85
western lands and, 275, 276
See also Confederation Congress
Atkinson, Rick, xiv
Bailyn, Bernard, 14, 315
Barras, Comte de (Jacques-Melchior Saint-Laurent), 244
Barre, Isaac, 21
Battle of Brandywine Creek (1777), 156, 166, 168, 177, 179
Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)
Germain and, 110
William Howe and, 99–100, 111
Knowlton and, 143
militia-based army ideal and, 100, 104–5
New York campaign and, 117, 120, 121n, 125
savagery in, 60
undeclared war and, 55
Battle of Camden (1780), 220–21, 226
Battle of Cowpens (1781), 228, 230, 231
Battle of Germantown (1777), 156, 166, 168, 174, 179, 252
Battle of Guilford Courthouse (1781), 230–32
Battle of Harlem Heights (1776), 142–44
Battle of Kings Mountain (1780), 222–23
Battle of Les Saintes (1782), 253–54, 256
Battle of Long Island (1776), 122–26, 122, 131, 134, 168, 308
Battle of Monmouth Court House (1778), 201–3
Battle of Pell’s Point (1776), 146, 148
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 195–96
British withdrawal from Philadelphia and, 201
Carleton and, 295n
criticisms of Washington and, 156, 162, 281
Germain and, 166, 252
Howe as scapegoat for, 166–67
militia-based army ideal and, 289
Morgan and, 165
North and, 183
Battle of the Chesapeake (1781), 244–45
Battle of White Plains (1776), 168
Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775), 56–57, 101, 289
Beard, Charles, 286n
Bernard, Francis, 5–6, 20
Blackstone, William, 9–10, 11, 12
Bland, Richard, 14
Blockheads, The (Warren), 91
“Bob notes,” 285–86, 290
Boston Port Act (1774), 20
Boston Siege, 61, 91, 101, 103–4, 106–7, 114, 205
Boston Tea Party (1773), 17–19, 20, 23, 62
bottom-up resistance. See mass resistance
boycotts, 12–13, 17, 27, 34–36, 42
See also mass resistance
Brant, Joseph, 234–36, 235
Brewer, John, 198
British Are Coming, The (Atkinson), xiv
British Commonwealth, 3–4, 73–74
British imperial policy
bimodal nature of, 16–17
colonial arguments against change in, xii, 15, 38–40, 42–44, 46–47
complacency and, xiii, 44–46
conspiracy narratives and, 12, 62, 63, 68
Declaratory Act on, 17, 26
domino theory and, 63, 253
Franklin on, 24–25
Gibbon on, 24
Pitt on, 46–47, 167–68
postwar, 309–10
Proclamation of 1763, 6–7, 8, 311
Tea Act, 17–18
Treaty of Paris and, 4–7
See also Coercive Acts; Parliamentary sovereignty
British military preparations
Encounter at Salem Bridge and, 49
Germain appointment and, 49, 64, 110
mercenary recruitment, 48–49, 64, 66, 76, 77, 110
New York campaign and, 108–9, 110–11, 121
popular referendum on independence and, 76
British revenue acts (1764, 1765, 1767)
anti-national sentiment and, 263
Dickinson on, 41
financial inefficiency of, 12–13, 16
justifications for, 7, 9
mass resistance to, 16, 26
Pitt on, 22
repeal of, 17, 18
British victory prospects
Clarke on, 19
Coercive Acts enforcement and, 20, 28
colonial communication network and, 50
Dickinson on, 44
Encounter at Salem Bridge and, 49–50
Gage on, 28, 29–30, 37, 47, 48–49, 101, 110–11, 198
Germain on, 110–11
mass resistance and, xiv, 49–51
Pitt on, 47–48
reevaluation (1781), 251–54
strategy deliberations (1778), 195–98
Bunker Hill. See Battle of Bunker Hill
Burgoyne, William, 196, 198, 289, 295n, 307, 308
See also Battle of Saratoga
Burke, Aedanus, 288
Burke, Edmund
on British imperial policy, 5
on Coercive Acts, 21, 25
on conspiracy narratives, 56
criticisms of Howe and, 167–68
Dickinson and, 60
on Pitt the Younger, 251
victory prospects reevaluation (1781) and, 253
Burke, Thomas, 213
Burr, Aaron, 141, 191
Bushnell, David, 114
Butler, Pierce, 215
Butterfield, Herbert, xi
Campbell, Archibald, 217–18
Canada, 63, 196, 208–9, 295
Caribbean
Battle of Les Saintes, 253–54, 256
British imperial policy and, 63
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 195, 196, 197, 198, 217
Franco-American alliance and, 196, 197, 204, 217, 224, 233, 239–40, 244, 249
stalemate (1779) and, 210
Carleton, Guy, 294–95, 296, 297, 298
Carlisle, Earl of (Frederick Howard), 184
Carlisle Peace Commission, 183, 184–85, 199
Carolina campaign, 219, 226–28, 229, 230–31, 238–39, 243, 289
Catharine Littlefield Greene Miller (1755–1814) (Frothingham), 191
Charlestown. See Siege of Charleston
Churchill, Winston, 251n
civilian population
war impacts on, xv, 158–60, 166, 206–8, 222
See also mass resistance
Civil War, 294
Clarke, Thomas, 19
Clinton, George, 297
Clinton, Henry
Arnold and, 225
Battle of Long Island and, 123, 124–25, 126, 131, 308
Battle of Monmouth Court House and, 202–3
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 197
Chesapeake Bay and, 238
Hamilton on, 187
Kips Bay Landing, 140–41
Manhattan entrapment and, 136, 137
New York campaign preparations and, 121
as scapegoat, 168–69, 307–8
Siege of Charleston and, 219, 248
Siege of Yorktown and, 249
southern strategy and, 218
Virginia campaign and, 242–43
withdrawal from Philadelphia, 197, 200–201
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (1774)
Boston Siege and, 101
content of, 19–21
First Continental Congress on, 37
impossibility of enforcement, 28, 29
intellectual resistance to, 26, 37
mass resistance and, 26–28, 30, 32–33
middle colonies and, 59
Parliamentary debate on, 21–23
passage of, 25
Pitt the Elder on, 21–22, 47
Suffolk Resolves on, 32
Collier, George, 131, 136–37
colonial military preparations
New York campaign and, 107, 109, 113–14, 116–18
Provincial Congresses and, 49
Second Continental Congress and, 57
Washington Commander in Chief appointment, 55, 57, 60, 102
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 9–10, 11
committees of correspondence, 16, 17, 50
Committees of Safety, 55
Committees of Safety/Inspection, 36
Common Cause, 26, 212
See also mass resistance
Common Sense (Paine), 65–68, 70, 73, 76, 81
Confederate States of America, 322
Confederation Congress
confederationists on, 258
Continental Army support problem and, 213, 240
national debt and, 260–61, 278
Native American policy and, 312–14
peace settlement and, 272
postwar weakness of, 290–91, 322–24
slavery and, 297
True Whigs on, 263, 290
Washington’s resignation as commander in chief, 301–3
confederationists, 257–58, 262–63
See also anti-national sentiment
Connecticut, 287–88
See also New England
conspiracy narratives
anti-national sentiment and, 265, 266–67, 287–88, 324–25
British imperial policy and, 12, 62, 63, 68
independence and, 12, 40, 62
pre-Declaration period, 56–57, 62–63, 68
Continental Army
African American soldiers in, 154, 182, 218–19, 247, 319
antislavery movement and, 317–18
as embodiment of mass resistance, 115, 140, 157
as embodiment of national vision, 157–58, 280n, 287
Greene as quartermaster, 160
lack of discipline in, 102–3
march and maneuver in, 173–74
morale, 157–58, 169, 170
Newburgh Conspiracy, 279–83
oath of allegiance, 185
organizational issues, 155–56, 160
popular antagonism toward, 257–58, 286, 287, 289
postwar furlough of, 286
Washington Commander in Chief appointment, 55, 57, 60, 102
See also Continental Army support problem; militia-based army ideal; Revolutionary War
Continental Army support problem
Articles of Confederation and, 156, 211, 213, 214–15, 216, 240
Franco-American alliance and, 204–5, 241, 242
Jay on, 211–12
Morris personal contributions, 242, 249, 259–60, 280, 285–86
national vision and, 258
Newburgh Conspiracy and, 279–81
New England delegates on, 212–13
Pennsylvania Mutiny (1783), 290
postwar pay, 285–86
Siege of Yorktown and, 254–55
southern theater and, 216–17, 223, 240
stalemate (1779) and, 210–11
Valley Forge encampment and, 154–55, 170–72
Continental Association, 35–37, 50
Continentalist, The (Hamilton), 213–16, 258
Conway, Henry, 21
Conway, Thomas, 163–64, 173
Conway Cabal, 160, 163–65, 301
Copley, John Singleton, 92
Cornwallis, Charles
background of, 220
Battle of Camden and, 220–21
Battle of Cowpens, 228, 230
Battle of Guilford Courthouse and, 231
Battle of Kings Mountain and, 222–23
Battle of Monmouth Court House and, 202
Carolina campaign, 219, 226, 230–31, 238–39, 243, 289
Greene and, 227, 230
Siege of Yorktown and, 245, 247, 249, 252
Virginia campaign and, 238–39, 240–41, 243, 244
Cumberland, Richard, 308
Cunningham, “Bloody Bill,” 256n
Dartmouth, Earl of (William Legge), 20, 28, 30, 49
Deane, Silas, 264n
Declaration of Independence, The (Trumbull), 86
Declaration of Independence
John Adams and, 74, 85–86, 87n
composition and signing of, 85–89
Continental Army support problem and, 212
Robert Morris and, 259
myths about, 84–85, 86
New York campaign and, 112
slavery and, 87–88, 317, 318–19
utopian agenda and, 89–90
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, A (Dickinson), 57
Declaratory Act (1766), 17, 26
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 23–24
Defeat, The (Warren), 91
de Grasse, Comte de (François Joseph Paul de Grasse), 224, 239–40, 241, 243, 244–45, 249, 253–54
Delaware, 79
See also middle colonies
demographic pressures, 3, 6
descriptive terms for American Revolution, xi–xii, 26, 55, 276
Dickinson, John
John Adams and, 60–61
Articles of Confederation and, 82–83, 156, 213, 275
on Coercive Acts, 26
Declaration of Independence and, 87n
on diplomatic strategy, 57–58, 60–61, 64–65, 76, 80
importance of, xv
on independence, 42, 44–45
Robert Morris and, 259
on Parliamentary sovereignty, 14–15, 16, 41–43
on Pennsylvania Mutiny, 290
Quaker background of, 15n, 42, 59–60
reluctance to declare independence and, 58–59, 65
as representative leader, 56
war predictions, 43–44
Dowdeswell, Alexander, 21
Drayton, William Henry, 26
Duche, Jacob, 32
dueling, 176–77, 203
Dulany, Daniel, 14
Dunbar, Daniel, 36
Dunmore, Lord (John Murray), 79, 87, 149, 150
Eminent Victorians (Strachey), 14
Encounter at Salem Bridge (1775), 49–50
English Civil War, 9
Enlightenment, 66–67
enslaved people/former slaves
British recruitment and seizure of, 79, 87, 149–51, 241, 247, 248, 295, 296, 319
colonial recruitment of, 182, 218–19, 247
Billy Lee, 141, 248, 268–69, 269, 296, 302
See also slavery
Ewald, Johann, 241
Farewell Address (Washington), 209, 280n
federalism, 74
Federalist Papers, The, 214
Ferguson, Patrick, 222
finance capitalism, 259
First Continental Congress
on boycotts, 34–35, 42
British responses to, 45–46
compromise at, 31–33
Continental Association formation, 35–36
Jay and, 31, 39–40, 41, 42
mass resistance and, 30–31
official statements, 39–43
on Parliamentary sovereignty, 37–38
Pitt on, 47
as provisional national government, 56
Suffolk Resolves and, 32–33
Fischer, David Hackett, 98
Four Letters on Important National Subjects (Tucker), 309
Fox, Charles James, 250, 252
France
French Revolution, xii–xiii, 66, 74, 320
Secret Committee, 259
See also Franco-American alliance; Seven Years’ War
Franco-American alliance
Battle of Les Saintes, 253–54, 256
Battle of Saratoga and, 166
Battle of the Chesapeake and, 244
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 195–97, 217
Canada and, 208–9
Continental Army support problem and, 204–5, 241, 242
negotiation of, 169, 182, 183–84
New York as Washington’s strategic focus and, 204, 210, 224, 239–40
peace settlement and, 273, 274
Siege of Yorktown and, 245, 248
strategic discussions (1780), 223–24
Valley Forge encampment and, 185–87
Virginia campaign and, 241–42
Franklin, Benjamin
Anglo-American empire prediction, 3–4, 6, 22, 44, 58
antislavery movement and, 318
on Boston Tea Party, 18
on British imperial policy, 24–25
British victory prospects reevaluation (1781) and, 256
Declaration of Independence and, 85–86
Franco-American alliance and, 169, 182, 183–84
William Franklin and, 80
Richard Howe and, 112
Arthur Lee and, 264n
Robert Morris and, 260
New York campaign and, 114
Paine and, 65
peace settlement and, 270, 272, 273
Secret Committee and, 259
on shared sovereignty, 73–74
on Society of the Cincinnati, 288
Staten Island Peace Conference and, 134, 135
Steuben and, 172
Franklin, William, 80
Fraser, Simon, 165n
French Revolution, xii–xiii, 66, 74, 320
Friberg, Arnold, 152
Frothingham, James, 191
Gage, Thomas
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 198
on British victory prospects, 28, 29–30, 37, 47, 48–49, 101, 110–11, 198
Coercive Acts and, 20
Germain and, 110–11
Galloway, Joseph, 31, 218
Garrison, William Lloyd, 316, 317
Gates, Horatio
Battle of Camden and, 221, 226
Battle of Saratoga and, 156, 162, 167, 201, 281
Battle of the Chesapeake and, 244
criticisms of Washington and, 161–62, 163, 164–65
on militia-based army ideal, 106
Newburgh Conspiracy and, 279, 281–82
George III (king of England)
Battle of Bunker Hill and, 99, 110
on Boston Tea Party, 18–19, 62
British military preparations and, 64
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 196–97, 198–99
character of, 61–62
conspiracy narratives and, 62–63, 253
Cornwallis and, 220
Declaration of Independence on, 85, 86, 87–89
Dickinson on, 58
diplomatic strategy and, 57–58, 60, 61, 64–65, 77, 104
Franco-American alliance and, 196–97
Germain appointment and, 64, 110
Gibbon on, 24
Howe brothers’ diplomatic priorities and, 133
Paine on, 65, 66, 67
Parliamentary sovereignty and, 8, 251
peace settlement and, 270, 274
popular referendum on independence and, 81
postwar imperial policy and, 309–10
Proclamation of 1763, 6–7, 8, 311
as representative leader, 56
repudiation of The Olive Branch Petition, 63–65, 77
responsibility of, xv, 48, 308–9
royal patronage and, 198–99, 253, 310
savior hopes, 42–43, 58, 64–65, 67
Siege of Yorktown and, 250, 251–52
southern theater and, 238
victory prospects reevaluation (1781) and, 251–52, 253
Washington’s resignation as commander in chief and, 303
western lands and, 275
George Washington and William Lee (Trumbull), 269
Georgia, 217–18
Germain, George
appointment of, 49, 64, 110
Battle of Guilford Courthouse and, 232
Battle of Saratoga and, 166, 252
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 196, 197, 198, 199
Carleton and, 295n
Chesapeake Bay and, 237
Cornwallis and, 220
criticisms of, 250, 254
domino theory and, 253
Franco-American alliance and, 196
William Howe and, 166
military preparations and, 76
New York campaign and, 108–9, 110–11, 112, 126–27
as representative leader, 56
as scapegoat, xv, 308–9
Siege of Yorktown and, 250
southern strategy and, 218
victory prospects reevaluation (1781) and, 252
Virginia strategy, 238–39
Gerry, Elbridge, 68
Gettysburg Address (Lincoln), 89
Gibbon, Edward, 23–24, 256
Glorious Revolution (1689), 8
Glover, John, 129, 130, 148
Gordon, Thomas, 256
Gordon, William, 321
Grasshopper (Oneida chief), 311n
Graves, Samuel, 196
Graves, Thomas, 243, 244
Greene, Catharine Littlefield, 175n, 190–91, 191
Greene, Nathanael
Battle of Guilford Courthouse and, 231, 232
British withdrawal from Philadelphia and, 201
civilian population and, 159, 207
death of, 190–91
importance of, xv
on Lafayette, 177
John Laurens’s death and, 277
Manhattan entrapment and, 137, 138, 140
on militia-based army ideal, 171
on morale, 157, 169, 170
New York campaign and, 114–15, 119, 120, 122
peace settlement and, 271
as quartermaster, 160
on Society of the Cincinnati, 289
southern loyalist guerilla warfare, 256, 271
southern theater leadership, 227–28, 230
Grenville, George, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 39
Group, The (Warren), 91
Hamilton, Alexander, 257, 283
antislavery movement and, 318
Arnold’s treason and, 225
Articles of Confederationn revision proposals, 279, 284–85
British withdrawal from Philadelphia and, 201
Confederation Congress postwar locations and, 290, 291
death of, 191
financial program of, 261, 266
Franco-American alliance and, 186–87
Kips Bay Landing and, 141
John Laurens and, 181
national vision of, 178, 213–16, 258, 262, 280n, 325
Newburgh Conspiracy and, 278–79, 283
officer class and, 299
on Pennsylvania Mutiny, 290
postwar politics and, 276–77, 285
relationship with Washington, 179
Siege of Yorktown and, 247
on slavery, 181, 182, 296–97
Steuben and, 173
Valley Forge Camp Report and, 170–71, 172
on Washington’s character, 281
Washington’s leadership role and, 257, 283
Hancock, John, 106
Harrison, Benjamin, 296, 323
Harry Washington Saddling Nelson (Miller), 150
historiography, xi, xii, xv–xvi, 14–15, 286n
History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution (Warren), 92–93
honor
Arnold’s treason and, 225–26
officer class, 176–77, 179, 180, 247
Washington’s belief in, 109–10, 127, 137–38, 140, 144, 203
Hopkins, Samuel, 68
Hopkins, Stephen, 14
Howe, George Augustus, 112
Howe, Lord Richard
diplomatic priorities of, 111, 112–13, 118–19, 132–35, 168
East River escape and, 131
William Howe’s departure and, 188
inexplicable cautiousness of, 99
Manhattan entrapment and, 137
New York fleet arrival, 90, 117–18
Staten Island Peace Conference, 132–35
Howe, William
Battle of Bunker Hill and, 99–100, 111
Battle of Harlem Heights and, 142, 144
Battle of Long Island and, 122–23, 124–26, 127, 131, 308
Battle of Pell’s Point and, 146, 148
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 197, 198
on British victory prospects, 196
civilian population and, 158, 166
Cornwallis and, 220
criticisms of, 166, 167–68
departure of, 187–89
diplomatic priorities of, 111–13, 121–22, 126, 146, 168
inexplicable cautiousness of, 99
Kips Bay Landing, 140, 141
Elizabeth Loring and, 52, 100, 167, 188
Manhattan entrapment and, 136–37, 140, 145
New York arrival, 87
New York campaign preparations and, 108–9, 121
Philadelphia campaign and, 166–67, 168
resignation of, 168–69, 196
as scapegoat, 166–68, 307, 308
Staten Island Peace Conference and, 132, 136
Valley Forge encampment and, 158–59, 167
Howell, David, 263–64
Hutchinson, Thomas, 17, 62, 91, 315
“I Have a Dream” (King), 89
imperial policy. See British imperial policy
impost, 260–61, 263, 266, 279
independence
John Adams on, 60, 71–72, 74–75, 81, 82
conspiracy narratives and, 12, 40, 62
demographic pressures for, 6
Dickinson on, 42, 44–45
gradual vision of, 4, 44
Paine on, 65–67
peace settlement and, 272, 274
popular referendum on, 76, 77–82, 90, 115
reluctance to declare, 31, 37, 38, 54–56, 57, 58–59, 65
state constitutions and, 74–75
Staten Island Peace Conference and, 135
Washington on, 104
western lands and, 275
See also Declaration of Independence; postwar American government design
Indian policy. See Native Americans
intellectual resistance, 14–15, 26, 37–38, 39–43
See also specific authors
Intolerable Acts (1774). See Coercive Acts
Iroquois Confederacy (Six Nations), 64, 209–10, 234–36, 311
Jackson, Andrew, 315
Jamaica, 254
James, William, 85
Jay, John
An Address to the People of Great Britain, 39–40, 42
antislavery movement and, 318
background of, 40–41
on Continental Army support problem, 211–12
First Continental Congress and, 31, 39–40, 41, 42
importance of, xv
national vision of, 323–24
peace settlement and, 271–73, 275
popular referendum on independence and, 90
on repudiation of The Olive Branch Petition, 64
Jefferson, Thomas
antislavery movement and, 318
Declaration of Independence and, 84–88
on George III, 62
on Parliamentary sovereignty, 26
peace settlement and, 272
on postwar nonexistence of national government, 323
reluctance to declare independence and, 54–55, 57
on slavery, 79, 87–88, 316–17, 318
on Society of the Cincinnati, 288
Washington’s resignation as commander in chief and, 301, 302–3
Johnson, Samuel, 45, 62, 316
Johnson, William, 235
Jones, Joseph, 282–83
Kaplan, Robert D., 307
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 89
Kips Bay Landing (1776), 140–42
Knowlton, Thomas, 142–43
Knox, Henry, 279, 283, 284, 298, 299–300
Lafayette, Marquis de
Battle of Monmouth Court House and, 202
British Virginia strategy and, 240, 241
Canada and, 208, 209
on Carlisle, 184n
Franco-American alliance and, 186
honor and, 177
recruitment of enslaved people and, 182
relationship with Washington, 179, 208
Siege of Yorktown and, 247
on slavery, 296–97, 318, 321
Steuben and, 173
on Washington’s leadership role, 162
Laurens, Henry
capture of, 272
Carlisle Peace Commission and, 184–85
criticisms of Washington and, 163
John Laurens and, 178, 179, 180–81, 219
peace settlement and, 295
Valley Forge encampment and, 158
Washington’s leadership role and, 162
Laurens, John
British withdrawal from Philadelphia and, 201
colonial recruitment of enslaved people and, 182, 218–19, 247
death of, 277
Franco-American alliance and, 186
Charles Lee and, 203
relationship with Washington, 178–79
Siege of Yorktown and, 247
on slavery, 179–80, 181–82, 218–19, 296–97, 319
Steuben and, 173
Lee, Arthur, 27, 264, 265–67, 286, 290
Lee, Billy, 141, 248, 268–69, 269, 296, 302
Lee, Charles
Battle of Monmouth Court House and, 201–2, 203
British withdrawal from Philadelphia and, 201
criticisms of Washington and, 145, 161
eccentricities of, 161n
on militia-based army ideal, 106
New York campaign and, 107, 108, 113, 120
Lee, Richard Henry, 27, 82, 263
Leslie, Alexander, 49
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer (Dickinson), 15, 42
Leutze, Emanuel, 97
Lincoln, Abraham, xi, 89, 90
Lincoln, Benjamin, 218, 219, 248, 249
literacy, 16
Livingston, Robert, 85
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 56
Loring, Elizabeth (Betsy), 52, 53, 100, 111, 167, 188
Loring, Joshua, Jr., 52–53, 53
Loring, Joshua, 28
loyalists
African American, 150
Battle of Kings Mountain and, 222–23
British southern strategy and, 218, 220
historiography on, 315
local enforcement of mass resistance and, 36–37, 55
New York, 108, 115, 117, 123, 204, 297
peace settlement and, 274n
Pennsylvania, 187
postwar fate of, 315–16
savagery and, xv, 222–23, 232, 316
Siege of Yorktown and, 248
southern guerilla warfare with, 256, 271
Mackesy, Piers, 251n
Madison, James, 74, 264
Maier, Pauline, 84
maps
New York campaign, 122, 139, 147
southern theater, 229, 246
Valley Forge encampment, 153
Marion, Francis, 232
Marshall, John, 155, 178
Martin, Joseph Plumb, 129, 146, 152–53, 245, 286, 304–5, 305
Massachusetts
Boston Tea Party, 17–19, 20, 23, 62
colonial communication network and, 16
Encounter at Salem Bridge, 49–50
First Continental Congress and, 31, 32
popular referendum on independence, 77–78
Society of the Cincinnati and, 287
Suffolk Resolves, 32–33
See also Coercive Acts
Massachusetts Government Act (1774), 20
mass resistance
anti-national sentiment and, 233, 267
Battle of Camden and, 221
Boston Tea Party, 17–19, 20, 23, 62
British revenue acts and, 16, 26
British victory prospects and, xiv, 49–51
closing of courts and, 29, 32
Coercive Acts and, 26–28, 30, 32–33
colonial communication network and, 16, 26–28
Continental Army as embodiment of, 115, 140, 157
Dickinson on sustainability of, 58
First Continental Congress and, 30–31
importance of, xiv
intimidation of British authorities and, 28, 29, 50, 52–53
local enforcement of, 35–37, 50–51, 55, 56, 233
militia-based army ideal and, 101–2
Provincial Congresses and, 50
southern theater and, 232–33
state constitutions and, 75
Suffolk Resolves, 32–33
waning of spirit for, 26, 157–58, 169, 177, 199–200, 206, 257–58
See also rage militaire
McDougall, Alexander, 278, 299
McGillivray, Alexander (Creek chief), 311–12
Memorial to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, A (Dickinson), 41–42
middle colonies
diplomatic strategy and, 76, 80
First Continental Congress and, 31, 32
popular referendum on independence, 79–80
Quaker tradition, 59–60, 80
reluctance to declare independence, 59, 80
See also New York; Pennsylvania
Mifflin, Thomas, 127–28, 130, 155–56, 161, 163, 165, 301
militia-based army ideal
antagonism toward Continental Army and, 287, 288, 289
Battle of Bunker Hill and, 100, 104–5
Boston Siege and, 105
Continental Army support problem and, 171–72
guerrilla warfare proposals, 105–6
lack of discipline and, 102–3
Joseph Plumb Martin on, 305
mass resistance and, 101–2
Native Americans and, 101
New York campaign and, 117, 144–45
Miller, Marianne, 150
Miralles, Don Juan, 273n
Morgan, Daniel, 162, 164–65, 228, 230, 231
Morgan, Edmund S., xii, 14
Morris, Gouverneur, 158, 279, 280
Morris, Robert
background of, 258–59
financial program of, 261, 263
financial support for Continental Army, 242, 249, 259–60, 280, 285–86
importance of, xv
on national debt, 241–42, 260–61
national vision of, 258, 260–64, 265–66, 294
Newburgh Conspiracy and, 279, 280
reputation of, 286n
Secret Committee and, 259
Washington’s visit to, 300
Mrs. James Warren (Mercy Otis) (Copley), 92
national debt, 199, 241–42, 260–61, 262, 266, 278, 284, 294
national vision
Continental Army as embodiment of, 157–58, 280n, 287
foreign policy and, 323–24
Hamilton, 178, 213–16, 258, 262, 280n, 325
Morris, 258, 260–64, 265–66, 294
national debt and, 260–61, 262, 266, 294
officer class and, 178, 216, 258
waning of mass resistance spirit and, 200
Washington, 178, 200, 214, 258, 261–62, 291, 302, 325
Washington as symbol of, 156
western lands and, 275–76, 294, 313–14
Native Americans
disease and, 313
militia-based army ideal and, 101
Northwest Ordinance and, 314
postwar policy toward, xvi, 312–15
Proclamation of 1763 and, 7, 311
Revolutionary War and, 209–10, 234–36, 310–12
western lands and, 293, 311–12, 313
natural rights, 66–67, 71, 90
Navigation Acts, 13, 38
Newburgh Conspiracy, 277–83
New England
British attacks on (1775), 63
British victory prospects and, 28, 29, 47–50
colonial communication network and, 16
Continental Army and, 102
Continental Army support problem and, 212–13
impost and, 263n
literacy rate in, 16
militia-based army ideal and, 101
New Hampshire Grants, 215
Puritan tradition, 10, 59–60
Second Continental Congress and, 60
Society of the Cincinnati and, 287–88
See also Coercive Acts; Massachusetts
New Hampshire Grants, 215
New Jersey
mutiny, 215, 226
popular referendum on independence, 79–80
See also middle colonies
newspapers, 16, 17
New York
British evacuation of, 295, 297–98
loyalists in, 108, 115, 117, 123, 204, 297
popular referendum on independence and, 80, 90
reluctance to declare independence, 58, 80
Washington’s strategic focus on, 203–5, 210, 218, 223, 224, 226, 239–40
See also middle colonies
New York campaign (1776–77), 98–99
Battle of Bunker Hill and, 117, 120, 121n, 125
Battle of Harlem Heights, 142–44
Battle of Long Island, 122–26, 122, 131, 134, 168, 308
Battle of Pell’s Point, 146, 148
Battle of White Plains, 168
British naval supremacy demonstration, 117–18
British navy arrival, 87, 90
British point of entry, 120, 121–22
British preparations for, 108–9, 110–11, 121
colonial preparations for, 107–8, 109, 113–14, 115–18
Delaware crossing, 97–98
East River escape, 98–99, 122, 127–31, 134, 135–36, 161n
escape to White Plains, 146, 147, 148
Fort Washington garrison, 145–46
Germain and, 108–9, 110–11, 112, 126–27
Greene and, 114–15, 119, 120, 122
Howe brothers’ diplomatic priorities and, 111–13, 118–19, 121–22, 126, 132, 146
Kips Bay Landing, 140–42
loyalists and, 108, 115, 117, 123
Manhattan entrapment, 135–38, 139, 140, 144, 145, 161, 168
maps, 122, 139, 147
militia-based army ideal and, 117, 144–45
popular referendum on independence and, 115–16
risky nature of, 109, 116, 120
Sullivan and, 119–20
Washington’s honor and, 109–10, 127, 137–38, 140, 144
Nicola, Lewis, 257
North, Lord (Frederick North)
Battle of Saratoga and, 183
British strategy deliberations (1778) and, 197
Carlisle Peace Commission and, 183, 184, 185
Coercive Acts and, 21, 25
criticisms of, 250, 254
First Continental Congress and, 43, 45
Gage and, 29–30
Germain appointment, 49
hubris of, 44–45
inadequacies of, 22
intellectual resistance to Parliamentary sovereignty and, 38, 39, 43
military preparations and, 48, 49, 64
resignation of, 252–53
revenue acts and, 13, 17
Siege of Yorktown and, 250
on Suffolk Resolves, 32
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 314, 318
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 316–17
Observations on the Increase of Mankind (Franklin), 3–4
officer class
farewell ceremony for, 298–300
honor and, 176–77, 179, 180, 247
national vision and, 178, 216, 258
Newburgh Conspiracy, 277–83
oath of allegiance, 185
resentment of Washington, 281, 298–99
Society of the Cincinnati, 286–89, 302
Valley Forge encampment, 176–78, 179, 190
Washington’s resignation as commander in chief and, 302
O’Hara, Charles, 221, 248–49
Olive Branch Petition, The (Dickinson), 57, 58, 61
repudiation of, 63–65, 77
Oliver, Thomas, 28
On Revolution (Arendt), xii–xiii
Ordinance of 1784, 318
Otis, James, 14, 91
Paine, Daniel, 296
Paine, Thomas
background of, 65
Common Sense, 65–68, 70, 73, 76, 81
Declaration of Independence and, 90
on postwar American government design, 67, 73
as representative leader, 56
utopian agenda and, 67–68, 70, 76
Paine, Timothy, 28
pamphlets, 16, 37
Parliamentary sovereignty
John Adams on, 10–12, 14
Blackstone on, 9–10, 11, 12
Boston Tea Party and, 19
Coercive Acts and, 26
conspiracy narratives and, 12
George III and, 8, 251
intellectual resistance to, 14–15, 16, 26, 37–38, 39–43
mass resistance to, 30
Navigation Acts and, 38
origins of, 8, 13
Pitt on, 22
royal patronage and, 253, 310
shared sovereignty and, 73–74
Patriot, The, 231n
Patterson, James, 118, 119
Payne, Deborah, 296
Peace of Paris (1783), 292–94
peace settlement
British difficulty in processing defeat and, 307
Native Americans and, 311, 312
Newburgh Conspiracy and, 277–79
Rockingham appointment and death, 270
slavery and, 295–97
Spanish role, 271–73
Washington continued battle preparations during, 270, 277
western lands and, 273–74, 275
Pennsylvania
British withdrawal from Philadelphia, 187, 197, 200–201
Philadelphia campaign, 156, 166–67, 168
reluctance to declare independence, 58, 80
voting qualifications, 80–81
See also middle colonies
Pennsylvania Mutiny (1783), 290
pensions. See Continental Army support problem
Percy, Hugh, 132
Petition to the King, The (Dickinson), 42–43
Philadelphia campaign (1777–78), 156, 166–67, 168
Pitt, William the Elder (Lord Chatham)
on British imperial hubris, 46–47
on British victory prospects, 47–48
on Coercive Acts, 21–22, 47
criticisms of William Howe and, 167–68
death of, 195
on Jay, 40
Arthur Lee and, 264n
on revenue acts, 22
shared sovereignty and, 74
Pitt, William the Younger, 250–51, 252, 253
Pleasants, Robert, 321
postwar American government design
John Adams on, 72–73, 74, 82, 83, 84
Paine on, 67, 73
Second Continental Congress commmittees on, 82
shared sovereignty and, 73–74
utopian agenda and, 69
See also Articles of Confederation; national vision
Pownall, Thomas, 4–5
Prayer in the Snow (Friberg), 152
pre-Declaration period (summer 1775–summer 1776), 54–90
John Adams on caution, 71–72, 81
Boston Siege, 61, 91, 101, 103–4, 106–7, 205
The Cause as descriptive term and, 55
colonial military preparations, 49, 55, 57, 60
Common Sense, 65–68, 70, 73, 76, 81
conspiracy narratives during, 56–57, 62–63, 68
diplomatic strategy, 57–58, 60–61, 64–65, 76, 77, 80, 104
enforced allegiance, 55, 56, 116
popular referendum on independence, 76, 77–82, 90, 115
postwar American government design ideas during, 67, 69, 72–74
reluctance to declare independence, 54–56, 57, 58–59, 65
representative leaders, 56
state constitutions, 74–75
undeclared war during, 55, 56–57, 99
utopian agenda emergence, 68–71, 76, 81, 89–90
Mercy Otis Warren, 70, 91–93
See also Battle of Bunker Hill
presentistic fallacy, xvi
Principles of Law and Polity Applied to the Government of the British Colonies in America (Bernard), 5–6
prisoners of war, xv, 53, 146, 248, 297–98
Private Yankee Doodle (Martin), 304
Proclamation of 1763, 6–7, 8, 311
property qualifications for voting, 68–69, 80–81
Provincial Congresses, 32, 49, 50
Putnam, Israel, 120, 125, 141
Putnam, Rufus, 136
Pybus, Cassandra, 149
rage militaire, 56, 100, 105, 109, 145
Raid on Richmond (1781), 238
Rappleye, Charles, 286n
Rawdon, Francis, 221, 222
Reed, Joseph
criticisms of Washington, 145, 161
Howe brothers’ diplomatic overtures and, 118
New York campaign and, 120, 127, 136, 141
Report on Public Credit (Hamilton), 261
resistance. See intellectual resistance; mass resistance
Revere, Paul, 32
revolutionary agenda. See utopian agenda
Revolutionary War
African American soldiers, 154, 247, 296
Arnold’s treason, 224–26
Boston Siege, 61, 91, 101, 103–4, 106–7, 114, 205
British attacks on New England coast (1775), 63
British difficulty in processing defeat, 307
British scapegoats for, xv, 167–69, 254, 307–9
British strategy deliberations (1778), 195–99, 217
British withdrawal from Philadelphia, 187, 197, 200–201
Canada and, 208–9
Carlisle Peace Commission, 183, 184–85, 199
casualties, xiii–xiv, 8, 251, 309n
Dickinson’s concerns about, 58–59
early undeclared nature of, 55, 56–57, 99
Encounter at Salem Bridge, 49–50
impacts on civilian population, xv, 158–60, 166, 206–8, 222
Native Americans and, 209–10, 234–36, 310–12
New Jersey line mutiny, 215, 226
New York as Washington’s strategic focus, 203–5, 210, 218, 223, 224, 226, 239–40
Philadelphia campaign, 156, 166–67, 168
Private Yankee Doodle on, 304–5
rage militaire and, 56, 100, 105, 109, 145
Secret Committee, 259
Siege of Yorktown, 245, 246, 247–49, 250–52, 254–55, 258, 307–8
stalemate (1779 and 1780), 210–11
Staten Island Peace Conference, 132–35, 136
Steuben role, 172–75, 186
uti possidetis threat, 227, 240, 254
See also Battle of Saratoga; Franco-American alliance; New York campaign; southern theater; Valley Forge encampment; specific battles
Rochambeau, Count (Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Viemeur), 223–24, 239–40, 241, 243, 244–45, 249, 320
Rockingham, Marquis of (Charles Watson-Wentworth), 17, 253, 270
Rodney, George, 244, 253–54
Romney, George, 234, 235
Rousseau, Jean-Jacque, 73
Royster, Charles, 177–78
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (Franklin), 24–25
Rush, Benjamin, 132–33, 154, 161
Rutledge, Edward, 133
Rutledge, John, 219
Salem Gunpowder Raid. See Encounter at Salem Bridge
Salt, Maurice, 296
Sandwich, Lord (John Montagu), 197–98, 250, 253, 254
Saratoga. See Battle of Saratoga
savagery, xiv–xv
Battle of Bunker Hill, 60, 101
Battle of Long Island, 123
foraging and, 207
loyalists and, xv, 222–23, 232, 316
mass resistance and, 233
Schuyler, Philip, 312–13
Scott, John Morin, 136
Second Continental Congress, 257
Articles of Confederation and, 82–84, 156
Continental Army support problem and, 156, 205, 211–13, 254
Declaration of Independence and, 82, 85, 86–87
delegate quality, 172, 205–6
diplomatic strategy, 57–58, 60–61, 64–65, 76, 77, 80, 104
independence referendum, 76, 77–82, 90, 115
Manhattan entrapment and, 137
military preparations and, 57
New Hampshire Grants and, 215
New York campaign and, 109
The Olive Branch Petition, 57, 58, 61, 63, 77
reluctance to declare independence and, 54–55, 57, 65
repudiation of The Olive Branch Petition and, 64–65, 77
state constitutions resolution, 74–75
Staten Island Peace Conference and, 132–35
two-track strategy of, 57–58, 60–61, 76
Valley Forge encampment and, 158, 170–72
Washington Commander in Chief appointment, 55, 57, 60, 102
Washington’s leadership role and, 257
Seneca Falls Declaration (1863), 89
Serle, Ambrose, 135
Seven Years’ War
British territorial acquisitions and, 4–7
financial impact of, 7–8, 12
First Continental Congress on, 39
Franco-American alliance and, 183, 204
Germain and, 49n
William Howe and, 99
Augustus Howe and, 112
William Pitt the Elder and, 21
Steuben and, 173
western lands and, 275, 292
Shaw, Samuel, 195, 199–200
Shelburne, Earl of (William Petty), 271, 274
Sherman, Roger, 85
Shippen, Peggy, 225n
Siege of Charleston (1780), 219, 220, 226, 248
Siege of Yorktown (1781), 245, 246, 247–49, 250–52, 254–55, 258, 307–8
Simcoe, John, 207
Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy), 64, 209–10, 234–36, 311
slavery
antislavery movement, 317–18, 320
Declaration of Independence and, 87–88, 317, 318–19
First Continental Congress on, 34–35
Hamilton on, 181, 182, 296–97
independence and, 149
Jefferson on, 79, 87–88, 316–17, 318
Samuel Johnson on, 45
John Laurens on, 179–80, 181–82, 218–19, 296–97, 319
as legacy, xvi
Northwest Ordinance on, 318
peace settlement and, 295–97
popular referendum on independence and, 79, 81
postwar misunderstanding of, 319–21
utopian agenda and, xiii, 54, 68, 76, 89, 316–17, 320
Washington as slaveowner, 68n, 149–51, 182, 296–97, 321–22
Washington on, 182
western lands and, 294, 318
See also enslaved people/former slaves
Society of the Cincinnati, 286–89, 302
Sons of Liberty, 32
South Carolina
First Continental Congress and, 32
recruitment of enslaved people and, 218–19, 319
slave trade and, 34–35
Society of the Cincinnati and, 288
strength of slavery in, 180
southern colonies. See slavery; South Carolina; southern theater; Virginia
southern theater
Battle of Camden, 220–21
Battle of Cowpens, 228, 230, 231
Battle of Guilford Courthouse, 230–32
Battle of Kings Mountain, 222–23
British strategy origins, 217
British Virginia strategy, 238–39, 240–41
capture of Savannah, 217–18
Carolina campaign, 219, 226–28, 229, 230–31, 238–39, 243, 289
Chesapeake Bay and, 237–38
Continental Army support problem and, 216–17, 223, 240
loyalist guerilla warfare, 256, 271
map, 229
maps, 229, 246
mass resistance and, 232–33
Raid on Richmond, 238
recruitment of enslaved people and, 218–19
Siege of Charleston, 219, 220, 226, 248
Virginia campaign, 241–45, 246, 247–49, 250
Spain, 271–73
Stamp Act (1765), 7, 9, 12, 17, 18, 22
See also British revenue acts
Stamp Act Congress (1765), 15
Stanton, Charles, 245
Staten Island Peace Conference (1776), 132–35, 136
Stedman, Charles, 308
Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von, 172–75, 186, 190, 202, 228, 287, 299
Stirling, Lord (William Alexander), 113, 124, 132
Strachey, Lytton, 14
Stuart, Gilbert, 236
Suffolk Resolves, 32–33
Sugar Act (1764), 7, 17
See also British revenue acts
Sullivan, James, 68–69
Sullivan, John, 119–20, 132, 134, 209–10, 235, 311
Summary View of the Rights of British America (Jefferson), 86
Sumter, Thomas, 232
Tallmadge, Benjamin, 128, 130, 131, 299, 300
Tarleton, Banastre, 221, 222, 230, 231
Tarrent, Sarah, 49
Taxation No Tyranny: An Answer to the Resolutions and Address of the American Congress (Johnson), 45–46
Tea Act (1773), 17–18
Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) (Romney), 234, 235
“Thoughts on a Question of Importance” (“Cato”), 5
Thoughts on Government (Adams), 72–74, 83
Tilghman, Tench, 129
Townshend, Charles, 7, 13
Townshend Acts (1767), 7, 12, 17, 263
See also British revenue acts
Treaty of Paris (1763), 4–7, 292
Treaty of Paris (1783), 235, 312, 324
True Whigs, 263–64, 265–67, 287, 288, 290, 324–25
Trumbull, John, 86, 143, 237, 248, 268, 269
Tucker, Josiah, 309, 322
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 293
uti possidetis, 227, 240, 254
utopian agenda
Declaration of Independence and, 89–90
deferral of, xii–xiii, xvi, 320
emergence of, 68–71, 76, 81, 89–90
French Revolution and, xii–xiii, 66, 320
Native Americans and, 314–15
slavery and, xiii, 54, 68, 76, 89, 316–17, 320
Valley Forge encampment, 152–91
Camp Report, 170–71, 172
conditions at, 152–55, 158–59
Continental Army support problem and, 154–55, 170–72
criticisms of William Howe and, 167
criticisms of Washington and, 160–62, 163–64
foraging and, 158–60
Franco-American alliance and, 185–87
Catharine Littlefield Greene and, 175n, 190–91
Billy Lee and, 266
map, 153
morale and, 157–58, 169, 170
national vision and, 178, 216, 258
officer class, 176–78, 179, 190
social structure of, 175–76
stalemate and, 169
Steuben role, 172–75, 202
strategic assessment and, 169–70
Vergennes, Comte de (Charles Gravier), 183–84, 273
Virginia
boycotts and, 35
British strategy in, 238–39, 240–41
campaign in, 241–45, 246, 247–49, 250
finance capitalism and, 259
First Continental Congress and, 32
independence resolution of, 78–79, 82, 87
mass resistance in, 27
postwar American government design and, 83
postwar debts and, 324
postwar former slaves and, 295–96
slave trade and, 34
Washington Commander in Chief appointment and, 102
western land claims of, 215, 294
Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 160
Waldo, Albigence, 153
Walpole, Horace, 21, 271
War of 1812, 237–38
Warren, James, 91–92
Warren, Joseph, 32–33, 100–101
Warren, Mercy Otis, 70, 91–93, 92
Washington, George
on American victory prospects, xiv
army confidence in, 165, 170
Arnold’s treason and, 224–26
Battle of Harlem Heights and, 143, 144
Battle of Long Island and, 124
Battle of the Chesapeake and, 244–45
belief in honor, 109–10, 127, 137–38, 140, 144, 203
Boston Siege and, 103–4, 106–7, 205
British evacuation of New York and, 297, 298
British withdrawal from Philadelphia and, 200–201
on Canada, 208–9
Carlisle Peace Commission and, 184
Circular Letters to the States, 156, 205, 292, 293
civilian population and, 158–60, 166, 207–8
Commander in Chief appointment of, 55, 57, 60, 102
Confederation Congress postwar weakness and, 291
continued battle preparations during peace settlement, 270, 277
criticisms of, 145, 156, 160–62, 163–64, 165, 166, 301
diplomatic strategy and, 104
East River escape, 98–99, 122, 127–31, 134, 135–36, 161n
Farewell Address, 209, 280n
farewell ceremony for officer class and, 298–300
as father of the country, 164
First Continental Congress and, 31
Fort Washington garrison and, 145–46
Franco-American alliance and, 185, 186
Franco-American strategic discussions (1780) and, 223–24
Catharine Greene and, 190
Howe brothers’ diplomatic priorities and, 118–19
Kips Bay Landing and, 141–42
John Laurens and, 178–79
Billy Lee and, 268–69, 269, 296, 302
Manhattan entrapment, 135–38, 139, 140, 144, 145, 161
march and maneuver and, 174
militia-based army ideal and, 102–3, 104–6, 117, 144–45, 171–72, 289
morale and, 157
national vision of, 178, 200, 214, 258, 261–62, 291, 302, 325
Native Americans and, 209, 234, 235, 311n, 315
on nature of American Revolution, xii
Newburgh Conspiracy and, 278–80, 281–83
New York as strategic focus, 203–5, 210, 218, 223, 224, 226, 239–40
New York campaign preparations and, 107, 109, 113–14, 116–18
oath of allegiance and, 185
officer class postwar resentment of, 281, 298–99
pay for, 300
peace settlement and, 271
recruitment of enslaved people and, 181–82, 218
religious beliefs of, 152
resignation as commander in chief, 301–3
Seven Years’ War and, 102
Siege of Yorktown and, 245, 247–48, 249
as slaveowner, 68n, 149–51, 182, 296–97, 321–22
on slavery, 182, 268
Society of the Cincinnati and, 287, 289, 302
southern theater and, 218, 221, 226
stalemate (1779) and, 210–11
utopian agenda and, 320
Valley Forge conditions and, 153, 154–55, 158–59
Virginia campaign and, 242–43
waning of mass resistance spirit and, 200, 206
See also Continental Army support problem
Washington, Harry, 149–51, 150, 296
Washington, Lund, 182
Washington, Martha, 113, 116, 175, 179, 190, 322n
Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze), 97
Washington’s Crossing (Fischer), 98
Washington’s leadership role
antagonism toward Continental Army and, 289
Conway Cabal and, 164–65
criticisms and, 156, 161, 162–63
dictatorship fears and, 256–57, 283–84
Lafayette on, 162
officer class farewell ceremony and, 298–300
resignation as commander in chief and, 302–3
slavery and, 322
Valley Forge encampment and, 170
Wayne, Anthony, 208
West, Benjamin, 307
western lands
American inheritance of, 273–74, 275, 292–94
national vision and, 275–76, 294, 313–14
Native Americans and, 293, 311–12, 313
Proclamation of 1763 on, 7, 8, 311
slavery and, 294, 318
Spain and, 273
White Plains, escape to (1776), 146, 147, 148
Whitney, Eli, 191
Willcox, William, 121n, 125
Wilson, James, 26
Witherspoon, John, 133, 275, 276
women’s rights, 70, 89
World War I, 110, 245n
World War II, 251n
Yorktown. See Siege of Yorktown