Index

• Absent fathers, 40, 42, 48, 125, 160, 161, 166

• Absurd Healer, The (Dumont), 162–63

• Adaptive behavior, 114

• Adoption, 13, 65, 124

• Aerospace Medical Laboratory, 4

• African Americans: antipoverty measures and, 30, 39, 174;

  • childhood nutritional deficiencies and, 48–49;

  • children’s speech and, 38, 54–55, 72;

  • compensation proposal for, 158, 159, 165–66, 168;

  • compensatory education and, 110–11, 162, 165, 166;

  • cultural deprivation theory and, 8, 16, 38–44, 50, 54–55, 58–59, 65, 74, 75, 81, 98, 110, 160, 173;

  • cultural heritage of, 39, 58–59, 173;

  • culture of poverty and, 37–38;

  • de facto segregation and, 105, 113, 134–35, 141;

  • deprivation theory applied to, 5, 6, 8, 12, 32, 66, 74, 86, 109–11, 123–24, 157–60, 172–73;

  • differences argument and, 62–73;

  • early childhood educational programs for, 1, 22, 76, 77–86, 132–33;

  • educational inequality and, 62–63, 98, 133–39;

  • empowerment program for, 96–98, 110;

  • Head Start participation and, 109–10;

  • infant intellectual disability prevention programs and, 130, 132;

  • influx into cities of (see Inner cities);

  • intelligence theories about, 62–73;

  • juvenile delinquency and, 86–87;

  • Kerner Commission recommendations for, 165–67;

  • language use and, 38, 50, 53, 54–55, 58, 59, 60, 72, 166, 170, 173;

  • limited expectations for, 62;

  • male unemployment and, 161, 164, 166;

  • matriarchy and (see Matrifocal family structure); “mild mental retardation”

  • disproportionate diagnosis and, 9, 112, 113, 121, 123–24, 133, 139, 140–41, 173;

  • motherhood images and, 42;

  • Moynihan Report on, 8, 41–42, 43, 162, 166;

  • racial isolation theory and, 105–6;

  • reading materials for, 81–82;

  • relative deprivation and, 157–58, 165;

  • school desegregation educational benefits for, 105;

  • segregation’s effects on, 69, 160, 165, 166–67;

  • sensory deprivation and, 8, 79, 85–86;

  • separation from mother and, 22–23;

  • special education placements of, 13, 135, 138, 139, 140–41, 174;

  • structural deprivation and, 158;

  • test score gap and, 38, 62–65, 69–73, 104, 105–6, 136, 170;

  • urban riots and (see Race riots);

  • verbal test scores of, 72;

  • well-meaning liberal stereotypes of, 170;

  • white backlash and, 67;

  • youth groups and, 163–64. See also Civil rights movement; Low-income homes; Racism

• African American Vernacular English (AAVE), 58–59

• Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act, 30

• Ainsworth, Leonard, 12

• Ainsworth, Mary Salter, 7, 11, 12–18, 19, 27, 124;

  • career of, 12–13;

  • compensatory education views of, 65–66;

  • day care views of, 29–30;

  • “Deprivation of Maternal Care,” 15

• Air Force, U.S., 4

• Albert Lasker Medical Research Award, 127

• Allen, James, 137

• American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), 141

• American Association of Mental Deficiency (AAMD), 113–14, 126–27;

  • Manual on Terminology and Classification, 114, 139

• American Educational Research Association, 122–23

• American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 26

• American Mercury (journal), 66

• American Orthopsychiatric Association, 43

• American Psychiatric Association, 125;

  • Regional Research Conference (1955), 18

• American Psychological Association, 14, 51, 138

• American Psychologist (journal), 149

• American Psychology (journal), 103

• Anaclitic depression, 18

• Anderson, Karen, 51

• Animal studies, 172, 173;

  • on environmental crowding, 151;

  • environmental psychology development and, 144–45;

  • on sensory deprivation, 2, 4, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 51, 64, 66, 78, 82, 88, 103, 146–47, 149, 173;

  • on social deprivation, 18

• Anti-Defamation League, 76

• Antipoverty measures, 7, 30, 34, 38, 39, 40, 47, 74, 173–74;

  • housing and, 151;

  • “indigenous” participation and, 90;

  • liberal disillusionment with, 67. See also Head Start; War on Poverty

• Anti-Semitism, 66

• Appalachia, 25, 39, 133, 138

• Apple, Rima, 44–45

• Association of Black Psychologists, 63

• Atlantic Monthly (magazine), 59

• Attachment theory, 10–11, 15–16, 18

• Auditory deprivation, 13, 50

• Austin, Ernest, 46–47

• Avila, Eric, 143

• Bal, Mieke, 172

• Baldwin, James: Go Tell It on the Mountain, 81

• Baldwin, Maitlin, 3

• Baltimore Head Start program, 107

• Bank Street College of Education: “Perspectives on Learning” (1966 symposium), 56, 58, 60

• Baratz, Stephen and Joan, 40

• Baton Rouge Head Start program, 107

• Beck, Bertram, 95

• Bedford-Stuyvesant race riot, 152

• Bell, Silvia, 27

• Bereiter, Carl, 54–55, 58–59, 170

• Bernstein, Basil, 53–61;

  • Class, Code, and Control, 60;

  • deficiency theory critique by, 57;

  • erroneous view of theory of, 54–55, 57–58, 59, 60

• Bettelheim, Bruno, 148

• “Bill of rights for the disadvantaged” (King proposal), 159

• Black Power movement, 9, 81–82, 160

• “Blaming the victim,” 6, 40

• Blatt, Burton, 122

• Bloom, Benjamin, 50;

  • Stability and Change in Human Characteristics, 63–64

• Boesel, David: “The Harvest of American Racism” (report), 154

• Bontemps, Arna: Story of the Negro, 81

• Borderline mental retardation. See Mild mental retardation

• Boredom, 5

• Boston University, 161

• Bowlby, John, 10–11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 65–66, 124, 148;

  • Child Care and the Growth of Love, 10

• Brademas, John, 32

• Brager, George, 89

• Brain: environmental effects studies, 2;

  • mental dysfunction/urban violence linkage, 155;

  • negative prenatal effects on, 69, 71;

  • sensory deprivation research and, 2–4, 71

• Brainwashing, 2, 3

• Brandeis University: Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence, 158

• Brazziel, William, 39, 71–72

• Bringing Up Babies (Sackett), 44

• Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 52, 126

• Brooke, Edward, 152

• Brown, Edmund G., Sr., 152

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 62, 64, 134

• Bruner, Jerome, 47–48, 82

• Caldwell, Bettye, 22, 23–24, 77, 170

• Calhoun, John B., 144–45, 149, 151

• California State Department of Education, 136, 137–38

• Canadian Defence Research Boards: Human Relations and Research Committee, 2, 3

• Canadian Journal of Psychology, 3

• Carson, Rachel: Silent Spring, 143

• Casler, Lawrence, 19–20;

  • “Maternal Deprivation: A Critical Review of the Literature,” 15

• Cazenave, Noel, 97

• Central Intelligence Agency, U.S., 2

• Chappell, Marisa, 30

• Chesteen, Hilliard E., Jr., 107

• Child Care and the Growth of Love (Bowlby), 10

• Child care arrangements, 20–31;

  • socioeconomic differences and, 25–26, 28–32, 35;

  • tax deductions for, 31. See also Day care

• Child Development (journal), 78–79

• Child Development Act (1971), 32–34

• Child Development Group of Mississippi, 109–10, 173

• Child development theory: biological views of, 17–18;

  • day care debate and, 20, 22, 30, 31, 32, 36;

  • deprivation discourse of, 5, 6, 51, 61–62, 110, 170;

  • early education advocates and, 21, 28, 32, 51–82, 104, 106, 108, 171, 173;

  • government programs and, 28–31, 33;

  • intellectual disability/social policy and, 126–27;

  • maternal deprivation and, 11, 15, 43, 126;

  • middle-class children’s needs and, 28;

  • mother’s role and, 28;

  • nature vs. nurture views and, 93;

  • sensory stimulation’s importance and, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 76

• Children (journal), 129

• Children of Deprivation: Changing the Course of Familial Mental Retardation (project), 127–30

• Children of Sanchez (Lewis), 40–41

• Children’s Bureau, U.S., 13

• Children’s Hospital (Washington, D.C.), 132–33

• Child Welfare (journal), 24

• Cinco de Mayo menus, 100

• “Cities game” (board game), 143

• City of Fear (film), 143

• City University of New York, 144

• Civilian review boards, 96

• Civil Rights Act (1964), 63, 105

• Civil Rights Commission, U.S., 105

• Civil rights movement, 9, 39, 57, 65, 66, 67, 159, 170, 172;

  • white backlash and, 144

• Clark, Kenneth, 39–40, 61–62, 75, 96–97, 110–11, 157;

  • Dark Ghetto, 39–40;

  • school desegregation emphasis and, 105

• Class. See Low-income homes; Middle-class families; Socioeconomic status

• Class, Code, and Control (Bernstein), 60

• Cleveland Day Nursery Association, 25

• Clinton, Bill, 31

• Cloward, Richard, 89;

  • Delinquency and Opportunity, 87–88

• Cobras (gang), 58

• Code theory, 53–61;

  • definition of, 53;

  • erroneous view of, 54–55, 59–60;

  • social significance of, 56–57

• Cognitive development, 92, 94, 95–96;

  • child care programs and, 22, 28, 29, 32;

  • Head Start effects and, 107–8;

  • maternal deprivation’s effects on, 26–27, 94;

  • middle-class home environment and, 51;

  • perceptual stimulation and, 101–2;

  • STAR program goals for, 95–96. See also Intelligence

• Cohen, Stanley, 19

• Cold War, 21, 116

• Coleman, James: Equality of Educational Opportunity Report (1966), 105

• Colombia, 104

• Color differentiation, 82–83, 98, 103

• Columbia University, 61, 81, 92, 136;

  • Teachers College Press, 79

• Communication. See Language use

• Communism, 3

• Community action programs, 8, 32–33, 77, 86–98, 104, 109, 110, 170;

  • African American empowerment and, 96–98, 110;

  • deprivation and compensation theories and, 89;

  • intellectual disability interventions by, 127–30;

  • nonprofessionals/indigenous participants in, 90, 94–95;

  • political attacks on, 96

• Community Mental Health Act (1963), 120

• Compensatory education, 38, 54, 60, 174;

  • African American children and, 110–11, 162, 165, 166;

  • critiques of, 60, 67–69;

  • for cultural deprivation, 40, 48, 50, 51, 52, 69, 76–111, 128, 166;

  • for environmental deprivation, 50, 51, 69, 81, 92–93, 103, 166;

  • as ineffective, 105–6;

  • intelligence development and, 64, 128, 131;

  • mild mental retardation and, 137;

  • as misnomer, 111;

  • mixed view of, 65–66;

  • proponents of, 69–70, 73, 170. See also Early childhood education; Head Start

• Congress of Racial Equality, 94

• Conners, C. Keith, 106–7

• Conservatives, 7;

  • attacks on community action programs by, 96;

  • culture of poverty/cultural deprivation concepts and, 74;

  • family values and, 30–31, 33, 34–35;

  • maternal deprivation/normative mothering views of, 169;

  • white backlash and, 144

• Corman, James, 162

• Cornell University, 52, 126

• Council for Exceptional Children, 135

• Court of Appeals of Washington, D.C., 134, 135

• Creole language, 58

• Crime, 86–87, 89–90, 97, 142, 152

• Crisis in Black and White (Silberman), 84–86

• “Crisis of Man in His Environment, The” (Dubos), 146

• Crowding, 145, 151, 154, 155, 158

• Cry of the City (film), 143

• Cultural deprivation, 6–7, 11, 13, 16, 19, 37–75, 81, 91, 98, 144, 160, 172, 175;

  • basis of concept of, 6, 8, 73–74;

  • “blaming the victim” basis of, 6, 40;

  • compensatory education for, 40, 48, 50, 51, 52, 69, 76–111, 128, 166;

  • concept’s widespread acceptance, 74;

  • concept’s widespread disavowal, 74–75;

  • critiques of concept of, 39–40, 51, 52, 60, 61–62, 74–75;

  • early uses of term, 38–40;

  • Head Start’s distancing from, 108;

  • Head Start’s founding and, 1, 9, 75, 101–3, 104;

  • as ill-defined, 38–39, 40;

  • intellectual disability and, 114–15, 118, 119, 124, 125, 131, 133, 135, 137, 141;

  • intelligence and, 65, 71;

  • interventions to offset, 24–26 (see also Compensatory education);

  • juvenile delinquency linked with, 87–88;

  • Kerner Commission report and, 162, 165;

  • lack of empirical data on, 8, 52, 76;

  • linguistic deprivation theory and, 60–61;

  • maternal deprivation as component of, 36, 38, 43–44, 54, 62, 73, 75, 76, 94;

  • nutritional deprivation and, 38, 46–47, 48, 49, 70, 76;

  • poverty and, 37–38, 40–41, 44–52, 90;

  • promotion of concept of, 50, 51–52, 54;

  • as racist concept, 7, 40, 74, 173;

  • relative deprivation and, 156–58, 159, 165, 166;

  • sensory deprivation linked with, 22, 38, 50–52, 61, 73, 75, 76;

  • sensory deprivation vs., 69, 70, 72, 73, 75;

  • stereotypes of, 75, 101–2

• Culturally Deprived Child, The (Riessmann), 38–39, 40

• Culture of poverty, 40–41, 43, 48, 74, 86, 159, 166;

  • coining of term, 37–38;

  • crowded housing and, 151

• Dark City (film), 143

• Dark Ghetto (Clark), 39–40

• Davis, Allison, 39, 50

• Day care, 20–36;

  • “custodial” vs. enrichment programs, 30, 32;

  • developmental benefits from, 20, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36;

  • government policy and, 28–31, 35;

  • ideal vs. reality of, 30;

  • intellectual stimulation and, 130, 132;

  • maternal deprivation controversy and, 21, 29, 65, 66;

  • middle-class mothering as model for, 28;

  • middle-class vs. low-income children’s needs and, 7–8, 22, 23, 34–35;

  • model programs for, 30;

  • professional mother-substitutes and, 24;

  • sensory stimulation emphasis of, 22, 29;

  • two different purposes of, 29–30;

  • universal, 8, 12, 30, 31–35;

  • welfare maternal work requirement and, 29, 162

• Deaf children, 55, 72, 73, 170, 173

• De facto segregation, 105, 113;

  • mild mental retardation and, 141;

  • tracking system as, 134–35

• Deficiency diseases, 45, 46

• Deinstitutionalization, 120

• Delinquency and Opportunity (Ohlin and Cloward), 87–88

• Delos Symposium, 148

• Depression, 18, 27, 43–44, 174–75

• “Deprivation of Maternal Care” (Ainsworth), 15

• Deprivation theory: African American compensation for, 165–66;

  • analogies between different forms of, 73;

  • casual conflation of concepts of, 172;

  • child care arrangements and, 20, 21, 32;

  • class-specific interpretations of, 6, 7–8, 12, 32, 40–44, 70, 82;

  • continuance of, 9;

  • critiques of, 6–7, 57, 60, 74–75, 95, 98;

  • as deeply ingrained, 36;

  • early childhood programs and (see Compensatory education; Early childhood education; Head Start);

  • intellectual disability approaches and, 9, 63–66, 70, 113–41, 146, 172;

  • interdisciplinary cooperation and, 11;

  • legacy of, 7;

  • metaphors of, 49, 73, 86, 90, 106–7;

  • Mobilization for Youth and, 92;

  • “myth” of deprived child and, 61;

  • nature vs. nurture debate and, 62–73;

  • political atmosphere of 1960s and, 7;

  • race-specific interpretations of (see African Americans);

  • sources of expert knowledge on, 1–3;

  • as traveling concept, 172;

  • urban violence and, 142, 155–58, 165–67, 168, 170;

  • weakness of interventions based on, 170–71, 172. See also Cultural deprivation; Environmental deprivation; Maternal deprivation; Nutritional deprivation; Sensory deprivation

• Desegregation. See School desegregation

• Deutsch, Cynthia, 71, 82–83, 88;

  • “Environment and Perception,” 82

• Deutsch, Martin, 65, 70–71, 80–86, 88, 92, 93, 98, 99, 109, 172;

  • early intervention program of, 76–77;

  • Social Class, Race, and Psychological Development (co-ed.), 71, 82

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disease, 2nd edition (DSM II) (1968), 113, 114;

  • revision of, 115

• Dialects, 55, 58–59, 72

• Discrimination, 25, 126, 133–39;

  • de facto, 105, 113, 134–35, 141, 158;

  • psychological effects of, 164, 165. See also Segregation

• Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Child Development Award (1979), 171–72

• Doxiadis, Constantinos, 148–49

• Dubos, René, 145–46, 147, 148–49;

  • “The Crisis of Man in His Environment,” 146;

  • Man Adapting, 145–46

• Duhl, Leonard, 145, 148, 162;

  • The Urban Condition (ed.), 145

• Dumont, Matthew, 162–64;

  • The Absurd Healer, 162–63

• Dunn, Lloyd, 118, 135–36, 141;

  • “Special Education for the Mildly Retarded—Is Much of It Justifiable?,” 135–36

• Early childhood education, 1, 21–24, 34;

  • advocates of, 21, 28, 32, 51–82, 104, 106, 108, 171, 173, 275;

  • benefits for low-income vs. middle-class children, 28;

  • as compensatory (see Compensatory education);

  • components of, 78;

  • cultural deprivation theory and, 40, 50, 51, 52, 76, 88, 107;

  • debate on effectiveness of, 67, 68–69;

  • enrichment programs and, 23, 34, 48, 50, 51, 63–64, 69, 76–111, 119–20, 128, 132–33, 136, 165, 173;

  • erosion of enthusiasm for, 105–6;

  • funding of, 57, 87, 88–89, 92, 100, 103, 104, 105, 109, 171;

  • HARYOU program and, 97;

  • Head Start’s goals and, 99 (see also Head Start);

  • inoculation metaphor and, 106–7;

  • as intellectual disability preventive, 119–20, 132–33;

  • intelligence scores and, 22, 28, 65;

  • Jensen article on, 68–69;

  • Kerner Report recommendations for, 166;

  • language acquisition and, 55, 56;

  • objections to, 21;

  • physical organization of classroom and, 83–84;

  • STAR reading readiness program and, 93–96;

  • three-stage proposal for, 95

• Early Experimental Deprivation and Enrichment and Later Development (1964 symposium), 78

• Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, 125

• Eat Well and Stay Well (Keys), 45

• Ebony (magazine), 78, 81, 138

• Economic deprivation. See Poverty

• Economic Opportunity Act Amendments (1971), 31

• Education, 173–74;

  • ability grouping and, 133;

  • academic achievement barriers and, 39, 42, 62–63, 110, 111;

  • Cold War influence on, 116;

  • community involvement in, 90–91;

  • comparative evaluation of facilities for, 105;

  • compensatory programs (see Compensatory education);

  • of “culturally deprived” children, 38, 40, 48, 50;

  • de facto segregation and, 113;

  • deficits-to-difference shift in, 74;

  • equal opportunity and, 105, 138, 140;

  • Kerner Report recommendations for, 166;

  • main barriers to learning and, 98;

  • medicalization of, 174;

  • middle-class orientation of, 91;

  • quality of neighborhood schools and, 90–91, 98;

  • racial discrimination and, 133–39, 164, 165;

  • racial isolation theory and, 105–6;

  • racial test score gap and, 38, 62–63, 64–65, 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 104, 105–6;

  • remedial, 22, 128, 135;

  • school integration and (see School desegregation);

  • school readiness and, 108–9;

  • segregation effects on, 69;

  • tracking system and, 133–35;

  • underachievement controversy and, 97–98;

  • universal day care proposal and, 30. See also Compensatory education; Early childhood education; Special education

• Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975), 139

• Eisenberg, Leon, 106–7

• Ekistics, 148–49

• Ekistics (journal), 148

• Elaborated code, 53, 56, 59;

  • contextual appropriateness of, 57

• “Emerging Discipline of Environmental Psychology, The” (Wohlwill), 149

• Emotional deprivation, 13, 18, 19, 65

• Employment. See Unemployment; Working mothers

• Engelmann, Siegfried, 55, 59

• Enrichment programs. See under Early childhood education

• Environment: intelligence linked with, 61, 63–67, 69–71, 93, 106, 119, 132, 140, 146;

  • psychiatry and, 150–51. See also Environmental psychology; Natural environment

• Environmental deprivation: Hebb studies of, 2–4;

  • infants and, 102, 103;

  • inner-city conditions and, 9, 50, 86, 98, 147–48, 163–64;

  • intellectual disability and, 115, 118–20, 121, 122, 125, 128, 130–31, 132, 133, 136, 140;

  • intervention advocates and, 69, 128, 136;

  • lack of stimulation and, 50, 61, 150;

  • low-income children and, 1, 50, 61, 90, 103;

  • Mobilization for Youth interventions and, 94;

  • neurological development effects of, 2;

  • stimulation programs to counter, 22, 23, 24, 50, 51, 69, 79, 81, 92–93, 101–3, 166, 174;

  • test score gaps and, 106. See also Cultural deprivation; Sensory deprivation

• Environmental psychology, 9, 142–50, 151, 154, 167;

  • individual psychology and, 155, 163;

  • popular science and, 145–50;

  • race riots and, 144–45, 154–56, 163–64, 168;

  • research focus of, 144;

  • sensory deprivation experiments and, 142, 146–47, 167, 168

• Environmental studies, 143–44

• Equality of Educational Opportunity Report (Coleman Report, 1966), 105

• Ervin, Frank: “Role of Brain Disease in Riots and Urban Violence,” 155

• Evers, Medgar, 138

• “Experiment in Prevention of Cultural-Familial Mental Retardation” (Garber and Heber), 131

• Extended families, 42, 161

• False confessions, 3

• Family Assistance Plan, 30–31, 32, 33

• Family structure: conservative view of, 30–31, 33, 34–35;

  • culture of poverty and, 37–38;

  • deprived home environment and, 48, 90, 129–30;

  • intellectual disability and, 122, 128, 140;

  • juvenile crime and, 86–87;

  • male marginality and, 40, 41, 42, 48, 125, 160, 161, 166;

  • as matrifocal, 8, 40–44, 48, 160, 161, 166, 173;

  • perceived corrupting influences on, 86–87;

  • race rioters and, 160–61;

  • single-parent, 30–31, 41, 43, 172–73;

  • size/intelligence relationship, 65;

  • traditional gender roles and, 10, 30–31, 42, 48, 80. See also Low-income homes; Middle-class families

• Fantini, Mario, 57, 60

• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 74, 96

• Federal government: child care programs, 28–35;

  • compensatory education, 50, 75, 110–11, 120;

  • Head Start funding, 34–35, 79, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 109, 171;

  • housing policies, 151;

  • intellectual disability programs, 117–20, 125, 126, 129. See also Antipoverty measures; Public policy; Welfare system

• Feldstein, Ruth, 42

• Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 148

• Feminists. See Women’s rights

• Fetal development, 69, 71

• Film noir genre, 143

• Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty (Lewis), 37

• Food. See Nutritional deprivation

• Ford Foundation, 56, 80, 148;

  • early childhood education funding by, 57, 87, 88–89, 92

• France, 31

• Free market, 31, 32, 35

• Freud, Sigmund, 19

• Fried, Marc, 144

• Friedan, Betty: The Feminine Mystique, 148

• Fuller, James, 66

• Fund for the Advancement of Education, 57

• Galton, Sir Francis, 131

• Gangs, 58, 87

• Garber, Howard, 130–31;

  • “Experiment in Prevention of Cultural-Familial Mental Retardation” (with Heber), 131

• Gardner, John, 157

• Gardner, Lytt I.: Growth Failure in Maternal Deprivation, 11

• Gender roles: African American men and, 40, 41, 42, 160, 161, 164, 166;

  • male breadwinner and, 30–31, 42, 48;

  • matrifocality and, 40–44, 160;

  • normative masculinity and, 160;

  • traditional, 10, 30–31, 42, 48, 80;

  • working mothers and, 21–22, 162

• Genetics. See Heredity

• Genovese, Catherine, 142

• Ghetto. See Inner cities

• GI Bill, 158

• Gingrich, Newt, 169

• Ginsburg, Herbert, 61

• Goldberg, Louis: “The Harvest of American Racism” (report), 154

• Goldfarb, William, 73

• Goldsmith, Herbert, 94–95

• Goldstein, Herbert, 122–23

• “Good” mother, 27

• Gordon, Edmund, 104, 136

• Go Tell It on the Mountain (Baldwin), 81

• Government. See Federal government; Public policy

• Grant Foundation of the City of New York, 106–7

• Gray, Susan, 77–79, 109, 170

• Great Society, 33. See also War on Poverty

• Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP), 121, 123, 144;

  • Basic Considerations in Mental Retardation (1959), 121, 141

• Growth Failure in Maternal Deprivation (Patton and Gardner), 11

• Guaranteed income, 30

• Hall, Edward T., 146–47;

  • The Hidden Dimension, 146

• Hallucinations, 5, 150

• Hansen, Carl, 133, 134–35

• Harlem, 58, 65, 97;

  • dangerous living conditions in, 146–47;

  • educational underachievement in, 97–98;

  • Institute for Developmental Studies and, 76, 80–86;

  • race riot (1964), 144, 151–52

• Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU), 96–98, 110

• Harlow, Harry, Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Child Development Award, 172

• Harper’s Magazine, 85

• Harrington, Michael, 37–38;

  • The Other America, 38

• Harvard Educational Review, 67, 70–71

• Harvard University, 2, 3, 47;

  • sensory deprivation symposium (1961), 4, 82

• “Harvest of American Racism, The” (Shellow et al. report), 154

• Haskins, Cyril, 2

• Head Start, 7, 23, 31, 39, 49, 99–110, 127, 132–33, 162, 170, 172;

  • bipartisan support for, 77, 104, 167;

  • budget of, 99;

  • deprivation metaphors and, 106–7;

  • early deprivation focus of, 99–104;

  • environmental stimulation and, 101–3, 174;

  • establishment of (1965), 1, 9, 75, 99, 171;

  • evaluations of, 8, 67, 68, 99, 104–9;

  • federal funding of, 34–35, 79, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 109, 171;

  • goals of, 99, 101, 104;

  • goals’ reformulation for, 108–9;

  • inadequate data and planning for, 171;

  • inoculation metaphor and, 106–7;

  • Kerner Report recommendation for, 166, 167;

  • Mississippi program, 109–10, 173;

  • models for, 23–24, 76, 77–80;

  • Nixon policy and, 34, 35, 107–8;

  • numbers served by, 77, 99;

  • nutrition programs and, 99–101, 103, 106–7, 108;

  • perceived success of, 32;

  • reauthorization of (1998), 108–9;

  • scientific rationale for, 64

• Health, Education, and Welfare Department, U.S., 34, 50, 157

• Health care, 32, 34, 49, 50, 100, 103;

  • immunizations and, 106, 174

• Hebb, Donald O., 1–4, 16, 18–19, 78, 88, 146, 149;

  • Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Child Development Award (1979), 171–72;

  • The Organization of Behavior, 2

• Heber, Richard F., 114, 115, 130–31;

  • “Experiment in Prevention of Cultural-Familial Mental Retardation” (with Garber), 131

• Heckert, Clarice, 160

• Heineman, Ben, 28

• Helfgot, Joseph, 90

• Hellmuth, Arthur, 104

• Henry Street Settlement (New York), 86, 89

• Heredity: developmental deficits and, 93;

  • theory of intelligence and, 8, 38, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67–73, 93, 170;

  • theory of vulnerability and, 66–67

• Herman, Ellen, 156

• Hess, Robert, 50, 54, 55, 57, 60

• Hidden Dimension, The (Hall), 146

• “High risk” mothers, 27

• Hispanics. See Latinos

• Hobson, Julius, 133, 134–35

• Hobson v. Hansen, 134–35

• Homemaking, 80, 128–30, 148, 162, 170

• Hosley, Eleanor, 25

• House Subcommittee on the War on Poverty Programs, 85

• Housing: community action programs and, 8, 96;

  • Kerner Report recommendations for, 166;

  • proponents of “open,” 126, 127;

  • psychological implications of, 151;

  • racial discrimination and, 165;

  • sensory deprivation theory and, 9, 50, 146–48. See also Inner cities; Low-income homes

• Howard University, 41

• “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” (Jensen), 67–73

• Hunger, 45, 46–47, 49, 69

• Hunt, Joseph McVicker, 14, 16–17, 18, 61, 79, 81, 86, 93, 121;

  • critique of Jensen’s claims by, 69–70;

  • cultural deprivation concept and, 51–52;

  • Head Start design and, 102–3;

  • Intelligence and Experience, 51, 63–64, 82;

  • “The Psychological Basis of Using Preschool Enrichment as an Antidote for Cultural Deprivation,” 51

• Huntington, Dorothy, 132

• Illegitimate births, 41

• Immunizations, 106, 174

• Inadequate mothering. See Maternal deprivation

• Income maintenance programs, 28–29, 30

• “Indigenous” participation (1960s term), 89–90, 94

• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 1990), 139

• Infants: “bad” mothers and, 43;

  • deprivation theory and, 51, 61, 88;

  • emotional starvation of, 18, 19;

  • environmental deprivation and, 102, 103;

  • extra handling of, 20;

  • intellectual stimulation protocol for, 130–31, 132;

  • maternal attachment and, 12–13, 16, 24, 27, 65, 66, 70;

  • optimal environment for, 24;

  • parental interactions with, 53;

  • scientific feeding of, 44–45;

  • sensory stimulation and, 17, 18;

  • STAR program and, 95. See also Institutionalized children

• Inner cities: African American influx into, 9, 134, 136, 143;

  • black men and, 162;

  • crowding and, 145, 151, 154, 155;

  • “culturally deprived” as euphemism for, 39, 133, 172;

  • deprivation theories and, 168, 172;

  • detrimental effects of, 143, 146, 157, 163–64;

  • early educational programs and, 162;

  • educational challenges of, 134, 136;

  • enriched background needs and, 25;

  • environmental deprivation and, 9, 50, 86, 98, 147–48, 163–64;

  • environmental psychology research and, 144, 146–47;

  • evils of, 143;

  • intellectual disability and, 118–19;

  • main problems of, 97;

  • open housing proposal and, 126, 127;

  • psychological effects of, 167–68;

  • sensory deprivation and, 9, 146–47, 149, 163;

  • violence and, 9, 140, 144–45. See also Race riots

• Institute for Developmental Studies (IDS), 76, 80–86, 109, 172, 173;

  • Mobilization for Youth cooperation with, 92–93

• Institute for Research on Exceptional Children, 122

• Institutionalized children, 15, 18, 20, 61, 63;

  • failure to thrive and, 124;

  • maternal separation and, 10, 14, 18, 21, 65, 73, 94, 119, 144;

  • positive effects of adoption and, 65;

  • tactile stimulation and, 20;

  • types of deprivation and, 13, 69, 73, 88, 132

• Intellectual disability, 9, 37, 66, 112–41, 175;

  • accepted view of, 117;

  • current multidimensional classification of, 141;

  • deprivation theories and, 9, 63–66, 70, 113, 115, 117, 118, 124–25, 126, 131, 141, 146, 172;

  • diagnosis/classifications of, 113–16, 174;

  • intervention programs for, 127–33;

  • public policy and, 115, 116–20, 121, 126–27;

  • social causes of, 120, 121–22, 126, 129. See also Mental retardation; Mild mental retardation; Special education

• “Intellectual vitamins” concept, 119

• Intelligence: environmental approach to, 61–67, 69–71, 93, 106, 119, 132, 140, 146;

  • external stimuli and, 5, 16, 130, 132;

  • heredity theory of, 8, 38, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67–73, 93, 170;

  • language deprivation theory and, 72–73;

  • maternal deprivation and, 14, 15, 17;

  • poverty’s effects on, 65, 81;

  • white superiority theories of, 63, 65, 68, 71

• Intelligence and Experience (Hunt), 51, 63–64, 82

• Intelligence tests: classroom placement based on, 138;

  • as culturally biased, 134;

  • development of culturally sensitive, 63;

  • early childhood education effects on, 22, 28, 65;

  • Head Start experience effect on, 104, 106, 108;

  • mental retardation designation and, 114, 115, 130, 134, 136–38, 139;

  • racial score gap and, 38, 62–65, 69–73, 104, 105–6, 136, 170;

  • school tracking system and, 134

• International Classification of Disease, 8th edition (ICD-8) (1967), 113, 114;

  • revisions of, 115

• IQ. See Intelligence; Intelligence tests

• Iron deficiency anemia, 46, 48, 49, 65, 100

• Jackson, John P., 68

• Japan, 31

• Javits, Jacob, 32

• Jensen, Arthur, 8, 38, 67–73, 75, 104, 106, 131;

  • “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?,” 67–73;

  • rebuttals of claims of, 69–72;

  • Social Class, Race, and Psychological Development (co-ed.), 71, 82

• Jets (gang), 58, 87

• Jewish Board of Governors, 97

• Jews, 62, 66, 97

• Job training, 97

• John, Vera, 57–58, 60

• Johns Hopkins University, 12, 16, 105, 106–7

• Johnson, Lady Bird, 1, 101, 102, 172

• Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 67, 79, 126, 140, 152, 156;

  • antipoverty programs and, 38, 39, 47;

  • Howard University address (1965), 41;

  • Kerner Commission and, 152, 156, 167;

  • Moynihan Report and, 41;

  • President’s Commission on Income Maintenance Programs, 28–29

• Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, 116–17, 125

• Journal of Social Issues, 149

• Journal of the American Medical Association, 155

• Judge Baker Clinic (Boston), 87

• Juvenile delinquency, 86–87, 89–90, 97

• Kagan, Jerome, 70–71

• Kansas Governor’s Committee on Mental Retardation, 124

• Kates, Robert, 149

• Katz, Irwin, 82

• “Kayak angst,” 163

• Kellogg’s Child Development Award, 104

• Kennedy, Edward M., 122

• Kennedy, John F., 38, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 127, 140, 172

• Kennedy, Rosemary, 116

• Kennedy family, 116–17

• Kerner, Otto, 142, 152

• Kerner Commission, 9, 142, 152–68, 170, 172;

  • final report/recommendations of, 165–67, 170;

  • members of, 152–53

• Keys, Ancel, 45;

  • Eat Well and Stay Well, 45

• King, Martin Luther, Jr., 67, 71, 139, 158–60, 168;

  • letter from Birmingham jail, 159, 160;

  • Strength to Love, 81, 82;

  • Why We Can’t Wait, 159, 160

• Kin network, 42, 161

• Kirk, Samuel, 118

• Klaus, Rupert, 77–78, 109

• Koch, Richard, 126–27

• Kugel, Robert, 128, 129–30

• Kuttner, Robert, 66–67

• Labaree, David, 173

• Labov, William, 58–61;

  • “The Logic of Nonstandard English,” 58–60

• Lambie, Dolores, 26–27

• Lancaster, Burt, 100–101

• Language use, 50–61;

  • African American children and, 38, 54–55, 58–59, 72, 166, 170, 173;

  • African American Vernacular English and, 58–59;

  • code theory and, 53–61;

  • cultural deprivation theory and, 50–51, 55, 60–61, 101;

  • deprivation of meaning and, 54;

  • intellectual disability and, 122, 125, 131;

  • learning and, 24;

  • mental retardation classification and, 137;

  • school skills and, 92;

  • sensory-deprived environment effects on, 50, 90, 125;

  • Standard English and, 54–55;

  • stereotypes of poor people and, 50, 51, 53, 59, 60, 84, 125

• Lanham Act (1942), 20–21

• Larry P. v. Riles (1979, Calif.), 138, 139

• Lashley, Karl, 2

• Latinos, 37, 40–41, 43, 86, 89, 109;

  • culture of poverty and, 37–38, 43;

  • early cultural enrichment and, 103;

  • juvenile crime and, 86, 87;

  • special education placement rate of, 137

• Learning deficits, 74, 112, 137. See also Intellectual disability

• Lemberg Center for the Study of Violence, 158

• Levine, Herbert, 154

• Levy, David, 11, 73

• Lewis, Oscar, 37–38, 40–41, 43, 74, 86;

  • Children of Sanchez, 40–41;

  • Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty, 37;

• La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty, 43

• Liebow, Elliot, 161, 162;

  • Tally’s Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men, 162

• Lilly, John, 3

• Lindsay, John, 152, 160, 165

• Linguistic deprivation theory, 52–61, 86;

  • Jensen refutation of, 72;

  • statement of, 60–61. See also Language use

• Lipset, Seymour Martin, 157

• Logical thinking, 58, 59

• “Logic of Nonstandard English, The” (Labov), 58–60

• Los Angeles: Watts race riot, 152

• Los Angeles Sentinel, 138

• Lourie, Reginald, 131–33

• Lower East Side (New York), 8, 86, 87

• Low-income homes: basis of expert knowledge about, 1–3;

  • “blaming the victim” outlook toward, 6, 40;

  • culture of poverty and, 37–38;

  • day care for, 22, 23, 33–34;

  • deprivation theory applied to, 5, 12, 61–62, 78–79, 90, 123, 169, 172–73 (see also Cultural deprivation; Environmental deprivation; Sensory deprivation);

  • drabness and disorder perceived in, 79, 80, 84, 103;

  • early enrichment programs for (see Early childhood education);

  • empowerment of mothers and, 27–28;

  • income maintenance programs and, 28–31;

  • in-home interventions and, 7, 27–28, 78, 79, 80, 120, 128–30, 131, 132, 169;

  • intellectual stimulation measures for, 91, 132;

  • language deficits and, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 84, 125;

  • material needs of, 169;

  • maternal employment and, 21, 24, 29, 34, 41, 122, 166;

  • mild mental retardation diagnosis and, 112, 113;

  • mother stereotype and, 36, 128–29 (see also Maternal deprivation);

  • national income supplement program proposal for, 30;

  • nutritional deficiencies and, 48–49;

  • nutrition education for, 100;

  • stereotypes of, 1, 36, 50–51, 61, 75, 101–3, 129, 169–70, 171, 172. See also African Americans; Inner cities; Poverty

• Madow, William G., 108

• Malcolm X, 82

• Malnutrition. See Nutritional deprivation

• Man Adapting (Dubos), 145–46

• Manual on Terminology and Classification (AAMD), 114, 139

• Marasmus, 124, 148

• Marital relationship, 147–48, 162

• Mark, Vernon: “Role of Brain Disease in Riots and Urban Violence,” 155

• Martus, Marjorie, 88–89;

  • “The Special Case of the Young Disadvantaged Child,” 88

• Marx, Gary: “The Harvest of American Racism” (report), 154

• Marx, Karl, 157

• Mass culture, 86

• Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation Planning Amendment (1963), 120

• Maternal Care and Mental Health (Bowlby), 10

• Maternal deprivation, 10–36, 40–44, 48, 73, 172;

  • Bowlby’s theory and, 10–11, 65;

  • class- and race-specific definitions of, 7–8, 12–18, 22–28, 34–35, 41–42, 119, 169, 173;

  • community action compensation programs and, 89, 94, 95, 110;

  • as cultural deprivation component, 38, 43–44, 62, 73, 75, 76, 94;

  • day care controversy and, 21, 29, 65, 66;

  • early enrichment programs to counter, 65–66, 79, 94, 95, 110, 111;

  • early intervention and, 95, 103, 128–31;

  • in-home interventions for, 27–28, 78, 79, 80, 120, 128–30, 131;

  • intellectual disability and, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130–31, 132, 141;

  • juvenile delinquency blamed on, 87;

  • Kerner Commission on, 162;

  • leading figures in field of, 11;

  • linguistic deprivation theory and, 52–53, 54, 56–57, 61;

  • long-lasting effects of, 95;

  • matrifocal families and, 8, 40–44, 162;

  • middle-class working mothers and, 21–22, 36, 42;

  • misapplication of studies of, 21;

  • nonhuman environmental stimuli and, 150;

  • nutritional deprivation interplay with, 48–49;

  • sensory deprivation interrelationship with, 7, 11, 13–20, 23–24, 26–28, 35–36, 43, 62, 88

• “Maternal Deprivation: A Critical Review of the Literature” (Casler), 15

• Maternal employment. See Working mothers

• Maternal separation. See Maternal deprivation

• Matrifocal family structure, 8, 40–44, 48, 160, 161, 166, 173

• Maximum feasible participation model, 109

• Mayo, Leonard, 117

• McCone, John/McCone Commission, 152

• McGill University, 1, 2–3, 4, 16, 78

• Medicaid, 34

• Melzack, Ronald, 3–4

• Men. See Gender roles

• Menninger, Karl, 5

• Menninger Clinic, 25–26, 124, 145

• Mental disorders. See Psychopathology

• Mental health, 144, 148;

  • as freedom, 164;

  • poverty’s effects on, 157, 158, 159, 164, 165;

  • urban environment and, 147, 155, 164, 168

• Mental retardation: basis of diagnosis of, 114, 115, 130, 134, 136–38, 139;

  • special needs nomenclature and, 116. See also Intellectual disability; Mild mental retardation

• Merrill Palmer Institute (Detroit), 161

• Metzl, Jonathan, 155, 160

• Mexico: Lewis culture of poverty study in, 37–38, 40

• Michel, Sonya, 21

• Middle-class families: child care tax deduction for, 31;

  • environmental stimulation of intellectual development and, 50, 51, 70, 80, 103;

  • federally subsidized day care proposal for, 32, 33, 34;

  • implicit superiority of, 41, 70, 75, 80, 123, 171, 173;

  • language use and, 50–51, 53, 56, 58;

  • low-income children’s needs vs., 25–26, 28, 98;

  • maternal deprivation interpretation for, 7–8, 12, 21–22, 26, 28, 34–35, 36, 42;

  • motherhood norms and, 7–8, 28, 36, 40, 42, 44–45, 120, 124, 129, 169;

  • right kind of playthings in, 82;

  • as school program orientation, 91;

  • special needs children and, 116, 124;

  • traditional gender roles and, 10, 30–31, 42, 43, 48, 80

• Mild mental retardation, 115, 175;

  • forms of deprivation and, 133;

  • as loose term, 139–40;

  • overdiagnosis of, 9, 112, 113, 121, 123–24, 133, 139, 140–41, 173;

  • sensory deprivation and, 124–25;

  • special education for, 135–36, 137, 140–41;

  • two separate etiologies of, 123–24, 139–40

• Milk, 48, 49

• Mill, John Stuart, 131

• Miller, James O., 136

• Milwaukee Project, 130, 133

• Mississippi Head Start program, 109–10, 173

• Mitchell, Juliet, 10

• Mobilization for Youth (MFY), 8, 77, 86, 87–96, 109, 110, 170;

  • deprivation metaphors used by, 90, 94–95;

  • Division of Educational Opportunities, 90–91, 93–96;

  • FBI investigation of, 96;

  • funding for, 88, 97;

  • HARYOU ideology vs., 97;

  • indigenous participation and, 90, 94;

  • Institute for Developmental Studies cooperation with, 92–93;

  • “School Orientation Program for Parents” (report), 95;

  • stated goals of, 89–92;

  • tainted public view of, 96

• Mogey, John, 161–62

• Mondale, Walter, 32

• Monosyllabic speech, 50, 53, 59, 60, 84, 125

• Monotony, 5, 146, 147, 148, 163

• Montagu, Ashley, 19

• Montreal Neurological Institute, 2

• Moorhead, William S., 85

• Mothers, 10–36;

  • children’s speech and, 50, 52–53, 54, 56–57, 69;

  • functional roles of, 14;

  • “high risk” vs. “good,” 27;

  • homemaking skills and, 128–30, 148, 162, 170;

  • infant relationship with, 12–13, 16, 18, 24, 27, 43–45, 65, 66, 70;

  • intellectual development role of, 70;

  • low-income nutritional misinformation and, 48–49;

  • matrifocal family structure and, 8, 40–44, 48, 160, 161, 166, 173;

  • as mediators of all forms of deprivation, 26–28;

  • mentally retarded, 130, 131;

  • middle-class norms and, 7–8, 28, 36, 40, 42, 44–45, 120, 124, 129, 169;

  • racialized images of, 42;

  • stereotypes of middle- and lower-class, 36, 50, 53;

  • three-stage preschool program for, 95. See also Working mothers

• Mother-substitutes, 10, 124;

  • “professionalization” of, 24. See also Day care

• Motor deprivation, 18

• Moynihan, Daniel Patrick: Head Start evaluation report and, 107–8;

  • On Understanding Poverty (ed.), 47;

  • The Negro Family (Moynihan Report, 1965), 8, 41–42, 43, 162, 166

• Murfreesboro (Tenn.), 77–80

• Murphy, Lois, 26, 27, 28, 49, 51, 124, 132

• Naked City, The (film), 143

• Names: teaching of, 84, 85, 101

• National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission), 9, 142, 152–68, 170;

  • final report/recommendations of, 165–67;

  • members of, 152–53

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 138, 139, 152

• National Association of Retarded Children, 116

• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 3, 80, 87, 89, 104, 153;

  • intellectual disability intervention programs, 128, 132;

  • Kerner Commission investigation and, 157–58, 161, 164;

  • mass violence research funding by, 157–58;

  • physical environment/mental health relationship research and, 144–45;

  • “Social-Cultural Aspects of Mental Retardation” (1968 conference), 125–26

• National Institutes of Health, 3

• National Laboratory on Early Childhood Education, 136

• National Organization of Women, 33

• National Student Association, 95

• National Vitamin Foundation, 100

• Native Americans, 66–67

• Natural environment, 143, 145

• Nature vs. nurture debate, 8, 38, 62–73, 93, 140. See also Environmental deprivation; Heredity

• “Negro American Intelligence” (Pettigrew), 64

• Negro Family, The (Moynihan Report), 8, 41–42, 43, 162, 166

• Neurological development. See Brain

• New Nursery School (Colorado), 103

• Newsweek (magazine), 86–87

• New York City: early childhood cultural enrichment programs, 76–80;

  • Genovese murder, 142;

  • Lower East Side community action program, 8, 77, 80–93;

  • race riot, 152;

  • strained African American–Jewish relations, 97. See also Harlem

• New York Daily News, 96

• New York Times, 78, 118

• New York University School of Education, 81

• Niemeyer, John, 95

• Nimnicht, Glendon, 104

• Nixon, Richard M., 8, 12, 47;

  • day care and, 30–31, 32, 33–35;

  • Head Start and, 34, 35, 107–8;

  • white backlash and, 67

• Nobel Peace Prize, 158, 159

• “Non-Culture of Poverty, The” (Schorr), 46

• Nonhuman Environment in Normal Development and in Schizophrenia, The (Searles), 150

• Nonstandard English, 55, 58–60

• Nonviolent protest, 154, 160

• Nursery school. See Early childhood education

• Nutritional deprivation, 8, 38, 44–52, 172;

  • brain development and, 69;

  • cultural deprivation analogy, 70, 76;

  • early childhood intervention groups and, 110, 111;

  • Head Start counters to, 99–101, 103, 106–7, 108;

  • intellectual disability and, 121, 122–23, 124, 132, 141;

  • intelligence effects theory of, 65, 68, 71, 72, 73

• O’Connor, Alice, 173

• Office of Economic Opportunity, U.S., 80;

  • Head Start and, 1, 34, 67, 99, 101, 104, 106, 107, 108

• Office of Education, U.S., 58

• Ohlin, Lloyd: Delinquency and Opportunity, 87–88

• On Understanding Poverty (Moynihan, ed.), 47

• Open housing, 126, 127

• Operation Petticoat (film), 45, 46

• Ophthalmologic surgery, 5, 163

• Opportunity theory, 87–88, 89, 97

• Organization of Behavior, The (Hebb), 2

• Orphanages. See Institutionalized children

• Other America, The (Harrington), 38

• Parental deprivation, 160–62, 165. See also Absent fathers; Maternal deprivation

• Parent education, 100

• Parr, Albert E., 147, 149

• Parsons, Mabel, 128, 129

• Patton, Robert L.: Growth Failure in Maternal Deprivation, 11

• Peabody College (Nashville), 118;

  • Early Training Project, 77–80;

  • “Social-Cultural Aspects of Mental Retardation” (1968 conference), 125–26

• Penfield, Wilder, 2

• Perceptual deprivation, 15–16, 18;

  • early childhood enrichment programs and, 23, 82, 101–3, 110

• Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 31

• “Perspectives on Learning” (1966 symposium), 56, 58, 70

• Pettigrew, Thomas, 42, 64–65;

  • “Negro American Intelligence,” 64;

  • A Profile of the Negro American, 64

• Physical environment. See Environment; Environmental deprivation; Environmental psychology

• Pinderhughes, Charles, 153–54

• Pioneer Fund, 66

• Police misconduct, 8, 96

• Pollution, 143, 145

• Poor people. See Low-income homes; Poverty

• Popoff, David, 143

• Popular science, 145–50

• Population density. See Crowding

• Poverty, 157, 158, 159, 161, 172–75;

  • academic theory of, 37–38;

  • “blaming the victim” outlook toward, 6, 40;

  • deprivation theory and, 172–73 (see also Cultural deprivation; Environmental deprivation; Maternal deprivation; Sensory deprivation);

  • education of mothers and, 27–28;

  • housing policies and, 151;

  • intellectual disability linked with, 120, 121–22, 126, 129, 132, 133, 137, 139, 141;

  • material aspects of, 169–70;

  • medicalization of, 174–75;

  • nutrition and, 46–47;

  • parental deprivation and, 160–62, 166;

  • perpetuation of, 37;

  • psychological effects of, 157, 158, 159, 164, 165;

  • rural areas and, 25, 39, 133, 138;

  • stereotypes of, 140;

  • structural causes of, 9, 11, 47, 174. See also Antipoverty measures; Culture of poverty; War on Poverty

• Poverty and Mental Retardation, 122

• Power: theory of, 97

• Powledge, Fred, 76–77, 81

• Preschool. See Early childhood education

• President’s Commission on Income Maintenance Programs, 28–29, 30

• President’s Committee on Juvenile Delinquency, 87

• President’s Committee on Mental Retardation (later President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities), 126, 129

• President’s Panel on Mental Retardation, 117–20, 125;

  • A Proposed Program for National Action to Combat Mental Retardation, 118–20

• President’s Task Force on Early Childhood Development, 79

• “Problems of Education of Children in the Inner City” (1969 conference), 136

• Profile of the Negro American, A (Pettigrew), 64

• Project Head Start. See Head Start

• Proposal for the Prevention and Control of Delinquency by Expanding Opportunities, A (MFY, 1961), 89–92

• Protein deficiency, 45

• “Protest psychosis,” 155

• Proxemics: Hall theory of, 146

• “Pseudo depression” syndrome, 43–44

• Psychoanalysis, 4, 5, 11, 18, 19, 150

• “Psychodynamic Implications of the Studies in Sensory Deprivation” (1968 symposium), 125

• Psychogenic mental retardation, 115

• “Psychological Basis of Using Preschool Enrichment as an Antidote for Cultural Deprivation” (Hunt), 51

• Psychological Bulletin, 13

• Psychological detachment, 9

• Psychological/psychiatric theories, 7, 32, 49, 170;

  • intellectual disability and, 121, 125;

  • juvenile delinquency causes and, 86;

  • maternal deprivation and, 10–11, 21, 44, 65, 144;

  • poverty and, 174–75;

  • public policy and, 9, 171, 175;

  • race riots interpretation and, 153–56, 158, 160, 162;

  • urban conditions and, 167–68;

  • working mothers and, 21. See also Environmental psychology

• Psychology Today (journal), 143, 145

• Psychopathology, 5, 115, 120, 146, 150, 151, 155, 163–64

• Psychosomatic Medicine (journal), 49

• Public assistance. See Welfare system

• Public policy (1960s), 31, 86, 98, 170, 174;

  • academic prestige and, 171–72;

  • community action programs and, 96;

  • cultural deprivation theory and, 46–47, 74, 111;

  • day care debate and, 8, 12, 20, 29–35, 36;

  • deprivation theory effects on, 5, 6, 7, 111, 126–27, 140

  • education system and (see Early childhood education; Education);

  • idealistic goals of, 170–71;

  • intellectual disability and, 115, 116–20, 121, 126–27, 140;

  • motherhood images and, 42;

  • Moynihan Report and, 41–42, 43;

  • poverty and (see Antipoverty measures);

  • psychiatric theories and, 9, 171, 175;

  • racial differences theory and, 62, 68;

  • social justice and, 127

• Public schools. See Education

• Puerto Rico: Lewis culture of poverty study in, 43

• Race. See African Americans

• Race riots (1960s), 9, 67, 142, 143, 144–45, 151–67, 168;

  • community action programs and, 33;

  • deprivation/compensation interpretations of, 168;

  • Kerner Commission on, 9, 142, 152–62, 168, 170;

  • medicalization/depolitization of, 155–56, 164, 168;

  • relative deprivation and, 156–57, 165, 168;

  • sensory deprivation and, 162–64;

  • underlying causes of, 160–62, 167

• Racial achievement gap (test scores), 38, 62–65, 69–73, 104, 105–6, 136, 170

• Racial isolation theory, 105–6

• Racism, 97, 171;

  • cultural deprivation approaches and, 7, 40, 74, 173;

  • institutionalized, 58;

  • Jensen hereditarian theory of intelligence seen as, 66, 68–69, 71;

  • Kerner Commission indictment of, 156;

  • “scientific,” 62–68, 71;

  • stereotype perpetuation and, 38;

  • urban violence as rebellion against, 154

• Rafferty, Maxwell, 137

• Rage, 164

• Raspberry, William, 135

• Ravitch, Diane, 111

• Reading readiness program, 93–96

• Relative deprivation, 156–58, 159, 165, 168;

  • first coining of term, 156–57

• Rent strikes, 8, 96

• Republican Party, 32, 33, 34, 67;

  • presidential primaries (2012), 169

• Restricted code, 53, 56;

  • contextual appropriateness of, 57, 59–60

• Retardation. See Intellectual disability; Mental retardation; Mild mental retardation

• Richmond, Julius, 22, 23–24, 77, 101, 102, 103, 127;

  • Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Child Development Award, 172

• Riesen, Austin, 2, 16

• Riessmann, Frank, 40;

  • The Culturally Deprived Child, 38–39, 40

• Riles, Wilson C., 136, 137–39

• Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (later Rockefeller University), 145

• Rodman, Hyman, 160–61, 162

• “Role of Brain Disease in Riots and Urban Violence” (Ervin, Mark, and Sweet), 155

• Role-playing, 78

• Rothberg, Iris, 29, 30

• Rothman, David, 31

• Rural poverty, 25, 39, 133, 138

• Ryan, William, 6, 40

• Sackett, Walter: Bringing Up Babies, 44

• Sanchez family, 37

• Saturday Evening Post (magazine), 116

• Scandinavia, 31, 118

• Schizophrenia, 115, 150, 155;

  • as metaphor for African American experience, 160

• School desegregation, 62, 64, 71–72, 109;

  • educational value of, 105;

  • special education designation and, 112–13, 141;

  • tracking system and, 134

• Schools. See Education

• Schorr, Alvin, 46, 151;

  • “The Non-Culture of Poverty,”;

  • Slums and Social Insecurity (report), 151

• Schweiker, Richard, 32

• Science. See Popular science

• Science (journal), 66, 144

• Scientific motherhood, 44–45

• “Scientific racism,” 62–68, 71

• Scott, Daryl, 160

• Searles, Harold, 150;

  • The Nonhuman Environment in Normal Development and in Schizophrenia, 150

• Sears, David: “The Harvest of American Racism” (report), 154

• Sears, Robert, 14

• Segregation, 62, 63, 64, 68, 71, 72;

  • de facto, 105, 113, 134–35, 141;

  • psychological effects of, 69, 160, 165, 166–67;

  • in white suburbs, 143. See also School desegregation

• Self-esteem, 25

• Sensory deprivation, 1–6, 7–8, 13–20, 90, 157, 172;

  • all forms of, 50;

  • analytic-hour similarities with, 150;

  • brain effects research and, 2–4, 71;

  • broad interpretation of research on, 19;

  • child development effects of, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 76;

  • class/race differential interpretation of, 22–23, 26, 62;

  • crowding and, 145, 151, 154, 155, 158;

  • cultural deprivation linked with, 22, 38, 50–52, 61, 73, 75, 76;

  • cultural deprivation vs., 69, 70, 72, 73, 75;

  • day care as antidote to, 22, 29;

  • early compensatory intervention programs for, 9, 11, 12, 22, 23, 76–80, 86, 89, 92–95, 110, 236;

  • early learning deficits linked with, 23–24, 82, 95;

  • environmental psychology and, 145, 146–50, 167, 168;

  • Head Start and, 99–100, 101, 103–4;

  • in-home interventions and, 27–28;

  • intellectual disability and, 113, 115, 117, 118, 124–25, 126, 131, 141, 146, 172;

  • intelligence effects of, 63–64, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 81;

  • interdisciplinary interpretations of, 147–49;

  • “isolation of stimuli” and, 76, 83;

  • laboratory experiments, 1–4, 6, 64, 78, 142, 163, 171, 172 (see also under Animal studies);

  • low-income environment and, 9, 50, 79, 80, 147–48, 166;

  • maintenance of order and, 23–24;

  • maternal deprivation interrelationship with, 7, 11, 13–20, 23–24, 26–28, 35–36, 43, 62, 88;

  • ongoing research on, 16;

  • popularization of concepts of, 11;

  • psychoses and, 150;

  • race riots and, 162–64;

  • stereotypical view of, 102;

  • types of, 13;

  • urban living and, 9, 146–47, 149, 163

• Sensory-motor schemata, 17, 92–93

• Seven Countries Study (Keys), 56

• Seven Hills Neighborhood Houses, 25

• Shellow, Robert, 153, 154;

  • “The Harvest of American Racism” (report), 154

• Shipman, Virginia, 54

• Shriver, Eunice Kennedy, 117

• Shriver, Sargent, 104

• Shuey, Audrey, 61

• Silberman, Charles, 84–86;

  • Crisis in Black and White, 84–86

• Silent Spring (Carson), 143

• Singer, Elly, 22

• Single-parent families, 41, 43, 172–73;

  • welfare aid and, 30–31

• Six-Hour Retarded Child, The (1969 Presidential Panel report), 136–37

• Slavery: compensation for, 159, 168;

  • African American heritage of, 41, 81

• Sleeter, Christine, 112

• Slums. See Inner cities; Low-income homes

• Slums and Social Insecurity (Schorr report), 151

• Social Class, Race, and Psychological Development (Deutsch, Jensen, and Katz, eds.), 71, 82

• “Social-Cultural Aspects of Mental Retardation” (1968 NIMH conference), 125–26

• Social deprivation. See Cultural deprivation

• Social freedom, 164

• Socialism, 33, 103

• Social justice, 58, 95, 127

• Social protest, 96

• Social Security Act: Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 30, 34;

  • Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation Planning Amendment (1963), 120

• Social Security Administration, 46, 151

• “Social work colonialism,” 96

• Society for Research in Child Development, 171–72

• Sociocultural disabilities. See Cultural deprivation

• Socioeconomic status: child care programs and, 25–26, 28–32, 35;

  • cognitive development and, 92;

  • comparison studies of white and black children and, 64;

  • cultural deprivation and, 38, 47–48;

  • deprivation theory and, 6, 7–8, 12, 32, 40–44, 70, 82;

  • differences in language use and, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61;

  • family characteristics and, 48;

  • federal programs and, 110;

  • intellectual disability diagnosis, 120, 121, 123, 133, 141;

  • Lewis underclass theory and, 74;

  • maternal deprivation and, 12–18, 26–28, 119;

  • maternal deprivation definition and, 7–8, 12–18, 22–23, 24, 26–28, 34–35, 41–42, 119, 169, 173;

  • maternal stereotypes and, 36;

  • mild mental retardation diagnosis disparity, 112;

  • normative mothering and, 40, 120;

  • opportunities for advancement and, 87–88;

  • scholastic test discrimination and, 138;

  • scientific motherhood and, 45;

  • “scientific racism” and, 66–67;

  • sensory deprivation interpretations and, 22–23, 26, 62;

  • separation from mother and, 22–23, 119;

  • working mothers and, 21–22, 43. See also Low-income homes; Middle-class families; Poverty

• Sociolinguistics, 52–63;

  • importance of Labov’s paper on, 59–60

• Solomon, Philip, 3, 16

• “Some After-effects of Social Isolation in Animal and Man” (conference session), 18

• Sommer, Robert, 149

• Soviet Union, 3, 21, 116, 118

• “Special Case of the Young Disadvantaged Child, The” (Martus), 88

• Special education, 112–13, 135–36, 137, 139, 140–41, 174;

  • California class-action suit and, 138

• “Special Education for the Mildly Retarded—Is Much of It Justifiable?” (Dunn), 135–36

• Speech deficiency. See Language use

• Spingarn medal, 138

• Spitz, René, 7, 11, 15, 18–20, 21, 63, 73, 95, 124, 150

• Spitzer, Robert, 115

• Spong, William B., 160

• Stability and Change in Human Characteristics (Bloom), 63–64

• Standard English, 58, 59;

  • definition of, 54–55

• Standardized testing, 63

• Stanford University, 108

• State University of New York, Syracuse, 23–24

• Stay-at-home mothers, 10, 169;

  • psychologists’

  • encouragement of, 21, 36

• Stendler-Lavatelli, Celia, 43

• Stimulus deprivation. See Sensory deprivation

• Story of the Negro (Bontemps), 81

• Strength to Love (King), 81, 82

• Structural deprivation, 158

• Suburbs, 9, 123, 143, 148

• Supplementary Teaching Assistance in Reading (STAR), 93–96;

  • evaluation of, 96;

  • goals of, 95

• Supreme Court, U.S., 62

• Sweet, William: “Role of Brain Disease in Riots and Urban Violence,” 155

• Syracuse Children’s Center, 23–24, 77

• Taconic Foundation, 80, 95

• Tactile deprivation, 13, 20, 50, 125;

  • classroom stimuli for, 84

• Tally’s Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men (Liebow), 162

• Tannenbaum, Abraham J., 92–93, 94, 95–96

• Tarjan, George, 125, 127

• Tavistock Clinic (London), 10, 12

• Tax deductions: for child care, 31

• Teachers, 91, 103

• Teachers College Record, 96

• Thompson, Willie, 160

• Thornton, Charles B. (“Tex”), 152

• Tocqueville, Alexis de, 157

• Toddlers, 53, 61, 102

• “Toward an Understanding of Mass Violence” (NIMH report), 158

• Unemployment, 161, 164, 166

• Universal day care, 8, 12, 30, 31–35

• University College, London, 53

• University of California, Berkeley, 67

• University of California, Los Angeles, 19

• University of Chicago, 16, 39, 50, 54, 69;

  • compensatory education conference (1964), 54

• University of Illinois, 37, 43, 51, 54, 118;

  • Institute for Research on Exceptional Children, 122

• University of Iowa, 127, 129

• University of London: Institute of Education, 53

• University of Manitoba, 3, 16

• University of Minnesota, 45

• University of Tennessee, 46

• University of Toronto, 12

• University of Wisconsin, 130

• Urban Condition, The (Duhl, ed.), 145

• Urban conditions. See Inner cities

• Urban development, 148

• Urban psychology, 143

• Urban race riots. See Race riots

• Urban renewal, 144

• Vaccinations, 106, 174

• Valentine, Charles, 39

• Verbal communication. See Language use

• La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty (Lewis), 43

• Vietnam War, 67

• Vinovskis, Maris, 85, 99

• Violence, 9, 33, 140, 143, 144–45;

  • psychodynamic interpretations of, 154;

  • studies of, 157–58. See also Race riots

• Visual deprivation, 13, 50

• Visual perception, 93

• Vitamins, 45, 49;

  • deficiencies, 65

• War on Poverty, 39, 47, 67, 85, 126, 140;

  • criticisms of, 167, 169–70;

  • Head Start and, 77;

  • “maximum feasible participation” in, 90

• Washington, D.C., 132–35, 162;

  • public school tracking system, 133–35

• Watts race riot, 152

• Weikart, David, 26–27

• Welfare system, 28–32, 166, 174;

  • mothers’

  • work requirements and, 29, 30–32, 33, 162, 169

• Wertham, Fredric, 86

• Westinghouse Learning Corporation Report (1969), 67, 68, 107–8

• West Side Story (musical), 87

• “What Research Says to the Teachers” (pamphlet series), 122–23

• White, Sheldon, 108

• White backlash, 144

• “White flight,” 9, 143

• White superiority, 63, 65, 68, 71, 109, 143

• Why We Can’t Wait (King), 159, 160

• Wilkins, Roy, 152

• Wilson, Paul, 115

• Wiltse, Kermit, 43–44

• Wohlwill, Joachim, 149;

  • “The Emerging Discipline of Environmental Psychology,” 149

• Woman’s Day (magazine), 82

• Women’s rights, 22, 32, 33, 34, 148

• Work ethic, 169

• Working mothers: African American, 41–42, 166;

  • child care and, 31, 34;

  • day care debate and, 20–22, 29–30, 120;

  • low-income, 24, 29, 34, 122;

  • maternal deprivation linked with, 10, 21, 36, 42, 126;

  • middle-class discouragement of, 10, 21–22, 36, 42;

  • socioeconomic strata and, 43;

  • traditional gender roles and, 10, 30–31, 42, 48;

  • welfare requirements and, 29, 30–31, 32, 33, 162, 169

• World Health Organization, 10, 15, 22–23

• World War II, 10, 20–21, 62

• Wortis, Joseph, 121–22

• Wright, J. Skelly, 134–35

• Wright, Stanley, 127

• Yarrow, Leon, 13–14, 15

• Yerkes Primate Lab (Florida), 2

• Yeshiva University, 57

• Youth in the Ghetto (HARYOU proposal), 97

• Youth offenders. See Juvenile delinquency

• Ypsilanti Home Teaching Project, 26–27

• Zigler, Edward, 51, 100, 106

• Zubek, John, 3, 16, 64