1. R. Albert Mohler, “False Start? The Controversy over Adam and Eve Heats Up,” AlbertMohler.com, August 22, 2011, http://www.albertmohler.com/2011/08/22/false-start-the-controversy-over-adam-and-eve-heats-up/.
2. “Prepare to Believe,” CreationMuseum.org, accessed May 2012, http://www.creationmuseum.org.
3. Randall J. Stephens and Karl W. Giberson, The Anointed: Evangelical Truth in a Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 26.
4. Ken Ham, “What Are Nazarene Students Being Taught?,” Around the World with Ken Ham (blog), 1:1 Answers Outreach, August 15, 2009, http://blogs.answersingenesis.org/blogs/ken-ham/2009/08/15/what-are-nazarene-students-being-taught/.
5. James Scullin, “You Say Toe-May-Toe, I Say Toe-Mah-Toe,” Reformed Nazarene (blog), July 23, 2013, http://reformednazarene.wordpress.com/category/karl-giberson/.
6. “OT Scholar Bruce Waltke Resigns Following Evolution Comments,” Gleanings (blog), Christianity Today, April 9, 2010, http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2010/april/ot-scholar-bruce-waltke-resigns-following-evolution.html.
7. John R. Schneider, “Recent Genetic Science and Christian Theology on Human Origins: An ‘Aesthetic Supralapsarianism,’” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 62 (2010), http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2010/PSCF9–10Schneider.pdf.
8. John R. Schneider, communication with author, October 23, 2013.
9. Schneider, “Recent Genetic Science.”
10. Calvin College Office of the Provost, “Faculty Membership Requirements: A Guide for Prospective Faculty,” http://www.calvin.edu/admin/provost/facdocs/fac-requirements.htm.
11. John Byl, “The Evolution of Calvin College,” Christian Renewal, November 24, 2010, http://crmag.com/TheEvolutionofCalvinCollege.
12. Michael Ruse, “Calvin College and Original Sin,” HuffPost Religion (blog), December 16, 2010, updated May 25, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-ruse/calvin-college-and-origin_b_796747.html.
13. Mohler, “False Start?”
14. “An Unbelieving Professor at Calvin College,” Doctrine Unites! (blog), October 10, 2012, http://www.twoagespilgrims.com/doctrine/an-unbelieving-professor-at-calvin-college/.
15. “No Adam, No Eve, No Gospel,” Christianity Today, June 6, 2011, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/june/noadamevenogospel.html?paging=off.
16. Barbara Bradley Hagerty, “Evangelicals Question the Existence of Adam and Eve,” Morning Edition, NPR, August 9, 2011, audio, 7:44, http://www.npr.org/2011/08/09/138957812/evangelicals-question-the-existence-of-adam-and-eve.
17. “Statement of Faith and Educational Purpose,” Wheaton College, 1924, http://www.wheaton.edu/About-Wheaton/Statement-of-Faith-and-Educational-Purpose.
18. “Evolution, Creationism, Intelligent Design,” Gallup, accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/21814/evolution-creationism-intelligent-design.aspx.
19. “Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds,” National Geographic News, October 28, 2010, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/21329204.html.
20. Matthew 19:5.
21. J. Gerald Harris, “Answers Really Are in Genesis, Ken Ham Says,” Baptist Press (blog), January 23, 2012, http://www.bpnews.net/37016.
22. Kate McCarthy, “John Quincy Adams a Founding Father? Michele Bachmann Says Yes,” ABCNews.com, June 28, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/06/john-quincy-adams-a-founding-father-michele-bachmann-says-yes/.
23. Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Random House, 1988), xxviii. Emphasis added.
24. Sarah Ruden, Paul Among the People: The Apostle Reinterpreted and Reimagined in His Own Time (New York: Image Books, 2010), xix.
25. Glenn Tinder, Against Fate: An Essay on Personal Dignity (Chicago: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984).
26. Denis Alexander, Creation or Evolution: Do We Have to Choose? (Grand Rapids: Monarch Books, 2008).
27. Fazale Rana and Hugh Ross, Who Was Adam? A Creation Model Approach to the Origin of Man (Canada: NavPress, 2005).
1. Robert South, “The Happiness of Adam,” English Prose, ed. Henry Craike (New York: Macmillan, 1916), Bartleby.com, http://www.bartleby.com/209/571.html.
2. “Philo and Origen Are Not Your Friends, Dr. Alexander: A Short Survey of What Two Biblical Allegorists Taught about Adam and Eve,” Uncommon Descent (blog), December 27, 2011, http://www.uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/philo-and-origen-are-not-your-friends-dr-alexander-a-short-survey-of-what-two-biblical-allegorists-taught-about-adam-and-eve/.
3. E. T. Babinski, ed., “Men Over Ten Feet Tall?,” Cretinism or Evilution? No. 3, accessed November 4, 2013, http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/ce/3/part2.html.
4. Mike Parsons with Jeremy Westcott, “The Supernatural Kingdom of God,” Sons of Issachar, March 16, 2012, http://freedomarc.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/the-supernatural-kingdom-of-god/.
5. “What Is ‘The Serpent Seed’?,” The Serpent Seed, accessed November 4, 2013, http://serpent-seed.com/.
6. Psalm 127:3–5.
7. Genesis 4:20.
8. Genesis 6:5.
9. Genesis 6:6.
10. Genesis 7:22–23.
11. Genesis 9:12–15.
12. Genesis 9:25–27.
13. Genesis 10:9.
14. Deuteronomy 18:15–16.
15. Lydia Saad, “Three in Four in U.S. Still See the Bible as Word of God,” Gallup.com, June 4, 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/170834/three-four-bible-word-god.aspx.
16. 2 Timothy 3:16.
17. Teresa McBean, “April 2,” National Association for Christian Recovery, September 24, 2012, http://www.nacr.org/wordpress/3242/april-2.
18. Numbers 31:2.
19. Numbers 31:17–18.
20. Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 51.
1. Krister Stendahl, “The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West,” The Harvard Theological Review 56, no. 3 (July 1963): 199. Available online at http://www.dburnett.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/The-Apostle-Paul-and-the-Introspective-Conscience-of-the-West.pdf.
2. Acts 9:1.
3. Krister Stendahl, Paul Among Jews and Gentiles and Other Essays (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1976), 78.
4. “Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents,” Adherents.com, accessed April 2, 2012, http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html.
5. Michael H. Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History (New York: Kensington, 1992), vii.
6. Galatians 1:11–17a. Emphasis added.
7. Jeremiah 1:4–5.
8. Psalm 137:1–4.
9. Isaac Newton, “A Description of the Temple of Solomon,” The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (London: Kessinger, 2004).
10. For an engaging treatment of this topic and the challenges it poses, see Peter Enns, Incarnation and Inspiration: Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2005).
11. Peter Enns, The Evolution of Adam: What the Bible Does and Doesn’t Say About Human Origins (Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2012), 97.
12. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan, eds., The Oxford Companion to the Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 37.
13. “The Angel Dictates to Moses the Primeval History: The Creation of the World and Institution of the Sabbath,” Internet Sacred Texts Archive (Santa Cruz, CA: Evinity, 2011), http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/jub/jub14.htm.
14. William R. G. Loader, Philo, Josephus, and the Testaments on Sexuality: Attitudes towards Sexuality in the Writings of Philo and Josephus and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2011), 36.
15. R. H. Charles, ed., Apocalypsis Mosis (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1913), Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/apcmose.htm.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Raphael Patai, “Lilith,” Journal of American Folklore 77, no. 306 (1964): 295–314, doi: 10.2307/537379.
19. Search results for “Lilith” on BibleGateway.com illustrate that only Isaiah 34:14 makes reference to Lilith directly, but not consistently, across multiple versions of the Bible.
20. Isaiah 34:2.
21. Isaiah 34:13–14.
22. William F. Albright, “An Aramaean Magical Text in Hebrew from the Seventh Century B.C.,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 76 (1939): 9, doi: 10.2307/1354868.
23. Lauren Kinrich, “Demon at the Doorstep: Lilith as a Reflection of Anxieties and Desires in Ancient, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Sexuality” (senior thesis, paper 4, Pomona College, 2011).
24. Luke 4:18, The Holy Bible: King James Version (New York: American Bible Society, 1999).
25. Matthew 10:6.
26. Acts 17:26, King James Version.
27. Romans 3:23.
28. Matthew 5:48.
29. Romans 8:22, King James Version.
30. Kristen E. Kvam, Linda S. Schearing, and Valarie H. Ziegler, Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 64.
31. Romans 5:6–19, The Holy Bible: New King James Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1982).
32. Matthew 15:26.
1. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago Two (New York: Harper and Row, 1975).
2. 2 Corinthians 11:23–27.
3. Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Random House, 1988), xviii.
4. Dyron Daughrity, “From Sect to Secularization: Understanding the History and Future of the Earth’s Largest Faith,” Missio Dei: A Journal of Missional Theology and Praxis 2, no. 2 (August 2011), http://missiodeijournal.com/article.php?issue=md-2–2&author=md-2–2-daughrity.
5. Ephesians 6:12.
6. Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, 36.
7. Rodney Stark, The Rise of Christianity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 196–215.
8. Elaine Pagels, The Origin of Satan: How Christians Demonized Jews, Pagans, and Heretics (New York: Random House, 1995), 119.
9. Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, 37.
10. Genesis 6:1–7.
11. Peter Kirby, “Justin Martyr,” Early Christian Writings, accessed July 31, 2013, http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-secondapology.html.
12. Ibid.
13. Peter C. Boutenoff, Beginnings: Ancient Christian Readings of the Biblical Creation Narratives (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2008), 45.
14. Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, 80.
15. Ibid.
16. Mark 8:36, The Holy Bible: King James Version (New York: American Bible Society, 1999).
17. 1 John 2:15–17.
18. Mark 10:21.
19. Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, 83.
20. Matthew 19:12. Emphasis added.
21. Paul Halsall, ed., Letter to Eustochium, Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University website, 1995, http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/basis/jerome-letter22.asp.
22. E. Gordon Whatley, Anne B. Thompson, and Robert K. Upchurch, eds., “St. Jerome: Introduction,” in Saints’ Lives in Middle English Collections (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2004).
23. Halsall, Letter to Eustochium.
24. Genesis 2:24.
25. Phillip Schaff and Henry Wallace, eds., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Second Series, vol. 6, Jerome: Letters and Select Works (New York: Cosimo, 2007), 348.
1. Lex Loizides, Church History Blog, October 15, 2008, http://lexloiz.wordpress.com/2008/10/15/%E2%80%98lord-make-me-pure-but-not-yet%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-augustine%E2%80%99s-naughty-prayer/.
2. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. “Saint Augustine,” March 24, 2000, rev. November 12, 2010, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/.
3. Romans 5:12. Emphasis added.
4. Jesse Couenhoven, “St. Augustine’s Doctrine of Original Sin,” Augustinian Studies 36, no. 2 (2005): 359–96, http://www.academia.edu/1958072/St._Augustines_Doctrine_of_Original_Sin.
5. J. Patout Burns, “The Atmosphere of Election,” Journal of Early Christian Studies 2, no. 3 (1994): 325–39, doi: 10.1353/earl.0.0152.
6. Gregory, Bishop of Nyssa, “On the Making of Man,” in Writings of the Early Church Fathers, BibleStudyTools.com, 2003, http://www.biblestudytools.com/history/early-church-fathers/post-nicene/vol-5-gregory-of-nyssa/gregory-of-nyssa/making-of-man.html.
7. Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Random House, 1988), 90.
8. Interested readers are encouraged to consult Jaroslav Pelikan’s five-volume work The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971–1989).
9. Augustine of Hippo, The Confessions of St. Augustine, trans. Rex Warner (New York: New American Library, 1963), 20.
10. Ibid., 23.
11. Ibid., 27–28.
12. Ibid., 41. Emphasis in original.
13. Ibid., 45. Emphasis added.
14. Ibid., 56.
15. Ibid., 243.
16. Ibid., 247.
17. Ibid., 245. Emphasis in original.
18. Ibid., 246.
19. Ibid., 173.
20. Ibid., 177.
21. Ibid., 177–78. Emphasis in original.
22. Ibid., 182.
23. Ibid., 183. Emphasis in original.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., 174.
26. Ibid., 102.
27. Romans 7:15–24.
28. “Original Sin,” Religions (blog), BBC, updated September 17, 2009, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/originalsin_1.shtml.
29. Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, vol. 1, The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition: 100–600 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 313.
30. Alan Jacobs, Original Sin: A Cultural History (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 51.
31. Pelagius, Letter to Demetrias, I, quoted in Justin Holcomb, “Pelagius: Know Your Heretics,” Justin Holcomb.com, March 15, 2010, http://justinholcomb.com/2010/03/15/pelagius-know-your-heretics/.
32. Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, 140.
33. Ibid., 139.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., 140.
36. Ibid., 130.
1. E. M. W. Tillyard, The Elizabethan World Picture: A Study of the Idea of Order in the Age of Shakespeare, Donne and Milton (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), 5–6.
2. Tim Chaffey, “Feedback: Original Sin,” 1:1 Answers in Genesis (blog), February 18, 2011, http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/2011/02/18/feedback-original-sin.
3. Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), 29.
4. Augustine, The Confessions, in Great Books of the Western World, vol. 18 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), 47–48.
5. Roger Penrose, Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 50–51.
6. Cicero, “The Dream of Scipio: Somnium Scipionis,” trans. W. D. Pearman, De Re Publica, book 6 (1883), 3–14, http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cicero_dream_of_scipio_02_trans.htm.
7. The Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy’s famous work is known today by its Arabic title—The Almagest.
8. Psalm 93:1.
9. Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our Worldview (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991), 195.
10. Tillyard, Elizabethan World Picture, 21.
11. Philip C. Almond, Adam and Eve: In Seventeenth-Century Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 2.
12. Umberto Eco, best known for his novel The Name of the Rose, engages this in The Search for the Perfect Language (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995).
13. Eco, Search for the Perfect Language, 44.
14. Ibid., 77.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 81.
17. Jean Delumeau, History of Paradise: The Garden of Eden in Myth and Tradition (New York: Continuum, 1995), 71.
18. Delumeau, History of Paradise, 16.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 19.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., 45.
23. Kevin Rushby, Paradise: A History of the Idea That Rules the World (New York: Carroll & Graff, 2006), 69.
24. James Hannam, “Deconstructing Copernicus,” Medieval Science and Philosophy, accessed September 20, 2014, http://jameshannam.com/copernicus.htm.
1. Ken Ham, “Cain’s Wife—Who Was She?,” 1:1 Answers in Genesis (blog), September 13, 2007, https://answersingenesis.org/bible-characters/cain/cains-wife-who-was-she/.
2. Anthony Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), 1.
3. Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers (New York: Macmillan, 1963), 119–219.
4. “Andreas Vesalius,” NNDB: Tracking the Entire World, accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.nndb.com/people/270/000085015/.
5. Paracelsus, Selected Writings, trans. Norbert Guterman (New York: Pantheon, 1951), 79–80.
6. Quoted in Arthur S. Peake, Christianity: Its Nature and Truth (London: Duckworth, 1908), 116.
7. Philip C. Almond, Adam and Eve: In Seventeenth-Century Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 47.
8. Ibid., 48.
9. Ibid., 133–34.
10. Ibid., 50.
11. Anthony Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), 32.
12. Timothy Ferris, Coming of Age in the Milky Way (New York: William Morrow, 1988).
13. John Milton, “The Argument,” in Great Books of the Western World, vol. 32 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), 233.
14. Ibid., 235.
15. Almond, Adam and Eve, 210.
16. Albert Collver, “Copernicus and the Church, Lutherans and the Missouri Synod,” The ABC3s of Miscellany (blog), August 25, 2011, http://abc3miscellany.blogspot.com/2011/08/copernicus-and-church-lutherans-and.html.
17. Augustine, The City of God, in Great Books of the Western World, vol. 18 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), 495.
18. David N. Livingstone, Adam’s Ancestors: Race, Religion and the Politics of Human Origins (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 10.
19. Ibid., 17.
20. Almond, Adam and Eve, 50.
21. Ibid., 52.
22. Richard H. Popkin, Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676): His Life, Work and Influence (Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1987), 43.
23. Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 205.
24. Almond, Adam and Eve, 57.
25. Ibid.
26. “The Epigram: Part 2,” Southern Literary Messenger 14, no. 2 (December 1848): 719, Making of America Journal Articles website, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moajrnl/acf2679.0014.012/723:8?page=root;size=100;view=text.
1. “St. Augustine (354–430),” St. Augustine’s Reserve, accessed August 22, 2013, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/nave-html/faithpathh/augustine.html.
2. Davis A. Young and Ralph F. Stearley, The Bible, Rocks and Time (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2008), 45.
3. James Barr has done extensive analysis of Ussher’s chronology and concludes that the 4004 date stands on its own for Ussher, independently of any millennial scheme. The happy convergence of a carefully constructed history and a theologically motivated timeline are exactly what we would expect if God was the author of both the Bible and history. See S. J. Gould, “Fall in the House of Ussher,” in Eight Little Piggies (New York: Norton Books, 1993), 190.
4. Peter Harrison, The Bible, Protestantism and the Rise of Natural Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 18–19.
5. Ibid., 19.
6. Ibid., 22.
7. Ibid.
8. Kenneth J. Howell, God’s Two Books: Copernican Cosmology and Biblical Interpretation in Early Modern Science (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2002), 209.
9. Harrison, The Bible, Protestantism and the Rise of Natural Science, 93.
10. Ibid., 103.
11. Ibid., 104.
12. Ibid.
13. Peter Harrison, The Fall of Man and the Foundations of Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 258.
14. Howell, God’s Two Books, 110.
15. Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York: Penguin Books, 1950), 153–55.
16. Mary Gerhart and Fabian E. Udoh, eds., The Christianity Reader (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 89.
17. Harrison, The Bible, Protestantism and the Rise of Natural Science, 122.
18. Ibid., 211.
19. Stephen J. Gould, Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 28.
20. Francis Bacon, Advancement of Learning (London: Longman, 1605), Kindle edition.
21. Ibid.
22. Harrison, The Bible, Protestantism and the Rise of Natural Science, 144.
23. Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 330.
24. “Epochs” for Buffon referred to points in time rather than extended periods. This was the original meaning of the word. See Martin J. S. Rudwick, Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 143.
25. John H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 236.
26. Brooke, Science and Religion, 238.
27. Donald K. McKim, ed., Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith (Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992), 61.
28. Genesis 1:1–2. The Layman’s Parallel Bible: Comparing Four Popular Translations in Parallel Columns; Living Bible Version (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1973).
29. Young and Stearley, The Bible, Rocks and Time, 121.
30. Martin J. S. Rudwick, The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Paleontology, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 1.
31. Robert Bakewell, An Introduction to Geology, 4th ed. (London: A&R Spottiswoode, 1833), 23. Emphasis in original.
32. Young and Stearley, Bible, Rocks and Time, 129.
33. George H. Pember, Earth’s Earliest Ages (Crane, MO: Defender, 2012).
34. Young and Stearley, Bible, Rocks and Time, 127.
35. “Book Reviews for December 2003,” American Scientific Affiliation: Science in Christian Perspective, http://www.asa3.org/ASA/BookReviews2000-present/12–03.html.
36. Pember, Earth’s Earliest Ages, back cover.
37. Ibid., 23–24.
38. Young and Stearley, Bible, Rocks and Time, 129. Hugh Ross defends his position against charges of having capitulated to science in this program. See “Hugh Ross vs. Ken Ham—TBN Debate,” YouTube, July 17, 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgueGotRqbM.
1. Maureen Gallery Kovacs, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh, tablet 11, http://jewishchristianlit.com/Texts/ANEmyths/gilgamesh11.html. Based on print ed., M. G. Kovacs, The Epic of Gilgamesh (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989).
2. Walter E. Aufrecht, Studies in the Book of Job (Waterloo, ONT: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1985), 34.
3. Encyclopedia Britannica, s.v. “Enuma Elish,” accessed on September 20, 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/189085/Enuma-Elish.
4. Steve Ham, “Is Genesis 1–11 a Derivation from Ancient Myths?,” 1:1 Answers in Genesis, March 29, 2011, http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/2011/03/29/derivation-from-ancient-myths; Frank Lorey, “The Flood of Noah and the Flood of Gilgamesh,” Institute for Creation Research, Acts & Facts 26 (1997), http://www.icr.org/article/noah-flood-gilgamesh/.
5. Historian Jon Roberts provides a thoughtful analysis of the complex reception of Darwinism in America. See Jon Roberts, Darwinism and the Divine in America: Protestant Intellectuals and Organic Evolution, 1859–1900 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001).
6. Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, vols. 1–3 (London: John Murray, 1830).
7. Theory of Evolution Development, Age-of-the-Sage.org, accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.age-of-the sage.org/evolution/theory_of_evolution_development.html.
8. Adam Sedgwick, The Life and Letters of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, vol. 2 (1845; repr., Google Books), 84–85.
9. Sedgwick, Life and Letters, 3.
10. Adam Sedgwick, “Natural History of Creation,” Edinburgh Review 82 (July 1845): 3. Available online at https://www.srcf.ucam.org/acs/data/archive/2009/200904-article3.pdf.
11. Louis Agassiz, The Structure of Animal Life (1866; repr., Charleston, SC: Bibliolife, 2008), 2–3.
12. John V. Wyhe, ed., “Prof. Agassiz on the Origin of Species,” part 5, Book Notices, The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, accessed August 26, 2013, http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=A45&viewtype=text.
13. David B. Williams, “A Wrangle over Darwin,” Harvard Magazine, September 1998, http://www.harvardmagazine.com/1998/09/darwin.html.
14. Roberts, Darwinism and the Divine in America.
15. Ibid., 184.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., 199.
18. Thomas G. Apple and John M. Titzel, eds., Reformed Quarterly Review: Reformed Church in the United States 35 (Philadelphia: Reformed Church Publication House, 1888), accessed August 26, 2013, Google Books.
19. Peter Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 180.
20. A. N. Wilson, God’s Funeral (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 130.
21. Frank Newport, “In U.S., 42% Believe Creationist View of Human Origins,” Gallup Politics, June 2, 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/170822/believe-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx.
22. Alister E. McGrath, Evangelicalism and the Future of Christianity (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1995).
23. Rachel Held Evans, “Why Millennials Are Leaving the Church,” CNN Belief Blog, July 27, 2013, http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/27/why-millennials-are-leaving-the-church/.
24. Richard N. Ostling, “The Search for the Historical Adam,” Christianity Today, June 3, 2011, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/june/historicaladam.html; Barbara Bradley Hagerty, “Evangelicals Question the Existence of Adam and Eve,” Morning Edition, NPR, August 9, 2011, audio, 7:44, http://www.npr.org/2011/08/09/138957812/evangelicals-question-the-existence-of-adam-and-eve; “Tip/Wag—Evangelical Scientists and Rick Santorum,” The Colbert Report, August 17, 2011, http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/video-playlists/0gz166/colbert-report-07109/uiim37.
25. John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation. In Two Parts . . . With Answers to Some Objections, 13th ed. (1756; reproduction, Cambridge University Library).
26. Cornelius Burges, “The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster,” The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, tercentenary ed. (London: Presbyterian Church of England, 1946), http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster.
27. David N. Livingstone and Mark A. Noll, “B. B. Warfield on Creation and Evolution: A Biblical Inerrantist as Evolutionist,” Isis 91, no. 2 (2000), http://www.jstor.org/stable/236917.
28. Mark A. Noll, ed., The Princeton Theology, 1812–1921 (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1983), 293.
29. Ibid., 297.
30. Noll, Princeton Theology, 298.
31. B. B. Warfield, Lectures on Anthropology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1888), accessed August 26, 2013, http://networkedblogs.com/N7urv.
32. Roberts, Darwinism and the Divine in America, 148.
33. Ibid.
34. G. Frederick Wright, Studies in Science and Religion (1882; repr., Charleston, SC: Bibliolife, 2012), 225.
35. Ibid., 224–25.
36. R. A. Torrey, “The Passing of Evolution,” Blue Letter Bible, accessed August 26, 2013, http://www.blueletterbible.org/commentaries/comm_view.cfm?AuthorID=16&contentID=4590&commInfo=20&topic=The%20Fundamentals.
37. George M. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1991), 147.
1. “Is Segregation Scriptural? By Bob Jones Sr., 1960,” A Time to Laugh, March 15, 2013, http://www.drslewis.org/camille/2013/03/15/is-segregation-scriptural-by-bob-jones-sr-1960/.
2. John Blake, “Why Sunday Morning Remains America’s Most Segregated Hour,” CNN Belief Blog, October 6, 2010, http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/06/why-sunday-morning-remains-americas-most-segregated-hour/.
3. David N. Livingstone, Adam’s Ancestors: Race, Religion and the Politics of Human Origins (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 53.
4. Ibid.
5. “Or, Creation of the WORLD,” in An Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time, vol. 1 (1747), 99, https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=5NcGAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA99. Emphasis in original.
6. Livingstone, Adam’s Ancestors, 55–56.
7. Ibid., 56.
8. Ibid, 57.
9. Ibid., 58–59.
10. Ibid., 61.
11. Ibid., 63.
12. Ibid., 66.
13. Ibid., 69.
14. Ibid.
15. “The Southern Argument for Slavery,” U.S. History Online Textbook, accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.ushistory.org/us/27f.asp.
16. David M. Goldenberg, The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 180.
17. Ariel [Buckner Payne], The Negro: What Is His Ethnological Status? 2nd ed. (Cincinnati, 1867), 44.
18. Charles Carroll, The Negro a Beast (St. Louis: American Book and Bible House, 1900), http://www.scribd.com/doc/135895931/The-Negro-a-Beast.
19. Barry Hankins and Thomas Kidd, “Column: Southern Baptists Cleanse Past,” USA Today News, updated June 24, 2012, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2012–06–24/religion-southern-baptist-luter-slavery/55796742/1.
20. Carroll, The Negro a Beast.
21. Stephen R. Haynes, Noah’s Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 4.
22. “Bob Jones University’s Racist Anti-miscegenation Rule Discussed,” Larry King Live, March 3, 2000, YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D12A3D3TGE4.
23. Investing in Lives for Eternity, advancement brochure, Bob Jones University, 2008, 6, Bob Jones University Archives, Mack Library.
24. Stephen J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981), 73–122. This book challenges the objectivity of the measurements that were made and locates several egregious manipulations of the data. Gould’s analysis has, unfortunately, also been challenged, although his general conclusions—that cranial measurements do not establish the intellectual superiority of the Caucasian race—still hold.
25. “Alabama Interracial Marriage, Amendment 2 (2000),” Ballotpedia, accessed September 20, 2014, http://ballotpedia.org/Alabama_Interracial_Marriage,_Amendment_2_%282000%29.
26. George Hunter, A Civic Biology: Presented in Problems (New York: American Book, 1914), 196.
27. Richard J. Hernstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994).
28. Joel Shurkin, Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age (New York: Macmillan, 2006), 263.
1. Richard Dawkins, review of Blueprint by Donald Johanson and Maitland Edey, New York Times, April 9, 1989.
2. George McCready Price, The New Geology (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1923), 652. A preflood paradise climate, which he called the “eternal spring,” was a staple in Price’s writings, inferred from fossils of some non-Arctic organisms found at the poles. Geological evidence for prehistoric ice at the poles is dismissed as ambiguous. See Price, Evolutionary Geology and the New Catastrophism (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1926), 258–61. The same argument also appears in Price, The Fundamentals of Geology (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1913), 195–98.
3. Price, New Geology.
4. Ibid.
5. Karl W. Giberson and Donald A. Yerxa, Species of Origins: America’s Search for a Creation Story (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield), 68.
6. Henry M. Morris and John D. Morris, The Modern Creation Trilogy, vol. 1, Scripture and Creation (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1996), 13–14.
7. Ronald Numbers, “The Creationists,” in God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science, ed. David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 415.
8. Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design (New York: Norton, 1986).
9. Henry M. Morris, The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2009).
10. Ibid., 85–86.
11. Ibid., 87.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 109.
14. Ibid., 125.
15. Ibid., 127.
16. Ibid.
17. Clarence Darrow, Attorney for the Damned: Clarence Darrow in the Courtroom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 223.
18. Morris, Genesis Record, 143.
19. Ibid., 59.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., 60.
22. Ibid., 404.
23. Mark O’Brien, “Hard to Believe a Man with a PhD Didn’t Know of a Basic Tax Law,” Pensacola (FL) News Journal, November 3, 2006.
24. Karen Bartelt, “The Dissertation Kent Hovind Doesn’t Want You to Read,” No Answers in Genesis (blog), accessed September 20, 2014, http://noanswersingenesis.org.au/bartelt_dissertation_on_hovind_thesis.htm.
25. “Dr. Hovind’s ‘Creation Seminar’ Part 2,” accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.arrivalofthefittest.com/seminar2.html.
26. Glen J. Kuban, “A Matter of Degree: Carl Baugh’s Alleged Credentials,” The TalkOrigins Archive: Exploring the Creation/Evolution Controversy (blog), accessed October 30, 2008, http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/paluxy/degrees.html. Originally published in NCSE Reports 9, no. 6 (November-December 1989).
27. “Watch Us: Our Programs,” Trinity Broadcasting Network, October 10, 2008, http://www.tbn.org/index.php/2/4/p/3.html.
28. Kuban, “A Matter of Degree.”
29. Carl Baugh, Panorama of Creation (Oklahoma City: Southwest Radio Church, 1989), 84.
30. Ibid., 53.
31. Ibid., 57.
32. Ibid., 62.
1. Barbara Bradley Hagerty, “Evangelicals Question the Existence of Adam and Eve,” Morning Edition, NPR, August 9, 2011, audio, 7:44, http://www.npr.org/2011/08/09/138957812/evangelicals-question-the-existence-of-adam-and-eve.
2. Alfred Kirchoff, Darwinismus (Frankfurt, 1910), 86–87, quoted in Richard Weikert, From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 184.
3. The historian Richard Weikert makes this case in From Darwin to Hitler.
4. House Bill No. 185, Public Acts of the State of Tennessee, Tennessee Evolution Statutes. 1925, ch. 27, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/tennstat.htm.
5. Ronald L. Numbers, “Creationism in 20th Century America,” Science 218 (November 5, 1982): 540.
6. Clarence Darrow, Attorney for the Damned: Clarence Darrow in the Courtroom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 227.
7. R. Albert Mohler, “Why Does the Universe Look So Old?,” Institute for Creation Research, accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.icr.org/article/why-does-universe-look-so-old/.
8. Marvin Olasky and John Perry, Monkey Business: The True Story of the Scopes Trial (Nashville: B&H Books, 2005).
9. Ruth Moon, “Bryan College Faculty Vote ‘No Confidence’ in President over Adam and Eve,” Gleanings (blog), Christianity Today March 7, 2014, http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2014/march/bryan-college-faculty-vote-no-confidence-president-adam-eve.html?paging=off.
10. Paul Nelson and Jonathan Wells, “Homology in Biology,” in Darwinism, Design, and Public Education, ed. John Angus Campbell and Stephen C. Meyer (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2003), 316.
11. Jonathan M., “Unitary Pseudogenes and RNA Editing,” Evolution News and Views (blog), August 28, 2013, http://www.evolutionnews.org/2013/08/unitary_pseudog075831.html.
12. Paul Nelson and John Mark Reynolds, “Young Earth Creationism,” in Three Views of Creation and Evolution, ed. Paul Nelson, Robert C. Newman, and Howard J. Van Till (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999), 51.
13. Robert Schadewald, “The 1998 International Conference on Creationism,” NCSE Reports, accessed February 13, 2007, www.nsceweb.org/resources/rnsce_content/vol/9954_the_1998_international_confere_12_30_1899.asp.
14. Numbers 22:30.
15. Andrew Dickson White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (New York: Free Press, 1965), 130.
16. Ed Stetzer, “The Big Story of Scripture (Creation, Fall, Redemption, Restoration) in Pictures: Your Input Requested,” The Exchange, November 28, 2012, http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2012/november/big-story-of-scripture-creation-fall-redemption.html.
17. John Donne, An Anatomy of the World, http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173348.
18. Chad Meister and James K. Dew Jr., eds., God and Evil: The Case for God in a World Filled with Pain (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2013), 9.
19. Karl Giberson, “Christianity and Extraterrestrial Life: Are the Gliesans Going to Hell?,” HuffPost Religion, October 11, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karl-giberson-phd/are-the-gliesans-going-to_b_751761.html.
20. J. P. Moreland, “The Age of the Earth,” Reasons to Believe, February 2, 2002, http://www.reasons.org/articles/the-age-of-earth.
21. Lee Irons, “Animal Death Before the Fall: What Does the Bible Say?,” Reasons to Believe, January 1, 2001, http://www.reasons.org/articles/animal-death-before-the-fall-what-does-the-bible-say.
22. Fazale Rana with Hugh Ross, Who Is Adam? A Creation Model Approach to the Origin of Man (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2005), 45.
23. Joe Gorra, interview with William Dembski, Evangelical Philosophical Society, November 4, 2009, http://blog.epsociety.org/2009/11/interview-with-william-dembski-end-of.asp. Emphasis mine.
24. Denis Alexander, Creation or Evolution: Do We Have to Choose? (Oxford, UK: Monarch Books, 2008), 236.
25. Ibid., 237.
26. David Anderson, “Creation or Evolution: Choose Wisely!,” Creation Ministries International, May 1, 2009, http://creation.com/review-creation-or-evolution-david-anderson.
27. Karl Giberson, Saving Darwin: How to Be a Christian and Believe in Evolution (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2008).
28. William Dembski, “‘Saving Darwin’—What’s the Point?,” Uncommon Descent (blog), June 19, 2008, http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/saving-darwin-whats-the-point/.
29. Karl Giberson, “Is ‘American Evangelicalism’ Still Christian?,” Respectful Conversation, December 16, 2013, http://www.respectfulconversation.net/ae-conversation/2013/12/16/is-american-evangelicalism-still-christian.html.
30. R. Albert Mohler, “Total Capitulation: The Evangelical Surrender of Truth,” AlbertMohler.com (blog), October 25, 2011, http://www.albertmohler.com/2011/10/25/total-capitulation-the-evangelical-surrender-of-truth/.
31. “Statement of Faith,” Wheaton History A to Z, accessed September 20, 2014, http://a2z.my.wheaton.edu/statement-of-faith.
32. Associated Press, “Bryan College Losing Nearly 25% of Faculty after ‘Adam and Eve’ Controversy,” Times News (Kingsport, TN), May 4, 2014, http://www.timesnews.net/article/9076475/bryan-college-losing-nearly-25-of-faculty-after-adam-and-eve-controversy.
33. Mark Andrews, “Defending Adam and Eve Splits Trustees at Christian College,” CharismaNews (Lake Mary, FL), July 22, 2014, http://www.charismanews.com/us/44740-defending-adam-and-eve-splits-trustees-at-christian-college.
34. Garrett Haley, “Professors Sue Bryan College Over School’s Adherence to Biblical Creation Account,” Christian News, May 17, 2014, http://christiannews.net/2014/05/17/professors-sue-bryan-college-over-schools-adherence-to-biblical-creation-account.
35. James Scullin, “You Say Toe-May-Toe, I Say Toe-Mah-Toe,” Reformed Nazarene (blog), July 23, 2013, http://reformednazarene.wordpress.com/category/karl-giberson/.
36. Ken Ham, “The Foolishness of Evolutionists,” Around the World with Ken Ham (blog), October 27, 2012, http://blogs.answersingenesis.org/blogs/ken-ham/2012/10/27/the-foolishness-of-evolutionists/.
1. G. K. Chesterton, “The Maniac,” in Orthodoxy (1908), http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Gilbert_K_Chesterton/Orthodoxy/The_Maniac_p1.html.
2. John Donne, An Anatomy of the World. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173348.
3. Matthew Barrett and Ardel B. Caneday, eds., Four Views on the Historical Adam (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Books, 2013), 223. Emphasis in original.
4. Christian de Duve, Genetics of Original Sin: The Impact of Natural Selection on the Future of Humanity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), xxv.
5. Ibid., 146.
6. Ibid., 147.
7. Jimmy Carter, A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power (New York: Simon & Shuster, 2014).