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10. Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” Daedalus 96(1) (Winter 1967), 1–21, reprinted at http://www.robertbellah.com/articles_5.htm, accessed on December 10, 2014.

11. Guy Gugliotta, “New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll,” New York Times, April 2, 2012, at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html, accessed December 10, 2014.

12. Harry S. Stout, Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2006), xvii.

13. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), xiii.

14. Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America’s Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), vii.

15. Cited in Michael Northcott, An Angel Directs the Storm: Apocalyptic Religion and American Empire (New York: I.B. Taurus, 2004), 26.

16. President Dwight Eisenhower, “Text of the Address by President Eisenhower, Broadcast and Televised from His Office in the White House, Tuesday Evening, January 17, 1961,” reprinted at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home website, at https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/farewell_address/1961_01_17_Press_Release.pdf, accessed September 1, 2016.

17. Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced by War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 ed.), 1. Also see Rosa Brooks, How Everything Became War and the Military Became Everything: Tales from the Pentagon (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016).

18. White House, “The National Security Strategy of the United States of America” (Washington, DC: September 2002), 15, at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf, accessed Oct. 16, 2014.

19. 9/11 Commission Report (Washington, DC: 2004), 362, at http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf, accessed on October 20, 2014.

20. Jimmy Carter, “State of the Union Address,” January 23, 1980, at http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml, accessed August 22, 2016.

21. Greg Grandin, Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006), 51.

22. Grandin, Empire’s Workshop, 150.

23. Robert P. Jones, The End of White Christian America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016), 204.

24. See Jones, The End of White Christian America, for more on this strategy.

25. Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).

26. James Mills, “The Serious Implications of a 1971 Conversation with Ronald Reagan: A Footnote to Current History,” San Diego Magazine, August 1985, 140–141, cited in Paul Boyer, When Time Shall be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 162.

27. DeLay cited in Paul Boyer, “Afterword: The Geopolitics of End-Time Belief in the Era of George W. Bush,” in Mapping the End Times: American Evangelical Geopolitics and Apocalyptic Visions, eds. Jason Dittmer and Tristan Sturm (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010), 238.

28. Bacevich, The New American Militarism.

29. Grandin, Empire’s Workshop, 134.

30. Dan Baum, “Legalize It All: How to Win the War on Drugs,” Harper’s Magazine, April 2016, at http://harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/, accessed August 22, 2016.

31. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2012).

32. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 5.

33. See Alexander, The New Jim Crow.

34. Mathew Coleman, “Immigration Geopolitics Beyond the Mexico–US Border,” Antipode 39(1) (2007), 54–76.

35. See Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 2, and the Sentencing Project, “Fact Sheet: Trends in U.S. Corrections,” at http://sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections.pdf, accessed August 30, 2016.

36. See, for example, Giles Tremlett, “Al-Qaida Leaders Say Nuclear Power Stations were Original Targets,” Guardian, September 8, 2002, at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/09/september11.afghanistan, accessed September 8, 2016.

37. Jackie Orr, “Making Civilian-Soldiers: The Militarization of Inner Space,” in Making Threats: Biofears and Environmental Anxieties, eds. Betsy Hartmann, Banu Subramaniam, and Charles Zerner (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005), 49, 62.

38. Elisabeth Bumiller, “A Nation Challenged: The President; Bush Announces a Crackdown on Visa Violators,” New York Times, October 30, 2001, at http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/30/us/a-nation-challenged-the-president-bush-announces-a-crackdown-on-visa-violators.html, accessed August 30, 2016.

39. Matthew J. Friedman, “PTSD History and Overview,” Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, at http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/ptsd-overview.asp, accessed August 24, 2016.

40. Jane Mayer, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals (New York: Anchor Books, 2009). For more on worst-case scenarios, see Stuart Price, Worst-Case Scenario?: Governance, Mediation and the Security Regime (London: Zed Books, 2011).

41. Garrett M. Graff, The Threat Matrix: The FBI at War in the Age of Terror (New York: Little, Brown, 2011), 19, 249, cited in John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart, Chasing Ghosts: The Policing of Terrorism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 21. Also see Mayer, The Dark Side.

42. See Mueller and Stewart, Chasing Ghosts, 24–26.

43. Frank Rich, The Greatest Story Ever Sold: The Decline and Fall of Truth from 9/11 to Katrina (New York, Penguin Books, 2006).

44. Cited in Rich, The Greatest Story Ever Sold, 3.

45. David L. Altheide, Creating Fear: News and the Construction of Crisis (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2002), 84, 89.

46. Altheide, Creating Fear.

47. David Ignatius, “The Dangers of Embedded Journalism, in War and Politics,” Washington Post, May 2, 2010, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/30/AR2010043001100.html?sid=ST2010043001134, accessed August 25, 2016.

48. “Costs of War: Iraqi Civilians,” Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs, Brown University, at http://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/human/civilians/iraqi, accessed August 25, 2016.

49. Michael J. Glennon, National Security and Double Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).

50. Pei-Sze Cheng and Ann Givens, “I-Team: Port Authority Cops Say Surprise Terror Drills Pose Danger to Officers, Public,” NBC New York, April 6, 2016, at http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Port-Authority-Police-Officers-Surprise-Terror-Drill-Dangers-New-Jersey-Train-Station-374651241.html, accessed August 25, 2016; Sarah Lazare, “Overreation to False Reports of Gunfire at JFK Airport Reveals the Depths of America’s Fear Culture,” AlterNet, August 15, 2016, at http://www.alternet.org/grayzone-project/overreaction-false-reports-gunfire-jfk-airport-reveals-depths-americas-fear-culture, accessed August 25, 2016; and Marc Santora, “From False Alarm to Panic: Inside Kennedy Airport’s Chaotic Night,” New York Times, August 15, 2016, at http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/16/nyregion/from-false-alarm-to-panic-inside-kennedy-airports-chaotic-night.html, accessed August 25, 2016.

51. Mueller and Stewart, Chasing Ghosts, 7.

52. Bacevich, The New American Militarism, 32.

53. Kendall Breitman, “Bush: One Regret about Iraq,” Politico, November 7, 2014, at http://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/george-w-bush-iraq-regret-112684, accessed August 25, 2016.

54. Spencer Ackerman, “‘Apocalyptic’ Isis Beyond Anything We’ve Seen, Say US Defence Chiefs,” Guardian, August 22, 2014, at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/21/isis-us-military-iraq-strikes-threat-apocalyptic, accessed October 16, 2014; see also Patrick Cockburn, “Why Washington’s War on Terror Failed: The Underrated Saudi Connection,” TomDispatch.com, August 21, 2014, at http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175884/, accessed October 16, 2014.

55. William McCants, “ISIS Fantasies of an Apocalyptic Showdown in Northern Syria,” Brookings blog, October 3, 2014, accessed October 16, 2014 at http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/iran-at-saban/posts/2014/10/03-isis-apocalyptic-showdown-syria-mccants, accessed October 16, 2014, at https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2014/10/03/isis-fantasies-of-an-apocalyptic-showdown-in-northern-syria as of January 27, 2017.

56. J.M. Berger, “The Metronome of Apocalyptic Time: Social Media as Carrier Wave for Millenarian Contagion,” Perspectives on Terrorism 9(4) (2015), 61–71, at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/444/html, accessed August 26, 2015.

57. Todd Miller, Border Patrol Nation: Dispatches from the Front Lines of Homeland Security (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2014).

58. Michael Flynn, “Where’s the U.S. Border? Portraits of an Elastic Frontier,” paper delivered at the Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 15–18, 2006, at http://www.globaldetentionproject.org/fileadmin/publications/Flynn_LASA.pdf, accessed October 21, 2014, at https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/Flynn_LASA-1.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

59. Alejandra Marchevsky and Beth Baker, “Why Has President Obama Deported More Immigrants Than Any President in US History?” Nation, March 31, 2014, at http://www.thenation.com/article/179099/why-has-president-obama-deported-more-immigrants-any-president-us-history, accessed October 21, 2014.

60. Miller, Border Patrol Nation, Chapter Six, 151–176.

61. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (New York: 1945), 232–235, cited in Ronald T. Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982), 74.

62. Sander L. Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985), 20.

63. Cited in John Protevi, ed., A Dictionary of Continental Philosophy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 275.

64. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad, Anniversary Edition (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012).

100. See Mary Beth Norton, In the Devil’s Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 (New York: Vintage Books, 2003). Also see Demos, The Enemy Within for a summary of the major historical debates surrounding the causes of the Salem witch trials.

101. Demos, The Enemy Within, 225.

102. Demos, The Enemy Within, 176.

103. Cited in Demos, The Enemy Within, 128, 223.

104. Cited in Demos, The Enemy Within, 228.

105. Manegold, Ten Hills Farm, 46, 121, 125–144.

106. Manegold, Ten Hills Farm, 239–240.

107. Miller, Errand into the Wilderness, 233.

108. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 499–500.

109. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 135–136.

110. First quote from Jonathan Edwards, “Personal Narrative,” Works 16:792, cited in Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 42; second quote cited in Marsden, 44; third quote from Edwards, “Personal Narrative,” Reader, 293, cited in Marsden, 185.

111. Cited in PBS Frontline transcript, Apocalypse!: The Evolution of Apocalyptic Belief and How It Shaped the Western World, November 22, 1998, at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/, accessed December 3, 2014.

112. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 121–22.

113. See Mark Valeri, Heavenly Merchandize: How Religion Shaped Commerce in Puritan America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), for an analysis of how Puritan doctrine evolved in step with growing commercialization.

114. Bremer, The Puritan Experiment, 213–215.

115. Jonathan Edwards, Divine and Supernatural Light, Works 17, 408–25, cited in Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 157–58.

116. Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and Other Puritan Sermons, 171-84.

117. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 163-69.

118. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 485.

119. Stephen J. Stein, ed., Jonathan Edwards, Apocalyptic Writings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), cited in Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad, 116.

120. Mark Twain, The Mysterious Stranger and Letters from Earth, cited in Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 500.

121. Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad, 105–06.

122. David S. Gutterman, “Stories of Sinfulness: Narrative Identity in America,” in Religion, Politics, and American Identity: New Directions, New Controversies, eds. David S. Gutterman and Andrew R. Murphy (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006), 73–96, 82–83.

123. Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad. Also see Andrew R. Murphy and Jennifer Miller, “The Enduring Power of the American Jeremiad,” in Religion, Politics, and American Identity, 49–72.

124. Krishan Kumar, Utopianism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), 3.

125. Donald E. Pitzer, “Introduction,” in America’s Communal Utopias, ed. Donald E. Pitzer (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 3–13.

126. Boyer, “Afterword,” in Mapping the End Times, eds. Dittmer and Sturm, and Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, 87–89.

127. Ernest Lee Tuveson, Millennium and Utopia: A Study in the Background of the Idea of Progress (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964), 75.

128. Krishan Kumar, “Apocalypse, Millennium and Utopia Today,” in Apocalypse Theory and the Ends of the World, ed. Malcolm Bull (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd., 1995), 212.

129. Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad, xxii.

130. Oscar Wilde, “The Soul of Man Under Socialism” (1891), in De Profundis and Other Writings, ed. Hesketh Pearson (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1973), 34, cited in Kumar, Utopianism, 95.

131. Kumar, Utopianism, 1.

132. Mark Holloway, Heavens on Earth: Utopian Communities in America, 1680–1880 (Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1966).

133. Cited in Pitzer, “Introduction,” 7.

134. See Hancock Shaker Village website, at http://hancockshakervillage.org/museum/historic-architecture/1826-stone-barn/, accessed December 11, 2014; also see Christian Goodwillie and John Harlow Ott, Hancock Shaker Village: A Guidebook and History (Hancock, MA: Hancock Shaker Village, 2011).

135. History of the Shakers is drawn from Holloway, Heavens on Earth, and Priscilla J. Brewer, “The Shakers of Mother Ann Lee” in America’s Communal Utopias, ed. Pitzer, 37–56.

136. Goodwillie and Ott, Hancock Shaker Village.

137. Holloway, Heavens on Earth.

138. Hancock Shaker Village website, at http://hancockshakervillage.org/museum/historic-architecture/1826-stone-barn/, accessed December 11, 2014.

139. G.W.F. Hegel, The Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (New York: Dover Publications, 1956), 85, cited in Kumar, Utopianism, 81.

140. Holloway, Heavens on Earth.

141. For a history of the Northampton Association, see Christopher Clark, The Communitarian Moment: The Radical Challenge of the Northampton Association (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995).

142. Cited in Holloway, Heavens on Earth, 104.

143. Quoted in E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London: Gollancz, 1963), 789, cited in Kumar, Utopianism, 74.

144. Cited in Holloway, Heavens on Earth, 106.

145. Holloway, Heavens on Earth, 113–116; also see Donald E. Pitzer, “The New Moral World of Robert Owen and New Harmony,” in America’s Communal Utopias, ed. Pitzer, 88–134.

146. Thoreau cited in William Henry Harrison, “Introduction,” in Louisa May Alcott, Transcendental Wild Oats and Excerpts from The Fruitlands Diary (Carlisle, MA: Applewood Books, 1975), 7. Also see Richard Francis, Transcendental Utopias: Individual and Community at Brook Farm, Fruitlands, and Walden (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 3.

147. Alan D. Hodder, Emerson’s Rhetoric of Revelation: “Nature,” the Reader, and the Apocalypse Within (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989), 7.

148. Robert E. Spiller et al, eds., The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971, 1979, 1983, 1987), 10, cited in Hodder, Emerson’s Rhetoric of Revelation, 78.

149. The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Random House Modern Library Classics, 2009), 39; for analysis, see Hodder, Emerson’s Rhetoric of Revelation, 24.

150. Alcott, Transcendental Wild Oats, 25–28.

151. From letter dated February 15, 1843, in Richard L. Herrnstadt, ed., The Letters of A. Bronson Alcott (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1969), 99, cited in Francis, Transcendental Utopias, 173.

152. Eve LaPlante, Marmee & Louisa: The Untold Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Mother (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012), 115.

153. See Francis, Transcendental Utopias, 206.

154. Alcott, Transcendental Wild Oats, 53.

155. Cited in LaPlante, Marmee & Louisa, 115.

156. Cited in LaPlante, Marmee & Louisa, 119.

157. See Francis, Transcendental Utopias.

158. Hawthorne, Letters, 1813–43, 558, cited in Francis, Transcendental Utopias, 49.

159. Information on Brook Farm from Francis, Transcendental Utopias; Holloway, Heavens on Earth, and Carl J. Guarneri, “Brook Farm and the Fourierist Phalanxes: Immediatism, Gradualism, and American Utopian Socialism,” in America’s Communal Utopias, ed. Pitzer, 159–80.

160. For a history of the community, see Holloway, Heavens on Earth, and Lawrence Foster, “Free Love and Community: John Humphrey Noyes and the Oneida Perfectionists,” in America’s Communal Utopias, ed. Pitzer, 253-79.

161. Cited in Martin Richards, “Perfecting People: Selective Breeding at the Oneida Community (1869–1879) and the Eugenics Movement,” New Genetics and Society 23(1) (2004), 50.

162. Richards, “Perfecting People,” 58–59.

163. Foster, “Free Love and Community,” 266–269.

164. Alcott, Transcendental Wild Oats, 55–56.

165. Holloway, Heavens on Earth, 212.

166. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (New York: Penguin Books, 1967), 254–56. Marx and Engels did acknowledge the utopian socialists’ positive side, in particular how their attacks on the injustices of existing society served as valuable materials for enlightening the working class. Engels expanded further on the positive aspects of the theories of Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen in his 1880 essay Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.

167. Kate Soper, “Other Pleasures: The Attractions of Post-Consumerism,” Socialist Register 36 (2000), 117–32. Also see other articles in this volume for an interesting discussion of what could or should comprise a socialist utopia.

168. Raymond Mungo, Total Loss Farm: A Year in the Life (New York: Bantam Books, 1971), 173, cited in Timothy Miller, The 60s Communes: Hippies and Beyond (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 152.

169. Miller, The 60s Communes, 15.

170. Miller, The 60s Communes, xxvi.

171. Robyn C. Spencer, “Communalism and the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California,” in Iain Boal, Janferie Stone, Michael Watts, and Cal Winslow, eds., West of Eden: Communes and Utopia in Northern California (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), 95.

172. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Philadelphia: H.C. Carey and I. Lea, 1825), 224, written 1781–82, cited in Tuveson, Redeemer Nation, 109.

173. See Mann, 1491, 350–366.

174. Takaki, Iron Cages, 37–64.

175. James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 20 vols. (New York: 1897–1917), III, 1084, cited in Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 202.

176. Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 210.

177. Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Atheneum, 1992). Also see Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad.

178. Felicity D. Scott, “Bulldozers in Utopia: Open Land, Outlaw Territory, and the Code Wars,” in West of Eden, eds. Boal et al., 67.

179. Janferie Stone, “Our Bodies, Our Communal Selves,” in West of Eden, eds. Boal et al., 176.

180. Miller, Errand into the Wilderness, 207.

181. Miller, The 60s Communes, 190, and Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 78.

182. Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 67.

183. Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 22.

184. R. Buckminster Fuller and Robert Snyder, R. Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue Scenario Documented and Edited by Robert Snyder (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980), 12, cited in Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 55. On a critique of Fuller, also see Simon Sadler, “The Dome and the Shack: The Dialectics of Hippie Enlightenment,” in West of Eden, eds. Boal et al., 72–80.

185. Cited in Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 82.

186. Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 87, and Lee Worden, “Counterculture, Cyberculture, and the Third Culture: Reinventing Civilization, Then and Now,” in West of Eden, eds. Boal et al., 199–221.

187. Nathaniel Rich, “The Mammoth Cometh,” New York Times Magazine, February 27, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/magazine/the-mammoth-cometh.html, accessed December 11, 2014.

188. Jesse Drew, “The Commune as Badlands as Utopia as Autonomous Zone,” in West of Eden, eds. Boal et al., 44.

189. Harvey Wasserman, “Sam Lovejoy, the No Nukes Movement, and the Tower that Toppled a Terrible Technology,” Common Dreams, February 28, 2013, at http://www.commondreams.org/views/2013/02/28/sam-lovejoy-no-nukes-movement-and-tower-toppled-terrible-technology, accessed December 11, 2014.

190. Stone, “Our Bodies, Our Communal Selves,” and Carmen Goodyear, “We Met in Berkeley . . . That Heady Summer of Love,” in West of Eden, eds. Boal et al., 170–184.

191. See the books of Tom Fels, Farm Friends: From the Late Sixties to the West Seventies and Beyond (North Bennington, Vermont: Rural Science Institute Press, 2008) and Buying the Farm: Peace and War on a Sixties Commune (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012) for an extended account of the legacy of the ’60s political communes through the lens of Montague Farm.

192. Howard Zinn, “The Optimism of Uncertainty,” Nation, September 2, 2004, at https://www.thenation.com/article/optimism-uncertainty/, accessed December 13, 2016.

193. See Sonia Kruks, Simone de Beauvoir and the Politics of Ambiguity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 7.

194. Paul Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture in the Atomic Age (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 304.

195. For a stark representation of all the nuclear explosions that have occurred, see Isao Hashimoto’s short video “1945–1998,” 2003, at https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=142342605845178, accessed November 12, 2014.

196. A Feasibility Study of the Health Consequences to the American Population of Nuclear Weapons Tests Conducted by the United States and Other Nations, Progress Report prepared for the US Congress by the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Washington, DC, August 2001, at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/fallout/, accessed November 12, 2014.

197. Cited in A Feasibility Study.

198. Former Worker Medical Screening Program, Ames Laboratory, at http://cph.uiowa.edu/IowaFWP/documents/Ames.Summary.of.FWP.EEOICPA.flyer.pdf, accessed November 12, 2014; Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act, Ames Laboratory, at http://cph.uiowa.edu/IowaFWP/ames/EEOICPA.html, accessed November 12, 2014; Laurence Fuortes, “The Legacy of the Manhattan Project and Cold War in Iowa,” at http://cph.uiowa.edu/IowaFWP/documents/FWP_presentation.pdf, accessed Nov. 12, 2014.

199. Photo at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exercise_Desert_Rock_IV_%28Tumbler-Snapper_Dog%29_001.jpg, accessed November 12, 2014.

200. Sheldon Ungar, The Rise and Fall of Nuclearism: Fear and Faith as Determinants of the Arms Race (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 59; and Sadao Asada, “The Mushroom Cloud and National Psyches: Japanese and American Perceptions of the Atomic-Bomb Decision, 1945–1995,” in Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age, eds. Laura Hein and Mark Selden (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997), 179.

201. See Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb: And the Architecture of an American Myth (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995).

202. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 184–86.

203. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change 1953–1956 (Garden City: 1963), 312–13, cited in Gar Alperovitz, “Historians Reassess: Did We Need to Drop the Bomb?” in Hiroshima’s Shadow: Writings on the Denial of History and the Smithsonian Controversy, eds. Kai Bird and Lawrence Lifschultz (Stony Creek, CT: Pamphleteer’s Press, 1998), 11.

204. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 188–89.

205. Ungar, The Rise and Fall of Nuclearism, 56.

206. Alfonso A. Narvaez, “Gen. Curtis LeMay, an Architect of Strategic Air Power, Dies at 83,” Obituaries, New York Times, Oct. 2, 1990, at http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/obituaries/gen-curtis-lemay-an-architect-of-strategic-air-power-dies-at-83.html, accessed January 27, 2017.

207. Asada, “The Mushroom Cloud and National Psyches,” 174–79.

208. Mike Wallace, “The Battle of the Enola Gay,” in Hiroshima’s Shadow, eds. Bird and Lifschultz, 317–36.

209. George H. Roeder, Jr., “Making Things Visible: Learning from the Censors,” in Living with the Bomb, eds. Hein and Selden, 87.

210. Cited in Hugh Gusterson, “Remembering Hiroshima at a Nuclear Weapons Laboratory,” Living with the Bomb, eds. Hein and Selden, 262.

211. Lane Fenrich, “Mass Death in Miniature: How Americans Became Victims of the Bomb,” in Living with the Bomb, eds. Hein and Selden, 127.

212. Fenrich, “Mass Death in Miniature,”126.

213. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 187.

214. Fenrich, “Mass Death in Miniature,” 126.

215. Roeder, “Making Things Visible,”89.

216. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 67, 106.

217. Cited in Ungar, The Rise and Fall of Nuclearism, 65.

218. Ungar, The Rise and Fall of Nuclearism, Chapter Six.

219. Kenneth D. Rose, One Nation Underground: The Fallout Shelter in American Culture (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 9.

220. A.G. Mojtabai, Blessèd Assurance: At Home with the Bomb in Amarillo, Texas (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986).

221. Ungar, The Rise and Fall of Nuclearism.

222. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 11–12, 85, 88.

223. See Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 91–92.

224. Hubert M. Evans, Ryland W. Crary, and C. Glen Hass, Operation Atomic Vision: A Teaching-Learning Unit for High School Students (Washington, DC: 1948), 5–7, cited in Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 298.

225. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 295.

226. Dan O’Neil, The Firecracker Boys: H-Bombs, Inupiat Eskimos, and the Roots of the Environmental Movement (New York: Basic Books, 2007). Real estate developers also pushed for an underground atomic explosion in the Marin headlands, on the northern side of the Golden Gate Bridge, to create a bowl for the formation of a new city. See Richard Walker, “A Hidden Geography,” Berkeley Geography Working Paper, June 2001, at http://oldweb.geog.berkeley.edu/PeopleHistory/faculty/R_Walker/AHiddenGeography.html, accessed November 12, 2014, at http://geog.berkeley.edu/PeopleHistory/faculty/R_Walker/AHiddenGeography.html as of January 27, 2017.

227. Chuck McCutcheon, Nuclear Reactions: The Politics of Opening a Radioactive Waste Disposal Site (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002); also see the WIPP fact sheet, “How Will Future Generations Be Warned?” at http://www.wipp.energy.gov/fctshts/PICs.pdf, accessed November 14, 2014.

228. David Nevin, “Nuclear-Age School: New Mexico Students Pursue Knowledge Underground,” Saturday Evening Post, January 26, 1963, 64. Also see, Rose, One Nation Underground, 138–39.

229. Nevin, “Nuclear-Age School,” 65.

230. David Monteyne, Fallout Shelter: Designing for Civil Defense in the Cold War (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011), 10–11.

231. Rose, One Nation Underground, 23.

232. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 313.

233. Rose, One Nation Underground, 79.

234. Cited in Rose, One Nation Underground, 3–4.

235. Rose, One Nation Underground, 94, 202, 210–12.

236. For example, Monteyne, Fallout Shelter; Tracy C. Davis, Stages of Emergency: Cold War Nuclear Civil Defense (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007); and Laura McEnaney, Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).

237. Monteyne, Fallout Shelter, 27–29.

238. Samuel W. Matthews, “Nevada Learns to Live with the Bomb,” National Geographic Magazine, CIII(6) (June 1953), 839–50.

239. Robert Jay Lifton, “The New Psychology of Human Survival: Images of Doom and Hope,” Occasional Paper No. 1, Center on Violence and Human Survival, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, n.d. [1987], 8; Jackie Orr, “Making Civilian Soldiers,”in Making Threats, eds. Hartmann et al., 54–60.

240. William F. Vandercook, “Making the Very Best of the Very Worst: The ‘Human Effects of Nuclear Weapons’ Report of 1956,” International Security 11 (Summer 1986), cited in Lifton,“The New Psychology of Human Survival,” 8, 9.

241. Sibylle K. Escalona, “Children and the Threat of Nuclear War,” in Behavioral Science and Human Survival, ed. Milton Schwebel (Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1965), 204, 206.

242. Mícheál D. Roe, Susan A. McKay, and Michael G. Wessells, “Pioneers in Peace Psychology: Milton Schwebel,” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 9(4) (2003), 305–26.

243. Milton Schwebel, “Nuclear Cold War: Student Opinions and Professional Responsibility,” in Behavioral Science and Human Survival, ed. Schwebel, 217.

244. Schwebel, “Nuclear Cold War,” 219.

245. Schwebel, “Nuclear Cold War,” 222.

246. This was suggested by William R. Beardslee and John E. Mack in “Adolescents and the Threat of Nuclear War: The Evolution of a Perspective,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 56 (1983), 79–81.

247. Beardslee and Mack, “Adolescents and the Threat of Nuclear War,” 81.

248. Robert Scheer, With Enough Shovels: Reagan, Bush, and Nuclear War (New York: Random House, 1982), cover quote and 18.

249. See Beardslee and Mack, “Adolescents and the Threat of Nuclear War,” and David S. Greenwald and Steven J. Zeitlin, No Reason to Talk about It: Families Confront the Nuclear Taboo (New York: Norton, 1987). There were also workshops for adults, such as Buddhist eco-philosopher Joanna Macy’s Despair and Empowerment exercises with titles such as “Spiritual Exercises for a Time of Apocalypse.” See Joanna Rogers Macy, Despair and Personal Power in the Nuclear Age (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1983).

250. Children’s Fears of War, Hearing before the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families, House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session, Washington, DC, September 20, 1983 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), 7, 11, 13, at http://njlaw.rutgers.edu/collections/gdoc/hearings/8/84602396/84602396_1.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

251. See, for example, Lawrence S. Wittner, “Reagan and Nuclear Disarmament: How the Nuclear Freeze Movement Forced Reagan to Make Progress on Arms Control,” Boston Review, April/May 2000, at http://bostonreview.net/BR25.2/wittner.html, accessed November 12, 2014.

252. Robert Jay Lifton and Richard Falk, Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against Nuclearism (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 11. Also see Robert Jay Lifton, The Broken Connection: On Death and the Continuity of Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979).

253. Lifton and Falk, Indefensible Weapons, 7.

254. Lifton, The Broken Connection, 343.

255. Boal et al., eds., West of Eden, xxii.

256. Lifton, The Broken Connection, 345.

257. Norman Mailer, Advertisements for Myself (New York: Signet Nooks, 1960), cited in Lifton, The Broken Connection, 347.

258. Cited in Walter Isaacson, “Walker Percy’s Theory of Hurricanes,” New York Times Book Review, August 4, 2015, 32, at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/books/review/walker-percys-theory-of-hurricanes.html as of January 27, 2017.

259. Lifton and Falk, Indefensible Weapons, 67.

260. Lifton, The Broken Connection, 365.

261. Lifton and Falk, Indefensible Weapons, 115.

262. See Kingston Reif, “Would the United States Ever Actually Use Nuclear Weapons?’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 17, 2013, at http://thebulletin.org/would-united-states-ever-actually-use-nuclear-weapons, accessed November 12, 2014; Hans M. Kristensen, “How Presidents Arm and Disarm,” Federation of American Scientists, October 15, 2014, at http://fas.org/blogs/security/2014/10/stockpilereductions/, accessed November 12, 2014; Joe Cirincione, “How Big a Nuclear Arsenal Do We Really Need?” Los Angeles Times, October 21, 2014, at http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-cirincione-nuclear-weapons-20141022-story.html, accessed November 12, 2014; William J. Broad, “Which President Cut the Most Nukes?” New York Times, November 1, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/02/sunday-review/which-president-cut-the-most-nukes.html, accessed November 12, 2014; Philip Taubman, “No Need for All These Nukes,” New York Times, Sunday Review, January 7, 2012, at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/opinion/sunday/reducing-the-nuclear-arsenal.html as of January 27, 2017; and David Nakamura, “In Hiroshima 71 Years After First Atomic Strike, Obama Calls for End of Nuclear Weapons,” Washington Post, May 27, 2016, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-visits-hiroshima-more-than-seven-decades-after-the-worlds-first-atomic-strike/2016/05/27/c7d0d250-23b6-11e6-8690-f14ca9de2972_story.html, accessed June 17, 2016.

263. “The Finger on the Nuclear Button,” editorial, New York Times, February 6, 2017, a18.

264. Interview with Condoleezza Rice, “Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer,” CNN, September 8, 2002, cited in James Davis, “At War with the Future: Catastrophism and the Right,” in Sasha Lilley, David McNally, Eddie Yuen, and James Davis, Catastrophism: The Apocalyptic Politics of Collapse and Rebirth (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012), 79.

265. Julia Preston, “U.S. Faces Suit Over Tactics at Immigrant Detention Center,” New York Times, August 22, 2014, at https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/us/us-faces-suit-over-tactics-at-immigrant-detention-center.html as of January 27, 2017. The facility was located in the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, where Border Patrol recruits are subjected to a grueling and brutal indoctrination process. See Todd Miller, Border Patrol Nation: Dispatches from the Front Lines of Homeland Security (San Francisco: City Light Books, 2014).

266. Juan Carlos Llorca, “DHS Secretary Visits Artesia, N.M. Facility; Warns Immigrants ‘We Will Send You Back’,” El Paso Times, July 11, 2014, at http://www.elpasotimes.com/latestnews/ci_26128803/dhs-secretary-visit-artesia-nm-migrant-detention-center, accessed November 12, 2014, at http://archive.northjersey.com/news/homeland-secretary-visits-immigrant-holding-center-1.1050266 as of January 27, 2017.

267. Preston, “U.S. Faces Suit.”

268. Geoff Brumfiel, “Official Report: Nuclear Waste Accident Caused by Wrong Cat Litter,” National Public Radio, March 26, 2015, at http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/03/26/395615637/official-report-nuclear-waste-accident-caused-by-wrong-kitty-litter, accessed June 12, 2015.

269. Matthew L. Wald, “In U.S. Cleanup Efforts, Accident at Nuclear Site Points to Cost of Lapses,” New York Times, October 30, 2014, A17, at https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/30/us/in-us-cleanup-efforts-accident-at-nuclear-site-points-to-cost-of-lapses.html as of January 27, 2017, and Ralph Vartabedian, “Nuclear Accident in New Mexico ranks among the Costliest in U.S. History,” Los Angeles Times, August 22, 2016, at http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-new-mexico-nuclear-dump-20160819-snap-story.html, accessed September 1, 2016.

270. Eric Schlosser, Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety (New York: Penguin Books, 2014), and Ed Pilkington, “US Nearly Detonated Atomic Bomb over North Carolina—Secret Document,” Guardian, September 20, 2013, at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/20/usaf-atomic-bomb-north-carolina-1961, accessed June 15, 2015.

271. Helen Cooper, “Air Force Fires 9 Officers in Scandal Over Cheating on Proficiency Tests,” New York Times, March 27, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/us/air-force-fires-9-officers-accused-in-cheating-scandal.html, accessed June 15, 2015.

272. Final Report of the Los Alamos Historical Document Retrieval and Assessment (LAHDRA) Project, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Radiation Studies Branch, November 2010, ii, at https://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/multiplefiles2/ChemRisk%20et%20al%202010%20Final%20LAHDRA%20Report.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

273. John Avery, Progress, Poverty and Population: Re-reading Condorcet, Godwin and Malthus (London: Frank Cass, 1997).

274. Thomas R. Malthus, An Essay on Population, Volume I (New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1914), 6.

275. Cited in Avery, Progress, Poverty and Population, 72.

276. Thomas R. Malthus, An Essay on Population, Volume II (New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1914), 260.

277. “Discovery Building Gunman Spoke to NBC News,” msnbc.com, September 2, 2010, at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38962968/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/discovery-building-gunman-spoke-nbc-news/#.UL9d54ZniSom, accessed December 5, 2012.

278. Lisa Hymas, “I Am the Population Problem,” Grist, September 27, 2011, at http://grist.org/population/2011-09-27-i-am-the-population-problem/, accessed November 19, 2014.

279. Loretta J. Ross, “Fighting the Black Anti-Abortion Campaign: Trusting Black Women,” On the Issues, Winter 2011, at http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2011winter/2011_winter_Ross.php, accessed November 19, 2014.

280. Betsy Hartmann and James K. Boyce, A Quiet Violence: View from a Bangladesh Village (London: Zed Books, 1983).

281. Betsy Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control, third edition (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016).

282. Douglass North and Robert Thomas, The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1973), 8.

283. Erik Millstone, “Chronic Hunger: A Problem of Scarcity or Inequity?” in The Limits to Scarcity: Contesting the Politics of Allocation, ed. Lyla Mehta (London: Earthscan, 2010), 179–83, and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), The Environmental Food Crisis: The Environment’s Role in Averting Future Food Crises (UNEP: Nairobi, Kenya, 2009), at http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/food-crisis/, accessed November 19, 2014.

284. Tim Dyson, Population and Development: The Demographic Transition (London: Zed Books, 2010), 3. A 2014 video “Don’t Panic” by the Gapminder Foundation and Hans Rosling, a Swedish public health professor and statistician, clearly and entertainingly takes apart the myth of exponential population growth and describes the dynamics of demographic transition. At https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FACK2knC08E, accessed June 20, 2016.

285. There can also be negative reasons for declining birth rates, such as rising rates of infertility and the kind of economic and social shocks that occurred in the former Soviet Union after the collapse of Communism. In the US, birth rates declined during the Great Depression.

286. For a longer discussion of the role of family planning, see Betsy Hartmann, Anne Hendrixson, and Jade Sasser, “Population, Sustainable Development, and Gender Equality,” in Gender, Equality and Sustainable Development, ed. Melissa Leach (New York: Routledge and Earthscan, 2016), 56–81.

287. United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables (New York: U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015), 38, at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf, accessed August 13, 2015.

288. United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, 1–11.

289. Paul R. Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine Books, rev. ed., 1971), 45, cited in Thomas R. DeGregori, “Apocalypse Yesterday,” in The Apocalyptic Vision in America, ed. Zamora, 206.

290. Cited in Charles T. Rubin, The Green Crusade: Rethinking the Roots of Environmentalism (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998), 79.

291. See Thomas Robertson, The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2012), 144, for a discussion of these apocalyptic scenarios and Ehrlich’s war imagery.

292. Cited in John Tierney, “Fanisi’s Choice,” Science, 86 (January–February 1986), 42.

293. Cited in M. Jimmie Killingsworth and Jacqueline S. Palmer, “Millennial Ecology: The Apocalyptic Narrative from Silent Spring to Global Warming,” in Green Culture: Environmental Rhetoric in Contemporary America, eds. Carl G. Herndl and Stuart C. Brown (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996), 40.

294. Clyde Haberman, “The Unrealized Horrors of Population Explosion,” New York Times Retro Report, May 31, 2015, at http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/01/us/the-unrealized-horrors-of-population-explosion.html, accessed June 1, 2015. Also see accompanying video.

295. Maurice King, “Health is a Sustainable State,” Lancet 336(8716) (September 15, 1990), 664–67.

296. Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 51.

297. Robert Redfield, “Consequences of Atomic Energy,” Phi Delta Kappan 27 (April 1946), 223, cited in Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 60.

298. Daniel Lang, “A Reporter at Large,” New Yorker, November 16, 1945, 98, cited in Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light, 70.

299. Quoted in Adam Rome, “‘Give Earth a Chance’: The Environmental Movement and the Sixties,” Journal of American History 90(2) (September 2003), 525–54, cited in Robertson, The Malthusian Moment, 161–62. Robertson also notes Ehrlich’s rock star revivalist techniques.

300. Both quotations from Michael Egan, Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival: The Remaking of American Environmentalism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), 125, 130, cited in Ian Angus and Simon Butler, Too Many People?: Population, Immigration, and the Environmental Crisis (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2011), 14.

301. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, 101.

302. Allan Chase, The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, Illini Books Edition, 1980), 386.

303. See the prefaces to Population and Development Program, Population in Perspective: A Curriculum Resource, second edition (Amherst, MA: Hampshire College Population and Development Program, January 2013), at http://www.populationinperspective.org, accessed November 19, 2014, at http://globalstudies.cmswiki.wikispaces.net/file/view/PiP-Introduction.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

304. Teresa Audesirk and Gerald Audesirk, Biology: Life on Earth, 4th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 865. More recent environmental science textbooks used in the local school system have a similar message about population. For an alternative high school curriculum on population, see Population and Development Program, Population in Perspective.

305. See the video “Don’t Panic” by the Gapminder Foundation and Hans Rosling for a critique of exponential population growth.

306. Aldo Leopold, “Ecology and Politics,” in The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays by Aldo Leopold, eds. Susan L. Flader and J. Baird Callicott (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), 282–84, cited in Nathan F. Sayre, “The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98(1) (March 2008), 120–34. Sayre notes that, at the same time Leopold was writing, the British colonial administration in Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia, was imposing its own version of carrying capacity on the natives. The disruption caused by the white takeover of black farmland and the migration of male labor to the copper mines led to claims that the colony was overpopulated in some parts and underpopulated in others. Officials calculated “land carrying capacity” for different agricultural systems, and identified those areas where critical population densities would cause land degradation. Based on these calculations, over 50,000 natives were forced to move. Later, range scientists employed similar measurements of carrying capacity to justify the compulsory relocation of African pastoralists and the destocking of their herds.

307. Sabine Höhler, “‘Spaceship Earth’: Envisioning Human Habitats in the Environmental Age,” GHI Bulletin, No. 42 (Spring 2008), 65–85, and by the same author, “A ‘Law of Growth’: The Logistic Curve and Population Control Since World War II,” presented at the Technological and Aesthetic (Trans)Formations of Society conference, Darmstadt Technical University, Hessen, Germany, October 12–14, 2005.

308. Eugene P. Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1953), 123, cited in Sayre, “The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity,” 128.

309. Sayre, “The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity.”

310. William Vogt, Road to Survival (New York: William Sloane Associates, 1948), 16–17, cited in Sayre, “The Genesis, History, and Limits of Carrying Capacity,” 130.

311. Thomas Robertson, “Total War and the Total Environment: Fairfield Osborn, William Vogt, and the Birth of Global Ecology,” Environmental History 17 (April 2012), 351.

312. Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, The Population Explosion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 38–39.

313. H. Patricia Hynes, “The ‘Invisible Casualty of War’: The Environmental Destruction of U.S. Militarism,” DifferenTakes, No. 84 (Summer 2014), at http://sites.hampshire.edu/popdev/the-invisible-casualty-of-war-the-environmental-destruction-of-u-s-militarism/, accessed September 2, 2016. Also see Barry Sanders, The Green Zone: The Environmental Costs of Militarism (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2009).

314. See Population and Development Program, Population in Perspective, for a discussion of the limitations of carrying capacity. Also see Angus and Butler, Too Many People?, for an expanded critique of Malthusian concepts of the relationship between population and the environment.

315. H. Patricia Hynes, “Taking Population out of the Equation: Reformulating I=PAT,” in Dangerous Intersections: Feminist Perspectives on Population, Environment, and Development, eds. Jael Silliman and Ynestra King (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1999), 40.

316. Hynes, “Taking Population out of the Equation,” 51–54. For case studies of positive human-environment interactions, see James. K. Boyce, Sunita Narain, and Elizabeth A. Stanton, eds., Reclaiming Nature: Environmental Justice and Ecological Restoration (London: Anthem Press, 2007).

317. Ken Bausch, “Problematique and the Club of Rome,” Institute for 21st Century Agoras, n.d., at http://quergeist.net/Problematique_Club-of-Rome.htm, accessed June 26, 2015.

318. See John S. Dryzek, The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997) for a discussion of the Club of Rome and Limits to Growth; also see Robertson, The Malthusian Moment, and for a critique of ecological modeling and a history of systems engineering, Peter J. Taylor, Unruly Complexity: Ecology, Interpretation, Engagement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

319. Christian Parenti, “‘The Limits to Growth’: A Book That Launched a Movement,” Nation, December 5, 2012, at http://www.thenation.com/print/article/171610/limits-growth-book-launched-movement, accessed November 19, 2014.

320. Dryzek, The Politics of the Earth and Höhler, “‘Spaceship Earth,’” 65–85.

321. Susan Greenhalgh, “Globalization and Population Governance in China,” in Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems, eds. Aihwa Ong and Stephen J. Collier (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005), 361. Also see Greenhalgh, “Science, Modernity, and the Making of China’s One-Child Policy,” Population and Development Review 29(2) (June 2003), 163–96.

322. Carl Haub, “China Releases First 2010 Census Results,” Population Reference Bureau, May 2011, at http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2011/china-census-results.aspx, accessed November 17, 2014.

323. See Kay Ann Johnson, China’s Hidden Children: Abandonment, Adoption, and the Human Costs of the One-Child Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).

324. Susan Greenhalgh, “Patriarchal Demographics? China’s Sex Ratio Reconsidered,” Population and Development Review 38 supplement (2012), 130–49.

325. Edward Wong, “Population Control is Called Big Revenue Source in China,” New York Times, September 26, 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/27/world/asia/chinese-provinces-collected-billions-in-family-planning-fines-lawyer-says.html, accessed November 17, 2014.

326. W. Feng, Y. Cai, and B. Gu, “Population, Policy, and Politics: How Will History Judge China’s One-Child Policy?” Population and Development Review 38 (2013), 126.

327. “Appendix 2: Donella Meadows Reconsiders IPAT,” in Angus and Butler, Too Many People?, 213–16.

328. Alisha Coleman-Jensen et al., “Household Food Security in the United States in 2014,” US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service Report Summary, September 2015, at http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1896836/err194_summary.pdf, accessed June 20, 2016, at https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/err194/53740_err194.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

329. Jesse Finfrock, “Q & A: Paul Ehrlich,” Mother Jones, November/December 2008, at http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2008/10/qa-paul-ehrlich, accessed November 19, 2014.

330. Mann, 1491, 282.

331. Mann, 1491, 60, 67.

332. William Cronon, “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature,” in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995), 70–90.

333. Muir cited in Eric Michael Johnson, “Fire Over Ahwahnee: John Muir and the Decline of Yosemite,” Scientific American blog, August 13, 2014, at http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/2014/08/13/fire-over-ahwahnee-john-muir-and-the-decline-of-yosemit/, accessed November 18, 2014. Also see Mark David Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

334. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” cited in David Arnold, The Problem of Nature: Environment, Culture and European Expansion (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 100–01.

335. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, 101. For the treatment of population and overcrowding in the popular press of this time, see John R. Wilmoth and Patrick Ball, “The Population Debate in American Popular Magazines, 1946–1990,” Population and Development Review, 18(4) (December 1992), 631–68.

336. Wilmoth and Ball, “The Population Debate in American Popular Magazines,” 641, 649, 660.

337. Tom Butler and William N. Ryerson, Overdevelopment, Overpopulation, Overshoot (San Francisco: Foundation for Deep Ecology in partnership with Goff Books, 2015), 73.

338. For analysis of economics and scarcity, see The Limits to Scarcity, ed. Mehta, Part II, 69–142, and Nicholas Xenos, Scarcity and Modernity (New York: Routledge, 1989).

339. Credit Suisse Research Institute, Global Wealth Report 2015, at https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=F2425415-DCA7-80B8-EAD989AF9341D47E, accessed October 30, 2015.

340. Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, “Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2) (May 2016), 519–78, at http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/SaezZucman2016QJE.pdf, accessed February 17, 2016.

341. Andrew Ross, “The Lonely Hour of Scarcity,” Capitalism, Nature and Socialism 7(3) (1996), 3–26.

342. Julian Simon, The Ultimate Resource (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).

343. Cass R. Sunstein, “The Battle of Two Hedgehogs,” New York Review of Books, 60(19) (December 5, 2013), at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/12/05/battle-two-hedgehogs/ as of January 27, 2017.

344. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, 123.

345. T.R. Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Volume I, ed. Patricia James (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1989), 27, cited in Carole R. McCann, “Malthusian Men and Demographic Transitions: A Case Study of Hegemonic Masculinity in Mid-Twentieth-Century Population Theory,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies 30(1) (2009), 152. Also see McCann’s book, Figuring the Population Bomb: Gender and Demography in the Mid-Twentieth Century (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2017.)

346. Larry Lohmann, “Malthusianism and the Terror of Scarcity,” in Making Threats, eds. Hartmann, Subramaniam, and Zerner, 81–98, and McCann, Figuring the Population Bomb, Chapter 2.

347. For a psychological analysis of overpopulation fears, see Robert Fletcher, Jan Breitling, and Valerie Puleo, “Barbarian Hordes: The Overpopulation Scapegoat in International Development Discourse,” Third World Quarterly, 35(7) (2014), 1195–215. For the role of racism, see Kalpana Wilson, Race, Racism and Development: Interrogating History, Discourse and Practice (London: Zed Books, 2012), and Jade Sasser, “From Darkness into Light: Race, Population, and Environmental Advocacy,” Antipode 46(5) (2014), 1240–57.

348. See McCann, “Malthusian Men and Demographic Transitions,” 142–71; Betsy Hartmann and Anne Hendrixson, “Pernicious Peasants and Angry Young Men: The Strategic Demography of Threats,” in Making Threats, eds. Hartmann, Subramaniam, 225–32, and Zerner; and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?” in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, eds. C. Nelson and L. Grossberg (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 271–313.

349. Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, Chapter 12.

350. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (London: Verso, 2002). See also Corner House, “The Origins of the Third World: Markets, States and Climate,” Briefing 27, Sturminster Newton, UK, December 2002, at http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/27origins.pdf as of January 27, 2017. Baring quote is from “Famine Commission – Financial Statement,” Parliamentary Papers 1881, 68, cited in Corner House, “The Origins of the Third World,” 8.

351. Eric B. Ross, The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and Population in Capitalist Development (London: Zed Books, 1998).

352. Nancy Ordover, American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), 133.

353. Ordover, American Eugenics, 134.

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356. Matthew Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008). Connelly’s book is the most comprehensive history of the population control movement to date. Also see Edmund Ramsden, “Between Quality and Quantity: The Population Council and the Politics of ‘Science-making’ in Eugenics and Demography, 1952–1965,” Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports Online, at http://www.rockarch.org/publications/resrep/ramsden.pdf, accessed November 19, 2014.

357. Richard Lynn, “Garrett Hardin, Ph.D.: A Retrospective of His Life and Work,” The Garrett Hardin Society, at http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_lynn_2001.html, accessed November 19, 2014; and Jean Stefancic, “Funding the Nativist Agenda,” in Immigrants Out! The New Nativism and the Anti-Immigrant Impulse in the United States, ed. Juan F. Perea (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 129. For more on Hardin’s long espousal of eugenic views, see Chase, The Legacy of Malthus.

358. Simon Szreter, “The Idea of Demographic Transition and the Study of Fertility Change: A Critical Intellectual History,” Population and Development Review 19(4) (1993), 676.

359. See Connelly, Fatal Misconception, and Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, for a history of population control programs.

360. Betsy Hartmann, “The Changing Faces of Population Control,” in Policing the National Body: Race, Gender and Criminalization, eds. Jael Silliman and Anannya Bhattacharjee (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2002), 268–69; also see the 2010 documentary, A Woman’s Womb, by French director Mathilde Damoisel, at http://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/4623/A-Woman-s-Womb as of January 27, 2017.

361. In Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth? (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013), author Alan Weisman presents the problems with the one-child policy but advocates more humane versions of it as a way to reach an optimal world population and save the planet.

362. See Connelly, Fatal Misconception.

363. Kay Johnson, “China’s One Child Policy: Not Yet in the Dustbin of History,” DifferenTakes, No. 83, Winter 2014, at http://www.scribd.com/doc/202828072/DT-83-China-s-One-Child-Policy-Not-yet-in-the-dustbin-of-history, accessed November 18, 2014.

364. Hartmann and Hendrixson, “Pernicious Peasants and Angry Young Men,” and Jack A. Goldstone, “The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the World,” Foreign Affairs 89(1) (Jan./Feb. 2010), 26–30. Also see Anne Hendrixson, “Beyond Bonus or Bomb: Upholding the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Young People,” Reproductive Health Matters 22(43) (May 2014), 125–34, and Hartmann, Hendrixson, and Sasser, “Population, Sustainable Development, and Gender Equality.”

365. Kathryn Joyce, Quiverfull: Inside the Christian Patriarchy Movement (Boston: Beacon Press, 2009), 189.

366. See Southern Poverty Law Center, “Extremist Files: Virginia Abernethy,” at http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/virginia-abernethy, accessed November 19, 2014.

367. See the report by the Southern Poverty Law Center, Greenwash: Nativists, Environmentalism and the Hypocrisy of Hate, July 2010, at http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/greenwash-nativists-environmentalism-and-the-hypocrisy-of-hate, accessed November 19, 2014, at https://www.splcenter.org/20100701/greenwash-nativists-environmentalism-and-hypocrisy-hate as of January 27, 2017; and my article in the report, “The Greening of Hate: An Environmentalist’s Essay.” Also see the Center for New Community’s resources on the greening of hate at Imagine 2050: Race, Identity, Democracy, at http://imagine2050.newcomm.org/ as of January 27, 2017, and Sebastian Normandin and Sean A. Valles, “How a Network of Conservationists and Population Control Activists Created the Contemporary US Anti-Immigration Movement,” Endeavour 39(2) (June 2015), 95–105.

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369. Weisman, Countdown, 40, 42. Also see Annalee Newitz, “Has Humanity’s Explosion Become a Population Bomb?” Gizmodo, io9, January 9, 2013, at http://io9.com/5969944/has-humanitys-explosion-become-a-population-bomb, accessed November 19, 2014.

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374. Jennifer Ludden, “Should We Be Having Kids in the Age of Climate Change?” National Public Radio, August 18, 2016, at http://www.npr.org/2016/08/18/479349760/should-we-be-having-kids-in-the-age-of-climate-change, accessed September 2, 2016.

375. Betsy Hartmann, “Converging on Disaster: Climate Security and the Malthusian Anticipatory Regime for Africa,” Geopolitics 19(4) (2014), 757–83, and for information on the latest study linking Depo-Provera to higher HIV risk, see Guttmacher Institute, “New Review of Evidence on Hormonal Contraceptive Methods and Risk of HIV Acquisition in Women Underscores Differences Between Methods,” News Release, August 9, 2016, at https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2016/new-review-evidence-hormonal-contraceptive-methods-and-risk-hiv-acquisition-women, accessed December 14, 2016.

376. SisterSong and National Women’s Health Network, “Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Statement of Principles,” 2016, at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ID4cEuaV1oSAXSWdJmSi4YMs5TLCGhnomjOX0In5odU/edit, accessed Decamber 14, 2016. See also Coco Jervis, “The Great LARC Debate: Facilitating a Balanced Approach to Education and Promotion of LARCs,” National Women’s Health Network Newsletter, July/August 2015, at https://www.nwhn.org/the-great-larc-debate-facilitating-a-balanced-approach-to-education-and-promotion-of-larcs/, accessed December 14, 2016.

377. See, for example, Human Life International, “Depo-Provera: Injectable Abortion,” at http://www.hli.org/resources/depo-provera-injectable-abortion/, accessed September 9, 2016.

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388. Chris Mooney, “Why Trump’s Idea of ‘Renegotiating’ the Paris Climate Agreement is So Bizarre,” Washington Post, May 18, 2016, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/05/18/why-trumps-idea-of-renegotiating-the-paris-climate-agreement-is-so-bizarre/, accessed June 27, 2016.

389. Aaron M. McCright and Riley E. Dunlap, “Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement’s Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy,” Social Problems 50(3) (2003), 349.

390. Ross Gelbspan, Boiling Point: How Politicians, Big Oil and Coal, Journalists, and Activists Have Fueled the Climate Crisis—and What We Can Do to Avert Disaster (New York: Perseus Books, 2004), 41.

391. Kevin A. Baumert, Timothy Herzog, and Jonathan Pershing, Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, December 2005), at http://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf, accessed December 21, 2014.

392. World Bank, “CO₂ Emissions (Metric Tons per Capita).”

393. Gelbspan, Boiling Point, 51.

394. See McCright and Dunlap, “Defeating Kyoto,” for a detailed account of these political processes.

395. Two of the main scientists behind climate denial, physicists Frederick Seitz and S. Fred Singer, had not only previously worked for the tobacco industry, but for the military-industrial complex during the Cold War. Seitz helped build the atomic bomb and Singer developed Earth observation satellites. The two scientists’ connections to Cold War weapons programs made them highly respected in Washington, DC, with access all the way to the White House. To boot, they were fierce anti-Communists with a hatred for government regulation. The irony, of course, is that during the Cold War, they had made their money off the government’s largesse. See Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010).

396. Aaron M. McCright and Riley E. Dunlap, “The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public’s Views of Global Warming, 2001–2010,” The Sociological Quarterly 52 (2011), 179, at http://news.msu.edu/media/documents/2011/04/593fe28b-fbc7-4a86-850a-2fe029dbeb41.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

397. Jane Mayer, “Covert Operations: The Billionaire Brothers Who are Waging a War against Obama,” New Yorker, August 30, 2010, at http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer, accessed December 21, 2014.

398. McCright and Dunlap, “The Politicization of Climate Change,” 179.

399. Timothy B. Leduc, “Fueling America’s Climatic Apocalypse,” Worldview II(3) (2007), 255–83, at http://compocalypse.thelong19th.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ContentServer.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

400. Evangelical Climate Initiative, Climate Change: An Evangelical Call to Action, February 2006, at http://www.npr.org/documents/2006/feb/evangelical/calltoaction.pdf, accessed December 21, 2014; on Robertson, see Leduc, “Fueling America’s Climatic Apocalypse”; and Edward O. Wilson, “Apocalypse Now: A Scientist’s Plea for Christian Environmentalism,” New Republic, 235 (September 4, 2006), 17–19.

401. Molly Redden, “Whatever Happened to the Evangelical-Environmental Alliance?” New Republic, November 3, 2011, at http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/97007/evangelical-climate-initiative-creation-care, accessed December 21, 2014.

402. Cornwall Alliance, “An Evangelical Declaration on Global Warming,” May 1, 2009, at http://www.cornwallalliance.org/2009/05/01/evangelical-declaration-on-global-warming/, accessed December 21, 2014.

403. Gregg Zoroya, “Taking to the Pulpit against Climate Change,” USA Today, July 15, 2014, at http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/07/15/climate-religion-kansas-church-global-warming-evangelical/12515665/, accessed December 16, 2014.

404. Bill McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” Rolling Stone, July 19, 2012, at http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719, accessed December 21, 2014.

405. Michael T. Klare, “The New ‘Golden Age of Oil’ That Wasn’t,” Huffington Post, October 4, 2010, at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-t-klare/domestic-oil-production_b_1939260.html, accessed December 16, 2014.

406. Steve Coll, “Gusher: The Power of ExxonMobil,” New Yorker, April 9, 2012, 28–37.

407. McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math.”

408. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Clean Power Plan for Existing Power Plants,” n.d., at https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/clean-power-plan-existing-power-plants, accessed June 27, 2016.

409. Coral Davenport, “In Climate Deal with China, Obama May Set 2016 Theme,” New York Times, November 12, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/world/asia/in-climate-deal-with-china-obama-may-set-theme-for-2016.html, accessed December 16, 2014.

410. James Hansen, Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009), 269.

411. Joe Romm, “James Lovelock Finally Walks Back His Absurd Doomism, But He Still Doesn’t Follow Climate Science,” ThinkProgress, April 23, 2012, at http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/04/23/469749/james-lovelock-finally-walks-back-his-absurd-doomism-but-he-still-doesnt-follow-climate-science/, accessed December 21, 2014.

412. Mark Maslin and Patrick Austin, “Uncertainty: Climate Models at Their Limit?” Nature 486 (June 14, 2012), 183–84.

413. See Laura Johnson, “(Environmental) Rhetorics of Tempered Apocalypticism in An Inconvenient Truth,” Rhetoric Review 28(1) (2009), 29–46. “Nature hike” quote is from Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility (New York: Houghton, 2007), 105, cited by Johnson, 35.

414. Michael Barkun, Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 29–30.

415. See Mike Hulme, Why We Disagree about Climate Change: Understanding Controversy, Inaction and Opportunity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009) for a discussion of abrupt climate change and points of no return; on peak oil, see Bryant Urstadt, “Imagine There’s No Oil: Scenes from a Liberal Apocalypse,” Harper’s Magazine, August 2006, at http://harpers.org/archive/2006/08/0081156, accessed December 21, 2015; and Matthew Barrett Gross and Mel Gilles, The Last Myth: What the Rise of Apocalyptic Thinking Tells Us about America (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2012).

416. Jason Mark, “Climate Fiction Fantasy,” New York Times, December 10, 2014, A31, at https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/10/opinion/what-interstellar-and-snowpiercer-got-wrong.html as of January 27, 2017.

417. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 24–25.

418. Mike Davis, Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 281.

419. William A. Stahl, “From Peak Oil to the Apocalypse: Cultural Myths and the Public Understanding of Scientific Models” in Network Apocalypse: Visions of the End in an Age of Internet Media, ed. Robert Glenn Howard (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2011), 34.

420. Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 7, 22.

421. See the website This Changes Everything, at http://thischangeseverything.org/, accessed June 27, 2016.

422. For cogent left critiques of left climate apocalypticism, see Lilley, McNally, Yuen, and Davis, Catastrophism, Larry Lohmann, “Fetishisms of Apocalypse,” Occupied Times, October 30, 2014, at http://theoccupiedtimes.org/?p=13488, accessed December 17, 2014, and Mazen Labban, David Correia, and Matt Huber, “Apocalypse, the Radical Left and the Post-Political Condition,” Capitalism Nature Socialism 24(1) (2013), 6–8.

423. See, for example, Paul Gilding, The Great Disruption: Why the Climate Crisis Will Bring on the End of Shopping and the Birth of a New World (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2011).

424. Matthew Lepori, “There is No Anthropocene: Climate Change, Species-Talk, and Political Economy,” Telos 172 (Fall 2015), 103–24. Also see Erik Swyngedouw, “Apocalypse Forever?: Post-Political Populism and the Spectre of Climate Change,” Theory, Culture & Society, 27(2–3) (2010), 213–32.

425. Susanne C. Moser, “More Bad News: The Risk of Neglecting Emotional Responses to Climate Change Information,” in Creating a Climate for Change: Communicating Climate Change and Facilitating Social Change, eds. Susanne C. Moser and Lisa Dilling (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 75, at http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs_4800/moser_2007.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

426. Lydia Saad and Jeffrey M. Jones, “U.S. Concern About Global Warming at Eight-Year High,” Gallup, March 16, 2016, at http://www.gallup.com/poll/190010/concern-global-warming-eight-year-high.aspx, accessed June 27, 2016.

427. Davenport, “In Climate Deal with China.”

428. Peter Schwartz and Doug Randall, An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security, October 2003, 2, 15, 18, at http://www.climate.org/PDF/clim_change_scenario.pdf, accessed December 18, 2014, at http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/v1003/readings/Pentagon.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

429. Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

430. Quoted in Greg Jaffe, “U.S. Model for a Future War Fans Tensions with China and Inside Pentagon,” Washington Post, August 1, 2012, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-model-for-a-future-war-fans-tensions-with-china-and-inside-pentagon/2012/08/01/gJQAC6F8PX_story.html, accessed December 18, 2014.

431. Craig Whitlock, “Pentagon Weighs Future of Its Inscrutable Nonagenarian Futurist, Andrew Marshall,” Washington Post, October 27, 2013, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/pentagon-weighs-future-of-its-inscrutable-nonagenarian-futurist-andrew-marshall/2013/10/27/f9bda426-3cac-11e3-b6a9-da62c264f40e_story.html, accessed December 18, 2014.

432. Andrew C. Revkin, “The Sky is Falling! Say Hollywood and, Yes, the Pentagon,” New York Times, February 29, 2004, at http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/29/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-sky-is-falling-say-hollywood-and-yes-the-pentagon.html, accessed August 7, 2015.

433. See, for example, the scenario exercise by the defense think tanks, Center for a New American Security and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, published in K.M. Campbell, ed., Climatic Cataclysm: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Climate Change (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2008), 1–3.

434. Richard A. Matthew, “Bioterrorism and National Security: Peripheral Threats, Core Vulnerabilities,” in Making Threats, eds. Hartmann, Subramaniam, and Zerner, 238.

435. Christian Aid, Human Tide: The Real Migration Crisis, London, May 2007, at http://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/human-tide.pdf, accessed December 21, 2014, and Christian Aid, “World Facing Worst Migration Crisis,” press release, May 14, 2007, at http://reliefweb.int/report/world/world-facing-worst-migration-crisis, accessed December 21, 2014.

436. Stephan Faris, “The Real Roots of Darfur,” Atlantic Monthly, April 2007, at http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/04/the-real-roots-of-darfur/5701/, accessed December 21, 2014; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment, June 2007, at http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Sudan.pdf, accessed December 21, 2014; Ban Ki-moon, “A Climate Culprit in Darfur,” Washington Post, June 16, 2007, A15, at http://www.climos.com/news/articles/aclimateculprit.htm as of January 27, 2017; and Fiona Harvey, “UN Climate Panel Detailed Potential for Global Conflict,” Financial Times, October 13, 2007, at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8465cfd4-7929-11dc-aaf2-0000779fd2ac.html as of January 27, 2017. In the US, the influential defense think tank, Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), gathered a team of 11 retired US generals and admirals to produce a report which argued that global warming could help trigger widespread political instability in poor regions, especially in Africa. CNA Corporation, National Security and the Threat of Climate Change (Alexandria, VA: CNA, 2007), at http://www.cna.org/reports/climate, accessed December 21, 2014, at https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/national%20security%20and%20the%20threat%20of%20climate%20change.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

437. Norwegian Nobel Committee, “The Nobel Peace Prize for 2007,” press release, October 12, 2007, at http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/press.html, accessed December 21, 2014.

438. New York Times, “The Climate and National Security,” editorial, August 17, 2009, at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/opinion/18tue1.html, accessed December 21, 2014.

439. Harry Verhoeven, “Gardens of Eden or Hearts of Darkness? The Genealogy of Discourses on Environmental Insecurity and Climate Wars in Africa,” Geopolitics 19(4) (2014).

440. David Arnold, The Problem of Nature: Environment, Culture and European Expansion (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 28. Also see David N. Livingstone, “The Climate of War: Violence, Warfare and Climate Reductionism,” WIREs Climate Change 6(5) (September–October 2015), 437–44, and by the same author, “Stop Saying Climate Change Causes War,” Foreign Policy, December 4, 2015, at http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/04/stop-saying-climate-change-causes-war-paris-cop-21-bernie-sanders/, accessed July 25, 2016.

441. Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2004). For a critique, see Mann, 1491.

442. The term “crisis narrative” was coined by Emery Roe. See Emery M. Roe, “Except Africa: Postscript to a Special Section on Development Narratives,” World Development 23(6) (1995), 1065–69. For further critiques of these narratives, see Simon Milligan and Tony Binns, “Crisis in Policy, Policy in Crisis: Understanding Environmental Discourse and Resource-Use Conflict in Northern Nigeria,” Geographical Journal 173(2) (June 2007), 143–56; Melissa Leach and Robin Mearns, The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment (Oxford and Portsmouth, NH: International African Institute with James Currey and Heinemann, 1996); and Betsy Hartmann, “Will the Circle be Unbroken?: A Critique of the Project on Environment, Population, and Security,” in Violent Environments, eds. Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 39–62.

443. Faris, “The Real Roots of Darfur.”

444. See Alex de Waal, “Sudan: the Turbulent State,” in War in Darfur and the Search for Peace, ed. Alex de Waal (Cambridge, MA: Justice Africa and the Harvard University Global Equity Initiative, 2007), 1–38; L. Manger, “Understanding Resource Management in the Western Sudan: A Critical Look at the New Institutional Economics” in Beyond Territory and Scarcity: Exploring Conflicts over Natural Resource Management, eds. Q. Gausset, Michael A. Whyte, and T. Birch-Thomsen (Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2005), 135–48; and Harry Verhoeven, “Climate Change, Conflict and Development in Sudan: Global Neo-Malthusian Narratives and Local Power Struggles,” Development and Change 42(3) (May 2011), 679–707.

445. W. Neil Adger et al., “Human Security,” Chapter Twelve, in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 773, at http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap12_FINAL.pdf, accessed July 26, 2016.

446. Verhoeven, “Climate Change,” 695.

447. Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Trends and Implications of Climate Change for National and International Security (Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, October 2011), xv, at http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA552760.pdf, accessed September 7, 2016.

448. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, December 13, 1968, at http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_tragedy_of_the_commons.html, accessed December 21, 2014.

449. See, for example, Elinor Ostrom, “Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(3) (Summer 2000), 137–58.

450. K. Witsenburg and A.W. Roba, “The Use and Management of Water Sources in Kenya’s Drylands: Is There a Link between Scarcity and Violent Conflicts?” in Conflicts over Land and Water in Africa, eds. B. Derman, R. Odgaard, and E. Sjaastad (Oxford: James Currey, 2007), 235. For other examples, see K. Juul, “Transhumance, Tubes and Telephones: Drought-Related Migration as a Process of Innovation,” Beyond Territory and Scarcity, eds. Gausset et al.; Oli Brown, A. Hammill, and R. McLeman, “Climate Change as the ‘New’ Security Threat: Implications for Africa,” International Affairs 83(6) (2007), 1141–54; and Nils Petter Gleditsch, “Whither the Weather? Climate Change and Conflict,” Journal of Peace Research 49(1) (2012), 3–9. Also see other articles in this issue of Journal of Peace Research for a critique of climate conflict in Africa, as well as the special issue of Geopolitics 19(4) (2014) on climate and security.

451. Clionadh Raleigh and Caitriona Dowd, “Governance and Conflict in the Sahel’s ‘Ungoverned Space,’” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(2) (2013), 1–17, and Raleigh, “Political Marginalization, Climate Change, and Conflict in African Sahel States,” International Studies Review 12 (2010), 69–86.

452. James Fairhead, “International Dimensions of Conflict over Natural and Environmental Resources,” in Violent Environments, eds. Peluso and Watts, 213–36.

453. Clionadh Raleigh, Andrew Linke, and John O’Loughlin, “Extreme Temperatures and Violence,” Nature Climate Change 4 (February 2014), 76–77.

454. Eric Bonds, “Upending Climate Violence Research: Fossil Fuel Corporations and the Structural Violence of Climate Change,” Human Ecology Review (formatted preprint) (2016), 8, at https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/96101/2/Bonds%20Upending%20climate%20violence%20research%202016.pdf, accessed July 28, 2016.

455. Halvard Buhaug, “Climate-Conflict Research: Some Reflections on the Way Forward,” WIREs Climate Change 6(3) (2015), 269–75; and on green grabs, see James Fairhead, Melissa Leach, and Ian Scoones, “Green Grabbing: A New Appropriation of Nature?” Journal of Peasant Studies 39(2) (April 2012), 237–61, as well as other case studies in this issue.

456. Norman Myers, Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena (Washington, DC: Climate Institute, 1995); for a critique see Ragnhild Nordås and Nils Petter Gleditsch, “Climate Change and Conflict,” Political Geography 26(6), 627–38.

457. Oli Brown, “The Numbers Game,” Forced Migration Review 31 (2008), 8–9, at http://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/FMRpdfs/FMR31/08-09.pdf as of January 27, 2017; A. Bojanowski, “UN Embarrassed by Forecast on Climate Refugees,” Der Spiegel, April 18, 2011, at http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,757713,00.html, accessed December 21, 2014; and Fred Pearce, “Searching for the Climate Refugees,” New Scientist, April 27, 2011, at http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028104.600-searching-for-the-climate-refugees.html, accessed May 15, 2011.

458. Christian Parenti, Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence (New York: Nation Books, 2011).

459. See Bojanowski, “UN Embarrassed”; the film’s homepage is http://www.climaterefugees.com/ accessed on December 21, 2014.

460. Adger et al., “Human Security,” Chapter Twelve, in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, 771.

461. A report by the International Institute on Environment and Development (IIED) in London notes that, despite the hype about hundreds of millions of climate refugees, “The relatively high levels of uncertainty on the locally-specific impacts of climate change, combined with limited data on migration, especially internal and temporary movements, make it difficult if not impossible to predict with any precision future mobility patterns, let alone their size and direction.” Cecilia Tacoli, “Not Only Climate Change: Mobility, Vulnerability and Socio-Economic Transformations in Environmentally Fragile Areas of Bolivia, Senegal and Tanzania,” IIED Human Settlements Working Paper Series, Rural–Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies (28), (London: IIED, 2011), at http://pubs.iied.org/10590IIED.html, accessed December 21, 2014.

462. James Morrissey, “Rural–Urban Migration in Ethiopia,” Forced Migration Review 31 (2008), 28–29.

463. Carol Farbotko, “Wishful Sinking: Disappearing Islands, Climate Refugees, and Cosmopolitan Experimentation,” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 51(1) (April 2010), 53–54.

464. Jane McAdam and Maryanne Loughry, “We aren’t Refugees,” Inside Story, June 30, 2009, at http://insidestory.org.au/we-arent-refugees, accessed August 7, 2015.

465. Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) Project, Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and Human Security, a report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Oslo, Norway: GECHS, 2008), 24, at http://www.preventionweb.net/files/7946_GECHSReport3081.pdf, accessed December 21, 2014.

466. GECHS, Disaster Risk Reduction; and International Organization on Migration (IOM), “Migration, Climate Change and the Environment,” policy brief, May 2009, at http://www.egypt.iom.int/doc/iom_policybrief_en.pdf, accessed December 21, 2014, at https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/ICP/IDM/iom_policybrief_may09_en.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

467. Gregory White, Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

468. George Black, “The Gathering Storm,” OnEarth, May 28, 2008, at http://www.onearth.org/article/the-gathering-storm, accessed December 21, 2014, at http://archive.onearth.org/article/the-gathering-storm as of January 27, 2017.

469. Colin P. Kelley et al., “Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent and Implications of the Recent Syrian Drought,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(11) (March 17, 2015), 3241–46, at http://www.pnas.org/content/112/11/3241.full.pdf, accessed July 26, 2016.

470. See Alex Randall, “Syria and Climate Change: Did the Media Get It Right?,” (London: Climate and Migration Coalition, 2016), at https://climatemigration.atavist.com/syria-and-climate-change, accessed July 26, 2016.

471. Aryn Baker, “How Climate Change is Behind the Surge of Migrants to Europe,” Time, September 7, 2015, at http://time.com/4024210/climate-change-migrants, accessed July 26, 2016.

472. Fram Dinshaw, “This is What a Climate Refugee Looks Like,” National Observer, September 4, 2015, at http://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/09/04/news/what-climate-refugee-looks, accessed July 26, 2016.

473. David Nakamura, “At Coast Guard Graduation, Obama Warns of Climate Change Threat to National Security,” Washington Post, May 20, 2015, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/05/20/in-coast-guard-commencement-obama-to-link-climate-change-to-national-security/, accessed August 10, 2015. Also see White House Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks by the President at the GLACIER Conference—Anchorage, AK,” August 31, 2015, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/01/remarks-president-glacier-conference-anchorage-ak, accessed July 26, 2015.

474. U.S. Department of State, “Remarks by John Kerry at the GLACIER Conference Opening Plenary,” August 31, 2015, at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/08/246489.htm, accessed July 26, 2016, and Julie Hirschfeld Davis and Steven Lee Myers, “Obama Makes Urgent Appeal in Alaska for Climate Change Action,” New York Times, August 31, 2015, at http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/01/us/us-makes-urgent-appeal-for-climate-change-action-at-alaska-conference.html, accessed July 26, 2015.

475. Jeremy Schulman, “Bernie Sanders: Yes, Climate Change is Still Our Biggest National Security Threat,” Mother Jones, November 14, 2015, at http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/11/bernie-sanders-climate-change-isis, accessed July 27, 2016.

476. See, for example, Samer N. Abboud, Syria (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2016).

477. Jan Selby, Omar S. Dahi, Christiane Frölich, and Mike Hulme, “Climate Change and the Syrian Civil War Revisited,” unpublished paper, 2017.

478. Francesca de Châtel, “The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution,” Middle Eastern Studies 50(4) (2014), 522, 524, at https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/rochelledavis/files/francesca-de-chatel-drought-in-syria.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

479. Betsy Hartmann and Jan Selby, “Time to Drop the Climate War Talk,” Common Dreams, December 1, 2015, at http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/12/01/time-drop-climate-war-talk, accessed September 7, 2016.

480. UNHCR, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015 (Geneva, Switzerland, 2016), at http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html, accessed July 27, 2016.

481. Steven Erlanger and Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura, “U.N. Funding Shortfalls and Cuts in Refugee Aid Fuel Flight to Europe,” New York Times, September 20, 2015, 15, at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/world/un-funding-shortfalls-and-cuts-in-refugee-aid-fuel-exodus-to-europe.html as of January 27, 2017.

482. UNHCR, “Worldwide Displacement Hits All-Time High as War and Persecution Increase,” June 18, 2015, at http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2015/6/558193896/worldwide-displacement-hits-all-time-high-war-persecution-increase.html, accessed September 7, 2016.

483. Nick Turse, “The Military-Petroleum Complex,” Foreign Policy in Focus, March 24, 2008, at http://www.fpif.org/articles/the_military-petroleum_complex, accessed December 21, 2014.

484. Roger J. Stern, “United States Cost of Military Force Projection in the Persian Gulf, 1976–2007,” Energy Policy (2010), at http://www.princeton.edu/oeme/articles/US-miiltary-cost-of-Persian-Gulf-force-projection.pdf, accessed December 22, 2014.

485. See H. Patricia Hynes, “The ‘Invisible Casualty of War’: The Environmental Destruction of U.S. Militarism,” DifferenTakes (84) (Summer 2014), at http://popdev.hampshire.edu/projects/dt/84, accessed December 22, 2014, at http://traprock.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Militarism-and-the-Environment.pdf?x65644 as of January 27, 2017.

486. Department of Defense website, at http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2010/1010_energy/, accessed December 19, 2014. Apparently, as of July 2016 this site had been archived—see http://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2010/1010_energy/.

487. Emily Gilbert, “The Militarization of Climate Change,” ACME 11(1) (2012), 1–14, at http://www.acme-journal.org/vol11/Gilbert2012.pdf, accessed December 22, 2014.

488. Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, 2014 Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap (Alexandria, VA: June 2014), at http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/download/CCARprint.pdf, accessed December 22, 2014, at http://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/Downloads/CCARprint_wForward_e.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

489. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review 2014 (Washington, DC: 2014), at http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2014_Quadrennial_Defense_Review.pdf, accessed December 22, 2014, at http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/2014_Quadrennial_Defense_Review.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

490. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Trends and Implications of Climate Change and National and International Security (Washington, D.C.: October 2011), at http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA552760.pdf, accessed December 22, 2014.

491. CNA Military Advisory Board, National Security and the Accelerating Risks of Climate Change (Alexandria, VA: CNA, May 2014), 8, at http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/MAB_2014.pdf, accessed December 22, 2014, at https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/MAB_5-8-14.pdf as of January 27, 2017. Kerry cited in Coral Davenport, “Climate Change Deemed Growing Security Threat by Military Researchers,” New York Times, May 13, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/14/us/politics/climate-change-deemed-growing-security-threat-by-military-researchers.html, accessed December 22, 2014.

492. William Easterly, “Foreign Aid Goes Military,” New York Review of Books 55(19) (December 4, 2008), at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/12/04/foreign-aid-goes-military/ as of January 27, 2017.

493. National Research Council (NRC), Climate and Social Stress: Implications for Security Analysis (Washington, D.C.: 2013), 10, at https://download.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=14682, accessed on April 19, 2013.

494. See Vijay Kumar Nagaraj, “‘Beltway’ Bandits and ‘Poverty Barons’: For-Profit International Development Contracting and the Military-Development Assemblage,” Development and Change 46(4) (July 2015), 585–617.

495. Cited in Mark Akkerman, “Greenwashing Death: Climate Change and the Arms Trade,” in The Secure and the Dispossessed: How the Military and Corporations are Shaping a Climate-Changed World, eds. Nick Buxton and Ben Hayes (London: Pluto Press, 2016), 243. See this book for a detailed analysis of the securitization and militarization of climate change. Also Sanjay Chaturvedi and Timothy Doyle, Climate Terror: A Critical Geopolitics of Climate Change (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

496. See Andrew J. Bacevich, Washington Rules: America’s Path to Permanent War (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010), and Department of Defense, “Instruction—Stability Operations,” Directive 3000.05, September 16, 2009, at http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p.pdf, accessed December 22, 2014.

497. Department of Defense, “DoD Directive 4715.21: Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience,” January 14, 2016, at http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/471521p.pdf, accessed on July 29, 2016.

498. “Afrighanistan?” Economist, Jan. 26–Feb. 1, 2013, cover and editorial, 11. On US military strategy for Africa, see David Vine, “The Lily-Pad Strategy: How the Pentagon is Quietly Transforming Its Overseas Base Empire and Creating a Dangerous New Way of War,” Truthout, July 16, 2012, at http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/10347-the-lily-pad-strategy-how-the-pentagon-is-quietly-transforming-its-overseas-base-empire-and-creating-a-dangerous-new-way-of-war, accessed December 22, 2014; Nick Turse, “Obama’s Scramble for Africa: Secret Wars, Secret Bases, and the Pentagon’s ‘New Spice Route’ in Africa,” Truthout, July 12, 2012, at http://truth-out.org/news/item/10296-obamas-scramble-for-africa-secret-wars-secret-bases-and-the-pentagons-new-spice-route-in-africa, accessed December 22, 2014; and Julian E. Barnes and Evan Perez, “Terror Fight Shifts to Africa: U.S. Considers Seeking Congressional Backing for Operations Against Extremists,” Wall Street Journal, December 7, 2012, A1, at http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323316804578163724113421726 as of January 27, 2017.

499. Nick Turse, “The Pivot to Africa: The Startling Size, Scope, and Growth of U.S. Military Operations on the African Continent,” TomDispatch.com, September 5, 2013, at http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175743, accessed September 19, 2013.

500. The Defense Science Board report, for example, notes the high potential for climate-related instability in vulnerable but valuable regions, mostly in Africa, where the US fights terrorism and obtains energy resources and strategic materials. See Betsy Hartmann, “Converging on Disaster: Climate Security and the Malthusian Anticipatory Regime for Africa,” Geopolitics 19(4) (2014), 757–83.

501. J. Barry with A. Jefferys, A Bridge Too Far: Aid Agencies and the Military in Humanitarian Response, Humanitarian Practice Network, Paper 37 (London: Overseas Development Institute, 2002); and C. Hofmann and L. Hudson, “Military Responses to Natural Disasters: Last Resort or Inevitable Trend?” Humanitarian Exchange, 44 (2009), 29–31.

502. Ed McGrady, Maria Kingsley, and Jessica Stewart, Climate Change: Potential Effects on Demands for US Military Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (Alexandria, VA: CNA, November 2010), at http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Climate%20Change%20and%20Military%2013873.pdf, accessed December 22, 2014, at www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA564975 as of January 27, 2017.

503. CNA, National Security and the Accelerating Risks of Climate Change, 2. Not all military scenarios about climate change are so apocalyptic. See Chad Michael Briggs, “Climate Security, Risk Assessment and Military Planning,” International Affairs 88(5) (2012), 1049–64.

504. Barkun, Chasing Phantoms, 60–63.

505. Alex de Waal, “An Imperfect Storm: Narratives of Calamity in a Liberal-Technocratic Age” (New York: Social Sciences Research Council, 2006), at http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/deWaal/, accessed December 22, 2014; Army Times cited in Havidán Rodríguez and Russell Dynes, “Finding and Framing Katrina: The Social Construction of Disaster” (New York: Social Sciences Research Council, 2006), at http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Dynes_Rodriguez/, accessed December 22, 2014.

506. See Rebecca Solnit, A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities that Arise in Disaster (New York: Viking, 2009), for an account of law enforcement during Katrina.

507. Rodríguez and Dynes, “Finding and Framing Katrina.”

508. Barkun, Chasing Phantoms, 65.

509. For example, see Al Gore on the Oprah Winfrey show, “A Green ‘Truth’: Unnatural Disasters,” December 5, 2006, at http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/A-Green-Truth_1, accessed December 22, 2014.

510. Lester R. Brown, “Global Warming Forcing U.S. Population to Move Inland: An Estimated 250,000 Katrina Evacuees are Now Climate Refugees” (Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute, 2006), at http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update57_printable.htm, accessed January 5, 2007, at http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2006/update57 as of January 27, 2017.

511. James R. Fleming, “The Climate Engineers: Playing God to Save the Planet,” The Wilson Quarterly (Spring 2007), 48, at http://www.colby.edu/sts/climateengineers.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

512. S. Matthew Liao, Anders Sandberg, and Rebecca Roache, “Human Engineering and Climate Change,” Ethics, Policy and the Environment 15(2) (2012), 206–21, at http://www.smatthewliao.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/HEandClimateChange.pdf as of January 27, 2017.

513. Hulme, Why We Disagree about Climate Change, 333.

514. Madeline Chambers, “Germany Steps Up CO₂ Cuts to Meet 2020 Climate Goals,” Reuters, December 3, 2014, at http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/03/us-germany-climatechange-cabinet-idUSKCN0JH0RZ20141203, accessed December 22, 2014; Stefan Nicola, “Renewables Take Top Share of German Power Supply in First,” Bloomburg, October 1, 2014, at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-01/german-renewables-output-tops-lignite-for-first-time-agora-says.html, accessed December 22, 2014; and Helmut Weidner and Lutz Mez, “German Climate Change Policy: A Success Story with Some Flaws,” Journal of Environment and Development 17(4) (2008), 356–78.

515. James K. Boyce and Manuel Pastor, “Clearing the Air: Incorporating Air Quality and Environmental Justice into Climate Policy,” Climatic Change 120(4) (October 2013), 801–14.

516. Robert Pollin, Heidi Garrett-Peltier, James Heintz, and Bracken Hendricks, Green Growth: A U.S. Program for Controlling Climate Change and Expanding Job Opportunities (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress and Political Economy Research Institute, 2014), at https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/PERI.pdf, accessed August 11, 2015.

517. Solnit, A Paradise Built in Hell, 2.