Aaron’s rod, 44
Abies cilicica Antoine & Kotschy, 110
Absalom, 268
absinthe, 313
Acacia nilotica (Linnaeus) Delile, 40
Acacia senegal (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 39, 40
Acacia seyal Delile, 41
Acer pseudoplatanus Linnaeus, 251
acorns. See oak
Acorus calamus Linnaeus, 73, 74, 75
Adana, Turkey, 31
Agadir, Morocco, 280
Agavaceae, 48
Ajlon, Jordan, 133, 209, 228, 232, 246, 247, 273
akoub, 281–283
Al ’Arish, Egypt, 31
al-Aqsa Mosque, 92
Aleppo, Syria, 56, 66, 80, 176, 221, 227, 228, 288, 302
Aleppo pine. See Pinus halepensis
Alexandria, Egypt, 35, 173, 174
Algeria, 280
algum, 45
Allium ampeloprasum Linnaeus, 173
Allium cepa Linnaeus, 216
Allium kurrat Schweinfurth ex K. Krause, 173
Allium porrum Linnaeus, 173, 174
Allium sativum Linnaeus, 144
almug, 45
aloe, 48
Aloe vera Linnaeus, 48
Amman, Jordan, 65, 149, 181, 226, 240, 249
Amorite, 91
Amos, 253
Anatolia, 165
Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, 28
Andalucia, Spain, 248, 249, 250
Anemone coronaria Linnaeus, 133, 180
Anethum graveolens Linnaeus, 120–121
anodynes, 96
anointing oil, 76, 94, 197, 212
Anti-Lebanon, 33
Antioch. See Antakya
Apollo, 163
apple, 51–53
Aquilaria malaccensis Lamarck, 47, 48
araar. See thyine
Arabian Peninsula, 25, 41, 100, 136, 256
Arabic, 27
Aramaic, 27
ark of the covenant, 40
Aroer, Jordan, 271
Artemisia herba-alba Asso, 311–313
artichoke, 272
Arundo donax Linnaeus, 76–78, 85, 218, 240
asafoetida, 139
aspirin, 310
Assyria, 119
Atlantic pistacia, 265
Atlas Mountains, 280
Atractylis species, 273
Atriplex halimus Linnaeus, 306–307
ayurvedic medicine, 74, 75, 201
Azraq Oasis, 240
Baalshalishah, 55
Babylon, 122, 186, 238, 277, 308
baccalaureate, 172
Balaam, 50
balsam, 265
Barada River, 229
barley, 32, 33, 55–59, 177, 264, 288
desert, 209
gluten, 293
pearled, 58
threshing floor, 315
basil, 246
bean, 60–63
broad, 61–63
garbanzo, 61–63
beer, 300–301
behemoth, 85
Bible translations, 35–36
Biqa (Bekáa Valley), 33
bitter herbs, 64
bitters, 313
bitumen, 225
black iris. See Iris nigricans
Boaz, 58
Boswellia species, 136
Boswellia papyrifera Hochstetter, 137
bramble, 68–69
bran. See wheat
Brassica nigra Koch, 190
brazen altar, 40
bread, 56–58
bread wheat. See wheat
briar, 68
broadbean, 61–63
broom, 103
Brumanna, Lebanon, 121
Bsherri, Lebanon, 64
bulrush. See papyrus
Buxus longifolia Boissier, 45–47
Byzantine mosaics, 15, 112, 148
Calabrian pine. See Pinus brutia
calamus, 73–75
Calypso, 280
camphor, 118
Cana, Israel, 231
cane
fragrant, 76–78
giant. See Arundo donax
Capparis spinosa Linnaeus, 79, 161
Carchemish, 50
carob, 82–84
carrot, 82–84
carrot family. See Apiaceae
Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus, 249, 250, 273
cashew, 226
cattail, 85–87
Caucasus Mountains, 291
caulking, 223
Cave of Omar, Ethiopia, 195, 196
cedar
of Lebanon, 33, 88–93, 112, 274
red. See Juniperus virginiana
wood, 91–93
Cedrus libani A. Richard, 90, 92
Cephalaria syriaca Schrader, 261, 262, 263, 264
Ceratonia siliqua Linnaeus, 82
Ceratosolen arabicus Mayr, 253
charm, 96
chate melon, 104
chickpea, 61–63
chicory, 64
Chouf Cedar Preserve, Mount Lebanon, 89, 241, 242
chromatography, 28
Cicer arietinum Linnaeus, 61
Cichorium intybus Linnaeus, 64
cilantro, 97
Cilician fir. See Abies cilicica
Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees, 96
Cinnamomum cassia Blume, 96
Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, 94, 95, 96
cinnamon, 94–96
Cistus creticus Linnaeus, 168
Cistus salvifolius Linnaeus, 168
citron wood. See thyine
Citrullus colocynthis (Linnaeus) Schrader, 148, 286
Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai, 286
citrus, 246
cloth, 130
coffin, 254
Commiphora guidottii Chiovenda ex Guidotti, 194
Commiphora kataf Engler, 195, 196
Commiphora myrrha Engler, 194
coniine, 143
Conium maculatum Linnaeus, 141, 142
consecrated bread, 299
coriander, 97–99
Coriandrum sativum Linnaeus, 99
cotton, 100–101
Crocus sativus Linnaeus, 248
crown, victor’s, 170
crown anemone, 180
crown of thorns, 102–103
Cruciferae. See Brassicaceae
cucumber, 104–106
Cucumis sativus Linnaeus, 104
Cucurbita pepo var. flexuosus Nardina, 104–106
Cucurbita pepo subspecies ovifera (Linnaeus) Decker, 104, 148
black 65–67
Cuminum cyminum Linnaeus, 65, 107
Cupressus sempervirens Linnaeus, 45, 110, 111
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, 73
Cyperus papyrus Linnaeus, 218
cypress, 110–113
Cyprus, 139
Cyrene, 280
daffodil, 243
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guillemin & Perrottet, 122, 123
Damascus, 43, 76, 78, 186, 187, 194, 199, 200, 209, 229
damask, 186
dandelion, 64
Daniel, 60
darnel. See tares
date palm, 15, 25, 30, 114–119, 256
blossom, 118
fruits (dates), 114
wood, 116
Daucus carota Linnaeus, 142
David, 91, 159, 212–213, 254, 268
Dead Sea, 34, 116, 117, 156, 190, 254, 256, 258
Dibbeen, Jordan, 103, 167, 224
Dionysius, 163
Diospyros ebenum Koenig, 122–123
Diospyros virginiana Linnaeus, 123
Doctrine of Signatures, 81
Dog River. See Nahr al Kalb
donkey’s shaving brush, 272
drink offering, 300
Easter lily. See Lilium candidum
ebony, 122–124
Echinops species, 270, 272, 273
Edom, 69
elephant, 188
Elijah, 70
Empty Quarter. See Rub al Khali
endosperm, 291
English sycomore, 251
Eruca sativa Linnaeus, 191
Eruca vesicaria subspecies sativa (Miller) Thellung, 191, 192, 193
Esau, 175
Essaouira, Morocco, 279
Eschol, 152
Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmelin, 93
Euphorbia milii Des Moulins, 103
Euphrates River, 33, 34, 56, 238, 240
Ezekiel’s temple, 118
Faidherbia albida (Delile) Chevalier. See Acacia alba
favism, 61
Feast of Shelters. See Feast of Tabernacles
Feast of Tabernacles, 200, 308
Ferula assa-foetida Linnaeus, 139
Ferula hermonis Boissier, 139
Ficus carica Linnaeus, 126
Ficus sycomorus Linnaeus, 251, 254, 255
caprifig, 128
cursed, 126
poultice, 129
sycamore fig. See sycomore
fir, 110
fire-maintained communities, 111, 223
fitches, 65
flax, 130–132
flower of the field, 133–135
flute, 78
fox, 152
frankincense, 136–138
frikeh. See wheat, green roasted
Fuheis, Jordan, 77
galbanum, 139
Galilee, 127, 151, 160, 170–171, 182, 211
gall, 140–143
insect, 268
garbanzo bean. See chickpea
Garden of Eden, 25, 51, 52, 53, 126
garique, 31
garlands, 163
garlic, 144–145
Gaza, 255
Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East, 35
Geranium libanoticum Boissier & Blanche, 90
Ghor, 133
Gibeah, 259
Gilgal, 193
gin, 93
ginger, 146–147
gladiolus, 243–245
Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boissier, 243
Gladiolus italicus Miller, 243, 244
glume, 290
Goliath, 268
gopher wood, 113
Gossypium species, 100
green, roasted. See wheat
Gramineae. See Poaceae
candy, 154
flowers, 152
green, 154–155
juice, 154
leaves, 155
pruning, 150–152
red, 154
sour grape power, 228
unripe, 154
white, 150
wood, 150
Great Rift Valley, 31, 33, 34, 56, 168
Greek
culture, 170
language, 27
Orthodox Church, 169
green tree, 265
gum arabic, 38
Gundelia tournefortii Linnaeus, 281
Hagar, 259
Hama, Syria, 145
hand mill, 299–300
hapex legemenon, 144
Hauran, 34, 152, 209, 260, 266
Hebrew, 27
Hebron, 134, 151, 152, 274, 275
Hedera helix Linnaeus, 163, 165
henna, 156–158
Hibiscus species, 306
holly, 163
holy tree, 212
Hordeum bulbosum Linnaeus, 206
Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch, 155, 209
Hordeum vulgare Linnaeus, 55, 32
humous, 61
Hyoscyamus reticulatus Linnaeus, 143
Hyphaene thebaica Martinus, 116
hyssop, 159-162
ink, 200
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, 176, 306, 307
Iris nigricans Dinsmore, 134
Ishmael, 259
Italy, 79
ivy, 163-165
James the Apostle, 172
Jbeil, Lebanon. See Byblos
Jdeidet, Syria, 98
jealousy offering, 58
Jebel Abdel Aziz, Syria, 134, 189, 192, 266
Jebel al Arab, 34
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 34
Jericho, 30, 71, 157, 179, 185, 197, 241, 254
Jesus, 126, 184, 189, 191, 263, 288
Jezebel, 70
Joash, 212
Job, 306
John the Apostle, 220
John the Baptist, 283
Jonah, 16
Jordan River, 107, 228, 238, 283, 309, 318
Jordan Valley, 87, 108, 117, 133, 168, 228, 237, 238
Josephus, 197
Judas, 201
Judean Desert, 158
Juglans nigra Linnaeus, 284
Juglans regia Linnaeus, 284
jujube, 276
berries, 93
Juniperus drupacea Labillardière, 113
Juniperus excelsa von Bieberstein, 110, 113
Juniperus oxycedrus Linnaeus, 18, 111, 113
Juniperus phoenicea Linnaeus, 113
Juniperus virginiana Linnaeus, 92
Kashmir, 250
Kharbur River, 238
Khartoum, Sudan, 41
King Ahab, 60
King of Babylon, 125
King of Egypt, 230
King Hezekiah, 129
King Solomon. See Solomon
King of Tyre, 110
Kufur Yusef, Israel, 160
Kufur Sumei, Israel, 159, 170, 171, 182, 210, 211
ladanum (labdanum), 166–169
Lake Merom, 220
lamp stand, 44
Lauraceae, 170
laureate, 172
laurel, 170–172
wreath, 170
Laurus nobilis Linnaeus, 170, 172
Lawsonia inermis Linnaeus, 156
Leah, 181
leather preservative, 210
Lebanese geranium, 89
Lebanon, 122
leek, 173–174
lemon grass, 73
Lens culinaris Medikus, 175
leprosy, 92
lettuce. See Lactuca
levitical offering, 300
lign aloes, 50
Lilium candidum Linnaeus, 178
lily of the field, 178–180
linen, 100, 130, 131, 132, 186
linseed oil, 132
Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus, 100, 130
Lolium temulentum Linnaeus, 261, 262, 263, 264
lote, 275
lotus, 85
Lotus species, 85
love philtre, 96
Luke, 246
Malta, 280
malting, 301
Malus pumila Miller (Pyrus malus Linnaeus), 51
Mamre, 154
Manbij, Syria, 238
Mandragora officinarum Linnaeus (M. officinalis), 181
mandrake, 181–183
maple, 251
marjoram, 31
Masada, 256
Matale, Sri Lanka, 74
Mayas, Syria, 206
measuring
instrument, 76
Mecca, 34
Medaba, Jordan, 15, 112, 182, 262, 296
Medina, 34
melon, 286–287
menorah. See lamp stand
Mentha longifolia Host, 184
metal preservative, 210
mill stone, 300
mint, 184–185
monumental doors, 112
mortar and pestle, 292–293
Morus nigra Linnaeus, 188
Mount Lebanon, 31, 89, 111, 112, 164
Mount Tabor, 43
Mouride sect, 93
Mukaddasi, 209
Mukhtara, Lebanon, 243
mustard, 189–193
black, 190
family. See Brassicaceae
white, 190
myrtle, 198–200
Myrtus communis Linnaeus, 198
Nablus, Palestinian Territories, 274
Naboth, 60
Nahr el Kalb, Lebanon, 104, 192, 228, 287
Nain, Israel, 68
Narcissus species, 243
narcotic, 142
Nardostachys jatamansi de Candolle, 16, 156, 201, 202
Negev, Israel, 149
Nelumbo lutea (Willdenow) Persoon, 85
nettle, 203–205
Nicodemus, 50
Nigella sativa Linnaeus, 65
nightshade, 181
Delta, 35
Numbers sacrifice, 159
nuts of Aleppo, 226
nut tree, 285
Bashan, 206–209
oak-terebinth forest type, 265
Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus, 246
Odyssey, 280
oestrone, 233
Olea europaea Linnaeus, 210
Olea europaea var. sylvestris (Miller) Lehr, 215
condiment, 210
feral, 215
leaves, 213
root, 213
sprouts, 213–214
wild, 215
wood, 214
Ophir, 45
Opuntia species, 18
oregano, 161
Origanum syriacum Linnaeus, 161, 162
Oromia State, Ethiopia, 131
Orontes River, 33
Paeonia mascula (Linnaeus) Miller, 89, 90
Pakistan, 295
Palestine pistacia, 265–268
palm, 114–119
Palm Sunday, 28
Palmyra, Syria, 224
Papaver rhoeas Linnaeus, 133, 180
Papaver somniferum Linnaeus, 141, 143
Paracelcus, 81
parched corn. See wheat, green roasted
Paul the Apostle, 58, 170, 304
Peradenya, Sri Lanka, 95, 122, 123
perfume, 96
perfumed wood. See thyine
persimmon, 112
Phoenix dactylifera Linnaeus, 30, 114, 116
photosensitization, 246
Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Steudel, 238
phytolith, 305
pillar, 233
Aleppo. See Pinus halepensis
Calabrian, See Pinus brutia
nuts, 221
stone, 221
umbrella, 221
Pinus brutia Tenore, 110, 221, 223, 224
Pinus halepensis Miller, 110, 167, 168, 221, 223, 224
Pinus pinea Linnaeus, 221
pinyon nuts, 221
pistachio, 226–227
Pistacia atlantica Desfontaines, 265, 267
Pistacia khinjuk Stocles, 266
Pistacia lentiscus Linnaeus, 269
Pistacia lentiscus var. chio Desfontaines ex Poiret, 269
Pistacia palaestina Boissier (Pistacia terebinthus var. palaestina), 265, 268
Pistacia terebinthus Linnaeus, 265
Pistacia vera Linnaeus, 226
plane tree, 228–230
Platanus ×hispanica ‘Acerfolia’, 228
Platanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 228, 251, 254
Platanus orientalis Linnaeus, 228
Platres, Cyprus, 129
Poaceae (Gramineae), 290
poison hemlock, 140–143
pomegranate, 231–234
Populus alba Linnaeus, 87
Populus balsamifera Linnaeus, 235–237, 268
Populus euphratica Olivier, 230, 235, 236, 237, 308
Post, George Edward, 18, 29, 200
prickle, 272
Prophet Mohammad, 116
Prunus armeniaca Linnaeus, 51
Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. A. Webb, 42, 230
Pterocarpus species, 47
Ptolemais, 163
Punica granatum Linnaeus, 231
purgative, 161
Pyrus malus Linnaeus. See Malus pumila
Queen Anne’s lace, 142
Queen of Sheba, 197
Quercus calliprinos Webb, 30, 206, 209
Quercus ithaburensis Decaisne, 206, 209
quern, 299
quill, 94
Quran translations, 36
Qurnat as Sawda’, 31–33
radicchio, 64
Rachel, 181
Rahab, 130
rainfall, 33
raisin, 150
Ramallah, Palestinian Territories, 79, 83, 217
Ras Muhammad, 29
raspberry, 68
red heifer offering, 159
reed, 238–240
Retamå raetam (Forrskål) Webb, 70
retting, 130
Rhodes, 122
rice, 56
rocket, 191
Rosa phoenicia Boissier, 241, 242
Rub’ al Khali, 35
Rubia tinctorium Linnaeus, 90
rue, 246–247
Ruta chalepensis Linnaeus, 246
sacred groves, 88
safflower. See Carthamus tinctorius
saffron, 248–250
Sahara, 286
Saladin Citadel, Syria, 111, 127
Salix acmophylla Boissier, 308
Salix alba Linnaeus, 308
Salix babylonica Linnaeus, 237
salsibil, 146
Salsola kali Linnaeus, 281
saltbush. See Atriplex halimus
salt herbs, 306
Salvadora persica Linnaeus, 190
Samaritans, 161
sandalwood. See Santalum album
sandarac. See thyine, resin
Santalum album Linnaeus, 45, 47, 214
Sarcopoterium spinosum Spach, 102, 103
sarcotesta, 233
sassafras, 172
Saul. See King Saul
scabiosa, 262
scanning electron microscopy, 301
scented wood. See thyine
Schweinfurth, Georg August, 174
scion, 213
segetal, 261
semolina flour. See wheat, durum
Senana, Ethiopia, 62
Senegal, 93
Shechem, 267
shield, 213
silkworm, 186
Silybum marianum (Linnaeus) Gaertner, 273
Sinapis alba Linnaeus, 189
Sinapis arvensis Linnaeus, 190
Sinapis juncea (Linnaeus) G. H. Loos, 190, 191
six species of the land, 54, 129, 231, 288
Slenfeh, Syria, 89
sluggard, 276
Solay, Ethiopia, 130
carriage, 47
house, 91
robes, 178
temple, 45, 91, 110, 118, 148, 233
writings, 194
sour grape powder. See grape
sour grapes. See grape
spelt, 293–294
spikenard. See nard
spiny burnet, 102–103
Spring of Elijah, 30
Stellenbosch, South Africa, 83
Sterculia setigera Delile, 93
stone pine. See Pinus pinea
Straight Street, Damascus, 266
straw, 302
Sudan, 93, 106, 136, 157–158, 286
Sudanian flora, 34
sunflower family, 272–273, 311
sweet cane, 73
sweet myrtle, 73
sycamore, 24, 188, 228, 251, 254
sycomore, 251–255
syconium, 127, 128, 251, 253, 254
Syrian hyssop. See Origanum syriacum
Table of Shewbread (Showbread), 40
Tamara, Morocco, 279
tamarisk, 256–260
Tamarix aphylla (Linnaeus) H. Karsten, 256
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenberg) Bunge, 256
tameeah, 174
tannin, 268
Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers, 64
Taxus baccata Linnaeus, 47
Tayasir, Palestinian Territories, 32
Tel Tamir, Syria, 52
temper, 302
terebinth, 265–269
testimony, 25
testis, 79
Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters, 277
thornbush, 274–276
threshing, 295–297
thyine, 277–280
ancient use, 277
coppicing, 280
resin, 280
wood, 277–279
Tigray Province, Ethiopia, 137, 275
tillering, 290
tithing, 120
Tobiah, 152
touba, (tuba), 93
tree
of Hell. See zaqqum
of life, 24
memorial, 267
unique to Quran, 25
tribulum, 297
Triticum aestivum Linnaeus, 292
Triticum dicoccum Schübler, 292
Triticum durum Desfontaines, 292
Triticum monococcum Linnaeus, 292
Triticum spelta Linnaeus, 294
Tsuga species, 142
Tubas, Palestinian Territories. See Thebez
tulip, 243
Tulipa species, 243
tumbleweed, 281–283
Turkey, 79
Tutankhamun, 67
Typha domingensis Persoon, 87
Um al Jamal, Jordan, 204
umbrella pine. See Pinus pinea
Um Qais, Jordan, 125
upright man, 91
Urtica pilulifera Linnaeus, 203, 204, 205
urticaria, 205
Valley of Elah, 268
Valley of Eschol, 152
vetch, 65
Vitis vinifera Linnaeus, 22, 150–155
Wadi Arabah, Jordan, 71
Wadi Jhanem, Lebanon, 145
Wadi Mujib, Jordan, 256
Wadi Rajib, Jordan, 77
walnut, 284–285
black, 284–285
candied green, 284
English, 284–285
watermelon, 286–287
wattle and daub, 304
weed, 261
weeping willow, 237
wetland, 218
bran, 290
bread, 299–300
bedding, 304
einkorn, 292
endosperm, 291
evolution, 290–292
flower, 290
free-threshing, 291, 292, 293, 294
germ, 291
grain, 290–291
hulled, 291–292
shattering, 291
straw, 302–303
tillering, 290
weeds, 182
wick, 132
Wilderness of Judea, 55
wild greens, 306–307
of Babylon, 308
bark, 310
weeping, 237
withe (with), 310
wood, 310
wine amphora, 225
with (withe). See willow
wormwood, 311–313
Yemen, 274
yew, 47
Zara River, Jordan, 87
Zerubbabel, 212
Zingiber officinale Roscoe, 146
Ziziphus lotus (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 276