INDEX
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Adélaïde, Madame (Louis XV’s daughter): names MA l’Autrichienne; appearance; formal address; wishes to accompany MA to Paris (1772); leaves for Rome; uncompromising attitude to new ways; on MA’s death
Adhémar, Comte d’
Adieux de la Reine à ses Mignons et Mignonnes (pamphlet)
Agoult, Vicomte d’
Aiguillon, Emmanuel Armand, Duc d’
Aiguillon, Louise Félicité, Duchesse d’
Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of (1748)
Albert, Prince of Saxe-Teschen: marries Marie Christine; rivalry with Durfort; MA allowed to write to; visits Versailles; in Belgium; exiled
Alexandra, Empress of Nicholas II of Russia
Alsace: risings (1789)
Amalia, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister): marriage prospects; place in family; character; at brother Joseph’s wedding; mother’s advice to on marriage; departure on marriage; wedding; breach with mother; political intrigues
Amelia, Princess of Saxony
Amélie, Queen of the French (Maria Carolina’s daughter)
American Revolution; see also United States of America
Ami du Peuple, L’ (newspaper)
Ami du Roi, L’ (newspaper)
Andouins, Captain d’
Angoulême, Duchesse d’ see Marie Thérèse Charlotte (MA’s daughter)
Angoulême, Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duc d’
Anne of Austria, Regent of France
Anti-Fédéraliste, L’ (newspaper)
Antwerp
Aquitaine, Duc d’
Aranda, Pedro Abarca y Bolea, Count d’
Armand, Comte de
Arnould, Sophie
Artois, Charles, Comte d’ (Louis XVI’s brother; later King Charles X): MA meets; character; in dance dispute; marriage; and death of Louis XV; relations with MA; extravagance; amateur theatricals; at MA’s childbirth; as proxy for Joseph at MA’s child’s christening; signs Mémoire des Princes; accused of controlling flour; hardline views; flees France; supports MA’s moving to Metz; influence on Madame Elisabeth; counter-revolutionary plans; as prospective Regent; Leopold prevents from taking military action; militancy; Jarjayes attempts to influence; present at Pillnitz; MA communicates with from Temple; displaced by Louis Philippe; ascends throne
Artois, Thérèse of Savoy, Comtesse d’: marriage; at court of Versailles; prospective pregnancy; appearance; sexual activities with husband; pregnancies and children; satirized; flees France; death
Assembly of Notables
Atkyns, Charlotte, Lady
Audrein, Abbé
Aufresne (French actor)
Augeard, J.M.
Auguié, Madame Adélaïde (Madame Campan’s sister)
Augusta, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt
Auguste, Prince of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Auguste (royal goldsmith)
Augustus II (“the Strong”), King of Poland
Augustus III of Saxony, King of Poland
Aumale, Duc d’
Austria: forms defensive pact with France (1756); court life and style; war with Prussia and England; and dynastic marriages with France; and Bavarian crisis; foreign policy; alliance with Russia; deteriorating relations with France; conflict with Turkey; and Joseph II’s death; MA hopes for military support from; and MA’s attempted flight; alliance with Prussia (1792); Louis declares war on (1792); recovers Liège; military successes against French; indifference to liberating MA; MA expected to favour
Austrian Succession, War of (1740–48)
Ayen, Jean Paul François, Duc d’ (later Duc de Noailles)
Babeuf, Gracchus
Bachaumont, Louis Petit de
Bailly, Jean Sylvain
Barnave, Antoine
Barrère de Viruzac, Bertrand
Barthélémy (interior designer)
Bassenge, Paul
Bastille: stormed; anniversaries of fall
Batz, Jean, Baron de
Bault (jailer)
Bault, Madame
Bavaria: succession crisis (1777–9)
Béarn, Pauline, Comtesse de (née de Tourzel): accompanies mother into royal household; Louis Charles’s devotion to; MA consoles; amused by Comtesse de Provence; learns billiards from Louis XVI; and Mesdames Tantes’ formal etiquette; prepares girl’s clothing for Louis Charles’s escape; on effect of detention on Marie Thérèse; and Louis XVI’s departure for Assembly; and mob attack on Tuileries; imprisoned with royals; takes Marie Thérèse to parents’ graves
Beatrice d’Este: marriage to Archduke Ferdinand; visits Versailles
Beauclerk, Lord Edward
Beaucourt, Marquis de
Beaujolais, Comte de
Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de; Le Barbier de Séville; Le Mariage de Figaro
Beaumont, Christophe de, Archbishop of Paris (1774)
Belgium (Austrian Netherlands): revolts in; risk of Austrian loss of; French occupy
Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de
Berry, Mary
Bertin, Rose
Besenval, Pierre, Baron de
Blaikie, Thomas
Blumendorf, Counsellor
Boehmer, Charles Auguste; and Diamond Necklace Affair
Boigne, Comtesse de
Bombelles, Angélique, Marquise de
Bombelles, Marc Marie, Marquis de: on Noailles family; and MA’s pregnancies and children; on dress etiquette; on Sèvres porcelain; and Gustav III’s visit; on invalid Louis Joseph; witnesses visit of Tippoo’s envoys; and Louis XVI’s distress over MA’s possible affair with Fersen; on constitutional changes; reports MA’s remarks on “good people,”; and royals’ escape attempt
Bordel Patriotique, Le (play)
Börtz, Daniel: Marie Antoinette and Fersen (opera)
Boucher, François
Bouillé, Charles de
Bouillé, Comte Louis de
Bouillé, Louis, Marquis de
Bouillon, Charles Godefroid, Duc de
Bourbon, Louis Henri, Duc de
Bourbon, Louise Françoise, Duchesse de
Bourbon-Penthièvre see Penthièvre
Bourbons: pretenders to French throne
Bourgoigne, Louis, Duc de
Boutin (financier)
Brancas, Marie Angélique, Duchesse de
Brandeis, Countess
Breteuil, Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de: succeeds Durfort as Ambassador; and MA’s interest in Fersen; MA favours for Minister of Royal Household; and MA’s acquisition of Saint Cloud; background and diplomatic career; and Diamond Necklace Affair; and trial of Cardinal Rohan; resigns as Minister of Royal Household; succeeds Necker as Finance Minister; dismissed; suggests MA and Louis move to Metz; and Louis XVI’s legitimate authority; and Louis XVI’s escape attempt
Brienne see Loménie de Brienne
Brionne, Comtesse de
Brissac, Louis Hercule Timoléon, Duc de
Brissot, Jean Pierre
Broglie, Marshal Victor François, Duc de
Brunier, Dr.
Brunier, Madame
Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of; Manifesto (1792)
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclercq, Comte de
Burke, Edmund: Reflections on the Revolution in France
Burney, Charles
Cagliostro, Alessandro, Count
Calonne, Charles Alexandre,
Campan, François
Campan, Madame Henriette (née Genet): on MA’s intelligence; and Maria Teresa’s enquiry about MA’s happiness; on MA’s bridal dress; on MA’s compassion; on MA’s bearing; background and court position; on MA’s reaction to birth of Artois’ son; on MA’s rejection of Lauzun’s advances; on MA’s mockery; on MA’s pregnancy and childbirth; on MA’s theatre-and opera-going; on Louis XVI’s pleasure at birth of son; pleads with MA for reinstatement of porter; silence on MA/Fersen liaison; reads Beaumarchais’ Figaro; on MA’s attitude to portraits; and Boehmer’s diamond necklace; acquires portrait of Jeanne Lamotte; and MA’s reaction to Rohan verdict; and MA’s proposed move to Metz; on anti-revolutionary sentiments at Versailles banquet; sees MA in Paris (1789); sees Catherine the Great’s letter to MA; and MA’s declining to escape from Saint Cloud; warned of MA’s flight; meets MA on return to Tuileries; and Madame Jarjayes; and Louis XVI’s status under new Constitution; and effect on MA of mob invasion of Tuileries; and MA’s hope of foreign rescue; with MA in Assembly
Campan, Pierre
Canova, Antonio
“Carnation Plot,”
Caroline, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg
Caroline Matilda, Princess (Queen of Denmark)
Carteron, Jean Baptiste
Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo
Castelot, André and Alain Decaux: Je m’appellais Marie Antoinette (play)
Castries, Charles, Marquis de
Catherine II (the Great), Tsarina of Russia
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II of England
Catherine de’ Medici, Regent of France
Chalon, Jean
Chamfort, Sébastian Roch Nicolas de: Mustapha et Zéangir
Chamilly, M. de (valet)
Champ de Mars, Paris
Chardin, Jean Simeon
Charles I, King of England
Charles II, King of England
Charles III, King of Spain
Charles VI, Emperor
Charles X, King of the French see Artois, Charles, Comte d’
Charles, Archduke of Austria (Emperor Francis II’s son)
Charles, Archduke of Austria (MA’s brother)
Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia
Charles, Prince (later Duke) of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Charles, Prince (later Duke) of Zweibrücken
Charles, Prince of Liechtenstein
Charles, Prince of Lorraine
Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
Charlotte, Archduchess see Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples
Charlotte, Princess of Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont (MA’s paternal aunt)
Charlotte, Queen of George III of Britain
Charlotte Wilhelmine, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt: friendship with MA; and birth of MA’s son; marriage to Prince Charles; and MA’s 1784 pregnancy; death in childbirth
Chartres, Duchesse de see Orléans, Duchesse d’
Chartres, Louis Philippe, Duc de (later Duc d’Orléans; then King Louis Philippe): birth; becomes Duc de Chartres; marriage prospects; baptism; in procession; watches mob march; at Fête de la Fédération; marriage to Amélie
Chateaubriand, François René, Vicomte de
Châteauroux, Marie Anne, Duchesse de
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard
Chauveau-Lagarde, Claude
Chimay, Prince de
Chimay, Princesse de
Choiseul, Claude, Duc de
Choiseul, Duchesse de
Choiseul, Etienne-François, Duc de: pro-Austrian sentiments; disparages Amelia and Frederick Augustus; forbids Durfort to receive MA in home; welcomes MA on arrival in France; and Comtesse de Brionne; exiled; not reappointed on death of Louis XV; MA seeks to help; favours Castries
Choisy
Cholet, Abbé
Chrétien (of Temple kitchen)
Christoph, Paul
Clement of Saxony, Elector of Trier, Archbishop of Cologne
clergy (French): under Civil Constitution
Clermont, Frances, Countess of (née Murray)
Clermont, Mademoiselle de (Condé’s daughter)
Clermont-Tonnerre, Marquise de
Cléry, Hanet
Cléry, Madame
Clothilde, Madame (later Queen of Sardinia; Louis XVI’s sister; “Gros-Madame”)
Coblenz
Coigny, Marie François Henri, Duc de
Coke, Lady Mary
Committee of Public Safety
Commune of Paris
Compiègne
Conciergerie
Condé, Louis Joseph, Prince de
Condé, Mlle de
Confederates (provincial troops)
Constituent National Assembly see Legislative Assembly; National Assembly
Conti, Louis François, Prince de
Conti, Princesse de
Corday, Charlotte
Cordeliers Club
Corigliano, John: The Ghosts of Versailles (opera)
Cornwallis, General Charles, 1st Marquis
Cossé, Duchesse de
Coster, Anne Vallayer
Courtot (sculptor)
Cowper, Emily
Cradock, Mrs
Craufurd, Quentin
Crimea
Croÿ, Duc de
Custine, General Adam Philippe, Comte de
Damas, Comte Charles de
Dangé, Commissioner
Danton, Georges
Daujon, Commissioner
David, Louis
Davies, Marianne and Cecilia
Dazincourt, Joseph
Desclozeaux, Pierre Louis
Deslon (hussar officer)
Desmoulins, Camille
Destruction de l’Aristocratisme, La (play)
Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of
Diamond Necklace Affair
Diderot, Denis: Les Bijoux Indiscrets
Dietrichstein, Count
Dillon, Edward (le beau )
Dillon, Madame
divorce: legalized in France (1790)
Dorset, John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of,
Doucoudray, Tronson
Drouet, Jean Baptiste
Du Barry, Marie Jeanne, Comtesse (née Bécu): as Louis XV’s mistress; MA meets at Compiègne; addresses King; MA’s attitude to; dislike for Choiseul; pets; hostility with MA; and Louis XV’s health decline; banishment; dressmaking bills; jewellery; executed
Dubouchage (Minister of the Navy)
Ducreux, Joseph
Dufour (memorialist)
Dumouriez, General François
Duport, Adrien
Durand, Camille
Duras, Duchesse de
Duras, Emmanuel Félicité, Duc de
Duras, Marquise de
Durfort, Marquis de
Durosoy (publisher)
Dutens, Louis
Dutilleul, Sophie
Edgeworth de Firmin, Henry Essex, Abbé
Eleanora of Neuburg, Empress of Leopold I
Elisabeth Charlotte d’Orléans, Princesse (MA’s paternal grandmother)
Elisabeth, Madame (Louis XVI’s sister): favours Angélique de Bombelles; MA meets; greyhounds; leaves Versailles for Choisy; relations with MA; Joseph’s rumoured interest in; given Montreuil property; portrayed in dairymaid’s bonnet; sees body of MA’s daughter Sophie; taken from Versailles to Paris; detained in Tuileries; criticizes Louis XVI for inaction; on necessity for civil war; reads Burke’s Revolution in France; in MA’s escape attempt; decries public appearances; plays backgammon with Louis XVI; behaviour in face of mob; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; dress adapted for Pauline de Tourzel; detention and life in the Temple; renamed “Capet,”; separated from Louis XVI; and Louis XVI’s execution; communicates with Provence and Artois from Temple; religious piety; accused of sexual abuse of Louis Charles MA writes final letter to; executed; ignorance of MA’s death; represented on sculptural group
Elizabeth, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister): marriage prospects; place in family; at brother Joseph’s wedding; remains unmarried; scarred by smallpox; and mother’s final illness
Elizabeth Christina, Empress (MA’s maternal grandmother)
Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick-Bevern, Queen of Frederick II
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
Elliott, Grace
Éloffe, Madame (wool and silk purveyor)
Emery, Jacques André, Abbé
England: war with France in North America (1754); war with Austria; fights in American Revolution; Spain proposes joint operations against; peace with France (1783); France declares war on (1793)
Estaing, Charles Henri d’
Estaing, Jean Baptiste, Comte d’
Estates General
Esterhazy family
Esterhazy, Count Valentin,
Eugene, Prince of Savoy
Eugénie, Empress of Napoleon III
Family Pact (1761)
Fausselandry, Vicomtesse de
Favras, Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de
Fellborn, Claes
Fénélon, François de Salignac de La Mothe
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (MA’s brother): childhood; place in family; acts as proxy bridegroom to MA; portrait miniature sent to MA; visits Versailles
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, Don: marriage; and Louis XV’s view of MA’s marriage relations
Ferdinand, King of Naples: prospective marriage; marriage to Charlotte (Maria Carolina); and Austrian dowries; marriage relations
Fersen, Count Axel: background; meets MA; absence from France; returns from Sweden; MA’s fondness for; serves French cause in American war; attitude to MA; returns from America; developing relations with MA; marriage prospects; colonelcy; accompanies Gustavus III to France; finds dog for MA; as putative father of MA’s children; on MA’s waning popularity; makes trip to England; Saint-Priest’s friendship with; as Swedish emissary; affair with Eléanore Sullivan; and Louis XVI’s wish to move to Metz; stays at Versailles; and women’s march on Versailles; greets MA and Louis XVI in Paris (1789); advocates MA’s flight and escape; MA borrows from; joins MA and party on escape attempt; reaches Brussels; blamed for Louis XVI’s flight; MA writes to after arrest; on MA’s rumoured liaison with Barnave; returns to Paris in disguise and meets MA; MA reports details of conduct of French war with Austria; MA reports to on increasing threats; flees from Belgium; anxieties over MA’s fate; Jarjayes proposes mission to; and Austrian caution over liberating MA; killed; reaction to MA’s death
Fête de la Fédération
Feuillant party
Fitzgerald, Lord Robert
Flanders Regiment
Florian, Jean Pierre
Fontainebleau; Treaty of (1785)
Foster, Lady Elizabeth
Fouché, Mademoiselle
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin
Fox, Charles James
Fragonard, Jean Honoré
France: forms defensive pact with Austria (1756); war with England in North America (1754); royal succession in; bread and grain riots (“Flour War”); financial deficit; intervenes in American Revolution; forms alliance with USA (1778); and Bavarian settlement; and Austrian alliance with Russia; deteriorating relations with Austria; peace with England (1783); administrative structure; tax reforms; revolution predicted; poor harvests (1788–9) and rising bread prices; weakening alliance with Austria; National Assembly proclaims new Constitution; 1789 riots in; aristocrat émigrés from (1789); divorce legalized in (1790); Louis XVI accepts new Constitution; proposed actions against émigrés; war with Austria (1792); crown jewels plundered; revolutionary calendar; military successes against Prussia; declares war on England, Spain and Holland (1793); defeats by Austrians; see also French Revolution
Francis II, Emperor (earlier Archduke of Austria; MA’s nephew)
Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, later Emperor Francis I (MA’s father): and birth of MA; at MA’s baptism; background; speaks French; marriage to Maria Teresa; elected Emperor; appearance and character; infidelities; love of gardens and botany; and children’s upbringing; parts from MA and dies; remembered at Fête de la Fédération
Franklin, Benjamin
Frederick II, King of Prussia: prefers to speak French; Maria Teresa’s hostility to, 10; marriage relations; on Maria Teresa’s acquiring part of Poland; and Bavarian crisis; admiration for
Frederick Augustus, Prince (later King Frederick) of Saxony
Frederick, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt
Frederick William II, King of Prussia
French language: spoken in Vienna; MA learns and speaks
French Revolution: breaks out; blamed on MA
Fréron, Stanislas
Fronsac, Louis Antoine Sophie, Duc de
Gabriel, Ange Jacques
Gameau (locksmith)
Gardel (choreographer)
Gardes Françaises
Gassner, John Joseph
Gautier-Dagoty, Jean Baptiste
Genet, Edmund
Genet, Jean: The Maids
Genlis, Madame Stéphanie-Félicité de
George III, King of Great Britain: court; marriage; and American War of Independence; children; praises Burke’s Revolution in France; and Louis XVI’s flight; on Louis XVI’s feebleness; madness; reclaims Caroline Matilda after divorce
George Charles, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt
George William, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
Georgel, Abbé
Gilbert (Conciergerie gendarme)
Gillray, James
Girard, Abbé
Girard, Georges
Girondins
Gluck, Christoph Willibald: at Austrian court; background; reports to Maria Teresa on MA’s childbearing condition; visits Paris; disparages French music; on birth of MA’s son; dedicates operas to MA; music sung at Vigée Le Brun party; Alceste; Armide; Iphigénie en Aulide; Orphée; Il Parnasso Confusio
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
Goguelat, Baron François de
Goltz, Baron
Goncourt, Edmond & Jules
Goret (municipal officer)
Gourbillon, Madame de
Gower, George Granville Leveson-Gower, Earl (later 2nd Marquess of Stafford and 1st Duke of Sutherland)
Grammont (actor)
Gramont, Béatrice, Duchesse de
Grand Trianon
Grasse, Admiral François de
“Great Fear,” the
Grétry, André; Richard I
Grey and Jefferies (London jewellers)
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von
Grosholz, Marie see Tussaud, Marie
Guéméné, Jules Hercule, Prince de
Guéméné, Marie Louise, Princesse de
Guiche, Aglä ié, Duchesse de (née de Polignac; “Guichette”)
Guiche, Duc de
Guillaume (Drouet’s companion)
guillotine: first used
Guimard, Madeleine
Guines, Adrien, Comte (later Duc) de
Guirtler, Bishop (MA’s confessor
Gustav III, King of Sweden; assassinated
Gustav IV, King of Sweden: birth
Guyot, Madame
Hall, Radclyffe: The Well of Loneliness
Hamilton, Sir William, and Emma, Lady
Hancock, Eliza
Harcourt, François Henri, Duc d’
Harel, Madame
Hasse, Johann Adolph
Haugwitz, Count Frederick
Hauzinger, Joseph
Haydn, Joseph
Hébert, Jacques
Hénin, Prince de
Henri IV, King of France
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England
Herbert, George Augustus, Lord (later 11th Earl of Pembroke)
Herman, Armand Martial
Hesse, Princesses of
Hesse-Homburg, Landgrave of
Hezecques, Félix de, Comte de France
Hinner, Joseph
Hofburg (castle)
Hoffman, William M.
Hossein, Robert
Huart, M. (dancing master)
Hubert, Pierre
Hüe, François
Hume, David; History of England
Imbault (music engraver)
Inistal, Comte d’
Isabella, Princess of Parma (Louis XV’s granddaughter): marriage to Joseph; attracted to Marie Christine; children; death; gives French royal portraits to Maria Teresa; on position of royal wife; on royal etiquette
Jacob, Georges
Jacobin Club
Jacobins
James II, King of England
Jarjayes, Chevalier François Régnier de
Jarjayes, Madame de
Jefferson, Thomas
Jemappes
Joanna, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)
Johnson, Samuel
Joly, Sieur (dancer)
Jones, John Paul
Joseph I, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
Joseph II, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (MA’s brother): stands as proxy godfather to MA; first marriage (to Isabella); place in family; and wife’s attraction to Marie Christine; second marriage (to Josepha); elected Emperor; and death of Josepha; bookishness; stands godfather to Swinburne’s son; parsimony over MA’s progress to Paris; and death of daughter Teresa, 44, 50; gives entertainment for departing MA; attends MA’s proxy marriage; meets MA on journey to Paris; mocks Versailles women’s make-up; on Louis XVI’s sexual problem; and MA’s influence in France; on MA’s unhappiness; accuses MA of flirting with Englishmen; on MA’s virtue; visits MA in Paris; fondness for MA; and Bavarian succession; attempts to ban excessive court dress; emphasizes French alliance; MA writes to on mother’s death; on birth of MA’s son; stands godfather to MA’s second child; on death of Maurepas; plotting in international affairs; and Scheldt affair; militaristic temperament; told of birth of Louis Charles; and birth of MA’s daughter Sophie; and Marie Christine’s visit to MA; receives souvenir album of Trianon; MA declines to meet in Brussels; on MA’s appearance; in conflict with Turkey; letter from MA on Dauphin’s delicate health; on MA’s role as mother; death; clash with Pius VI; neutrality over MA’s fate
Josepha, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)
Josepha of Bavaria, Empress of Joseph II
Josephine, Empress of Napoleon I
Josephine of Savoy see Provence, Comtesse de
Journal de Paris
Julian, le beau (hairdresser)
Kaunitz-Rietburg, Wenzel Anton, Prince von
Khevenhüller-Metsch, Count Johann Joseph
Kinsky, Count
Klinckowström, Baron R. M. de
Krantzinger, Joseph
Krottendorf, Générale
Kucharski, Aleksander
Laage de Volude, Comtesse de
La Baccelli, Giovanna
Laborde (banker)
La Caze, Dr
Lacy, General Franz Moritz, Count
La Fayette, Marie Adrienne Françoise, Marquise de
La Fayette, Marie Jean Gilbert, Marquis de: fights in American War of Independence; received by MA; impressed by Cagliostro; on Assembly of Notables; in National Assembly; as commander of National Guard; and women’s march on Versailles; and MA in Tuileries; proposes new oath; rumoured to be MA’s lover; and flight of royals; and return of Louis XVI to Paris; at Champ de Mars; blamed for Varennes escape; slandered in play; and MA’s proposed flight to Compiègne; flees France; Louis XVI’s correspondence with; Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme
Lafont d’Aussone (biographer)
La Marck, Comte de
La Marck, Comtesse de
La Martinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen de
Lamballe, Marie Thérèse, Princesse de: background and character; relations with MA; attends Gluck opera; made Superintendent of MA’s Household; patronizes Rose Bertin; and birth of MA’s children; with MA at Petit Trianon; and Diamond Necklace Affair; on Dauphin Louis Joseph, ; at Louis Joseph’s funeral; joins MA in Paris (1789); not warned of MA’s flight; and MA’s ageing after arrest; returns to MA; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; leaves Tuileries with MA; removed to the Temple; interrogated by Commune; killed and decapitated; in La Force prison; effigy exhibited
Lambesc, Prince de
Lameth, Alexandre de
Lamorlière, Rosalie
Lamotte Valois, Jeanne de, “Comtesse,”
Lamotte Valois, Nicolas de, “Comte,”
Larivière, Louis
Larivière, Madame (Louis’ mother)
La Rochefoucauld, Alexandre, Comte de
Larsenneur, Sieur (hairdresser)
Lassonne, Dr. Jean-Marie
La Tour du Pin, Henrietta Lucy, Marquise de (née Dillon, earlier Comtesse de Gouvernet)
Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de
Launoy, Dame
Lauzun, Armand Louis, Duc de
Laxenburg (palace), near Vienna
Le Brun, Jean Baptiste
Lecointre, Laurent
Legislative Assembly
Lemoine (valet)
Le Mounier, Dr.
Lemoyne, Jean Baptiste
Lenoir, Jean
Léonard (hairdresser)
Leopold I, Emperor
Leopold, Archduke of Austria (later Emperor Leopold II; MA’s brother): place in family; resents Marie Christine’s favour with mother; marriage; Fersen meets; Joseph reports to on MA in Paris; MA complains to of public indifference to death of son; succeeds Joseph II in Austria; moves Mercy from France; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; MA warns against Freemasons; attitude to French turmoil; and MA’s attempted flight; MA hopes for help from; and declaration of Pillnitz; Legislative Assembly brings decree against; death and succession
Le Pipelet, Hippoy
Lep"tre, Jacques
Lerchenfeld, Countess
Levasseur, Rosalie
Lever d’Aurore, Le (pamphlet)
Lévis, Gaston, Duc de
Levret, Sieur
Liancourt, François, Duc de
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de
Lisbon earthquake (1755)
Liselotte, Duchesse d’Orléans
Loménie de Brienne, (Cardinal) Etienne Charles de, Archbishop of Toulouse: recommends Vermond; ambitions for office; appointed Finance Minister; MA supports; administrative measures and aims; resigns as Finance Minister and made Cardinal
Lorraine, Anne Charlotte, Mademoiselle de,
Lorraine, principality (formerly duchy) of,
Louis XIII, King of France
Louis XIV, King of France
Louis XV, King of France: dislikes breastfeeding; regency during childhood; favours and maintains alliance with Austria; in line of succession; advises Ferdinand of Parma on marriage; appearance; and Austrian marriage for grandson; fondness for Maria Josepha; Maria Teresa requests kindness towards MA; complains of Austrian dowries; Maria Teresa and MA address in letters; at parting from daughter; first meets MA; profligacy; and Du Barry; and dispute over Mlle. de Lorraine; and MA’s compassion; and MA’s marriage relations; apathetic nature; and dispensation of justice; welcomes MA’s acknowledgment of Du Barry; fondness for cats; health decline and death; practises birth control; statue smashed
Louis XVI, King of France (formerly Dauphin Louis Auguste): attitude to Austria; becomes Dauphin on death of elder brother; meets Hume; overweight and appearance; betrothal to MA; religious faith; portraits presented to MA; first meets MA; devotion to aunts; wedding ceremonies; marriage relations; life at Versailles; hunting; and MA’s hostility to Du Barry; disagreements with brother Provence; reading; sexual limitations and inhibitions; official visit to Paris (1773); consummates marriage with MA; succeeds to throne; banishes Du Barry; rule and government; coronation; endorses dismissal of Guines; metal-working; and MA’s gambling; congratulates Esterhazy on birth of son; anger at libelles against MA; pays MA’s jewellery bills; and French intervention in American Revolution; Joseph meets and instructs; and MA’s pregnancy; and Bavarian crisis (1777–8); banishes Duc de Chartres from court; at birth of daughter; improved relations with MA after birth of daughter; daughter’s attachment to; and MA’s new manners at Versailles; enjoys MA’s amateur theatricals; attitude to Polignac set; declines to take mistress; declares mourning for Maria Teresa; and birth and baptism of son; and MA’s attempted influence on Joseph’s behalf; liking for Fersen; pacific nature; records MA’s visits to Petit Trianon; witnesses Montgolfier’s balloon ascent; Wilberforce describes; devotion to daughter; hostility to Beaumarchais’ Figaro; buys furniture; and Diamond Necklace Affair; inspects Cherbourg and other ports; and financial problems; apathy; and MA’s growing political activism; depression; favours Duchesse de Polignac; recalls Necker; and Fersen’s relations with MA; and Third Estate; accused of impotency and drunkenness; near-fatal accident; in 1789 procession; attends opening of Estates General; and son Louis Joseph’s death and funeral; in Marly; vacillates before revolutionary acts; leaves fall of Bastille unmentioned; makes concessions to National Assembly; unhappiness at Yolande de Polignac’s departure; remains at Versailles; maintains court routine; lacks self-esteem; receives deputation of market women; leaves Versailles for Paris; life in Tuileries; at Maundy ceremony; and daughter’s first communion; believes in compromise; MA insists on staying with; refuses to escape; constitutional position reconsidered; threatens to disown Artois for conspiracies; signs decree for Civil Constitution of the Clergy; and taking of Easter Communion; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; ill-health; wavers over escape plans; attempts flight; arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris; interrogated about flight; and new Constitution; vilified; accepts new Constitution and revised status; and royalist activities in Coblenz; disfavours armed congress; declares émigré princes traitors; use of veto; rumours of further escapes by; Fersen meets in Tuileries; declares war on Austria; threatened by mob in Tuileries; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; final journal entry; threats to depose; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; on death of Princesse de Lamballe; teaches Dauphin in Temple; renamed “Capet,”; separated from family; correspondence discovered in armoire de fer; ill-health in Temple; tried and sentenced to death; writes will; executed; exhumed and reburied (1815); memorial sculpture; favours simpler tastes
Louis XVIII, King of the French see Provence, Louis Xavier, Comte de
Louis Auguste, Dauphin see Louis XVI, King of France
Louis Charles (MA/Louis XVI’s son; Duc de Normandie; then Dauphin, later King Louis XVII): born; childhood; in group portrait; robust health; becomes Dauphin on death of brother; in line of succession; MA describes; Madame de Tourzel appointed governess to; in mob attack on Versailles; life in Tuileries; National Guard give dominoes from stone of Bastille; escape plans for; proposed education for; proposed Regent for; in escape attempt; nightmares; wins popular approval on return to Paris; and mob invasion of Tuileries; threats to remove from parents; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; given lessons in Temple; barred from seeing father; in father’s last will and testament; sees father before execution; reserved recognition as Louis XVII; sings lament; injures testicle; separated from MA in prison; MA interrogated about; retained as hostage; supposed sexual abuse by mother; invoked in MA’s interrogation; in MA’s final letter to Madame Elisabeth; death; posthumous claimants as “false Dauphins,”
Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France (Louis XVI’s father): anti-Austrian feelings; death; wedding to Maria Josepha; and bread shortage
Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France (MA/Louis XVI’s son): birth and baptism; paternity questioned; delicate health,; appearance; inoculation against smallpox; childhood; in group portrait; at Meudon; death and obsequies; precocity and sweetness of character
Louis Philippe, King of the French see Chartres, Louis Philippe, Duc de
Louis, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt
Louis Xavier (Louis XVI’s brother) see Provence, Comte de
Louise, Madame (Louis XV’s daughter) see Thérèse Augustine, Sister
Louise, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt: friendship with MA; and MA’s 1785 pregnancy; and death of sister Charlotte; MA describes children to
Luckner, General
Ludwig, King of Bavaria
Lully, Jean Baptiste
Lyell, Catherine
Mackau, Madame de
Magnin, Charles, Abbé
Mailhe, Jean Baptiste
Maillé, Vicomte de
Mailly, Louise Julie, Comtesse de
Malden, Saint-Jean de
Malesherbes, Chrétien de,
Manchester, George Montagu, 4th Duke, and Duchess of
Mandat, Marquis de
Mannlich, Johann Christian von
Manuel, Pierre
Marat, Jean Paul
Marchand (of Temple kitchen)
Marchand, Sieur
Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples (MA’s sister; “Charlotte”): marriage prospects; place in family; character; relations with MA; at brother Joseph’s wedding; marriage to Ferdinand of Naples; mother’s advice to on marriage; distressed on leaving Austria; marriage relations; pregnancies and children; official status; and Joseph’s love for MA; stands godmother to Louis Charles; and MA’s remaining with husband; on proposal to confine MA in convent; on MA’s separation from son; fears for MA’s life; reaction to MA’s death; on MA’s love of pleasure
Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France (Louis XVI’s mother)
Maria Lesczinska, Queen of Louis XV
Maria Louisa (of Asturias), Princess
Maria Louisa (of Parma), Princess (later Queen of Spain)
Maria Teresa, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire (MA’s mother): and birth of MA; children and motherhood; speaks French; marriage; succeeds father; accused of writing to Mme. de Pompadour; appearance; and ceremonial; and husband’s infidelities; improves Schönbrunn; entertains Mozart; insists on female obedience; dominance and strength of mind; favours Marie Christine; MA’s relations with; and husband’s death; preoccupation with children’s marriages; near-death from smallpox; on MA’s character; and MA’s educational deficiencies; cultivates Durfort for dynastic marriage with France; requests Louis XV’s indulgence for MA; takes communion with MA on separation; anxiety over MA’s religious state; instructions to MA on marriage; addresses Louis XV; instructs daughters in sex matters; gives up wearing rouge; dispute and Comtesse de Brionne; interest in MA’s menstrual cycles; Mercy d’Argenteau’s attachment to; correspondence with MA at Versailles; and MA’s marriage relations; and MA’s official visit to Paris; wrongly believed dying; reprimands MA for reference to husband; on MA’s “dissipation,”; and libelles against MA; and MA’s following fashions; and Joseph’s militarism over Bavaria; and MA’s pregnancy; and MA’s injury during childbirth; disapproves of MA’s breastfeeding; and Bavarian settlement; anxiety over MA’s producing a son; decline and death; banishes courtiers from presence at childbirth
Marianna, Archduchess of Austria (Marie Teresa’s sister)
Marianne, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister): stands as proxy godmother to MA; disablement; birth; and mother’s favouring Marie Christine; remains unmarried; on mother’s decline
Mariazell, northern Styria
Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (Louis XV’s mother)
Marie Antoinette, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France: and “Let them eat cake” story; birth; baptism, ; ancestry and genealogy; marriage prospects; childhood and upbringing; meets Pitt and Wilberforce; appreciation of gardens; musical interests; appearance and character; bearing and carriage; dancing; called Antoine in youth; place in family; relations with mother; at brother Joseph’s wedding; and father’s death; and death of sister Josepha; educational deficiencies; learns and speaks French; hairstyle; portraits and drawings of; betrothal; religious piety and observance; bridal progress to Paris; commemorative medals for; dowry; trousseau; marriage contract; good relations with servants; love of children; enters puberty; nicknamed l’Autrichienne; mother’s instructions to on marriage; ceremonies and entertainments on departure to Paris; renounces hereditary rights to Austria and Lorraine; addresses Louis XV; proxy marriage to Ferdinand; departure from Austria; handed over at Strasbourg; first meeting with husband; Louis XV meets; relations with French “royal aunts,”; arrives at Versailles; wedding ceremony; presented with jewels; marriage relations; life at Versailles; correspondence with mother; compassion and humanitarianism; riding; coolness towards Mme. Du Barry; relations with Princesse de Lamballe; irregular menstrual cycle; early childlessness; relations with Josephine, Comtesse de Provence; and diplomatic problems over Poland; reading and libraries; pet dogs; growing political awareness and activism; first official visit to Paris; visits to opera and theatre; husband consummates marriage with; homesickness for Vienna; meets Fersen; supports Gluck; becomes queen; and husband’s rule; role and status as queen; Versailles apartments linked to husband’s by staircase; lacks interest in political intrigue; household; accused of lesbian practices; attitude to sex; popularity; and husband’s coronation; adopts village boy (Jacques); and birth of Artois’ son; gambling; attitude to admirers; mocking manner; attacked and slandered in libelles (pamphlets) and plays; watches dawn break; dress and fashions; extravagance and love of pleasure; gardening at Petit Trianon and Choisy; and brother Joseph’s visit; first pregnancy; and Bavarian crisis (1777–9); hair problems; and birth of daughter (Marie Thérèse); attempts breastfeeding; charitable acts; contracts measles; improved relations with husband after birth of daughter; stays at Petit Trianon; and daughter’s upbringing; introduces new manners at Versailles; amateur theatricals; social set (Société Particulier de la Reine); political indifference; birth of son (Louis Joseph); and mother’s death; entertains Grand Duke Paul; Joseph requests influence with husband in foreign affairs; and Princesse de Guéméné’s resignation; grants royal favours; pregnancy and miscarriage (1783); developing relations with Fersen; builds model village at Petit Trianon; accused of collecting pornography; on Duke of Dorset; acquires Saint Cloud; Fersen gives dog to; further pregnancy and birth of third child (Louis Charles); enthusiasm for interior decoration and furniture; limited travelling; taste in painting; and Diamond Necklace Affair; growing unpopularity; puts on weight; thirtieth birthday; 1785 pregnancy and birth of Sophie; rumoured affair with Cardinal Rohan; effect of Rohan verdict on; health problems; scruple over influencing appointment of French ministers; and international affairs; accused of drunkenness and orgies; welcomes Brienne’s appointment; blamed for financial crisis; and death of daughter Sophie; and Necker’s return as Finance Controller; melancholy and pessimism; and Third Estate; on weakening Franco-Austrian alliance; at meeting of Estates General; and son Louis Joseph’s death; plea to King to stand firm; supports Lambesc; dislikes tricolour; proposed immurement in convent; remains at Versailles (1789); devotion to children in Revolution; maintains court routine; threatened by mob at Versailles; taken from Versailles to Paris; life in Tuileries; believes in compromise; insists on staying with husband; rejects Augeard’s plan to escape to Vienna; escape plans; resumes political role; and Mercy’s departure; praised by Burke; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; on attempted flight; denied Regency; hopes for help from Austria; takes Easter Communion; arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris; demonized on return to Paris; interrogated about flight; physical deterioration and ageing; and Louis XVI’s acceptance of new Constitution; view of new Constitution; pleads for armed congress against Revolutionary France; later escape plans; on French war with Austria; hostility to as “enemy alien”; threatened by mob in Tuileries; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; hopes of foreign rescue; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; learns of Allied military successes; horror at death of Princesse de Lamballe; jewellery; teaches daughter in Temple; separated from husband; in Louis XVI’s last will and testament; and husband’s execution; mourning; hopes for release in prisoner exchange; prospective fate considered; Robespierre demands trial of; ill-health in prison; Louis Charles separated from; transferred to and detained in Conciergerie; possessions sold; interrogated before Revolutionary Tribunal; fate decided by Committee of Public Safety; accused of sexual abuse of Louis Charles; rumoured final Communion; sentenced to death; executed; burial; effects distributed; exhumed and reburied (1815); memorial sculptures and paintings ghost seen; posthumous reputation; life assessed; supposed lovers; blamed for French Revolution; as scapegoat
Marie Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
Marie Christine, Archduchess (MA’s sister; “Mimi”): paintings; place in family; favoured by mother; qualities marriage to Albert; Canova monument to; suspected of tale-bearing on MA; and Bavarian crisis; and mother’s final illness; visits Versailles; in Belgium; exile in Bonn; and MA’s escape plan; believes MA better not to have married1; flees from French
Marie de’ Medici, Regent of France
Marie Louise, Empress of Napoleon I
Marie Thérèse Charlotte (MA’s daughter; later Duchesse d’Angoulême and Dauphine): birth and baptism; childhood and upbringing; marriage prospects; appearance and character; coldness towards mother; bastardy charge against; in group portrait; and death of sister Sophie; illness; sees Tippoo Sultan’s envoys; and death of elder brother; Madame de Tourzel acts as governess to; praises MA’s courage in mob attack on Versailles; first communion; not subject to personal threats; escape attempt; on arrest at Varennes; threatened by mob in Tuileries; life in Tuileries; makes no mention of departure from Tuileries; in Assembly; kept in the Temple; and mother’s reaction to death of Princesse de Lamballe; MA teaches in Temple; separated from father; sees father before execution; and mother’s reaction to father’s execution; reaches puberty; death threats against; and mother’s transfer from Tower; denies Louis Charles’s claims of sexual abuse; in MA’s final letter to Madame Elisabeth; freed (1795); ignorance of MA’s death; marriage to Angoulàme and childlessness; on mother’s affection for Maria Carolina; exile and death; visits parents’ graves
Marie Thérèse, Queen of Louis XIV
Marly
Marmontel, Jean François; Histoire des Incas
Marsan, Marie Louise, Comtesse de
Mary II, Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland
Mary Queen of Scots
Matignon, Caroline, Comtesse de
Maubourg (deputy)
Mauconseil resolution (1792)
Maurepas, Jean Frédéric, Comte de: as Louis XVI’s chief minister; and Louis XVI’s coronation; MA interviews on Bavarian crisis; and Necker’s resignation; death
Maximilian, Archduke of Austria (MA’s brother; “Max”): childhood; birth; place in family; portrait miniature sent to MA; corpulence; visits Versailles; as Elector of Cologne
Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Bavaria
Maza, Sarah: “The Diamond Necklace Affair Revisited” Mémoire des Princes
Menchikov, Princess “Ketty” Mercier, Abbé
Mercy d’Argenteau, Florimond Claude, Comte de: chooses MA’s trousseau; reports to Maria Teresa on MA’s menstrual condition; arranges transfer of MA’s dog to France; and Versailles etiquette; background and career; as MA’s advisor; reports on MA to Maria Teresa; deplores influence of royal aunts on MA; and MA’s plea for Duchesse de Gramont; warns MA of proposed marriage of Princesse de Lamballe; and MA’s attitude to Du Barry; and Franco-Austrian alliance; letters from Maria Teresa; and MA’s consummation of marriage; on Louis Auguste’s subservience; disparages Comtesse d’Artois; on MA’s early childlessness; on Louis XVI’s rule; and linking of MA’s apartments to husband’s; designs role for MA as queen; on Comtesse de Polignac; mishandles Max’s visit to Versailles; on MA’s financial position; approves MA acquiring Petit Trianon; and MA’s jewellery; and Joseph’s visit to France; on MA’s feelings for brother Joseph; suffers from haemorrhoids; attempts to influence Louis XVI through MA; sends message to Vienna on birth of MA’s daughter; and MA’s stay at Petit Trianon; and MA’s reforms at Versailles; on MA’s amateur theatricals; counsels MA against Polignac connection; and Maria Teresa’s death; relations with Joseph II; on birth of MA’s son; on MA’s political innocence; influence on MA on Joseph II’s behalf; on appointment of Yolande de Polignac as royal governess; and MA’s preoccupation with daughter’s education; and Diamond Necklace Affair; and MA’s 1785 pregnancy; and trial of Rohan; on Marie Christine’s visit to MA; and appointment of successor to Vergennes; on Louis XVI’s low morale; and Necker’s recall; on popular blame for MA; on Louis XVI before revolution; on Yolande de Polignac’s rise to favour; house searched for arms; on outbreak of French Revolution; and MA’s position in Paris (1789); and MA’s removal to Paris; on MA’s poor relations with brother Leopold, advises MA to resume political role; departs Paris; MA writes to in Brussels4; offers no Austrian help to MA; and MA’s attempted flight; Fersen delivers message to in Brussels; on Provence’s hopes for Regency; MA proposes return to France; MA writes to on Austrian interference in French affairs; MA gives details of conduct of war to; MA tells of mob in Tuileries; flees from Belgium; on MA’s right to Regency on death of husband; hopes for exchange of MA as prisoner; opposes Fersen’s plan to liberate MA; and execution of MA
Mericourt, Théroigne de
Merklein (German cabinet-maker)
Mesmer, Franz Anton
Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura (Trapassi) Metz
Meudon, château de
Michonis (prison administrator)
Michu, Louis
Milliot, Reine
Mique, Richard
Mirabeau, Honoré, Comte de
Mirepoix, Maréchale Anne-Marguerite de Beauvau-Craon de
Miromesnil, Armand de
Mitford, Nancy
Moberly, Charlotte Anne and Eleanor Jourdain: An Adventure
Moëlle, Claude Antoine
Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin: L’école des Femmes
Moll, Antoine-Assieu
Molleville, Bertrand de
Moniteur, Le (newspaper)
Montbazon, Duc de
Montespan, Françoise Athénaïs de Rochechouart-Mortemar, Marquise de
Montgolfier, Joseph
Montmédy
Montmorin, Armand Marc, Comte de
Montpensier, Antoine, Duc de
Montreuil
Moore, Dr. John
Morel, Bernard
Morning Post (newspaper)
Morris, Gouverneur
Mossiker, Frances: The Queen’s Necklace
Mouchy, Maréchal Philippe Noailles, Duc de
“Mountain, the” (Convention party)
Mousseaux
Moustier, Melchior de
Mozart, Leopold
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
Mytens, Martin
Nancy
Nancy, Bishop of
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of France: marriage to Marie Louise; demolishes the Temple
Narbonne, Comte de
National Assembly: formed from Third Estate; and mob rule; Louis XVI visits; and “Great Fear”; recruitment to; discusses King’s powers; promises to control riots; guards royal family; grants allowance to Louis XVI; members join Corpus Christi procession; Louis XVI addresses; debates departure of Mesdames Tantes; and flight of royals; emissaries reach Varennes to detain royals; deputies interrogate royals about attempted flight; replaced by Legislative Assembly; grants inviolability to Louis XVI
National Convention
National Guard: under La Fayette; recruitment to; guard Louis XVI and MA; at Fête de la Fédération; block Louis XVI’s escape; at Varennes; anti-royalist sentiments
Naundorf, Karl Wilhelm
Navarre, Madame
Necker, Jacques: appointed Finance Minister; secures dismissal of Sartine; claims surplus in royal finances; recalled as Controller of Finance; speaks at Estates General; loses popular support; and revolutionary actions; dismissed; recall demanded; advises King in Revolution; finally leaves government
Necker, Suzanne
Neerwinden, battle of (1793)
Netherlands: Joseph II plots over; France declares war on
Nettine, Madame de (bank director in Brussels)
Neuville, Madame de
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia,
Noailles, Anne Claude Laurence, Comtesse de: as MA’s Mistress of the Household; formality; presented to MA; MA asks about Mme. Du Barry; serves food to MA; gives dances; on MA’s melancholy; and MA’s first visit to Paris; and MA’s accession as Queen
Noailles, Louis, Duc de
Noailles, Louis Marie, Vicomte de
Noailles, Marquis de (Duc’s son)
Noailles, Philippe, Comte de: meets MA on journey to Paris; suggests Louis give Trianon to MA\
Northumberland, Elizabeth, Duchess of (née Seymour)
Nouvelles de la Cour (satirical pamphlet)
Noverre, Jean-Georges
Noyon, Bishop of (1770)
Oberkirch, Henriette de Waldner, Baronne d’: witnesses MA’s handover at Strasbourg; on Parisian luxury; defends MA’s model village; Marie Thérèse’s rudeness to; on reception of Le Mariage de Figaro; on Cagliostro; on Madame de Staâl
Octavius, Prince of England
Oliva, Nicole d’
Orateur du Peuple, L’ (newspaper)
Orléans, Henriette Anne, Duchesse d’ (Madame)
Orléans, Louis Philippe, Duc d’ (d.1785)
Orléans, Louis Philippe, Duc d’ (b.1773) see Chartres, Louis Philippe, Duc de
Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duc d’ (earlier Duc de Chartres; “Philippe Égalité”): marriage to Mlle. de Penthièvre; MA meets,; character; form of address to Louis Auguste; escorts MA to races; returns from naval campaign; banished from court; coolness at birth of MA’s daughte; builds model village; succeeds to dukedom (1785); exiled after protest against Louis XVI’s edict; opposes MA over Diamond Necklace Affair; radicalism; supports the poor; dresses down in procession; public acclaim for; declines to escort heart of Louis Joseph; proposed as King or Regent; rumoured to march dressed as woman; provokes threats to MA; visits MA in Tuileries; at Fête de la Fédération; in line of succession; chooses name “Philippe Égalit” ; votes for execution of Louis XVI; arrested; MA’s supposed plan to kill; executed
Orléans, Louise Marie Adélaïde, Duchesse (née Mlle. de Penthièvre, earlier Duchesse de Chartres)and Orléans, Philippe II, Duc d’ (Regent of France; b.1674)
Ossun, Comtesse d
Oudry, Jean Baptiste
Ouessant, battle of (1778)
Paar, Prince of (grand postmaster)
Pacassi, Nicholas
Paine, Thomas; The Rights of Man
Palloi, Pierre François
Panthémont, Abbess of
Paris: MA’s first official visit to (1773)riots in; MA and family taken to (1789); disorder and tumult in; prisons attacked; food riots in
Paris, Archbishop of; see also Beaumont, Christophe de
Paris, Peace of (1763)
Parlement de Paris: tries and acquits Rohan; opposes administrative and fiscal reforms; exiled
Parlements (French)
Patriote Français, Le (newspaper)
Paul, Grand Duchess of Russia
Paul, Grand Duke of Russia
Penthièvre, Louis Jean Marie, Duc de
Penthièvre, Louise Marie Adélaïde, Mlle. de see Orléans, Duchesse de
Père Duchesne, Le (newspaper)
Pétion, Jér"me
Petit Trianon, Le: gardens; MA stays at; Hesse Princesses visit; theatre at; model village; books at; artistry of; souvenir album; contents sold; costs
Philippe Égalité see Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duc d’
Piccinni, Niccola; Adèle et Ponthieu (opera)
Picquigny, Duchesse de
Piedmont, Charles Emmanuel, Prince de (later King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia): marries Clothilde
Pillnitz (Saxony), declaration of (1791)
Pion, Mademoiselle (dressmaker)
Piper, Sophie
Pitt, William, the younger
Pius VI, Pope
“Plain” party (Convention)
Pointel, Jacques
Poiret, Pierre Louis
“Poitrine, Madame” (wet nurse)
Poix, Philippe Louis Marc Antoine, Prince de (later Duc de Noailles)
Poland: partition
Polignac family: leave France (1789)
Polignac set
Polignac, Armand, Comte de
Polignac, Diane, Comtesse de
Polignac, Jules, Duc (earlier Comte) de
Polignac, Yolande, Duchesse (earlier Comtesse Jules) de: relations with MA; at MA’s childbirth; on American war; son’s paternity questioned; Louis XVI’s friendship with; appointed royal governess; slandered; and birth of MA’s third child; in England; loses favour with MA; and visit of Tippoo Sultan’s envoys; and MA’s plea to King to stand firm; popular hatred of; flees France; and Artois’ militancy; Fersen meets in Vienna; MA questioned on during interrogation; death; MA complains of French calumnies
Pompadour, Jeanne, Marquise de
Pragmatic Sanction
Préfontaine, Monsieur de
Pressburg (Hungary)
Préville, Pierre Louis Du Bus
Provence, Josephine (of Savoy), Comtesse de: in undressing ritual; character and appearance, and Versailles etiquette; marriage; childlessness,; relations with MA; attends Gluck opera; and death of Louis XV; household; and fashion; extravagance; with MA at Petit Trianon; claims to be pregnant; model village at Montreuil; helps Jeanne Lamotte; satirized; on atmosphere at court before revolution; taken to Paris; escape plan; reaches safety in Belgium; death
Provence, Louis Xavier, Comte de (Louis XVI’s brother; later King Louis XVIII); appearance and overweight; on court etiquette; marriage; sexual impediment; disagreements with Louis XVI; attends Gluck opera; and “Let them eat cake” story; debts; and satirical attacks on MA; in line of succession to Louis XVI; at Marie Thérèse’s baptism; as proxy for Joseph at MA’s child’s christening; non-signing of Mémoire des Princes; uses MA as lead to King; favours hard line against revolutionaries; remains in France (1789); advises Louis XVI to remain in Versailles; granted powers as Lieutenant General of France; taken to Paris; as prospective Regent; escape plan; hears of Louis XVI’s arrest; reaches safety in Belgium; proclaims self Regent; MA proposes renunciation on behalf of; becomes Louis XVIII; death and succession
Prussia: Austrian-French pact against; war with Austria; alliance with Austria (1792); and French declaration of war on Austria (1792); advance on Paris (1792); French drive back
Psyche (ballet)
Queen’s Private Society see Société Particulier de la Reine
Racine, Jean: Athalie
Raigecourt, Comte Charles de
Raincy
Rambouillet
Rameau, Jean Philippe
Redouté, Pierre Joseph
Rémy (coachman)
Renée, Louise
Rétaux de Villette (Jeanne de Lamotte’s lover)
Réveillon riots (1789)
Revolutionary Tribunal
Rheims
Rheims, Archbishop of
Ribbes (banker)
Richard family (prison concierges)
Richelieu, Louis François, Duc de
Riesener, Jean Henri
Rigby, John
Robert, Hubert
Robespierre, Maximilien: with Louis XVI on 1789 visit to Paris; and death of Mirabeau; rise to power; counsels against wa; indifference to killings; demands death of Louis XVI; demands trial of MA; on status of women; given MA’s final letter to Madame Elisabeth
Rochambeau, Général Jean Baptiste Donatien, Comte de
Roche-Aymon, Cardinal Charles Antoine de la
Rocher (jailer)
Rocheterie, Maxime de
Roederer, Pierre Louis
Rohan family
Rohan, Cardinal Louis Constantin de, Bishop of Strasbourg
Rohan, Prince (later Cardinal) Louis de: MA first meets; profligacy; slanders MA; MA ostracizes; baptizes Louis Joseph; gatecrashes masked ball; family connections; Breteuil dislikes; in Diamond Necklace Affair; tried and acquitted; MA’s rumoured sexual intrigues with
Rohan-Guéméné see Guéméné
Rohan-Rochefort, Charlotte, Princesse de
Rohan-Rochefort, Josephine, Princesse deRohrig, Lieutenant
Roland (interior designer)
Roland, Manon
Romano, Giulio
Romeuf (of National Assembly)
Rosenberg, Count
Rougeville, Alexandre de
Rousseau brothers (interior designers)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: congratulates Gluck; and Madame Sophie’s “Let them eat cake” story; advocates breastfeeding; MA visits tomb; on women and family values; Louis XVI blames; Le Devin du Village; La Nouvelle Héloïse
Rousseau, Madame Julie (Mme. Campan’s sister)
Royal German Regiment
Ruffin, Sieu
Russia: and Bavarian succession; in alliance with Austria against Turkish attack Saint Brice, MadameSaint CloudSaint James, Duchesse deSaint Just, Antoine Louis de
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de: Paul et Virginie
Saint-Priest, François Emmanuel, Comte de; Mémoires
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de
Sainville (French actor)
Salieri, Antonio
Salmour, Count
Sanson, Charles Henri
Saratoga, battle of (1777)
Sartine, Antoine
Sauce, Jean Baptiste
Savoy, House of
Saxe-Coburg, Prince of
Saxony: dynastic marriages
Scheldt, river
Schönbrunn (palace)
Ségur, Louis Philippe, Comte de
Ségur, Philippe Henri, Marquis de
Sénac de Meilhan, Gabriel
Seven Years’ War (1756–63)
Sèvres
Simolin, Jean
Simon, Antoine and Marie Jeanne
smallpox
Smith, Hélène
Société Particulier de la Reine (Queen’s Private Society)
Söderjholm, Alma
Sophia, Princess of England
Sophie Hélène Béatrice (MA/Louis XVI’s daughter): birth; death and funeral
Sophie, Madame (Louis XV’s daughter): appearance; and “Let them eat cake” story
Souberbielle, Dr.
Soubise, Charles de Rohan, Prince de
Spain: alliance with France; France declares war on; invades southern France
Spencer, Georgiana, Countess (née Poyntz)
Staël, Germaine de (née Necker): Fersen considers marriage to; on Brienne; and father’s return as Controller of Finance; marriage and child; on “shipwreck of state”; on Louis XVI’s flight; foresees disaster; flees France; on MA as “tender mother” ; Réflexions sur le Procès de la Reine
Stanislaus I (Lesczinski), King of Poland
Stanislaus II (Poniatowski), King of Poland
Starhemberg, Prince
Stedingk, Count Curt
Stephan, Joseph
Strasbourg
Strathavon, George Gordon, Lord of (later 9th Marquess of Huntly)
Sullivan, Eléanore
Sutherland, Elizabeth, Duchess of
Swieten, Gerhard Van
Swinburne, Henry
Swiss Guards (Cent-Suisses du Roi)
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de
Tarante, Princesse de
Taube, Baron Evert
Tavannes, Comtesse de
Temple, the (Marais district; “the Tower”): royals and party detained in
Tennis Court Oath (1789)
Teresa, Archduchess of Austria (Joseph II’s daughter)
Terrasson, Pierre Joseph
Teschen, Peace of (1779)
Thérèse Augustine, Sister (Madame Louise; Louis XV’s daughter)
Therville, Madame de
Thibault, Madame
Thierry, Madame
Thionville, Merlin de
Third Estate; see also National Assembly
Thrale, Hester Lynch (later Piozzi)
Tilly, Alexandre, Comte de
Times, The (newspaper)
Tippoo Sultan: envoys at Versailles; gifts to royal collection
Tison family
Tison, Madame
Tisset, François
Toulan, François Adrian
Toulouse, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Comte de
Tourzel, Louise Elisabeth, Marquise (later Duchesse) de (“Madame Severe”): as governess to royal children; accompanies royals on attempted flight; resumes duties; on Madame Jarjayes; on return of Princesse de Lamballe; on Louis XVI’s declaring war on Austria; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; leaves Tuileries with MA; removed to the Temple; interrogated by Commune; in La Force prison
Tourzel, Pauline de see Béarn, Pauline, Comtesse de
Trautmannsdorf, Countess
tricolour (flag)
Trompette, La (Bordeaux château)
Trotsky, Leon
Tuileries: MA and Louis housed in; MA and Louis flee from; spies in; invaded by mob; royals’ life at deteriorates; massacre and pillage at; Empress Josephine occupies
Turgot, Anne Robert, Baron de l’Aulne
Turgy, Louis François
Turkey: conflict with Russia; Austrian conflict with
Tussaud, Marie, Madame (formerly Grosholz)
United States of America: alliance with France; see also American Revolution
Valenciennes
Valentinois, Duchesse de
Valmy
Valory, François, Comte de
Van Swieten see Swieten
Varennes-en-Argonne
Vaudreuil, Joseph Hyacinthe François, Comte de
Vauguyon, Antoine, Duc de
Vendée
Verdun
Vergennes, Charles, Comte de: position and influence; and Diamond Necklace Affair; death
Vergniaud, Pierre
Véri, Joseph Alphonse, Abbé de
Vermond (accoucheur; Abbé’s brother)
Vermond, Jacques-Mathieu de, Abbé: on MA’s face; as MA’s tutor; and MA’s religious instruction; and Mme. Du Barry; rejoins MA as Reader; disapproves of MA’s women friends; on MA’s spoken French; and influence of Polignacs on MA; informs MA of mother’s death; as MA’s adviso; shocked by Marie Thérèse’s callousness to mother; and Diamond Necklace Affair; serves under Brienne; flees from France
Vernet, Claude Joseph
Versailles: etiquette and ceremonies; MA arrives at; public activities at; popular access to; cosmetics and hairstyles; pet animals in; abandoned for quarantine after Louis XV’s death; MA’s apartments linked to husband’s by secret staircase; loses trees in 1999 gale; MA introduces new manners at; routines maintained in early days of Revolution; deputation of market women march to (1789); mob attack on; ghosts at; commemorative exhibition (1955); see also Petit Trianon, Le
Versailles, Treaty of (1756)
Vestris, Gaëtan
Victoire, Madame (Louis XV’s daughter)
Victor Amadeus III, Duke of Wertmüller
Victoria, Crown Princess of Germany
Vigée Le Brun, Louise Elisabeth: on Charlotte and MA; on market-women at Versailles; on MA’s beauty; on Prince de Ligne; portrays MA; on Marie Thérèse’s childhood companions; group portrait of royal family; imitates Raphael; and Duchesse de Polignac’s reaction to royals’ deaths
Villequier, Duc de
Virieu (Parma’s envoy)
Viry, Comte de
Visconti, Monsignor
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de
Wagenseil, Georg Christoph
Walpole, Horace
Washington, George
Weber, Constance
Weber, Joseph
Weisweiler, Adam
Wertmüller, Adolf Ulrik von
Weston, Stephen
“Wigmakers’ Conspiracy”
Wilberforce, William
William III (of Orange), King of England, Scotland and Ireland
Williams, Eunice
“Williams, Indian”
Wollstonecraft, Mary: An Historical and Moral View of . . . the French Revolution
women: royal; status of
Xavier, Prince of Saxony
York, Edward Augustus, Duke of
Yorktown, battle of (1781)
Young, Arthur
Zweibrücken, Duc de