CHAPTER 13: THE FLOWERS OF THE CROWN
pp. 191–211
1 Lettres, II, p. 9; Campan, I, p. 210.
2 Campan, I, p. 211.
3 Haynin, pp. 94–5, 127.
4 Morel, p. 230.
5 Arneth & Flammermont, I, pp. 68–9; Guest, p. 176; Bluche, p. 120; Oberkirch, p. 130; Léonard, I, p. 192.
6 Gluck, p. 192; Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 71.
7 La Tour du Pin, p. 17; Ségur Memoirs, p. 184.
8 Fleischmann, Polignac, fac. p. 160; Flammermont, pp. 434–6; Gutwirth, p. 137.
9 Almeras, p. 322.
10 Bombelles, I, p. 85; Bluche, p. 17.
11 Nolhac, Marie-Antoinette, pp. 102 et seq.
12 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 77; Hardman, p. 69.
13 Price, p. 62; Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 83.
14 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 290.
15 Blanning, Joseph II, p. 135; Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 109; Langlade, p. 138; Haynin, p. 134; Campan, I, pp. 238–9.
16 Bombelles, I, p. 127; Reitlinger II, pp. 32, 41.
17 Grimm, I, pp. 361–74; Campan, I, p. 237.
18 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 187 & note 1, p. 300; Bacourt, I, p. 29.
19 Labourdette, p. 276.
20 Lettres, II, pp. 42–4 & note 1.
21 Bombelles, I, p. 157; Lettres, II, p. 23; Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 151.
22 Haynin, pp. 136 et seq., p. 139 note; Browne, pp. 28 et seq.
23 Memoirs/Ségur, p. 116; Boigne, p. 52.
24 Browne, p. 27.
25 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 130.
26 Besenval, p. 545 note; Browne, p. 35.
27 Fleischmann, Polignac, p. 60; Bombelles, II, p. 77.
28 Tilly, p. 127.
29 Esterhazy Mémoires, p. 176.
30 Bombelles, I, pp. 252, 271.
31 Weber, I, pp. 71–2; Bombelles, I, p. 280; Cradock, p. 20; Lettres, II, p. 30.
32 Bluche, p. 188; History Today, April 1987, p. 3.
33 Tilly, p. 282; Léonard, I, p. 226.
34 Boigne, I, p. 42; Foster, “Journal.”
35 Söderhjolm, p. 8; Farr, Fersen, pp. 101 et seq.; Webster, Appendix I, pp. 522–3; Castelot, Queen, pp. 179–80.
36 Söderhjolm, p. 386.
37 Söderhjolm, p. 80; Proschwitz, p. 119.
38 Söderhjolm, pp. 80–1.
39 Lindqvist, p. 67.
40 Söderhjolm, pp. 86–90.
41 Mansel, “Militarisation.”
42 Nolhac, Trianon, pp. 200, 212; Gutwirth, p. 180, p. 404 & note 103.
43 Reiset, pp. 64–8, 70–1; Young, p. 70; Oberkirch, p. 196.
44 Nolhac, Trianon, passim; Oberkirch, p. 159; Nicolardot, p. 44.
45 Cronin, p. 129; Bombelles, I, p. 261.
46 Wilberforce, pp. 40–4; Ehrman, p. 111; Blaikie, p. 133.
47 Guest, p. 205; Haslip, p. 168.
48 La Tour du Pin, p. 57; Seward, p. 57.
49 Arneth-Geffroy, III, p. 114; Bauchart, pp. 227–32.
50 Bauchart, pp. 256–7.
51 Michon, pp. 245–59; Bauchart, p. 228.
52 Lettres, II, p. 33; BL, Add. MSS 33, 966; information of Mlle. Cécile Coutin, Association Marie-Antoinette; Landon, II, pp. 599, 608.
53 Bombelles, I, p. 327.
CHAPTER 14: ACQUISITIONS
pp. 212–28
1 Bombelles, I, p. 327.
2 Campan, I, p. 246; Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 274.
3 Hezecques, p. 26; Boigne, I, p. 53; Vigée Le Brun, p. 44.
4 Bombelles, I, pp. 208–9.
5 Oberkirch, p. 464.
6 Thrale, p. 206; Grimm, III, p. 167.
7 Oberkirch, p. 304; Campan, I, p. 271; Kertanguy, pp. 128–9.
8 Campan (1988), p. 179.
9 Söderhjolm, pp. 101–2; MacDonogh, Reigning Cats, p. 49; Adams, pp. 213–14; Esterhazy Mémoires, p. xxxv, note 1.
10 Lettres, II, pp. 39–41.
11 Véri, II, p. i.
12 Lindqvist, p. 248.
13 Lettres, II, pp. 49–50 & note 1; Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, p. 48.
14 Price, pp. 147–8; Augeard, p. 134; Blanning, Joseph II, p. 141–2.
15 Labourdette, p. 293; Price, p. 194; Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, p. 43.
16 Price, p. 32; Bombelles, I, p. 126; Bessborough, p. 108.
17 Hardman, p. 78.
18 Campan, II, p. 109; Hardman, p. 79.
19 Price, p. 147.
20 Verlet, p. 118; Modes: Éloffe, I, p. 2; Boyer, p. 39.
21 Verlet, p. 19; Reitlinger II, p. 42.
22 Verlet, pp. 39–40.
23 Verlet, p. 27; Boyer, pp. 30–1.
24 Reitlinger II, p. 41.
25 Boyer, pp. 78–80.
26 Campan, I, p. 152; Bachaumont, II, p. 147; Boyer, pp. 30, 83.
27 Lettres, I, p. 37 & note; Campan, I, p. 152.
28 Goodden, p. 38; Baillio, Vigée Le Brun, pp. 7–10; Vigée Le Brun, p. 37.
29 Vigée Le Brun, p. 43.
30 Malone, p. 13.
31 Bombelles, II, p. 401; Hedley, p. 73.
32 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Korrespondenz A55; Lettres, II, pp. 64, 66, 157; Stryiénski, p. 244.
33 Almeras, pp. 324–5.
34 Söderhjolm, p. 106.
35 Mossiker, pp. 200 et seq.; Campan, II, pp. 3 et seq.
36 Haynin, p. 196.
CHAPTER 15: ARREST THE CARDINAL!
pp. 229–45
1 Haynin, pp. 167 et seq.
2 Campan, II, pp. 10 et seq.; Georgel, IV, pp. 2 et seq.
3 Pimodan, p. 226.
4 Mossiker, p. 273; Bombelles, II, p. 25; Mansel, Ligne, p. 25.
5 For example, to her cousin the Duchesse de Trémöille (1774), Lettres, I, p. 20; to Count Rosenberg (1775), BL, MSS Zweig 171; to the Comte d’Artois (1791), Lettres, II, p. 242.
6 AN, K, 162.
7 Oberkirch, pp. 116–17, 333, & note p. 528; Darnton, Mesmerism, p. 51.
8 Vergennes, p. 376.
9 Hardman, p. 82; Pimodan, p. 226.
10 Nolhac, Trianon, p. 216.
11 Maza, “Diamond Necklace,” p. 64, p. 85 note 7.
12 Lettres, II, pp. 75–6, 77–8.
13 Maza, Private Lives, p. 206 note 110; Maza, “Diamond Necklace,” p. 79.
14 Campan, II, p. 19.
15 AN, K, 162; Nolhac, Marie Antoinette, pp. 31–2.
16 Versailles 1955, no. 483; Morel, pp. 209–10; Mossiker, pp. 584–5, 611.
17 Delpierre, “Bertin,” p. 21; Langlade, p. 149; Bessborough, p. 106; Hezecques, p. 14.
18 Lettres, II, pp. 89, 106; Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 3, 8, 12; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 725.
19 Bombelles, II, p. 89; Söderhjolm, p. 107; Maza, “Diamond Necklace,” p. 74.
20 Lettres, II, p. 88.
21 Price, p. 176.
22 RA, Add. MSS Geo/9.17.
23 Mossiker, p. 461.
24 Campan (1988), p. 196.
25 Bessborough, pp. 108–9; Nicolardot, pp. 89 et seq.
26 Bombelles, II, p. 149.
27 Bombelles, II, p. 152.
28 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 38.
29 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 28.
CHAPTER 16: MADAME DEFICIT
pp. 246–62
1 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 27; Arneth & Geffroy, III, pp. 340, 457; Lettres, II, pp. 85, 99.
2 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 38; Nolhac, Trianon, p. 220; Nolhac, Marie-Antoinette, p. 199; Arizzoli-Clémentel, pp. 16–18; Bombelles, II, p. 155.
3 Forrest, pp. 16 et seq.
4 Besenval, p. 426.
5 Ellis, p. 106; Hardman, pp. 87 et seq.
6 Arneth & Flammermont, II, pp. 66, 75–6.
7 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 80.
8 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 85.
9 Blanning, Joseph II, p. 137.
10 Pimodan, pp. 233–4.
11 Hardman, Politics, pp. 211 et seq.; Pimodan, pp. 231–2.
12 Véri, II, p. i; Ellis, p. 106; Hezecques, p. 8.
13 Flammermont, p. 120.
14 Foreman, p. 195.
15 Bacourt, I, p. 56; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 822.
16 Hardman, p. 125.
17 Hardman, Politics, p. 91; Manceron, p. 311; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 837.
18 Besenval, p. 422; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 822; Mansel, Court, p. 9; Solnon, p. 518.
19 Ribeiro, Art, pp. 75–6; Baillio, “Marie-Antoinette,” passim; Goodden, p. 78.
20 Modes: Éloffe, I, p. 110; Esterhazy Mémoires, p. xxi.
21 “Modes et Révolutions,” p. 14; Aspinall, George III, p. 331; Nolhac, Marie-Antoinette, p. 204.
22 Baillio, “Marie-Antoinette,” p. 52.
23 Lettres, II, p. 106; Secher & Murat, p. 146.
24 Campan, II, p. 42; Weber, II, p. 25.
25 Almeras, p. 398.
26 Lettres, II, pp. 108–9; Hardman, pp. 131–2.
27 Bessborough, p. 72; Young, p. 80.
28 Lettres, II, p. 115.
29 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Korrespondenz A66; Lettres, II, p. 112.
30 Dunlop, Palaces, pp. 163–73; Campan, II, pp. 163 et seq.
31 Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 872; Lettres, II, p. 119.
32 Nicolardot, p. 74; Nolhac, Trianon, p. 221; Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 274.
33 Lettres, II, p. 115.
CHAPTER 17: CLOSE TO SHIPWRECK
pp. 263–78
1 Manceron, p. 312.
2 La Tour du Pin, p. 90.
3 Bombelles, II, p. 217; Hezecques, p. 234.
4 Bombelles, II, p. 219.
5 Lettres, II, p. 121.
6 Lettres, II, p. 217; Staël, Correspondance, p. 250 note 2.
7 Hardman, p. 136; Staël, Correspondance, p. 255.
8 Lettres, II, p. 127.
9 Léonard, I, p. 257.
10 Söderhjolm, p. 121; Farr, Fersen, p. 126.
11 Higonnet, pp. 319–20.
12 Bacourt, I, p. 56.
13 Söderhjolm, p. 136.
14 Dard, pp. 19 et seq.; Lindqvist, p. 112.
15 Söderhjolm, p. 136.
16 Bombelles, II, pp. 240–1.
17 Saint-Priest, II, p. 80.
18 Klinckowström, I, pp. xliv–xlv; Adams, p. 233.
19 Bombelles, II, p. 269.
20 Lettres, II, pp. 129–30.
21 Browning, Despatches, II, pp. 138–40; Chinard, p. 53.
22 Darnton, Best-Sellers, p. 225; Bombelles, II, pp. 276–7.
23 Flammermont, p. 227.
24 Schama, p. 326.
25 Léonard, I, p. 260; Morris, I, p. 66.
26 Morris, I, p. 67.
27 Grouchy & Guillois, p. 88; Hezecques, p. 290.
28 La Tour du Pin, p. 84; Morel, p. 204.
29 Morel, p. 205.
30 Manceron, p. 463.
31 La Tour du Pin, p. 99.
32 Hezecques, p. 293; O’Brien, p. 59; Bombelles, II, p. 307; Hardman, p. 147; Manceron, p. 463.
33 Swinburne, II, p. 68; Nicolardot, pp. 41, 134.
34 Morris, I, p. 145.
35 Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, p. 239; Debriffe, p. 82.
36 Secher & Murat, pp. 188 et seq.; Bombelles, II, pp. 303 et seq.; Bertin, pp. 200–2; Vigée Le Brun, p. 99.
37 Bertin, p. 201.
38 Nicolardot, p. 135.
39 Secher & Murat, pp. 197–8.
40 Louis-Philippe, p. 30; Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 313; Sorel, p. 175.
41 Goodden, p. 77; Bombelles, II, pp. 331 et seq.; Hardman, p. 149.
42 Young, p. 125; Dormois, p. 21.
CHAPTER 18: HATED, HUMBLED, MORTIFIED
pp. 279–98
1 Young, p. 178; Almeras, p. 347; Fleischmann, pp. 134, 275–7; Cobb, Police, pp. 278 et seq.
2 Almeras, pp. 348–52, 404; Thomas, p. 175 et seq.
3 Almeras, pp. 343–5.
4 Morris, I, pp. 130–1; Rigby, pp. 41–2.
5 Hardman, p. 152; Grouchy & Guillois, p. 105.
6 Chateaubriand, I, p. 205.
7 Louis-Philippe, p. 30; Reiset, p. 165.
8 Pimodan, p. 241.
9 Hardman, p. 153.
10 Couty, p. 21; Lettres, II, p. 138.
11 Guest, p. 295.
12 Godechot, p. 325; Rudé, Crowd, p. 55 note 1.
13 Godechot, p. 24; Besenval, p. 28.
14 Nicolardot, p. 136.
15 Godechot, p. 325; Ribeiro, Dress, pp. 56–8.
16 Louis-Philippe, p. 43.
17 Hardman, p. 176.
18 Lettres, II, p. 131 & note 1.
19 Dormois, p. 83.
20 Swain, pp. 33–4.
21 RA, Add. MSS 15/8162; Jarrett, p. 165; Almeras, p. 281.
22 Browning, Despatches, p. 73.
23 Campan, II, pp. 50–1.
24 Klinckowström, II, p. 6.
25 Browning, Despatches, p. 246; Godechot, p. 260.
26 Feuillet de Conches, I, pp. 476–7; Pimodan, p. 245.
27 Forrest, p. 23.
28 Lettres, II, p. 137 note 1.
29 RA, Add. MSS 9/76.
30 Rudé, Crowd, p. 69.
31 Tourzel, pp. 11, 19.
32 Lettres, II, pp. 131–6; Tourzel, p. 20.
33 Campan, II, p. 70.
34 Webster, p. 66; Béarn, p. 35; Saint-Priest, II, pp. 6–7.
35 L’Ami du Peuple, 7 October 1789; Campan, II, p. 70.
36 Nicolardot, p. 138.
37 Tourzel, p. 22; Hüe, pp. 7, 17; Saint-Priest, II, pp. 9–14.
38 Marie Thérèse Journal, p. 8; Hüe, p. 7.
39 Klinckowström, I, p. li; Söderhjolm, pp. 135–6.
40 Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 353; Journal de Paris, 7 October 1790.
41 Tourzel, pp. 22 et seq.; Campan, II, pp. 76 et seq.
42 Augeard, p. 196; Marie Thérèse Journal, p. 4; Elliott, p. 26.
43 Tourzel, p. 26; La Rochejaquelein, p. 10; but see Campan, II, p. 79. Campan, however, was not present at Versailles; Tourzel was.
44 Jarrett, p. 165.
45 Augeard, p. 196; Marie Thérèse Journal, p. 5.
46 Béarn, p. 36; Hardman, p. 172.
47 Klinckowström, I, p. li; Couty, p. 39; Louis-Philippe, p. 59.
48 Debriffe, p. 98.
49 Léonard, I, p. 291; Flammermont, p. 269.
CHAPTER 19: HER MAJESTY THE PRISONER
pp. 301–16
1 Lettres, II, p. 144; Couty, p. 42.
2 Couty, p. 41.
3 Béarn, p. 42; Mansel, Court, p. 19.
4 Weber, II, p. 234.
5 Couty, p. 46.
6 Klinckowström, I, p. li; Sorel, pp. 180–1; Campan, II, pp. 83–5.
7 Campan (1988), p. 235; Lettres, II, pp. 147–9.
8 Tourzel, pp. 63–4; Lettres, II, p. 148.
9 Couty, p. 46; Reitlinger II, p. 50; Verlet, p. 135; Langlade, p. 204.
10 Mansel, Court, p. 21; Campan, II, pp. 90–6.
11 Béarn, p. 57; Debriffe, p. 99.
12 Mansel, Court, p. 19; RA, Add. MSS 43/2.
13 Béarn, p. 58.
14 Verlet, p. 184; Campan, II, p. 90; Lettres, II, pp. 173–4.
15 Campan, II, p. 87; Couty, pp. 62–4; Hezecques, p. 26; Thompson, p. 82; Tourzel, p. 37.
16 Campan, II, p. 213.
17 Elliott, p. 39; Yalom, p. 31; Hüe, p. 143.
18 Bombelles, III, p. 83; Couty, p. 62.
19 Journal de Paris, 30 March 1790.
20 Béarn, pp. 48 et seq.; Hüe, p. 165.
21 Tourzel, p. 79; Journal de Paris, 12 May 1790.
22 Campan, II, p. 107; Campan (1988), p. 247; Nicolardot, p. 138; Tourzel, p. 50; Hardman, p. 178.
23 Lettres, II, p. 137 note 1; Debriffe, pp. 105, 117.
24 Tourzel, p. 50.
25 Augeard, pp. 202 et seq.
26 Pimodan, pp. 248–9.
27 Augeard, p. 245; Saint-Priest, I, p. 49.
28 Mansel, Louis XVIII, p. 48; Campan, II, p. 103; Véri, I, p. 23.
29 Nicolardot, pp. 138–40; Campan, II, pp. 111–12.
30 Lettres, II, pp. 160, 197; Pimodan, p. 251; Haus-Archiv, Familien-Korrespondenz A, 26, 305.
31 Lettres, II, pp. 173–4.
32 Lettres, II, p. 166; Dormois, p. 42.
33 Söderhjolm, p. 145.
34 Lettres, II, p. 193.
35 Lettres, II, p. 191.
36 Lettres, II, p. 178; Louis-Philippe, p. 77; Cobban, p. 172.
37 Ribeiro, Fashion, p. 85; Schama, p. 511.
38 Hüe, p. 172.
39 Lettres, II, pp. 188–9.
40 Hibbert, p. 309; Keane, p. 289; Pimodan, p. 303; Dutens, V, pp. 6–9; Feuillet de Conches, III, p. 364.
41 Burke, pp. 169–70.
CHAPTER 20: GREAT HOPES
pp. 317–32
1 Lettres, II, pp. 202–3; Pimodan, p. 262.
2 Campan, II, p. 134.
3 Blanning, Eighteenth Century, p. 172; Hardman, p. 182; Campan, II, p. 125; Tourzel, p. 185.
4 Keane, pp. 289 et seq.
5 Antonina, II, p. 38; Fleischmann, Pamphlets, pp. 141, 147, 199.
6 Dictionnaire de Droit Canonique, III, cols. 1153–9, 1942.
7 Béarn, p. 54.
8 Stryiénski, Mesdames, p. 264; Journal de Paris, 22 February 1791.
9 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 259 note 1; Lettres, II, p. 224.
10 Hardman, p. 184; Couty, p. 88; Nicolardot, p. 141; Dormois, p. 96.
11 Dormois, pp. 43–5.
12 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Korrespondenz A26, 307.
13 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 263 note 1.
14 Bouillé, p. 39.
15 L’Ami du Peuple, 2 April 1791.
16 Crawford, pp. 437 et seq.
17 Tourzel, p. 194, p. 455, note; Versailles 1955, no. 645; Browning, Varennes, pp. 14–16, 52–76. Carlyle, in a colourful account—full, however, of inaccuracies—apostrophized it: “Miserable new Berline! Why could not Royalty go in some old Berline similar to that of other men,” missing the point that the berlin was exactly that, rather than a recognizable royal vehicle: French Revolution, part II, p. 16; Dunlop, Marie-Antoinette, p. 295.
18 Lettres, II, p. 281 & note 3; Campan (1988), p. 443 note 167.
19 Lettres, II, pp. 230–1.
20 Lettres, p. 234.
21 Pimodan, p. 278.
22 Arneth, Marie Antoinette, p. 162.
23 Lévis, p. 211; Lettres, II, p. 231.
24 Journal de Paris, 20 April 1791; Tourzel, p. 172; Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 123.
25 Nouvion & Liez, p. 92; Modes: Éloffe, II, p. 120; Nicolardot, p. 142.
26 Lettres, II, p. 235.
27 Browning, Varennes, pp. 19 et seq.
28 Bouillé, pp. 46–8.
29 Lettres, II, p. 223.
30 Bouillé, p. 67; Browning, Varennes, p. 22 note 1.
31 Tourzel, p. 384.
32 Lettres, II, p. 312.
33 Damas, p. 219.
34 Söderhjolm, pp. 177–8; Lévis, p. 154.
35 Lettres, II, p. 251; Arneth, Marie Antoinette, p. 179; Feuillet de Conches, II, pp. 349–50.
36 Tourzel, p. 354; Morel, p. 213; Couty, p. 94.
37 Demuth, p. 247; Pimodan, p. 286.
38 Bombelles, III, p. 245; Weber, II, p. 324; Campan, II, p. 142.
39 Choiseul, Relation, pp. 39 et seq.; Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 95.
40 Royal Memoirs, I, pp. 15–16.
41 Reiset, pp. 190 et seq.; Mansel, Louis XVIII, p. 54.
CHAPTER 21: DEPARTURE AT MIDNIGHT
pp. 333–48
1 Couty, pp. 94 et seq.
2 Keane, p. 313; Pimodan, p. 289.
3 Feuillet de Conches, II, pp. 101–25.
4 Modes: Éloffe, II, p. 234.
5 Valory, p. 273.
6 Valory, p. 281; Tourzel, pp. 190 et seq.
7 Royal Memoirs, I, pp. 20 et seq.
8 Tourzel, pp. 191–2.
9 Browning, Varennes, p. 12.
10 Tourzel, p. 195.
11 Choiseul, Relation, pp. 79 et seq.
12 Choiseul, Relation, p. 72.
13 Tourzel, p. 196.
14 Valory, p. 286; Marie Thérèse thought so, Royal Memoirs, I, pp. 30–1.
15 Damas, pp. 213 et seq.
16 Browning, Varennes, p. 30.
17 Raigecourt, pp. 199 et seq.
18 Deslon, p. 177.
19 Valory, pp. 295–304.
20 Browning, Varennes, p. 43; Tourzel, p. 202.
21 Valory, p. 304.
22 Deslon, p. 177; Damas, p. 250.
23 Tourzel, p. 231.
24 Debriffe, p. 137.
25 Lévis, pp. 218–20; Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 35, note 3; Tourzel, pp. 207 et seq.; Amarzit, pp. 206 et seq.
26 Tourzel, p. 204; Dutens Papers, no. 938, box 923.
27 Elliott, p. 58; Browning, Varennes, p. 49; Tourzel, p. 205.
28 Grouchy & Guillois, pp. 277–8; Elliott, p. 63.
29 Nicolardot, p. 143; Esterhazy Lettres I, p. 237; Hüe, p. 206 & note.
30 Tourzel, p. 207.
31 Esterhazy Lettres I, p. 238; Loomis, Friendship, p. 202.
32 See Choiseul, Relation, passim; Bouillé, p. 12 & passim; Damas; Valory; Royal Memoirs, I, passim; Tourzel, pp. 189, 453 & note.
33 Choiseul, Relation, pp. 111–16; Bouillé, p. 9.
34 Dormois, p. 193; Bouillé, p. 134.
35 Aspinall, George III, p. 547; Freeman, p. 70.
36 Lever, Marie-Antoinette, p. 559; Yalom, p. 150.
37 Nicolardot, pp. 128, 142.
CHAPTER 22: UP TO THE EMPEROR
pp. 349–64
1 Choiseul, Relation, p. 106.
2 Schama, p. 513; Rudé, Robespierre, p. 106; Amarzit, p. 216; Hampson, p. 53.
3 Weston, Letters (1791), p. 92.
4 Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 1084, 1085; Corti, p. 18; Lever, Louis XVIII, p. 182.
5 Kelly, p. 31; Donald, p. 146; Browning, Despatches, p. 287; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 1086.
6 Lettres, II, pp. 253, 254.
7 Hedley, p. 150.
8 Campan, II, p. 149; Sorel, p. 191; Lamorlière, p. 245; Weber, II, p. 23.
9 Söderhjolm, p. 250.
10 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 18 et seq.; Campan, II, p. 178; Lettres, II, p. 392, note 3.
11 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 39–40; Campan, II, pp. 150–1; Hardman, p. 200.
12 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 14 et seq.
13 Thomas, p. 43; Söderhjolm, p. 229.
14 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 54–61.
15 Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 427; Weston, Letters (1792), p. 96.
16 Fraser, p. 170.
17 Yalom, p. 151; Weston, Letters (1791), p. 282.
18 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 113; Lettres, II, pp. 268–9, 278.
19 Lettres, II, p. 255.
20 Pimodan, p. 296; Lettres, II, p. 286; Lever, Louis XVIII, pp. 162, 170; Louis-Philippe, p. 126.
21 Lever, Louis XVIII, p. 181; Mansel, Louis XVIII, p. 60; Daudet, p. 60.
22 Louis-Philippe, p. 92.
23 Lettres, II, p. 275.
24 Lettres, II, pp. 282–304.
25 Lettres, II, pp. 333, 360.
26 Tourzel, p. 80; Lettres, II, p. 275; Söderhjolm, p. 251.
27 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 47; Lettres, II, p. 292; Pimodan, p. 313.
28 Söderhjolm, Barnave, pp. 111 et seq.
29 Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 397.
30 Pimodan, pp. 319–20.
31 Mansel, Ligne, p. 85; Ligne, I, p. 286.
32 Feuillet de Conches, II, p. 284.
33 Söderhjolm, Barnave, p. 125 note 2, p. 143; Sorel, p. 199; Fleischmann, p. 246; MacDonogh, Reigning Cats, p. 49.
34 Tourzel, p. 303; Campan, II, p. 174.
35 Couty, p. 143; Nouvion & Liez, p. 94.
36 Lettres, II, pp. 364–78.
37 Browning, Despatches, pp. 150, 152; Lettres, II, p. 320; Klinckowström, I, p. lxvi; Söderhjolm, p. 236.
38 Castelot, Queen, p. 295.
39 Forrest, p. 113.
40 Stafsundarchive, AVF, Dagböker, V (1791–4); Söderhjolm, pp. 241–7.
CHAPTER 23: VIOLENCE AND RAGE
pp. 365–81
1 Lettres, II, p. 395 note 2; Tourzel, p. 296; Kelly, p. 45.
2 Lettres, II, pp. 396–7; Hüe, p. 394.
3 Pimodan, pp. 296, 326.
4 Hampson, p. 111; Campan, II, p. 205.
5 Söderhjolm, p. 257.
6 Lettres, II, p. 398, 402.
7 Lettres, II, pp. 393, 399, 402.
8 L’Ami du Peuple, 11 June 1792.
9 Couty, pp. 166 et seq.; Campan, II, pp. 211 et seq.
10 Weston, Letters (1792), p. 90.
11 Hüe, pp. 263 et seq.
12 Béarn, p. 93; Tourzel, p. 294; Hüe, p. 274.
13 Lettres, II, p. 406; Hüe, p. 274.
14 Campan, II, p. 214.
15 Amarzit, p. 104; Couty, p. 190; Hüe, p. 305; Lettres, II, p. 406 & note 2, p. 414; Molleville, II, pp. 174–5.
16 Campan, II, p. 239; Amarzit, p. 98.
17 Tourzel, p. 343.
18 Mossiker, p. 566; Lettres, II, p. 419.
19 Higonnet, p. 245.
20 Lettres, II, p. 420 note 1; Mayer, pp. 55–6; Arnaud-Bouteloup, pp. 363–6.
21 Schama, p. 612.
22 Lettres, II, p. 244.
23 Nicolardot, p. 148; Campan, II, p. 216; Couty, p. 194; Moore, I, p. 164.
24 Couty, pp. 197 et seq.; La Rochefoucauld, pp. 3 et seq.
25 Allen, pp. 14 et seq.; Hezecques, p. 135.
26 Campan, II, pp. 239 et seq.
27 La Rochefoucauld, p. 7; Couty, p. 215.
28 Moore, I, pp. 167 et seq.; La Rochefoucauld, pp. 13–14.
29 Jordan, p. 5.
30 Campan, II, p. 242; Crankshaw, p. 78; Couty, p. 220.
31 Hüe, p. 332; Rocheterie, II, p. 272.
32 Allen, p. 80; Lever, Marie-Antoinette, p. 618; Hardman, pp. 220–1; Loomis, Terror, p. 194.
33 Hüe, p. 333.
34 Tourzel, p. 364; Couty, p. 221; Allen, p. 91.
35 Tarante, p. 71; Allen, p. 92; La Rochefoucauld, pp. 22, 26.
36 La Rochefoucauld, p. 23.
37 Journal de Paris, 12 August 1792; Campan, II, p. 244; La Rochefoucauld, p. 40.
38 Allen, p. 101; Hardman, p. 221.
39 Weber, III, p. 109; Chapman, p. 571; Tarante, p. 77; Moore, I, p. 36; Maxwell, p. 186.
40 Tarante, p. 72; Béarn, p. 100.
41 Ribeiro, Fashion, p. 75 & note 31, p. 146; Keane, p. 318; Hüe, p. 348.
42 Tarante, p. 97; Tourzel, p. 342.
43 Maxwell, p. 169.
44 Journal de Paris, 12 August 1792; Castelot, Queen, p. 315; Campan, II, p. 258; Béarn, p. 105; Lenotre, pp. 6–18.
45 Campan, II, p. 255.
46 Lenotre, pp. 31 et seq.
47 L’Ami du Peuple, 10 August 1792; Tourzel, p. 378; Lenotre, p. 32.
CHAPTER 24: THE TOWER
pp. 382–99
1 Tourzel, p. 374; Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 157–8.
2 Hüe, pp. 355 et seq.
3 Royal Memoirs, III, p. 167; Lep"tre, p. 163.
4 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 161 et seq.; Hüe, pp. 355 et seq.
5 Nouvion & Liez, pp. 96–7 & note 2; Delpierre, pp. 27–32.
6 Hüe, p. 394.
7 Tourzel, p. 382.
8 See Cléry, pp. 15, 26 & passim.
9 Royal Memoirs, III, p. 167; Couty, p. 270.
10 Arasse, p. 33.
11 Daujon, pp. 45 et seq.
12 Higonnet, p. 37; Cobb, French, p. 387 & note 4; Moore, I, p. 183; Loomis, Terror, p. 83.
13 Gueniffey, p. 237.
14 Tourzel, p. 389; Bertin, p. 306; Lafont d’Aussone, I, pp. 52–3.
15 Morris, II, p. 540; Moore, p. 189.
16 Bertin, Lamballe, p. 326; Louis-Philippe, p. 261 & note; Chapman, p. 122; Tussaud, p. 272.
17 Bertin, Lamballe, p. 322; Cléry, pp. 31 et seq.
18 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 174–5.
19 Daujon, pp. 59–61.
20 Fleischmann, Terror, p. 58; Lenotre, p. 79; Hüe, p. 466.
21 Morel, pp. 213, 218–19, 234; “Dix siècles de joaillerie,” p. 40.
22 Moore, I, p. 271.
23 Fleischmann, p. 78; Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 183 et seq.; Rousseau, Émile, p. 15; Cléry, pp. 35 et seq.
24 Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 447; Cléry, p. 45; Hardman, p. 226.
25 Royal Memoirs, III, p. 170.
26 Debriffe, p. 174.
27 Turgy, pp. 93–4; Loomis, Terror, p. 259.
28 Cléry, p. 210 & note 1 to p. 56; Goret, p. 127.
29 Mirault, p. 49; Wilfred Blunt and W. T. Stearn, The Art of Botanical Illustration, new revised edn, 1994, pp. 186–7 and note 5.
30 Blanning, Revolution, p. 65.
31 Couty, pp. 276–7; Freeman, pp. 1, 38, 50, 70.
32 Maxwell, pp. 179–80.
33 Cléry, p. 86; Lep"tre, p. 161 & note 1; Landon, II, pp. 594–5.
34 Dormois, pp. 201–4; Jordan, p. 127.
35 Morris, II, p. 591.
36 Walzer, p. 5; Figes, p. 639.
37 Jordan, pp. 58 et seq., p. 102.
38 Paine, III, pp. 119–27.
39 Paine, IV, pp. x–xii; Jordan, pp. 196–7.
40 Jordan, p. 187; Elliott, p. 120.
41 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 199–200, 203–4.
42 Cléry, pp. 104–5.
43 Turgy, p. 102.
CHAPTER 25: UNFORTUNATE PRINCESS
pp. 403–20
1 Lep"tre, p. 169.
2 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 204–5; Cléry, p. 107; Lettres, II, p. 434.
3 Lettres, II, p. 438.
4 Lep"tre, p. 172 note 1; Goret, p. 144.
5 Goret, p. 144; Royal Memoirs, III, p. 206.
6 Furneaux, p. 119.
7 Goret, p. 149; “Relation de Turgy,” p. 112.
8 Lever, Louis XVIII, p. 200; Crawford, pp. 447 et seq.; Pimodan, p. 375.
9 Turgy, pp. 103 et seq.; Hüe, p. 472.
10 Lep"tre, p. 159.
11 Lenotre, p. 150 & note 1.
12 Pimodan, pp. 372, 374; Bacourt, II, p. 368.
13 Higonnet, p. 138; Thomas, p. 68; Söderhjolm, p. 281.
14 Hüe, p. 469; Aspinall, Prince of Wales, pp. 274, 276.
15 Rudé, Robespierre, p. 31; Walzer, p. 108; Jordan, p. 190.
16 Jordan, p. 210; Moelle, p. 211.
17 Salmon, p. 92; Tarante, p. 203; Saint-Priest, II, p. 98.
18 Pimodan, p. 377.
19 Blanning, Joseph II, p. 203.
20 Lettres, II, p. 426; Turgy, p. 104; Lep"tre, p. 178 note 1.
21 Lettres, II, p. 433.
22 Lettres, II, pp. 437–9.
23 Söderhjolm, p. 323; Lettres, II, p. 435; Rousseau, Nouvelle Héloïse, p. 47.
24 Lever, Marie-Antoinette, p. 640.
25 Tourzel, p. 385 & note p. 467.
26 Furneaux, p. 128.
27 Hampson, p. 120; Loomis, Terror, p. 257.
28 Jordan, p. 225; Arasse, pp. 70–1, p. 189 note 128; Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 222–3.
29 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 223–4.
30 Furneaux, pp. 135–6.
31 Acton, p. 262.
32 Hüe, p. 414.
33 Walter, Procès, p. 23.
34 Royal Memoirs, III, pp. 228–31; Lenotre, pp. 215–16.
35 Larivière, pp. 355–7; Saint-Priest, II, p. 97.
36 Lamorlière, pp. 228 et seq.
37 Lamorlière, pp. 230–1.
38 Walter, Procès, p. 27.
39 Lamorlière, p. 240.
40 Lenotre, pp. 295–7 & notes 1 & 2.
41 Fouché, pp. 308–19.
42 Campan, II, pp. 199–200.
43 Ségur, pp. 320 et seq.; Castelot, Queen, pp. 372 et seq.; Walter, Procès, p. 678; Hüe, p. 151.
44 Cobb, French, pp. 48 et seq.
45 Barbey, p. 61; Lenotre, p. 292 note 1.
46 Klinckowström, II, pp. 82–3; Pimodan, pp. 388–91.
47 Pimodan, p. 396.
48 Verlet, p. 56; Reitlinger II, p. 130.
49 Bacourt, III, p. 418.
CHAPTER 26: THE HEAD OF ANTOINETTE
pp. 421–40
1 Lamorlière, pp. 227 et seq., p. 232 note 1, p. 246.
2 Lamorlière, p. 241.
3 Corti, p. 206; Hüe, pp. 148–9; Lamorlière, p. 234.
4 Royal Memoirs, III, p. 233; Lamorlière, pp. 239–40; Lenotre, pp. 234–5 note 1.
5 Lamorlière, p. 236.
6 Lafont d’Aussone, I, p. 52.
7 Campardon, pp. 55–7; AN, W296 & dossier F7.4392 cit. Castelot, p. 435.
8 Walter, Procès, pp. 26–36.
9 Fortescue, pp. 456–61.
10 Oberkirch, p. 191.
11 Staël, Réflexions, pp. v, xxx.
12 Walter, Procès, pp. 39 et seq.
13 Walter, Procès, p. 43.
14 Walter, Procès, pp. 45 et seq.
15 Lenotre, p. 301; Fouché, pp. 318–19; Castelot, pp. 418–20; but see Lafont d’Aussone, I, p. 57.
16 Mills, p. 95; Forrest, p. 101; Maza, Private, p. 170; RA, Add. MSS GEO 21/91, 6 February 1787.
17 Chauveau-Lagarde, p. 3.
18 Chauveau-Lagarde, p. 5; Lettres, II, pp. 440–1.
19 Lamorlière, p. 249; Campardon, p. 229.
20 Walter, Procès, pp. 53, 98.
21 Walter, Procès, pp. 53 et seq.
22 Walter, Procès, pp. 59–61.
23 Walter, Procès, p. 61 & note 1; Chauveau-Lagarde, p. 23.
24 Walter, Procès, p. 63.
25 Lamorlière, p. 251.
26 Walter, Procès, pp. 68 et seq.
27 Walter, Procès, pp. 93 et seq.
28 Lenotre, p. 348; Castelot, Queen, p. 395.
29 Campardon, pp. 125–8 & note 1.
30 Lépinay & Charles, Annexes III, pp. 90 et seq.
31 In this form, probably invented by a journalist, although similar words seem to have been spoken; Cléry, p. 229 & note; Arasse, p. 90.
32 Lamorlière, pp. 252 et seq.
33 Marie-Clothilde, p. 152 note G: “Des Deuils de cour et de famille.”
34 Lamorlière, pp. 252 et seq.
35 Arasse, p. 96.
36 Arasse, pp. 123 et seq.; Le Moniteur, 27 October 1793.
37 Campardon, p. 237; Le Moniteur, 27 October 1793; Grouchy & Guillois, p. 477; Walter, Procès, pp. 99–100.
38 Campardon, p. 232; Chalon, p. 469.
CHAPTER 27: EPILOGUE
pp. 441–58
1 Lenotre, p. 398.
2 Cottrell, p. 150; Lenotre, p. 394.
3 Fortescue MSS, p. 462; AN, W 15. 534/11.
4 Castelot, Queen, p. 439.
5 AN, C 279. C1. 730; Fleischmann, Terror, p. 324.
6 Elliott, p. 177.
7 Vigée Le Brun, pp. 2–3; Pimodan, p. 411.
8 Lindqvist, p. 204; Foster “Journal,” MSS; Söderhjolm, p. 315.
9 Pimodan, Appendix IV, pp. 438–43; Lindqvist, p. 215.
10 Bearne, pp. 114, 200; Corti, p. 207; Acton, p. 262.
11 Corti, p. 231.
12 Barbey, p. 243.
13 Marie-Clothilde, p. 224.
14 Yalom, p. 62.
15 Evans, p. 202; Boigne, I, p. 255.
16 Delorme, Louis XVII, passim, esp. pp. 93, 203–4.
17 A. W. T. Webb, Story of the Seychelles, 1964; John Demos, The Unredeemed Captive: a family story from early America, 1996, pp. 245 et seq., p. 309 note 6.
18 Lenotre, pp. 398 et seq.; Béarn, pp. 223 et seq.
19 Chauteaubriand, III, p. 461; Lenotre, p. 410.
20 McLynn, p. 469; Bruce, pp. 302, 457.
21 C. A. Moberly & E. Jourdain, An Adventure, 2nd edn, 1913; Lucille Iremonger, The Ghosts of Versailles: Miss Moberly and Miss Jourdain and their adventure, 1957, p. 181; Castle, pp. 10, 112, 140.
22 Castle, pp. 143–4.
23 Figes, p. 277; Zeepvat, p. 4 et seq.
24 Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna, 1928, pp. 100–10.
25 Versailles 1955; Mossiker, p. 582.
26 Information of Mlle Cécile Coutin, Association Marie-Antoinette; Higonnet, p. 295.
27 Walpole, pp. 264–5.
28 Sorel, p. 189.
29 Bessborough, p. 203; Tarante, p. 203.
30 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 290.
31 Prochaska, p. 17; Besenval, p. 181.
32 Hüe, p. 466; Ribeiro, Art, p. 83.
33 Goncourt, p. 73.
34 Fleischmann, Appendix II, pp. 311–15.
35 Corti, p. 181.
36 Dormois, p. 98.
37 Bombelles, I, p. 196.
38 Ford, p. 140; Leviticus 16:10; George Foot Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, New York, 1978, p. 55; James Frazer, The Golden Bough: a study in magic and religion, abridged edn, 1922, pp. 540–2, 565, 568–9, 577–87.
39 Morris, II, p. 602.
40 Dormois, p. 43.