Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
Abbott, Andrew, 17
Abduh, Muhammad, 269
Abernethy, David B., 142
abolition, 99–100, 189
Abu-Hafs al-Masri Brigades, 273
academic antiscience, 236–60
de Man and, 241–43
fascist roots of academic left, 244–47
Feyerabend and, 241, 252–56
Heidegger and, 238, 241–44
Hessen and, 239–41
Kuhn and, 249–52
Popper and, 247–49
Sokal and, 256–57
acid rain, 283
Adams, Henry, 129, 145
Adams, John
Constitution and, 96
Franklin and, 119
Jefferson and, 95, 106, 108
Paine and, 74, 85
slavery and, 99
Adams, Samuel, 85
Afghanistan, 267, 273, 275
Against Method (Feyerabend), 255
Age of Reason (Paine), 74, 79–80, 85–86, 87–88
agriculture, 208–12, 226–27
air resistance, 41, 55
al-Banna, Hasan, 272
alchemy, 4
al-Ghannouchi, Rachid, 277
al-Jabarti, Abd Al-Rahman, 268
al-Jundi, Sami, 270
Allen, Ethan, 166
Al-Qaeda, 270, 271
alternating current (AC), 137–38
al-Turabi, Hassan, 273
Ambonese Curiosity Cabinet (Rumphius and Beekman), 66
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 95
American Bill of Rights, 13
American Civil War, 102
American Crisis, The (Paine), 75–76
American Independence, 89–108
Declaration of Independence and, 92–94
Jefferson and, 89–95, 105–8
new nation as an “experiment,” 101–5
slavery and, 98–101
American Philosophical Society, 91
American Revolution, 6, 75–76, 109–10
Ames, Fisher, 13
Ampère, André, 112
Anaximander of Miletus, 3
Anderson, Carl, 251
antiauthoritarian ethos, 4, 44–45, 231
antiscience
academic. See academic antiscience
totalitarian. See totalitarian antiscience
Appert, Nicholas, 160
applied science vs. pure science, 97–98
Arab Socialist Baath Party, 270
Arcelor Mittal, 32
arc lamps, 135–37
Arendt, Hannah, 194
Aristarchus of Samos, 3
Aristotle, 4, 35, 42, 47, 72, 95
Armstrong, Neil, 255–56
Aronowitz, Stanley, 255
Arrhenius, Svante, 284
Aryan Nordic race, 195
Ashley, Lord, 62–63
aspirin, 193
astronomy, 6, 54–55, 180
Astronomy Explained Upon Sir Isaac Newton’s Principles (Ferguson), 79
atheism, 279
atomic bombs, 224–25
axioms, 92, 92n
Azzam, Abdullah, 273
Baath Party, 270
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 13, 202
Bacon, Francis, 5, 45–51, 114, 172, 258
Bagehot, Walter, 168
Bahrain, 269, 276, 277
Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 124
Balcerowicz, Leszek, 183
banking, 40
Banks, Joseph, 152
Banneker, Benjamin, 99
Barber, Bernard, 237
Barberini, Francesco, 44
Baring, Evelyn, 142–43
barometers, 54
Barrow, Isaac, 92
“barometer,” use of term, 90
Barrow, John, 144–45
Bastille, 84, 111
Battas, the, 145
Battle of Anghiari (da Vinci), 38
Bayle, Pierre, 64
Beagle, 264
Bell, Alexander Graham, 129
“bell jar,” 165
Bellow, Saul, 259
Beria, Lavrenti, 224, 233–34
Berkeley, George, 145
Bernard, John, 100
Berwald, Ludwig, 198
Bessemer, Henry, 130
Best Buy, 32
Bethe, Hans, 197
Bevis, John, 80
bin Laden, Osama, 271, 273
Birdzell, L. E. Jr., 158–59
Bismarck, Otto von, 192–93
black hole theory, 213–14
black magic, 51
Blake, William, 66, 74–75, 88, 123, 259
“blank slate” theory of the human mind, 74
blast furnace, 130
Bloom, Allan, 259
Blumenthal, Otto, 198
Boghossian, Paul A., 257
Bohr, Niels, 198–99
Bonneville, Benjamin, 78
Bonneville, Margaret Brazier, 78
Born, Max, 197
Boswell, James, 174
Bothe, Walther, 202–3
Boyle, Robert, 53–54, 62
Boyle’s law, 54
Brahe, Tycho, 55, 133
Braudel, Fernand, 165
Bredikhin, Fyodor, 8
Brenner, Sydney, 290
Bricmont, Jean, 243
British Eugenics Society, 265
Bronowski, Jacob, 9, 195
Bronshtein, Matvei, 208
Browne, Thomas, 28
Bryson, Lyman, 287
Buffon, George, 114
Bukharin, Nikolai, 209
Burgi, Jost, 133
Burke, Edmund, 116–17
Burr, Aaron, 91
Burroughs, John, 136
Bush, George W., 185, 257, 277–78, 290
Butler, Samuel, 70
Byzantine Empire, 35–36, 267
calculus, 55, 94, 181
Calhoun, John C., 131
Callendar, Guy Stewart, 284–85
Calverley, Mary, 70
Cambridge University, 59–62
canals, 97
cap-and-trade, 23, 288
Capital (Marx), 204–7
carbon dioxide (CO2), 281–82, 284–86
Carlyle, Thomas, 28, 169
Carnegie, Andrew, 130
Carnot, Sadi, 138
Carrel, Alexis, 270
Casanova, Giacomo, 36–37
Cassini, Jean-Dominique de, 125
Castiglione, Baldassare, 37
Catholic Church, 43–45
Cecil, William, 164
Cellini, Benvenuto, 39
certitude, 13, 114–15, 114n, 287
Challis, James, 250
Chang, Alfred Zee, 225
change, and liberalism, 25–27
Charles I of England, 58, 59
Charles II of England, 63
Chateaubriand, François René, 127
Chauder, Juliusz Pawel, 198
Chicago Century of Progress (1933), 160
Chicago school of economics, 182–86
child rearing, Locke on, 74
Childs, John, 245
Chinese communism, 8, 23–24, 25, 225–33
Chinese Cultural Revolution, 124–25, 227–28, 254–55
Chinese economy, 158
Christianity, 12, 88, 265, 269, 279–80
Christie, Thomas, 84
Christina of Sweden, 52
church and state, separation of, 280
Churchill, Winston, 14, 146, 200, 201–2
Cicero, 175
“civic humanism,” 37
civil disobedience, 73–74
“civil rights,” use of term, 101
Civil Wars. See American Civil War; English Civil War
Classical Field Theory (Landau), 208, 228
“classical” liberalism, 20, 22–23
Clauberg, Carl, 196
climate change (global warming), 23, 281–89
climatic feedback loops, 284, 286
Clinton, Bill, 19, 185
clocks, 41, 133–34
Cloots, Anacharsis, 86
Closing of the American Mind (Bloom), 259
Clymer, George, 106
coal mining, 129–30
Cobbett, William, 87
Cockroft, John, 200–201
coercion, as inherent problem with liberalism, 18–19
cogito ergo sum, 56
Cohen, I. Bernard, 56
Collier, Paul, 186–87
colonialism, 142–48
Common Sense (Paine), 75, 78, 109
communism, 8, 204–35
China and, 23–24, 25, 225–33
Islamism and, 271–72
Soviet Union and, 207–25
Communist Manifesto, 204
compass, 41–42
Comte, Auguste, 188
Condorcet, marquis de, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, 46, 85, 99, 124, 150
Conquest, Robert, 252
Conrad, Joseph, 146
conservatism, 17, 19–24, 290
Constantinople, 268
Constitution, U.S., 95, 96, 98, 101, 102, 104–5
Constitutional Convention, U.S., 103
Cooper, Gary, 134
Copernican Revolution, The (Kuhn), 249
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 2, 40, 46
Corday, Charlotte, 124
Cordemoy, Géraud de, 112
corporate concentrations of power, 184
Corwallis, Charles, 143
Cosimo II de’ Medici, 43
cosmic expansion, 252–53
cosmology, 42–44, 228
Counts, George, 245
Cowley, Abraham, 51
Cowper, William, 189
creativity, 25–27, 252
Crews, Frederick, 259
Cromwell, Oliver, 18, 49, 151
crowds, wisdom of, 29–34
Crowther-Heyck, Hunter, 56
cryptology, 196
Cuban Missile Crisis, 212
Cuvier, Georges, 112
Daimler, Gottlieb, 193
d’Alembert, Jean, 58, 112
D’Andrea, Francesco, 36
Dante Alighieri, 36
Danton, Georges-Jacques, 86, 121
Darby, Abraham, 96–97
“dark energy,” 253
Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (Rhodes), 222–23
Darwin, Charles, 30, 33, 45, 181, 205–6, 211, 262–66
Darwin, Erasmus, 30
Darwin, John, 147–48
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea (Dennett), 263
David (Michelangelo), 37
David, Jacques-Louis, 125
Davies, Norman, 143
da Vinci, Leonardo, 37–38, 39
Davis, Chandler, 45
Davy, Humphry, 134–35
“dead capital,” 166
Declaration of Independence, 6, 89–90, 92–94, 101–2, 152
deconstructionism, 241–43
deduction, 45–46, 52–53
“degenerates,” 30
Dekker, Thomas, 49
Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 124
DeLong, J. Bradford, 171
de Man, Paul, 241–43
democracy, 27–29
Fang on, 228–30
Federalist Papers on, 102–3
Jefferson on, 106, 107
Muslims and, 266, 269, 273
Napoleon and, 126
Paine on, 80
Sagan on, 103–4
Spinoza on, 64
Dennett, Daniel, 263
Derrida, Jacques, 238, 241–42, 243
Descartes, René, 45–46, 52–55, 64, 67n, 92, 112, 114, 114n, 172, 175
“Deserted Village, The” (Goldsmith), 173
de Soto, Hernando, 164–67
de Vries, Simon, 66
Dewey, John, 5
d’Hondt, Victor, 94
dialectics, 206–7, 227
Dickens, Charles, 163
Diderot, Denis, 112–13, 116
Dietrich, Marlene, 193
differential calculus, 94, 181
Dillon, Wentworth, 28
Dirac, Paul, 251
direct current (DC), 137–38
“discount rate,” 289
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 53
dishwashers, 129
disputation, 46
Disraeli, Benjamin, 166
distribution of wealth, 10
dogmas (dogmatists), 261–66
double-entry bookkeeping, 40
doubt, role in science, 13, 105, 229
Dryden, John, 62–63
Duchess of Richmond, 200
Duncan, William, 93
Dutch East India Company, 144
Dutch Golden Age, 63–68
Dylan, Bob, 29
dynamos, 134–35, 138–40
“economic freedom,” 156
Economic Freedom of the World Index, 156
economic inequalities, 156–59
economics, 168–90
competing alliances of economic theory, 182–86
as dismal science, 168–69
Mill and, 181–84
morality and, 188–89
Smith’s Wealth of Nations and, 173–80
Edelman, Gerald, 266
Edis, Taner, 275
Edison, Thomas, 135–38, 160
education, 10–11, 12, 29, 154–55, 112, 120
Education Department, U.S., 25
egalitarianism, 101, 120–21, 229–30
Egypt, 271
Einstein, Albert, 4, 8, 43, 139–41, 160, 193
“Einsteinian constant,” 256
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 219, 220–21
electric lighting, 136–37
electromagnetic fields, 139–40, 251
electromagnetism, 135, 139–40
Eli Lilly, 32
Elizabeth I of England, 58, 164
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 131–32
Emiliani, Cesare, 285–86
empiricism, 29, 72–73, 72n, 74, 175
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 134
Encyclopédie, 6, 112–13
Engels, Frederick, 204–7, 228
English Bill of Rights, 17, 61
English Civil War, 62, 67–68
English East India Company, 143, 144–45
English Revolution, 2, 5–6
Enigma, 196
Enlightenment, 2, 6, 56–88, 149–50
Dutch Golden Age, 63–68
England and, 58–63
Locke and, 61–63, 67–74
Paine and, 74–88
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 23
epidemiology, 62
Epstein, Paul, 198
equal protection, 19
equal rights, and liberalism, 17–18, 26, 262
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 3
Escher, M. C., 141
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 61, 68–74
Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus), 169–70
Estates-General, 110–11
ethics, 9–10, 289–91
Euclid, 92, 256
Eudoxus of Cnidus, 42
eugenics, 30–31, 33–34, 196, 264–65
evolution, 45, 181, 205–6, 211, 262–66
experimentation (experimental testing), 3–4, 35, 40–41, 44–45, 55, 234
Explorer (satellite), 221–22
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (Mackay), 28
Fang Lizhi, 228–30
Faraday, Michael, 134–35, 160
Faraj, Abd al-Salam, 275
Farmer, Moses G., 136
fascism, 119, 126
Fashionable Nonsense (Sokal and Bricmont), 243
Faust myth, 13
Fauth, Philipp, 194
federalism, 19
Federalist Papers, 102–3
Federal Polytechnic Institute, 139
feedback loops, 235
climatic, 284, 286
Feldbaum, Carl, 257
Ferguson, James, 79
Fermi, Enrico, 203n
Festival of the Supreme Being, 122–23
Feuille de Paris, 121
Feyerabend, Paul, 241, 252–56
Feynman, Richard, 71, 72–73, 104–5, 182
fiber optics, 129
Firestone, Harvey, 136
Fischer, Eugen, 196
“five Ws” (who, when, what, where, and why) of journalism, 5–7
“Flying Dutchman, The” (Robinson), 142
Foner, Eric, 76
food preservation, 160
food production, 169–70
Ford, Henry, 136
Foucault, Michel, 243
Fourier, Joseph, 283–84
Francis Galton Laboratory for National Eugenics, 33
Franck, James, 197
Franklin, Benjamin, 151–53
Constitution and, 103
electricity and, 134
in France, 109, 119
Jefferson and Declaration of Independence and, 92, 95
Paine and, 77, 84
rationalists and, 114n slavery and, 98–99
Smith and, 174
Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Archduke, 193
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 8
Frederick III, 69
freedom of the press, 105–7
free enterprise, 24, 129
free markets (free-market capitalism), 10, 25, 161, 173, 176–80, 182–88
free trade, 143–44, 157
free will, 73–74
Freiburg University, 243–44
French Academy of Sciences, 112, 125
French and Indian War, 109
French National Assembly, 21–22, 111
French Resistance, 246
French Revolution, 84–85, 111–13, 120–22. See also Reign of Terror role of philosophy, 113–15
Fresnel lenses, 112
Freud, Sigmund, 168–69
Friedman, Benjamin M., 188
Friedman, Milton, 182–84
Frum, David, 274
Fuchs, Klaus, 223–24
Fulton, Robert, 86
futures markets, 32
Gagarin, Yuri, 222
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 157
Galen, 3
Galilei, Galileo, 40–45, 55, 259
Galilei, Vincenzio, 40–41
Galton, Francis, 29–33
Gassendi, Pierre, 70, 112
gay marriage, 18, 101
GDP (gross domestic product), 4, 10, 12, 19, 44–45, 154, 155–58, 170, 171, 185, 232–33
genes, 209, 262–63
genetics, 33, 195, 209–11
gentry, 28, 58
geodesics, 131
George III of England, 81–82, 105
Gilbert, William, 44–45, 46
Gini ratio, 158
“glacial cosmogony” theory, 194
glacier melts, 286
globalization, 157, 187, 258
global warming, 23, 281–89
Glorious Revolution, 58–59
Goddard, Robert H., 216, 222
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 138, 216, 259–60
gold, 70–71
Gold, Harry, 224
Goldberg, Jonah, 193
Golden Rule, 289
Goldsmith, Oliver, 173
Graff, Jacob, 92
Graham, Loren R., 213, 239, 240–41
Grand Trunk Railway, 135
graphite, 202–3
gravity, 41, 54–55, 56, 58, 68, 135, 262
Great Depression, 246
“Great Leap Forward,” 226
Greek Fire, 267–68
Greeks, ancient, 35–36, 47–48
Greeley, Horace, 133
Greenglass, David, 223, 224
greenhouse gases, 281–88
Gross, Paul R., 258–59
group predictions, 29–34
Groves, Leslie, 203
“gunboat diplomacy,” 146
gunpowder, 215
Hahn, Otto, 196, 198–99
Hallervorden, Julius, 196
Hamas, 270
Hamilton, Alexander, 102–3
Hand, Billings Learned, 18
Han Minzhu, 229n happiness, 155–56
Harrington, James, 96
Harris, John, 92
Harvey, William, 46, 96
Hausdorff, Felix, 198
Hayek, Friedrich, 26, 149, 159, 184, 185–86
Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 146
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 206–7
Heidegger, Martin, 238, 241–44
Heilbroner, Robert L., 173
Heisenberg, Werner, 198, 202
Helsinki Accords, 214
Hemings, Sally, 106
Herbert, Ulrich, 197
hereditary rule, 82–83
heredity, 30, 33
heroin, 193
Herschel, William, 79, 249–50, 283
Hertz, Heinrich, 129
Hessen, Boris, 238–41
Higher Superstition (Levitt and Gross), 259
High Noon (movie), 134
Hilbert, David, 197
Hiroshima, 191–92, 224
Historical and Critical Dictionary (Bayle), 64
History of England (Macaulay), 59–60
History of Java (Barrow), 145
Hitler, Adolf, 125–26, 194–95, 197–98, 243–44, 258
Hizb ut-Tahrir, 273
Hobbes, Thomas, 20
Högbom, Arvid, 284
Holland’s Golden Age, 63–68
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 166, 265
Holton, Gerald, 34, 251
Homestead Act of 1862, 166 homo economicus, 189–90
homosexual marriage. See gay marriage
Hooke, Robert, 54
Hörbiger, Hanns, 194
Hortus Cliffortianus (Linnaeus), 66
Hortus Malabaricus (van Rheede), 138
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 45
Howell, Wilbur Samuel, 93
How the West Grew Rich (Rosenberg and Birdzell), 158–59
Hubble, Edwin, 262
human fallibility, 103, 231
human ignorance, 72–73
human rights, 12, 101, 187–88, 204
Humboldt, Alexander von, 7–8
Hume, David, 58, 115, 116, 174, 180, 248
hunger, 169–70
Hunt, Leigh, 152
hunter-gatherers, 118–19
Huntington, Samuel, 267
Huntsman, Benjamin, 97
Husain, Ed, 272–73
Hussein, Saddam, 270
Husserl, Edmund, 243–44
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 72
Huygens, Christiaan, 41, 68, 133
hydrogen bombs, 224–25
hydrometers, 54
hypotheses, 55–56, 114–15
ibn Saud, Muhammad, 269
ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 212, 218–19
ice ages, 285–86
illiteracy, 154–55
imperialism, 142–48
income inequalities, 156–59
India, 11, 143, 147, 158
India Act of 1784, 143
induction, 45–49, 247–48
Industrial Revolution, 129–30, 154, 159
InnoCentive, 32
Inquisition, 44, 45
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 212, 218–19
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 287
International Geophysical Year, 219
Intrade.com, 32
invariance, 26, 289–90
“invisible hand,” 177, 180
Iowa Electronic Markets, 31–32
Iran, 11–12, 12, 45, 276, 277, 290
Iraq, 147, 269, 270
Islam, 10–12, 266–79
communism and, 271–72
Islamism vs., 267, 277–78
Islamist, The (Husain), 272–73
“isochronism,” 41
Israel, Johathan I., 66–67
Italian Renaissance, 35–45
James I of England, 58–59
James II of England, 58, 59–61
Jaspers, Karl, 244
Jay, John, 102–3, 111
Jefferson, Martha, 91
Jefferson, Thomas, 89–95, 96, 107–8
Bacon, Locke, and Newton portrait, 6
Bayle’s Historical and Critical Dictionary and, 64
church and state separation and, 280
Declaration of Independence and, 89–90, 92–94, 102
freedom of the press and, 105–7
French Revolution and, 111
Paine and, 76, 78, 80–81, 86
patents and, 188
rationalists and, 114n slavery and, 99–100
“Jefferson Bible,” 94
Jeffreys, George, 60
Jesus of Nazareth, 74–75, 85, 290 jihad, 273–75
Johnson, Barbara, 242
Johnson, Lyndon, 220
Johnson, Samuel, 79, 98, 173
Jones, John Paul, 119
Jones, Reginald Victor, 201–2
Joravsky, David, 210
Jordan, 276
Jordan, George Racey, 222–23
Judt, Tony, 246
Junto, 151
Kabila, Laurent-Désiré, 187
Kaczynski, Theodore, 196
Kang Sheng, 226
Kant, Immanuel, 72n, 289
Kapitsa, Pyotr, 208
Kay, John, 97
Keane, John, 81
Keats, John, 152
Keeling, Charles David, 285
Kelly, William, 130
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 20, 132, 138
Kemble, Fanny, 131
Kennedy, John F., 94–95, 219–22
Kenya, 155
Kepler, Johannes, 54–55
Kermode, Frank, 242
Keynes, John Maynard, 182–86, 265
Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 269
Khomeini, Ruhollah Musavi, 278
Khrushchev, Nikita, 8, 219–20
Killian, James, 220
Kim Jong-il, 230–31
King of Prussia, 78
Kirkpatrick, Evron, 245
Kissinger, Henry, 192
knowingness, 257
Kooman, Arnost, 240
Kopolev, Lev, 208
Koran. See Quran
Korea, 23–24
Korolyov, Sergey, 218–20
Kovalev, Sergei, 215
Kuhn, Thomas, 241, 247, 249–52
Ku Klux Klan, 19 !Kung Bushmen, 118
Kuwait, 276
Lafayette, George Washington, 126
Lafayette, marquis de, Gilbert du Motier, 74, 84, 109, 126
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, 112
Laird, Macgregor, 146
laissez-faire economics, 176–80, 182–83
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 112, 209
Landau, Lev, 228
land-reform policy, 166–67
Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 112
Latour, Bruno, 255–56
Laval, Pierre, 246
Lavoisier, Antoine, 54, 112, 124
Law of Suspects, 124
LeClerc, Jean, 62
Ledbetter, Huddie William (Leadbelly), 260
Lee, Tsung-Dao, 225
Leland, John, 280
Le Monde (Descartes), 52
Lend-Lease Act, 222, 223
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 228, 230, 231, 233, 240, 252, 275
Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 211
Leopold II of Belgium, 146, 147
Le Soir, 242–43
Letter Concerning Toleration (Locke), 17–18, 61, 63, 69–70
Le Vasseur, Thérèse, 116
Levine, Alan J., 195
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 243
Levitt, Norman, 257, 258–59
Lewis, Bernard, 268, 271–72
Lewis, Sinclair, 152–53
liberal, use of term, 17
liberal democracy, use of term, 20–21
liberalism, 16–34
accomplishments of, 17
change and creativity and, 22–23, 25–27
defined, 16–17, 20–21
democracy and, 27–29
Dutch Golden Age and, 66–67
equal rights and, 17–18
ideal of, 18
induction’s role in, 46
inherent problems with, 18–19
political spectrum, 20–25
role of government, 19
scientific basis of, 19–20
tolerance and, 17–18
totalitarianism vs., 244–46
wisdom of crowds, 29–34
liberty, use of term, 3
liberty and science, 1–15
five assertions, 4–5
Middle East and, 10–12
totalitarian regimes, 7–9
life expectancy, 153–54, 171
lightbulbs, 136–37
Lilienthal, Otto, 193–94
Lincoln, Abraham, 94, 102, 103
Linde, Andrei, 214
Link, Perry, 229–30
Linnaeus, Carl, 66
literacy, 10, 27, 154–55
“live capital,” 166
Locke, John, 6, 17–18, 20, 61–63, 67–74, 92, 115, 258, 262
Locke, Joseph, 131
logic, 48, 247
“logocentric,” 238
Lolo, Joseph, 155
London Zoological Society, 145
Loomis, Alfred, 200–201
Los Alamos, 203
Louisiana Purchase, 86
Louis XIV of France, 64
Louis XV of France, 109
Louis XVI of France, 84, 109, 110–11, 122
Lukacs, Georg, 208
Lukyanenko, I. E., 211
Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 208–12
Lysenko Affair, The (Joravsky), 210
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 59–60
McCarthy, Mary, 242
McClosky, Herbert, 245
McElroy, Neil, 221
McEwan, Ian, 265–66
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 18, 37
Mackay, Charles, 28
Madison, James, 89–90, 96, 102–3, 111
magnetism, 44–45
Malebranche, Nicolas de, 112
Malthus, Daniel, 180
Malthus, Thomas, 169–70, 180–81, 186
Manchester, William, 171
Mandeville, Bernard, 175
Manhattan Project, 191, 199, 202–3
Manley, James R., 87
Manual for Gentlemen (Castiglione), 37
Mao Zedong, 8, 226–27, 228, 230
Marat, Jean-Paul, 115, 123–25
Marconi, Guglielmo, 128–29
Marie Antoinette, 110, 122
maritime trade, and the Dutch, 63–64
Marsden, William, 145
Marshall, Alfred, 182, 186, 188–89
Martin, Benjamin, 79
Marx, Karl, 204–6, 211
Marxism, 239–40
Mary II of England, 61, 69
matches, 54
materialism, 20, 143
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Newton). See Principia mathematics, 52–53, 68, 94
Maududi, Abul Ala, 273
Maurice of Nassau, 52
Maxwell, James Clerk, 129, 138–39, 140
Mayhew, Henry, 50
Mead, Margaret, 264
Medaris, John Bruce, 221
Medvedev, Zhores, 213
Meitner, Lise, 198–99
memento mori, 64
Mendel, Gregor, 226
Mendeleyev, Dmitry, 8
Mengele, Josef, 196
mercantilism, 178
Merchant, Carolyn, 255
Mercier, Louis-Sébastien, 86
Merian, Maria Sibylla, 66
Merton, Robert K., 236–37
methane, 81, 281, 284, 286
“method of d’Hondt,” 94
Micaud, Charles A., 246–47
Michelangelo, 37, 39
microscopes, 64, 70
Middle East, 10–12, 266–79. See also Islam
Milky Way, 262
Mill, James, 181
Mill, John Stuart, 16–17, 19, 28, 52–53, 181–84, 186
Miller, H. Lyman, 231
Milton, John, 45
Mises, Ludwig von, 18, 20
mobs, 28–29
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 224
Molyneux, William, 62
Mona Lisa (da Vinci), 38
monarchy, 13, 61, 81–83, 84–85, 192–93
money, 40
Monroe, James, 74
Montesquieu, baron de, Charles-Louis de Secondat, 112, 115, 188
morality, 279–80, 289–91
Morgan, Thomas, 226
Morris, William, 163
Morrison, Philip, 191–92
Morse, Samuel F. B., 132
Muhammad, 267
Müller, Max, 244
“multitude, the,” 28–29
Murngin Aborigines, 118
Murrow, Edward R., 220
Muslim Brotherhood, 270–71, 272
Mussolini, Benito, 203
mutual aid, as ideal of liberalism, 18
mutual assured destruction (MAD), 212–13
Mystery of Capital, The (de Soto), 165
Nabhani, Taqiuddin al-, 273
Nagasaki, 191–92, 224
Napoleon Bonaparte, 88, 126–27, 160, 268
Nasiri, Omar, 273–74
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 271
National Telegraphic Union, 132
natural laws, 6, 73
natural Man, 117–19
natural rights, doctrine of, 6, 61, 73–74
natural selection, 181, 262
Nazi Germany, 7–8, 20–21, 192–203, 243–44, 258
eugenics and, 30–31, 196
Needham, Joseph, 159–60, 195, 203, 236
“Negro’s Complaint, The” (Cowper), 189
neoconservativism, 23
neoliberalism, 23
Neptune, 250
neural Darwinism, 266
New Amsterdam, 64
New Atlantis (Bacon), 50–51
Newcomen, Thomas, 130
“new man,” 149
Newton, Isaac, 6, 40, 44, 54–56, 60, 262. See also Principia
New York Sun, 136
New York Times, 154, 214–15, 286
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 21
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 270 9/11
attacks (2001), 266–67, 271, 277–78
Nixon, Richard, 160, 182
nonpartisan, liberalism as, 17
North Korea, 23–24, 230–31
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 90, 99
Nozick, Robert, 26
nuclear fission, 198–99
nuclear weapons, 191–92, 195, 202–3, 212–13, 215, 218–19, 222–25
Obama, Barack Hussein, 290
Oberth, Hermann, 216, 222
observations, 3, 45, 48–49
Oceana (Harrington), 96
oil painting, and the Dutch, 65–66
oil reserves, 269
Old Holland Oil Color Factory, 65
Oliver Twist (Dickens), 163
On the Origin of Inequality (Rousseau), 117–18
Open Society and Its Enemies (Popper), 207
Opium War, 146
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 191, 203
optics, 55, 56, 65, 79
Optics (Newton), 56
Origin of Species (Darwin), 30, 33
Orlov, Yuri, 214
Orwell, George, 278
“ostentation of dispute,” 48
Ottoman Empire, 267–69
Oxford University, 59–60, 62–63
oxygen, 54
Pacioli, Luca, 40
Paine, Thomas, 74–88, 94, 109, 111, 113, 122, 126
paradigm shifts, 249–51
Paris Exposition (1900), 137
Parker, Theodore, 75
Parsons, Talcott, 237
Pascal, Blaise, 52, 112, 133
Pasha, Sadik Rifat, 268
Passmore, John, 150
Pasteur, Louis, 160
Patent Office, U.S., 161, 188
patents, 161, 188
PCs (personal computers), 160–61
Peacock, Thomas Love, 142
Pearson, Karl, 33
Peenemünde, 217
pendulums, 41
Peng Dehuai, 226–27
Pennsylvania Journal, 100
Pennsylvania Magazine, 77–78
Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, 99
Penydarren, 130
Pepys, Samuel, 6
perfect democracy (perfection), 14
Perfectibility of Man, The (Passmore), 150
Perle, Richard, 274
Peru, 164–67
Petty, William, 175
phenomenology, 243–44
Philip II of Spain, 64
Phillips, H. B., 27, 129
philosophy, 47–48, 52, 113–15
physics, 68–69, 214
“pigsty,” 163
Pitt, William, 174
Planck, Max, 8, 193, 198
Plass, Gilbert, 285
Plato, 28, 47, 95, 150
Pluche, Noël-Antoine, 114
Poinsett, Joel Roberts, 269
Poisson, Siméon Denis, 112
Poland, 183
Polanyi, Michael, 192, 206
Political Arithmetic (Petty), 175
Poor Laws, 163
Poor Richard’s Almanack, 151
Popper, Karl, 207, 241, 247–49, 251–52
population growth, 169–70
positron, 251
postmodernism. See academic antiscience
Postmodern Pooh (Crews), 259
poststructuralism, 243
poverty, 186–89
power of science, 5, 128–48
clocks, 133–34
colonialism and imperialism, 142–48
dynamos, 134–35, 138–40
Edison and, 135–38
Einstein and, 139–41
Faraday and, 134–35
rail travel, 130–34, 152–53
steam engines, 129–30
telegraphs, 132–33
Pownall, Thomas, 96
predictions markets, 31–32
prejudice, 84, 150
Priestley, Joseph, 45, 50, 54, 92, 122, 137, 147, 152
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 37
Principia (Newton), 54–56
axioms in, 92n
Hessen and, 238–39
Locke and, 61–62, 68, 69, 70
as principal Enlightenment catalyst, 6, 58
Principles of Political Economy (Mill), 181–82
printing presses, 40, 106
productivity, 20, 172, 181, 188, 226, 232, 288
progress, 149–67
de Soto and, 164–67
economic inequality and, 156–59
education and literacy, 154–55
Franklin and, 151–53
GDP and, 154, 155–58
urbanization and, 161–64
progressivism, 17, 21–24, 290
“proliferation,” 254
property rights, 61, 73, 111, 118, 164–67, 187–88
Ptolemy, Claudius, 42, 55, 249
public, the, 28–29
public schools, 12
pure science vs. applied science, 97–98
Qatar, 269, 276, 277
Quakerism, 78
qualitative thinking, 288
quality of life, 155–56
quantitative ethics, 289
quantum physics, 193, 197–98
Quesnay, François, 177–78
Quilliam Foundation, 278
Quran, 267, 269–72, 275, 278, 289
Qutb, Sayyid, 270–71
race, and science, 98–99
radar, 199–201
Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 144
railroads (rail travel), 130–34, 152–53
Randall, John Herman, 38, 115, 125–26
R&D. See research and development rationalism, 18, 114, 115, 125
Reagan, Ronald, 19, 168, 185
Reign of Terror, 86, 113–14, 115, 122–25
relativity, 139–41, 160, 193, 239–40
religion. See also Christianity; Islam ethical systems and, 289–91
Franklin on, 151, 153
Jefferson on, 94
liberalism and, 18
Paine on, 85, 87–88
religious dogmatism, 265–66, 279–80
Islamism, 267, 271–72, 277–78
Remak, Robert, 198
Rembrandt van Rijn, 65, 66, 67n
Renaissance, 1–2, 35–54
research and development (R&D), 12, 156, 232, 275
Revolutions. See American Revolution; Chinese Cultural Revolution; French
Revolution
Rhodes, Richard, 222–23
Ricardo, David, 181
Ridgway, Robert, 162
Rights of Man (Paine), 84
Riley, James C., 154
Ringen, Stein, 14
rise of science, 35–56
Bacon and, 45–51
Boyle and, 53–54
Descartes and, 45–46, 52–53
Galileo and, 40–45
Isaac Newton’s Principia and, 54–56
Italian Renaissance and, 35–40
Ritter, Robert, 196
Robespierre, Maximilien, 86, 115, 120–23
Robinson, Edwin Arlington, 142
rocketry, 212–13, 215–25
Rohatyn, Felix, 187
Romans, ancient, 35–36, 47–48
Romanticism, 115–16, 117
Rømer, Olaus, 62
Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad, 193
Roosevelt, Theodore, 88
Rosenberg, Ethel, 224
Rosenberg, Julius, 224
Rosenberg, Nathan, 158–59
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 28, 115–20, 123, 125–26, 264
Royal Geographical Society, 144
Royal Institution, 135
Royal Society, 51, 58, 70
Rubenstein, Colin, 276
Rüdin, Ernst, 196
Rumpf, George, 66
Rush, Benjamin, 75–76, 95
Rushdie, Salman, 278
Russell, William, 63
Russia, 25, 203–4. See also Soviet Union
Rust, Bernhard, 197
Rutherford, Ernest, 262
Sachs, Jeffrey D., 186
Sagan, Carl, 103–4
Sagredo, Giovanni, 43
Sahl, Mort, 217
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine de, 121
Sakharov, Andrei, 214–15, 234
Saks, Stanislaw, 198
Saleh, Fouad Ali, 275
Santayana, George, 115
Sardar, Ziauddin, 275
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 243
Sarwar, Ghulam, 272
Saudi Arabia, 155–56, 269, 271, 272, 276
Saussure, Horace, 283–84
Savonarola, Girolamo, 37
Schoenheimer, Rudolf, 196
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 206–7
Schrödinger, Erwin, 197
science
of Enlightenment. See Enlightenment
liberalism and. See liberalism
liberty and, 1–15
origins and use of term, 3
power of. See power of science
progress and. See progress
rise of. See rise of science
of wealth. See economics
Science, 251
Science and Civilization in China (Needham), 159–60
Science of Logic (Hegel), 206
scientia, use of term, 3
scientific ethics, 290–91
“scientism,” 227
secular democracy, 12
secularism, 279
self-correcting liberal democracies as, 4, 231
science as, 4, 13
“self-evident,” use in Declaration of Independence, 92
Seneca, 175
sewing machines, 129
Sforza, Ludovico, 38
sharia, 273
Shaw, George Bernard, 265
Sherman, Roger, 95
Shubin, Semyon, 208
Shubnikov, Lev, 208
Sidereus Nuncius (Galileo), 42
Sidney, Algernon, 63
Siemens, Werner von, 139
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (Abbé), 110–11
Sigerist, Henry E., 236
Singer sewing machines, 129
Skinner, B. F., 150
slavery, 98–101
slums, 162–64
Small, William, 93
smelting, 96, 128, 130
Smith, Adam, 116, 173–80, 185, 186
Smolin, Lee, 104
social activity, science as a, 5
“social contracts,” 61
socialism, 19, 24, 46, 187
Social Security, 184
Social Text, 256–57
Sokal, Alan, 243, 256–57
solar eclipse, 90
solar time, 133–34
Soroush, Abdul Karim, 276–77
South Korea, 23–24
Soviet Academy of Sciences, 8, 45, 213
Soviet Union, 8, 192, 207–25
space exploration, 217–22
space-time continuum, 140–41
Spinoza, Benedict de, 64–65, 72n
Sputnik, 192, 219–20
squatters, 164–66
Stalin, Joseph, 8, 207–8, 209, 212, 224, 226
Standard Social Science Model, 264
stature, 153
Staudinger, Hermann, 244
steam engines, 129–30
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), 28
Stephenson, George, 130, 131
Stephenson, Robert, 131
Stern, Nicholas, 282–83
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 137
Stradivari, Antonio, 38–39
Strassmann, Fritz, 198–99
Strato of Lampsacus, 3
string theory, 53
Stromberg, Roland, 28
structuralism, 243
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn), 249, 251
Strutt, William, 129
Struve, Vasily, 8
Stuart, John, 91
Summa de Arithmetica (Pacioli), 40
superconductivity, 160
superstition, 6, 51
supply and demand, 182
Surowiecki, James, 31
Sweden, 24
Swiss Polytechnic Institute, 139–40
Sydenham, Thomas, 62
syllogisms, 48, 93
System of Logic (Mill), 181
Szilárd, Leó, 197
Taiwan, 23–24
Talbi, Mohammed, 276
Taliban, 275
Tallien, Jean-Lambert, 122–23
tax policy, 24, 183, 185
Taylor, John, 102
technological innovations, 96–97, 128–29, 159–60, 169
Telegrapher, The, 132
telegraphs, 132–33
telephones, 129
telescopes, 42, 70
Ten Commandments, 289
Tennyson, Alfred, 28
Terrible, 78
Terror, the. See Reign of Terror
Tesla, Nikola, 138
Thatcher, Margaret, 19
theology, 47–48
thermodynamics, 128, 132, 138, 248
Thomas, Elizabeth M., 118
Thomas, Lewis, 12–13
Thomson, Thomas, 58
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 20, 132, 138
Thoreau, Henry David, 28, 152
Thornton, Edward, 132
“thought centers,” 129
Thucydides, 141
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, 229, 229n
Tizard, Henry Thomas, 200
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 97–98, 125
tolerance, 17–18
totalitarian antiscience (totalitarianism), 7–9, 191–235
China, 225–33
liberalism vs., 244–46
Marx and Engels, 204–7
Nazi Germany, 192–203
Soviet Union, 207–25
trade barriers, 172, 177
transoceanic cables, 132
Traube, Wilhelm, 198
Tredgold, Thomas, 131
Trevelyan, G. M., 59
Trevithick, Richard, 130
Trosanquet, Pierre, 97
Trotsky, Leon, 235
Truman, Harry, 19, 168, 224–25
Trumbull, John, 111
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 216, 218, 222
Tsui, Daniel C., 225
Tull, Jethro, 96
Turkey, 203–4
“twins paradox,” 140–41
Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 61, 63, 70
Tyler, Patrick E., 154
Tyndall, John, 129, 284
Udet, Ernst, 200
Uganda, 155
United Arab Emirates, 276, 277
United Nations Human Development Index, 155
universality of science, 230
universal peace, as ideal of liberalism, 18
University of Chicago, 182–83
University of Glasgow, 130, 173, 174
University of Padua, 42–43
University of Pisa, 40–41
Uranus, 79, 249–50
urbanization, 161–64
Van Allen, James, 221
Van Allen belts, 221
van Gogh, Theo, 278
Vanguard, 219–22
van Leeuwenhoek, Antony, 65
van Rheede, Hendrik Adriaan, 66
van Ruisdael, Jacob, 65
Vavilov, Nikolai, 211–12
velcro, 160
Venetian Republic, 36–37, 38, 41–43
Venus, 282
Vermeer, Johannes, 65
Verne, Jules, 216
Verschuer, Otmar Freiherr von, 196
Vinta, Belisario, 43
Vitt, Alexander, 208
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 28, 51, 58, 69, 115, 116
von Braun, Wernher, 216–18, 219, 221
V-1 rockets, 192, 217
von Neumann, John, 197
von Pohl, Gustav Freiherr, 194
voting rights, 101
V-2 rockets, 192, 217
Wahhab, Abdul, 269
Wahhabism, 269
Walden; or, Life in the Woods (Thoreau), 152
Wallace, William, 136
Wallis, John, 62
Ward, Seth, 62
Warren, Earl, 31
Washington, George, 95, 105
Napoleon and, 126–27
Paine and, 75–76, 81
slavery and, 100–101
squatters and, 166
Washington, John Augustine, 75
Watson, Jon, 264
Watson-Watt, Robert, 200
Watt, James, 27, 130
Watts, Gregory, 134
wealthrole of, 10
science of. See economics
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 173–80
Weart, Spencer R., 284, 285
Weber, Heinrich Friedrich, 139–40
Weimar Republic, 193
Wells, H. G., 264–65
Wentzler, Ernst, 196
Westinghouse, George, 137–38
West of England Fat Stock and Poultry Exhibition, 29, 31, 33
“wet-on-wet” painting techniques, 66
What Is the Third Estate? (Sieyès), 110–11
Whigs, 58, 61, 81
Whitehead, Alfred North, 3, 13
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (TV show), 31
Wilders, Geert, 278
Wilkins, John, 62
William III of Orange, 61, 68
Williams, Bernard, 53
Wilson, Woodrow, 265
Winthrop, John, 95
wisdom of crowds, 29–34
Wisdom of Crowds, The (Surowiecki), 31
Wordsworth, William, 36, 131
World War I, 193
World War II, 7, 246
Wuer Kaixi, 229n
x-rays, 193
Yang, Chen-Ning Franklin, 225
Yeltsin, Boris, 234
Yorke, Redman, 78
Young Egypt Society, 271
Zabotin, Nicolai, 224
Zarlino, Gioseffo, 40
Zeppelin, Ferdinand von, 194
Zhao Ziyang, 231
Zhu De, 227
Zulus, 146
Zyklon B., 196