14th of July (Bastille Day), 163, 169
Abd al-Rahman, 24–25
Abondance, 44
absinthe, 215–21
Africa, 23–24, 34, 100, 106, 111, 114–15, 136, 150, 216, 229–32, 241, 254–61
Agincourt, 92
agriculture, 3, 28–30, 38, 41, 45, 52, 89, 125–27, 174, 177, 212, 217, 242, 250, 257, 279
Aix-en-Provence, 233
Albi, 64
Alexander I (Tsar), 191–92
Algeria, 198, 216, 218–19, 229, 235, 255–62
allemande sauce, 108–9
Alsace (region), 16, 33, 44, 48, 150, 213, 224, 226–27, 240
Amboise, 100–103
anarchism, 228
Anne of Austria, 149
Anne of Brittany, 102
Anthimus, 17
Apicius, 14
Appellation d’origine controlee (AOC), 23, 60, 68, 92–93, 110, 144, 159, 180, 193, 210, 214, 243, 270, 275, 284
Appert, Nicolas, 4, 186–89, 213
Arab empire, 23–24, 34, 51, 135
Arcachon, 208–9
Armagnac, 50
artichokes, 57, 121, 124, 254, 263
Asia, 16, 24, 27, 34, 86, 100, 106, 111, 135, 141, 182, 216, 229, 253, 259, 281
Asterix, Obelix, and Getafix, 6–7
Attila the Hun, 15–16
Augustus (Roman emperor), 10, 169
Ausonius, 8
Austria and Austria-Hungary, 3, 145–47, 150, 158, 160, 162, 170, 172, 183–84, 190–91, 194, 223, 240, 263
automobiles, 233–38
Auvergne, 56
Avignon and the Avignon papacy, 68–72, 89
Aztecs, 112
bacteria, 28, 85, 93, 187, 211–14, 243, 278, 282
banquets, 17, 71, 151, 195, 197–98, 201–3
barrels, 8, 140, 142, 154, 274, 284
Bastille prison, 163, 166, 170
Battles of: Austerlitz, 190;
Berezina River, 192; Borodino, 192; Castillon, 97; Catalaunian Fields, 15; Crécy, 81; Friedland, 190; Hattin, 53; Marengo, 184; Marignano, 102; Poitiers (732), 23–25; Poitiers (1356), 82; Sedan, 224; Tolbiac, 16; Trafalgar, 140, 188; Vertières, 138; Waterloo, 140, 195
Beck, Simone, 35
beef, 13, 17, 40–41, 93, 102, 178, 279
beekeeping, 27–30
beer, 15, 40, 47, 158, 213, 218, 226
Bel, Léon, 246–48
Belgium, 16, 31, 47, 179, 240–41
Bénédictine (liqueur), 31, 34–36
Berlin Conference (1884–85), 231
Bernard of Clairvaux, 46
Berry, 76
beurre blanc, 105
Béziers, 64
black currants, 270
black market, 35, 76–77, 266–67
Blum, Léon, 253
Bocuse, Paul, 280
Bonnefons, Nicolas de, 107
Bordeaux (city), 50, 55, 58–60, 69, 80, 82, 85, 97, 136, 140, 231
Bordeaux (wine), 8, 11, 55, 58–60, 69, 155, 209, 217
bordelaise sauce, 109
boulangerie, 130, 145, 147–48, 173, 249–50, 253
Bourbon dynasty, 125, 150, 194, 198
Bové, José, 279
brandy, 22, 44, 109, 140–44, 184, 274
bread, 2, 40–41, 58, 74, 87, 89, 119, 161, 169–71, 173, 176, 201, 226, 241, 249–54, 257, 267
Breton, André, 134
Breton sauce, 109
Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme, 55, 88, 168, 196, 237, 284
Britain, 112, 138, 159, 162, 173, 175, 182–83, 188–89, 190–91, 194–95, 197, 206, 228–31, 240, 263–64, 266, 269, 272, 274. See also England
Brittany, 27, 73–78, 91, 203–4, 208–9, 239, 242, 273, 284
broccoli, 121
Burgundy (region), 33, 44, 46, 91–92, 95–96, 237, 269–72
Burgundy (wine), 8, 11, 46, 55, 71, 154, 217, 269–71, 284
butchers, 12–13
butter, 14–15, 41, 107, 109, 116, 129–30, 145, 147–48, 169, 177, 225, 253, 268
Butter Tower (Rouen), 129
Byzantine Empire, 23, 50, 57, 99
cafés, 3, 147, 162, 163–69, 224, 252, 280; Café de la Régence, 164, 199; Café du Croissant, 240; Café du Foy, 163–66; Café Maugis, 164; Café Parnasse, 164; Café Procope, 164
café liégeois (beverage), 241
café viennois (beverage), 240
Cahors, 70
calissons, 233
Calvados, 274–75
Camembert, 208, 239–44, 248, 278
Camisard rebellion, 130–34
Candlemas, 189–91
Cantal, 242
Cap Fréhel, 203
Capet, Hugh, 38
Capetian dynasty, 38, 42, 54, 60
Capitulare de villis, 28
Cardinal Mazarin, Jules Raymond, 149
Cardinal Richelieu (Armand-Jean du Plessis), 128
Carême, Marie-Antonin, 108–9, 185, 195
Caribbean, 111, 114, 135–38, 141
Carolingian dynasty, 28–34, 37–38, 44
Carolingian Renaissance, 29
Cathars, 62–67
Catherine de’ Medici, 116–22, 123–24, 283
Cavaillon, 233
cervelle de canut, 234
Cévennes, 130–34
Chabichou, 22–26
champagne, 140, 154–59, 187, 209, 217
champignons de Paris, 94
Charles IV, 81
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 103
Charles V (the Wise), 75, 83, 91
Charles VI (the Mad), 83, 91–92
Charles VII (the Victorious), 92, 95–98, 101
Charles VIII, 101–2
Charles X, 198
Charles Martel, 24–28
Charles Martel Group, 25
Charles the Bad, 75
Charles the Bald, 31–33
Charles the Fat, 33
Charles the Simple, 33
Chartres, 33
chasse-marrée, 205–6
Château Ausone, 8
Château Pape Clément, 69
Châteauneuf-du-Pape, 68, 70, 72
cheese, 1–2, 25–26, 40–41, 43–48, 68, 69, 74, 93, 104, 116, 127, 173, 193, 195–96, 214, 234, 237, 241–42, 247, 250, 256, 278–79. See also Abondance, Brie, Camembert, Cantal, Chabichou, Comté, Crottin de Chavignol, Époisses, Fourme de Montbrison, goat cheese, Gruyère, Maroilles, Morbier, Munster, Ossau-Iraty, parmesan, Roquefort, Saint-Marcellin, Saint-Nectaire, Tomme de Savoie, Valençay
chicken, 95, 98, 123, 125–26, 184, 210, 225, 267, 279
Chinon, 101
Chirac, Jacques, 127
Chlothar, 22
chocolate, 3, 101, 110–15, 135, 147, 164, 285
Chouannerie uprising, 78
choucroute (sauerkraut), 16, 226
Christianity in France, 10–13, 17, 20–22, 30, 34, 37, 39, 41, 43–48, 50–54, 62–66, 68–73, 89, 96, 103, 118–19, 171, 189–90, 261
cider, 15, 40, 203, 218, 273–74
class differences, expressed in food, 3–4, 5, 39–42, 89, 101, 106–8, 112, 115, 121, 123, 125, 135, 143, 161–62, 170, 173, 176, 188, 194, 204, 208, 218, 222, 225, 265, 283–84
Claude (Queen of France), 50, 104
Clemenceau, Georges, 243
Clement V, 68–69
Clermont, 50
Clos de Vougeot, 47
Clovis, 16–20
Cluny, 46
Coca-Cola, 275–78
coffee, 3, 112, 135–37, 141, 147, 163–64, 240
cognac, 8, 50, 98, 136, 139–44, 217, 284
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 76
Colette, 123
colonialism and imperialism, 4, 108, 111–15, 135–39, 150, 198, 216, 218, 228–32, 255–62, 285
Columbian Exchange, 111–12
Comité Régional d’Action Viticole, 221
communists, 199, 240, 252, 264, 269, 271, 275, 277–78, 308
Congress of Vienna, 181, 194–96, 222
Constantine (Roman emperor), 13
Consulate (1799–1804), 183
cookbooks, 107, 205; L’art de bien traiter, 107; La Cuisinière bourgeoise, 107, 205; La Cuisinière républicaine, 177; Le Cuisinier françois, 205; Le Ménagier du Paris, 107; Le Viandier, 83, 107; Mastering the Art of French Cooking, 35
coq au vin, 237
coriander, 57
Cortés, Hernán, 112
Côte d’Ivoire, 115
Cotignac d’Orléans, 104
couscous, 255–62
Crimean War, 189
croissant, 145, 147–48, 279, 285
Crottin de Chavignol, 234
Crusades, 34, 46, 50–55, 57, 62, 64–66, 135
Czechoslovakia, 263
Dakar, 230
De Gaulle, Charles, 2, 260, 264, 271, 280
De Molay, Jacques, 54
De Montfort, Simon, 65
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 167
Degas, Edgar, 216
Delessert, Benjamin, 139
Depardieu, Gérard, 7
Descartes, René, 153, 175, 301
Desmoulins, Camille, 163, 165–67
dietetics (classical), 17, 41, 87, 95, 108, 154
Directory (1795–99), 181–82, 186
Dombes plateau, 45
Dordogne, 60–61
Dumas, Alexandre, 71, 128, 198, 233
Edward II (King of England), 80
Edward III (King of England), 80–81
Edward, the Black Prince of
eels, 102
eggs, 40–41, 46, 109, 116, 130, 161, 184, 267
Elba, 193–95
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 56–61, 141
elephant, 222–23
Elizabeth I, 124
England, 31, 32, 38, 54, 55, 57–61, 71, 75, 79–84, 85, 86, 88, 91–92, 95–97, 109, 111, 115, 118, 124, 136, 141–43, 150, 154–55, 207, 222. See also Britain
Enlightenment, 108, 137, 156, 160–62, 164–65, 167
environmental challenges, 30, 62, 209
Époisses, 44
Escoffier, Auguste, 22, 95, 98, 109, 280–81
espagnole sauce, 108–9
Estates (First, Second, Third), 39–42, 47, 77, 89, 165
Eudes, 33
famine and food scarcity, 28, 41, 89, 132, 164, 170, 175–77, 188–89, 201, 242, 247, 265–67
Fermat, Pierre de, 153
fermentation, 27, 106, 154–55, 158, 211–12
Fête de la Fédération, 163, 197
feudalism, 29, 37–44, 47, 56, 63, 89, 153, 167
fish, 8, 27, 41, 45–46, 53, 64, 66, 69, 87, 106, 116, 121, 179, 205–8, 224
fleur de sel, 73–74
foie gras, 14, 17, 50, 127, 237, 279
food and wine marketing, 8, 35–36, 37, 48, 144, 176, 242, 247–48, 275
food and wine preservation, 8, 74, 92, 142, 186–89, 212–13
food as identity marker, 7–8, 14–18, 24, 39–42, 45–46, 53, 62–66, 89, 106–8, 123, 125, 129–30, 132, 134, 161–62, 197, 219, 240, 255–62, 267, 275–82, 283–85. See also class differences (expressed in food)
food etiquette, 17–18, 49, 145, 250
food hygiene, 28, 187, 211–12, 214
food politics, 2–4, 93, 115, 127–28, 148, 215, 218–21, 253, 261–62, 275–82, 285
food proverbs, 2, 5, 17–18, 29, 49, 71, 75, 109, 121, 125, 127, 179, 186, 199, 250
Fortunat (Venantius Fortunatus), 19–22, 45
Fouquet, Jean, 97
Fourme de Montbrison, 234
Francis I, 50, 102–4, 116, 146
Francis II, 117
Franks, 15–33
Franco-American relations, 4, 93, 179, 244, 274–82
Franco-Prussian War, 207, 213, 221–27
French Empire: First Empire, 185, 190; Second Empire, 203, 216, 222–23, 228–32
French far right, 3, 25, 128, 148, 253, 261–62, 285
French identity, 2–3, 62, 67, 103, 128, 173, 215, 255, 261–62, 267, 277, 280–82
French language, 7, 34, 63, 256, 267
French presidents and presidential elections, 25, 127–28, 203, 215, 220, 260–61, 280
French Republic: First Republic, 172, 174, 185; Second Republic, 139, 202; Third Republic, 224, 227, 264, 317; Fourth Republic, 260, 317; Fifth Republic, 260
French Revolution, 35, 39, 43, 47–48, 70, 77, 131, 138, 150, 160, 163–67, 169–73, 174, 177, 181–82, 184, 185, 194, 197, 212, 216, 242, 280, 282
French schools, 5, 29, 62, 227, 262
Front de Libération Nationale, 259–60
Front National, 25, 128, 261–62, 285
fruit, 24, 41, 49, 53, 58, 64, 84, 87, 100–102, 104, 139, 152–53, 159, 161, 174, 187, 196, 208, 257. See also apples, black currants, figs, grapes, lemons, melons, olives, oranges, pears, plums, prunes, quince, tomatoes
gabelous, 76–77
galangal, 106
Gallo-Romans, 7–15, 70, 197, 227
Galois, Évariste, 198
gardens, 28–29, 40, 100, 107, 132, 149, 152–53, 187
Gare du Nord, 207
garlic, 29, 41, 84, 87–88, 106–7, 123, 125, 185, 254, 275
Gascony, 60, 80–81, 96–97, 141
gastronomic tourism, 208, 233–38
Gaul, 5–17, 24, 27, 62, 90, 140, 204
Gault, Henri, 280–81
Germany, 16, 20, 28, 31–32, 109, 115, 142, 143, 175, 206–7, 213, 221–27, 235, 238–41, 245–47, 251, 259, 263–73, 275
Gesta Francorum, 51
Ghana, 115
Godard, Jean-Luc, 278
grains of paradise, 106
grapes, 11, 28, 49, 70, 106, 140, 143, 155, 158
Greeks (ancient), 5, 15, 17, 27, 41, 87
Grimod de la Reynière, Alexandre Balthazar Laurent, 168, 187, 197, 237
Gruyère, 109, 196, 222, 225, 242, 246
Guérande, 73–78
guilds, 11–12, 88, 167–68, 171
Guises, 124–25
Haiti (Saint-Domingue), 135–38, 229
Hapsburgs, 145–46, 150, 160, 190
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 223
Haut-Brion, 60
Henry II (King of England), 57–60
Henry II (King of France), 34, 116–17
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre), 119, 123–28, 141, 193
Henry V (King of England), 91–92
herbs, 8, 22, 31, 34, 73, 84, 87–88, 106–9, 125, 142, 177, 216, 234, 281. See also angelica, coriander, lavender, rosemary
heresy and heretics, 62–67, 70, 103, 118, 130
Holland and the Netherlands, 31, 58, 75, 111–12, 141–43, 150, 160, 229
Hollande, François, 127–28
Hoover, Herbert, 122
Huguenots, 118–20, 124–25, 128–31, 141, 143
Hundred Years’ War, 54, 60, 71, 75, 79–83, 91–92, 95–98, 99, 101
Huns, 15–16
Île de France, 38
Île de la Cité, 33
Île d’Oléron, 27
industrialization, 8, 114–15, 186, 197, 199, 205–8, 211–12, 218, 230, 237, 247, 256, 261
Inquisition, 62, 65–66, 70, 113
Isabella (Queen of England), 80–81
Italy, 5, 7, 9, 16, 22, 31, 34, 69, 71, 99, 101–4, 105, 111, 116, 119–22, 151, 175, 182, 184, 204, 234, 240, 251, 254, 278
Jarnac, 140
Jaurès, Jean, 240
Jefferson, Thomas, 179
Jerusalem artichoke, 262, 267–68
Jewish communities in France, 86, 113, 264–65, 271
John XXII, 69–71
July Revolution, 198–99
Jurançon wine, 123
Khrushchev, Nikita, 273
Kir, 269–73
Knights Templar, 42, 52–55, 70, 75, 80
kouign-amann, 203
La Couvertoirade, 52–53
la France profonde, 126, 215, 237
“La Marseillaise,” 168
La Quintinie, Jean-Baptiste, 152–53
La Rochelle, 118, 128–29, 136, 140–41, 143, 208, 284
La vache qui rit (Laughing Cow), 247–48
Lafayette, Marquis de (Gilbert du Motier), 166
Languedoc, 63–66, 78–83, 85, 130–34, 208, 215, 219, 221, 284
Legislative Assembly, 172
lemons, 49, 106, 209, 234, 315
Lenin, Vladimir, 227
Leonardo da Vinci, 99–100, 102–3
Lille, 211
Liverpool, 136
Livy, 7
Loire Valley, 20, 24, 56, 82, 94–95, 100–101, 134, 137, 180–81, 205, 206, 209, 234
London, 58, 88, 155, 164, 249, 264
Lorraine, 213, 224, 226–27, 240
Lothar, 31
Louis VI, 56
Louis VII, 56–58
Louis IX (Saint Louis), 42
Louis X, 81
Louis XII, 102
Louis XIV, 76, 95, 100, 105, 114, 129, 130, 143, 146–47, 148–53, 156, 205–6, 233, 283
Louis XV, 114, 147, 156, 159–62, 206
Louis XVI, 162, 165, 169–72, 176, 193, 199, 200
Louis-Philippe, 197–202
Louis the German, 31
Louis the Pious, 31
Louis the Stammerer, 33
Lyon, 11, 18, 45, 64, 85, 206, 233–37, 256, 284
macarons, 121
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 102, 117, 146
Madame de Maintenon, 151
Maghrebi cuisine, 254–62. See also Algeria, North Africa
magret de canard, 255
Mai 1968, 280
Malquisinat (Street of Bad Cooking), 51
Manet, Édouard, 216
Marc de Bourgogne, 44
Margaret of Navarre, 103
Marie Antoinette, 147, 169–72, 176
Marie de’ Medici, 128
Marie of Anjou, 96
marrons glacés, 132
Marseille, 5, 34, 85, 168, 204, 230–31, 254, 256, 260–61, 284
Martinique, 135
Mary, Queen of Scots, 117
mayonnaise, 109
mead, 27
meat, as symbol, 15, 41, 64, 87, 90, 130, 160
medicinal use of food and wine, 17, 27, 29, 34, 87, 98, 108, 114, 123, 142, 162, 216, 218, 243
Merovingian dynasty, 16–28
Michelin, 234–37
milk, 25, 41, 43, 46, 64, 69, 93, 113, 213–14, 243, 244, 278
Millau, Christian, 280–81
Mistral, Frederic, 70
Mitterrand, François, 127
monks and monasteries, 29, 32, 34–35, 43–48, 131, 171, 283; Benedictines, 34, 44–49, 155; Cistercians, 45–46, 55, 64; Dominicans, 47, 65–66; Franciscans, 47, 71; Templars, 42, 52–55; Trappists, 47
Mont-Saint-Michel, 203
Montagné, Prosper, 83
Montélimar, 233
Montezuma, 112
Montmartre, 37
Montségur, 65–67
Morbier, 278
Mornay sauce, 109
Mucha, Alphonse, 35
mulberries, 126
Muscadet, 273
mushrooms, 94–95, 98, 107, 109, 177
Muslim communities in France, 3, 23–25, 255–62
mustard, 71, 84, 88, 106, 241, 270
Nantes, 1, 26, 32, 134–39, 249, 268, 273, 284
Nantes, Edict of, 125, 128, 130–31
Nantua sauce, 109
Napoleon, 78, 138–40, 147, 158–59, 167, 177, 181–86, 188, 190–96, 199, 233
Napoleon III, 203, 212, 222–24, 229
Napoleonic Wars, 139, 183–84, 186, 188–89, 190–95
National Assembly, 138, 165, 167–68, 171–72
New Rochelle, 129
Nice, 233
Nine Years’ War, 150
Normandy, 8, 31, 34–35, 38, 57, 59, 92, 96–97, 129, 201, 205, 208–9, 237, 239, 242–44, 272, 273, 274, 278
North Africa, 23–24, 229, 254–61, 262
Nostradamus, 87
nouvelle cuisine, 280–81
offal, 12–13
olive oil, 14, 15, 109, 129, 228, 230, 254
Orientalism, 147
ortolans, 127
Orwell, George, 252
Ossau-Iraty, 110
Ottoman Empire, 135, 145–47, 163, 182, 240–41, 256
oysters, 68, 127, 157, 203–9, 254, 284
Palais-Royal, 156, 164, 166, 199
Pantagruel, 104
papeton d’aubergines, 70
Paris, 15, 17, 32–33, 37, 38, 54, 56, 71, 75, 77, 92, 94, 95–96, 101, 103, 119, 123, 125–26, 134, 137, 144, 147, 149, 156, 160, 162, 163–72, 176–79, 182, 187, 193–94, 195, 196, 197, 199, 201–2, 205, 206–8, 215, 216, 221–28, 233, 235, 237, 240, 241, 251–53, 256–58, 264–67, 270, 276–77, 280, 282, 283–85
Parmentier, Antoine-Augustin, 174–78
parmesan, 102
Pascal, Blaise, 153
Pasteur, Louis, 4, 158, 187, 210–15
pasteurization, 193, 212–14, 243, 278
pastis, 219
peanut butter, 228
peanuts, 230–32
peasant rebellions, 39, 43, 76, 78, 89, 130–32
peasants, 11, 38–43, 47, 76, 78, 82, 89, 125, 131–32, 170, 172, 178, 283
Pepin III (Pepin the Short), 28
Pepys, Samuel, 60
Pernod, Henri-Louis, 216
Pétain, Philippe, 245, 264, 270–71
petits ventres, 12
Philip II (Philip Augustus), 42, 59–60
Philip III (the Bold), 81
Philip IV (the Fair), 42, 53–54, 68, 75, 80–81
Philip V, 81
Philip VI, 80–82
Picasso, Pablo, 216
pièce montée, 108
pissaladière, 234
Pliny the Elder, 7
poison, 70, 86, 98, 117, 119, 161
Poitou-Charentes region, 23, 29, 140–43
Poland, 117, 121, 191, 263, 268
popes and papacy, 28, 30, 50, 52–54, 57, 63–66, 68–73, 96, 116
Popular Front, 252–53
pork, 3, 8, 16, 17–18, 24, 40, 79, 83, 110, 167, 172, 262
Portugal, 34, 111, 113, 135–36, 209, 230
potatoes, 111–12, 174–79, 241, 267–68, 285
poule au pot, 125
poulet de Bresse, 210
poulet Marengo, 184
Protestant Reformation, 72, 89, 99, 103, 107, 118–19, 122, 124–26, 128–31, 146, 153
Proust, Marcel, 216
Provence, 9, 27, 63, 68, 69, 70, 168, 234, 237, 242, 254, 285
prunes, 49–50
Prussia, 158, 160, 172, 175, 190, 194–95, 207, 213, 221–26
Pyrenees, 24, 56–57, 63, 65, 110, 113, 118, 123
quenelle de brochet, 45
quince, 104
Rabelais, François, 5, 101, 103, 104, 122
Radegund, 20–22
railways, 92, 199, 206–8, 212, 217, 224, 230, 270, 271
Ravitaillement en Viande Fraîche, 246–47
Reconquista of Spain, 113
Reign of Terror, 162, 173, 197
Renaissance, 5, 27, 89, 99–105, 153, 204
restaurants, 167–68, 198, 222, 225, 226, 233, 235
Revolution of 1848, 201–3
Rhône Valley, 7, 68–71, 85, 234, 272
Rimbaud, Arthur, 216
Robert, Duke of Normandy (Rollo the Walker), 33–34
Robespierre, Maximilien, 164, 167, 173, 197
Roman Empire, 3, 5–17, 24, 27, 44, 46, 51, 63, 70, 73, 74, 100, 106, 112, 140, 169, 189, 204, 206, 233, 283
Roquefort, 50, 90, 92–93, 278–79, 284
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 156, 159–61, 164
rum, 134–37
Russia and the Soviet Union, 32, 140, 144, 158, 183, 190–92, 194, 196, 219, 240–41, 245, 247, 251, 263, 273, 277, 269, 303
rutabaga, 267
Saint Aurélien, 12
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 118–20
Saint Blandina, 11
Saint-Émilion, 8
Saint-Etienne, 206
Saint Lawrence, 11
Saint-Malo, 203
Saint-Marcellin, 234
Saint Martial, 12
Saint Martin of Tours, 11
Saint-Nectaire, 278
Salah ad-Din, 53
Salon International de l’Agriculture, 127, 215
salt, 52, 73–78, 177, 187, 215, 250, 268, 284
Sancerre, 209
sauces, 57, 87, 95, 98, 105–10, 230, 250, 254, 257, 270, 281
sausages, 12, 16, 22, 79, 167, 270
scientific revolution, 108, 153–54
Scotland, 144
Seine River, 33, 160, 193, 224
Senegal, 229–32
Serres, Olivier de, 95, 126, 139
Seven Weeks’ War (1866), 223
shallots, 84, 107, 109, 177, 209, 234
shellfish, 203–4, 205, 254. See also mussels, oysters
siege of Paris (885), 33
siege of Paris (1870–71), 221–27
slavery and the slave trade, 32, 135–39, 229
socialism and socialists, 199, 202–3, 218, 223, 225, 227, 240, 245, 251–53
Société des Amis des Noirs, 138
South America, 83, 112, 135, 175, 230
Spain, 23–24, 51, 90, 104, 110–14, 123, 125, 135, 141, 150, 175, 190–91, 221, 253
spices, 17, 31, 34, 51, 74, 87–88, 106–8, 111–13, 121, 141, 283. See also cinnamon, cloves, coriander, galangal, ginger, grains of paradise, nutmeg, pepper, piment d’Espelette, saffron
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 132–34
sugar, 24, 27, 51, 104, 111–13, 121, 134–39, 155, 158, 187, 211–12, 216, 249, 283, 285
sugar beets, 139
Switzerland, 31, 103, 115, 210, 216, 247
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 108–9, 181, 183, 185–86, 191, 193, 194–96, 310
taxes, 29, 39, 42, 47–48, 54, 58, 74–78, 82, 93, 98, 143, 150, 165, 256; bee tax (abeillage), 29; religious tax (tithe), 39, 165, 171; salt tax (gabelle), 75–78, 165
temperance movement, 218–20
terroir, 8, 27, 58, 68, 73, 140, 209, 210, 214, 237, 284, 295
Theriac, 87
Thirty Years’ War, 141
Toleration, Edict of, 131
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 201–2
tomatoes, 3, 109, 111, 168, 185, 254, 285
Tomme de Savoie, 278
Toulouse-Lautrec, 216
Touraine, 11
Tours, 23–24
Toussaint-Louverture, 138
trade in food and wine, 5, 8, 24, 34–35, 51, 55, 58–60, 75, 85, 89, 93, 108, 111–15, 135–37, 141, 208, 214, 230–32, 278–79
Treaty of Brétigny (1360), 82
Treaty of Paris (1259), 80
Treaty of Troyes (1420), 92
Treaty of Verdun (843), 31
turnips, 83
Turquerie, 146
Umayyad caliphate, 23–25
United States, 35, 93, 143–44, 148, 159, 160, 164, 166, 179, 193, 199, 214, 217–19, 228, 229, 233, 240–41, 244, 245, 247–48, 249, 259, 270, 272, 274–82
Valois dynasty, 54, 80–81, 104, 117, 123–25
Van Gogh, Vincent, 216
Varenne, François-Pierre de la, 105
Vatel, François, 205
vegetables, 40–41, 49, 62, 64, 66, 107, 119, 121, 125, 132, 149, 151–53, 159, 161, 170, 174, 186–88, 208, 224–25, 234, 255, 261, 262, 267–68, 283
Vendée, 209
Verdun, 238
verjuice, 106–7
Verlaine, Paul-Marie, 216
Verne, Jules, 134
Versailles, 100, 147, 149–53, 156, 160–62, 170–71, 186, 205, 226
Veuve Clicquot, 158
Vichy regime, 25, 166, 264–67, 269–72
viennoiserie, 147
Vikings, 31–34
Vimoutiers, 243–44
vin jaune, 210–11
vinegar, 9, 84, 87–89, 106–7, 177, 211–12
vineyards, 5, 7–8, 28, 37, 42–43, 46–47, 69–70, 140, 143, 154–55, 158–59, 208, 217–18, 234, 285
Virgin of the Kidney, 10–13
Vitré, 76
War of the Austrian Succession, 160
War of the Spanish Succession, 150
War of the Three Henrys, 124
Wars of Religion, 118–20, 124–25, 128–29, 130–31, 141, 146
West Africa, 106, 114–15, 136, 150, 229–32
Western Schism, 72
wheat, 40, 89, 111, 170, 173, 176, 250
wine, 5–9, 15, 18, 28, 37, 40, 42–43, 45–47, 52, 55, 58–60, 64, 70–72, 98, 100, 106, 109, 125, 127, 140–42, 154–55, 161, 163–64, 173, 185, 208, 209, 210–13, 217–21, 222, 226, 234, 237, 241, 252, 267, 277, 279, 283–85; experimentation, 8, 46–47, 154–58, 212–13. See also Bordeaux (wine), Burgundy (wine), Chablis, Champagne, Château Ausone, Château Pape Clément, Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Côtes du Rhône, Haut-Brion, Jurançon, Muscadet, Saint-Émilion, Sancerre, sauvignon blanc, Veuve Clicquot, vin jaune, vineyards
women in France, 5, 19–20, 48, 63–64, 65, 73, 80–81, 101, 118, 170, 201, 202–3, 257, 260, 267
World War I, 16, 47, 158, 179, 219–20, 227, 234–36, 238–48, 251, 256, 263, 264
World War II, 25, 35, 143, 234–35, 243, 253, 259, 260, 262–75