INDEX

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abortion, 6, 15, 157

Adelaide, empress, wife of Otto I, 23

Adelaide, queen, wife of Louis VI, 103

adultery, attitudes toward, 6, 13, 15, 18, 19, 42–46

Aethelbert of Kent, king, code of, 19

Aethelflaed, daughter of King Alfred, 23

Alberti, Leon Battista, 193, 197, 229

Albertus Magnus, 50–51, 52

Albigensian heresy. See Cathar heresy

ale-tasters, 161, 177

Alfred, King, 20, 23

Alphonse or Poitiers, 100, 109, 111, 113–114, 116, 118

Amalasuntha, queen, 22

anchoresses, 92

Andreas Capellanus, 46

Anna Comnena, 24, 25

annulment. See divorce

Aregund, queen, 17

Aristotle, 49–50, 51, 80

Arte di Calimala, 179, 198

Augustine, Saint, 53, 79

Barons’War, 136–140

Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 120–121, 125

beguines, 91–92

Benedictine Rule, 65, 66

Benyt, Alice, 147, 150, 155, 159–160, 161–162, 164

Benyt, Robert, 146, 147, 149, 159

Berkeley, Lady Isabel, 213

Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 81, 82, 87

Bernardine of Siena, Saint, 34, 55, 204, 231

betrothal, 31–32, 152, 210

birth control. See contraception

Black Death, 157, 181, 194, 201, 205, 206

Blackstone, William, 3–4, 30

Blanche of Castile, 97–119 (101, 108), 188, 231; marriage, 98–100; children, 100–101; coronation, 102; first re-

gency, 104–110; as dowager queen, 110–115; second regency, 115–118, 119; death, 118–119

Boinebroke, Jehan, 166–168, 170–173, 174

Bonaventure, Saint, 36

brewing, 161, 175–177

Brunhild, queen, 22

Bullough, Vern, 13

Busch, Johann, 71

Byzantium, women in, 24–25

Caesaria, abbess, 65

Caesarius, bishop of Aries, rule of, 65

Caister Castle, 218, 219, 222, 223, 226

Calle, Margery Paston, 223, 224–225

Calle, Richard, 215, 223, 224–225

Calpumia, wife of Pliny the Younger, 14

canonesses, 91

Canossa, 23

Cathar heresy, 94–96, 103, 123

Charlemagne, 18–19

Charles of Anjou, 100, 116, 118–119

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 52, 58–59, 75, 162, 16;, 214; son Thomas, 214

Chenduit, Ralph, 144

childbirth, 5–6, 9, 34, 42, 100, 101, 112, 157, 207–209

churching, 9, 128

Ciompi, 169–170

Cistercians, 87, 88, 113, 118, 132, 231

Clare, Saint, 72, 89–90

class conflict, 169–174

clothing, 127, 155, 156, 188–191, 206, 230

clothmaking, 155–156, 165–175, 179, 180, 181

Clovis, 17, 22

Cnut, king, code of, 20–21

common law, status of women under, 30, 31–32, 175

consanguinity, 33, 35

contraception, 6, 15, 54, 55–56, 157

corrody, 157

cottagers, 145, 146, 155–156, 157, 158, 160

courtly love, 41–42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 106, 120–121

courtship, 33–34

crafts, women in, 156, 165–181

Customs of Beauvais, 46, 120

Cuxham, 144–147, 149, 154–157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164

Damietta, battle of, 116

Dante Alighieri, 79, 231

Dati, Gregorio, 207–209

Datini, Francesco, 184–188, 189, 191-

194, 196, 197–202, 205–207, 230

Datini, Ginevra, 201–202, 206

Datini, Margherita, 184–207, (195), 212, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232; marriage, 185–187; house, 184, 187–189, 191;

childlessness, 185, 186–187, 201;

household management, 185, 192, 193–197, 205–206; letters, 184–185, 199–200, 201; widowhood, 206; death, 206

De amore, 46

Dia, countess of (Beatriz de Dia), 45

The Diseases of Women, 5–6

Disibodenberg, abbey of, 63–64, 68, 76, 81

“The Divided Horsecloth,” 150

divorce, 6, 13, 18–19, 33

Dominicans, 39, 88, 90–91, 112–113, 140

Douai, 166–174, 187

double monastery, 66, 87–88

double standard, 6, 13, 46, 48

Dover Castle, 138–140

dower, 31–32, 98, 113, 122, 136, 140- 141, 158–159, 223, 232

dowry, 6–7, 13, 15, 31, 98, 113, 122, 129, 154, 185–186, 201, 202, 223

Drayton, manor of, 220, 221

Dryver, Henry le, 146, 155

Dulcetius, 67–68

Durazzo, battle of, 24

Edict of Chilperic, 18

Edith Matilda, queen, 105

education of women, 7, 10, 14–15, 22, 23, 63, 64, 66–67, 100–101, 112–113, (i) 198–199, 201–202, 212–213, (ii) 217, 223, 230, 231

Edward 1, king of England, 140, 141

Edward IV, king of England, 222, 226

Einhard, 19

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 84, 97–98, 99, 105

Elizabeth of Schonau, 85

Engels, Friedrich, 7

Epistre au dieu d’amour, 10–12

equity, legal doctrine of, 30–31

Esclarmonde de Foix, 95–96

Eugenius III, pope, 81

Euphemia, abbess of Wherwell, 68

Eve, 37, 38, 40, 41

Evesham, battle of, 139

fabliaux, 37, 42

family, size of, 100, 157, 215

famuli, 154–155, 156

Fastolf, Sir John, 219, 220, 222

femme sole, 175

Fontevrault, abbey of, 87, 99

food, 71, 131, 155, 157, 158, 161–162, (iii) 191–193, 202, 215–216, 230

(iv) Fortunatus, 22

Franciscans, 39, 72, 88, 89, 91, 132

Francis of Assisi, Saint, 88

Fredegund, queen, 22

Frederick I (Barbarossa), emperor, 84

Frederick II, emperor, 115, 116, 129, 135

Fugger, Barbara Baesinger, 183

Fugger, Jacob, 183

furniture, 155, 156, 188, 216

Galen, 51–52

Germain, Saint, 21

Gerson, jean, 55

Gilbert of Sempringham, Saint, order of

(Gilbertines), 87, 88, 142

Gilles d’Orléans, 39

Goodman of Paris (Ménagier de Paris), 190–191, 205–206

Gratian, 58

Gregory VII, pope, 23

Gregory IX, pope, 58

Gregory, bishop of Tours, 21–22

Grene, Matilda ate, 145, 155, 164

Grene, Robert ate, 145

Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, 91, 132

Guibert of Nogent, abbot, 52–53

guilds, women in, 178–181

gynaeceum, 6, 13, 24

Harvey, William, 51

Hedwig, Saint, 56

Helfta, convent of, 85–86

Henry II, king of England, 26–27, 84, 97, 99

Henry III, king of England, 104, 107, 109. 115, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 131, 134–136, 137, 140, 141

Henry IV, emperor, 23

Henry of Almain, 141

Henry of Susa (Cardinal Hostiensis), 52

heriot, 159

Herlihy, David, 25–26

Herrad of Landsberg, 85

Hilda of Whitby, 66

Hildegarde of Bingen, 63–65, 68, 76–85

(77, 82, 83), 87, 231; birth, 63; education, 63; profession, 63; as abbess, 76–85; at Rupertsberg, 78–85; writings, 76–81, 82, 83, 85; as sage and prophet, 81–84; letters, 83–84; death, 85

household management, 131–132, 137-138, 185, 192, 193–197, 215–216, 228, 229, 232

houses, 68, 102, 113, 124–125, 126, 129–131, 133, 155–156, 166–167, 184, 187–188, 759, 191, 218, 227, 230

Hroswitha of Gandersheim, 67–68

Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, 100

Hugh de Lusignan, count of La Marche, 105, 114, 115

Huguccio, bishop, 53–54

Humbert de Romans, 39–41

Hundred Years’ War, 219

infanticide, 6

Ingund, queen, 17

inheritance, women’s rights of, 14, 18, 19, 27–30, 122, 147–150, 158–159, 161–162, 211, 227, 232

Innocent IV, pope, 115, 116, 117

Irene, Byzantine empress, 25

Isabella of Gloucester, 33

Isabelle of Angouleme, 136, 140

Isabelle of Bavaria, queen of France, 10, 11

Jehan et Blonde, 120–121

Jenney, William, 219–220

Jerome, Saint, 14–15, 112

Joan of Arc, 229

John, king of England, 28–29, 33. 97.

98, 101, 104, 115, 121, 124–125, 135

Joinville, Jean de, 48, 100–101, 111–112, 113–115

Justinian, Byzantine emperor, 24

Jutta, abbess of Disibodenberg, 63, 64, 68, 76

Juvenal, 14

Kempe, Margery, 92–94, 177

Kenilworth Castle, 126, 127, 129–131, ‘33, 135. 136. 137. 139. 140, 188

Langland, William, 162–164, 177

Las Huelgas, abbey of, 88

law codes, women in; Anglo-Saxon, 20–21 Burgundian, 18; English, 46;

Frankish, 17–19; French, 46; Lom-

bard, 17, 18; Saxon, 17; Spanish, 46;

Visigoth, 18

legal rights of women, 7, 13–14, 27–30

Lewes, battle of, 137

life expectancy, 100, 157, 230, 231

Lioba, abbess of Bischofsheim, 66–67

literacy, 7, 14–15, 64, 66–67, 143, 184-

185, 198–199, 202, 210, 212–213, 230, 231

Lothar I, king of the Franks, 16, 17, 18, (iv) 22

Louis VI, king of France, 103

Louis VII, king of France, 97

Louis VIII, king of France, 97, 100–102, 103–104, 105, 118

Louis IX, king of France (St. Louis), 48, 56, 57, 100–101, 103–104, 107, 108, III, 114, 115–116, 118, 119, 121, 136, 141

Magna Carta, 28, 121, 122

Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Earl of Essex, 28

manorial courts, 141, 143, 152, 159, 161–162

manorial system, 4, 75, 141–147, 159-161

Mansourah, battle of, 48, 116

Marbode, bishop of Rennes, 38–39

Margaret, Countess Marshal, 232

Marguerite of Provence, queen of France, 55–56, 110–112 (///), 116, 119

Marie de Bourbon, prioress, 90

Marozia, 22–28

marriage, 6, 13, 15, 18, 27–36 (32), 41, 97, 98, 110–112, 125–126, 150–154, 185–187, 199–200, 202, 203, 210, 211, 212, 213, 223–226, 232; age at, 98–99, 122, 150, 185; consent in, 6, 13, 20, 98

Marsh, Adam, 132–134

Marshal, Richard, 122

Marshal, William II, 122, 125

Mary, worship of, 37, 40–41, 42

Master of Hungaiy, 117

Matilda, abbess of Quedlinburg, 66

Matilda, countess of Tuscany, 23

Matilda, queen of England, 105

Mazzei, Ser Lapo, 198, 204

Mechtild of Magdeburg, 86–87

medical ideas about women, 7–9, 48–52

menstruation, 8–9, 51

merchants, women as, 182–183

merchet, 150

Merton College, 144–145, 150

Michael IV, Byzantine emperor, 57

Minnesingers, 37, 43, 44, 47

misogyny, 7–12, 37–50, 58–59, 87–88

Montfort, Amaury de, 132, 141, 142

Montfort, Eleanor de, Countess of

Leicester, 120–142, 162, 188, 216, 231; birth, 121; first marriage, 122; second marriage, 125–126; household, 131–132; seal, /27; dower litigation, 136, 140–141; in command of Dover

Castle, 139–140; banishment, 140-141; death, 141

Montfort, Eleanor de (daughter), 135, 140, 142

Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester, 121, 123–139

Montfort, Simon de (son), 128, 139, 140, 141

Montfort-1’Amaury, castle of, 128, 130

Morgengabe (male dowry), 15

mysticism, women and, 63, 76–87, 92–94

Notre-Dame-aux-Nonnains, Troyes, abbey of, 89

Notre-Dame-de-Paris, 111, 117–118

nunneries, 63–92, 154; buildings of, 68;

claustration in, 75–76; community and poverty in, 73, 74–75, 89–91; daily

routine, 70, 71, 73; early history of, 65–68; officers of, 68–79 (69)

Odiham Castle, 124–125, 131, 132, 137

Oxford University, 109–110, 144–145, 212, 217, 222, 223

Paris, Matthew, 91, 115, 116–117, “8, 126, 128, 129, 144

Paston, Agnes, 210, 211, 212, 217, 225–226

Paston, Clement, 211

Paston, John I, 210, 212, 213, 214–215, 217, 220

Paston, John II (Sir John), 212, 222, 226, 227

Paston, John III, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227

Paston, Margaret, 210–228, 229, 230, 231, 232; marriage, 210, 212; education, 212; character, 212; defense of

Paston property, 215, 219, 220; house-

hold management, 215–217; children, 215–217, 223–226; death, 227

Paston, Margery Brews, 226

Paston, Justice William, 210–212, 214

Patiniere, Agnes, 166, 170–172

Paul, Saint, 9, 37, 38, 52

peasant women, 143–164; marriage of, 150–154; property rights of, 147–150, 158–160, 161–162; unmarried, 154;

wages of, 154; work of, 146–147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154–155. 164

Peter Lombard, 34

Peter Mauclerc, count of Brittany, 104, 105, 107, 109, 114

Philip II (Augustus), king of France, 28, 97, 98, 101–102, 103

Philip III (le Hardi), king of France, 119

physiology of women, 7–9, 48–52

Piers Plowman, 162–164, 177

Pisan, Christine de, 10–12 (//), 90–91, 162, 198

Pliny the Elder, 7–8

Pliny the Younger, 14

Plumpton, Dorothy, 217

Poissy, abbey of, 90–91

politics, women in, 7, 14, 21–23, 24–25

65–66, 97–119, 161, 231

polygamy, 16, 17, 18–19

Poor Clares, 73, 88, 89–90

Pougy, Odette de, abbess, 89

Poynings, Elizabeth Paston, 217, 226

Poynings, Robert, 226

Prato, 184, 187, 196, 197, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206, 228

Premonstratensians, 87–88

Procopius, 22

property rights of women, 6–7, 13, 18, 26, 27–31, 147–150, 157–159, 161- 162

prostitution, 56–58

Provisions of Oxford, 135–136

putting-out system, 166, 169–170, 173-‘75

Quinze Joyes de Manage, 42–45

Radegund, Saint, 21–22, 71

Raymond Berenger IV, count of Provence, 110

Raymond, count of Toulouse, 109

regents, women as, 23, 25, 66, 104–110, 115–119, 230

religion, role of women in, 7, 14, 21–22, 63–96

Richard, earl of Cornwall, 126, 129, 136, 141 145

Rigaud, Eudes, archbishop, 72–73, 76

Robert Guiscard, 24

Robert of Artois, 100, 110, 113, 114, 116, 118

Roman de la Rose, 42, 46

Romanus, Cardinal, 109, 110

Rome, women in, 13–15, 230

Rules of Marriage (Regole matrimoniale), 48

Rupertsberg, convent of, 78, 81, 84–85

Ste. Croix, abbey of, Poitiers, 22, 71

Salic law, 18

Salimbene, Fra, 38–39

Sandford, Cecily de, 123

servants, 73, 131–132, 154, 181–182, 193–194, 197, 206

sex, attitudes toward, 7–9, 34, 36, 48- 59, 94

Sichelgaita of Salerno, 24

Singer, Charles, 79

slaves, 193–197, 201, 206

Tacitus, 15

Taillebourg, battle of, 115

Tertullian, 37–38, 41

Theodora, Byzantine empress (d. 548), wife of Justinian, 24–25

Theodora, Byzantine empress (1050-1052), 25

Theophano, mother of emperor Otto III, Thibaut IV (le Chansonnier), count of

Champagne, 104, 105–107, 114

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 34–36, 41, 50, 51

troubadours and trouvères, 37, 41–42, 45, 46, 106

University of Paris, 50, 84, 109–110

Urban IV, pope, 89, 119

Urraca, queen of Portugal, sister of

Blanche of Castile, 97, 114

Villani, Giovanni, 231

villeins, 146, 160, 164

Vincent of Beauvais, 112–113

Vitry, Jacques de, 57, 75, 91

wages, women’s, 154, 181, 182

wardship, 13, 27–29

Wars of the Roses, 214, 222, 226–227

weddings, 31–33 (32), 98, 110–112, 125–127, 152, 186, 202, 203

wergild, 17

wet nurses, 202–204

widows, 28–29, 122, 149–150, 157–161, 174, 178, 179, 182, 231, 232; sale of

remarriage of, 28–29

wife-beating, 46, 48, 49

Wife of Bath, 52, 58–59, 165

William of St. Pathus, 56

wills, women’s, 6, 19–21, 29, 225, 227- 228

working women, city, 165–183; and class

conflict, 169–172; in crafts, 165–181;

in guilds, 178–181; housing of, 166-168; as merchants, 182–183; as ser-vants, 181–182; wages of, 181, 182;

working conditions of, 168–169

Wycliffe, John, 94, 207

Yelverton, Anne Paston, 226

Yelverton, Judge William, 219–220, 226

Yelverton, William (grandson), 226

Zoe, Byzantine empress, 25