1 In his memoir, Twitter cofounder: Stone, B., Things a Little Bird Told Me: Confessions of the Creative Mind (Hachette, 2014), 124.
2 The Los Angeles Times once wrote: Vankin, D., “Tech Mogul Oliver Luckett Connects with Emerging Artists in a Big Way,” Los Angeles Times, May 2, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-ca-oliver-luckett-20140504-story.html.
1 Details had recently bestowed a few entrepreneurs: The project was for the April 2013 edition of the magazine and was also written up in The Huffington Post. Brooks, K., “Draw the Future of Social Media: Details Magazine Challenges You to Be a Digital Maverick,” The Huffington Post, March 27, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/draw-the-future-of-social-media_n_2951114.
2 This connection between memes and genes: Dawkins, R., The Selfish Gene: 30th Anniversary Edition (Oxford University Press, 2006), 189–202.
3 Each human unit on the network constitutes: Koestler, A., The Ghost in the Machine (Macmillan, 1976), 48.
1 Darwin’s “dangerous idea” constitutes a “basic algorithm”: Dennett, D., Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (Simon & Schuster, 1995), 50.
2 It is, as Dennett says: Ibid.
3 As Stephen Jay Gould has said: Gould, S. J., Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History (Norton, 1989), 30–36.
4 Hidalgo describes a tree as a “computer powered by sunlight”: Hidalgo, C., Why Information Grows: The Evolution of Order, from Atoms to Economies (Basic Books, 2015), 35.
5 In 2013, Aidan King: Andrews, N., “Young Grape Picker Gives Sanders a Cash Boost,” The Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/young-grape-picker-gives-sanders-a-cash-boost-1443742401.
1 If we conceive of societies as organisms, Wilson argues: Sloan Wilson, D., Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society (University of Chicago Press, 2002).
2 They defined the so-called “Overton window”: The Overton window is discussed at the website of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, where Joseph. P. Overton served as senior vice president until his death in a 2003 airplane crash. “The Overton Window: A Model of Policy Change,” Mackinac Center for Public Policy, http://www.mackinac.org/OvertonWindow.
3 [T]he number of blogs soared to 182.5 million by 2011: “Buzz in the Blogosphere: Millions More Bloggers and Blog Readers,” Nielsen, March 8, 2012, http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2012/buzz-in-the-blogosphere-millions-more-bloggers-and-blog-readers.html.
4 Now, with Tumblr alone claiming 277.9 million blogs: Tumblr’s “about” page. https://www.tumblr.com/about.
5 Meanwhile, newspaper revenues are less than half: Mitchell, A., and Page, D., “State of the News Media 2016,” Pew Research Center, April 29, 2015. Posted in: http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/state-of-the-news-media-2016/.
6 The company swelled to one hundred employees servicing around 3 million users: Cleary, S., and Hanrahan, T., “College Site Publisher YouthStream to Buy Sixdegrees for $120 Million,” The Wall Street Journal, December 15, 1999, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945269426653408644.
7 YouthStream itself was forced to sell the following year for a measly $7 million: “Alloy Buys Youthstream Media Networks for $7 Million,” Chief Marketer, August 6, 2002, http://www.chiefmarketer.com/alloy-buys-youthstream-media-networks-for-7-million/.
8 So what about Myspace?: Gillette, F., “The Rise and Inglorious Fall of Myspace,” BloombergBusinessweek, June 22, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/content/11_27/b4235053917570.htm.
9 According to early Twitter engineer Evan Henshaw-Plath: Henshaw-Plath, E. (presentation, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, Mass., September 24, 2015).
10 The company claims its policy stems from rules set by the Apple Store: Sims, A., “Instagram Admits Nipple Ban Is Because of Apple, CEO Kevin Systrom says,” The Independent, October 1, 2015, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/instagram-ceo-kevin-systrom-says-apple-are-reason-app-bans-nipples-a6674706.html.
11 when Vogue creative director Grace Coddington was temporarily banned: Alexander, E., “Grace Coddington Banned from Instagram for Posting Topless Line Cartoon,” The Independent, May 20, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/grace-coddington -banned-from-instagram-former-model-causes-upset-with-her-nude-cartoon-9401684.html.
12 A 2014 poll of 127 users by the University of Washington: Roesner, F., Gill, B. T., and Kohno, T., “Sex, Lies, or Kittens? Investigating the Use of Snapchat’s Self-Destructing Messages,” 2014, https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~yoshi/papers/snapchat-FC2014.pdf.
13 As Snapchat founder Evan Spiegel: Spiegel, E., “Let’s Chat,” Snapchat-blog.com, May 9, 2012, http://snapchat-blog.com/post/22756675666/lets-chat.
14 A 2014 poll by Sparks & Honey showed a clear preference: Sparks & Honey’s SlideShare page, “Meet Generation Z: Forget Everything You Learned about Millennials,” June 17, 2014, http://www.slideshare.net/sparksandhoney/generation-z-final-june-17.
15 In another 2014 poll, Defy Media found: “Millennials Smile for Snapchat,” eMarketer, April 8, 2015, http://www.emarketer.com/Article/ Millennials-Smile-Snapchat/1012324.
16 As of November 2015, Vine itself boasted 200 million users: Smith, C., “By the Numbers: 27 Amazing Vine Statistics,” DMR blog, July 14, 2016, http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/vine-statistics/.
17 in 2016, Google surpassed more than 1 billion monthly active users: Lardinois, F., “Gmail Now Has More Than 1B Monthly Active Users,” TechCrunch, February 1, 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/01/gmail-now-has-more-than-1b-monthly-active-users/.
18 Android claims more than 80 percent of the market: “Smartphone OS Market Share, 2015 Q2,” IDC Research, Inc., http://www.idc.com/prodserv/smartphone-os-market-share.jsp.
19 To Howard Bloom, the brilliant but slightly mad music publicist–turned–evolutionary theorist: Bloom, H., The Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 2st Century (Wiley, 2001).
20 Ray Kurzweil, the famous futurist and Google engineering director: Kurzweil, R., The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (Penguin Books, 2006).
1 Coca-Cola, Hewlett-Packard, Procter & Gamble: Wright, D., Murphey, C., and Effron, L., “Meet the Vine Stars Who Turn 6 Seconds of Fame into Big Bucks,” ABC News, Sept. 15, 2014, http://abcnews.go.com/Business/meet-vine-stars-turn-seconds-fame-big-bucks/story?id=25522189.
2 Ritz Crackers got teen Vine star Lele Pons: Original Vine and follow-up responses here: http://www.vineactivity.com/stealing-lele-pons-ritz-bacon-flavored-crackers-show-us-your-best-baconbomb-tag-it-w-the-hashtag-you-could-hear-from-ur-fav-viner/.
3 but has nonetheless monetized his fame by landing lucrative TV and film roles: Spangler, T., “King Bach: Vine’s No. 1 Creator Brings Comedic Chops to Movies and TV,” Variety, June 21, 2016, http://variety.com/2016/digital/news/king-bach-vine-the-babysitter-1201797370/.
4 A year later, they signed with Republic Records: Hampp, A., “Folk-Pop Duo Us Becomes Vine’s First Major Label Signing,” Billboard, March 24, 2014, http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5944884/folk-pop-duo-us-becomes-vines-first-major-label-signing-exclusive.
5 Around the same time, Canadian singer-songwriter Shawn Mendes: Trust, G., “Shawn Mendes’ ‘Stitches’ Hits No. 1 on Adult Pop Songs Chart,” Billboard, January 25, 2016, http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6851764/shawn-mendes-stitches-hits-no-1-adult-pop-songs-chart.
6 Then there are the YouTube millionaires: Disclosed in slideshow at TV Guide’s online site, entitled “These 23 YouTube Stars Make More Than Most People on TV,” TVGuide.com, http://www.tvguide.com/galleries/youtube-stars-make-more-1089689/.
7 A survey by O’Reilly Media in 2013: Bruner, J., “Tweets Loud and Quiet,” O’Reilly Radar, December 18, 2013, https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/tweets-loud-and-quiet.
8 As Fusion writer Gaby Dunn noted: Dunn, G., “Get Rich or Die Vlogging: The Sad Economics of Internet Fame,” Fusion, December 14, 2015, http://fusion.net/story/244545/famous-and-broke-on-youtube-instagram-social-media/.
9 Efforts to create mutual sharing agreements… such as the Shout! project: “Shout! - Promo Video,” Vimeo video, 1:35, posted by "Lupa Productora,” https://vimeo.com/157641350
10 Super spreaders typically account for about 20 percent: The so-called 20/80 rule, and the nuances and other factors that influence contagion effects, is discussed in: Stein, R. A., “Super-spreaders in infectious diseases,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 2011): e510–e513.
11 The speed with which Carter Reynolds lost control: Willett, M., “The Rise and Fall of Carter Reynolds,” Tech Insider, July 31, 2015, http://www.techinsider.io/the-rise-and-fall-of-carter-reynolds-2015-7.
12 When the hashtag #ShakeitupJalene alerted Swift: Bell, R., “Taylor Swift Makes 4-Year-Old’s Dying Wish Come True,” Taste of Country, March 3, 2015, http://tasteofcountry.com/taylor-swift-fan-jalene-dying-wish/.
13 Another time, she donated $50,000 to eleven-year-old Naomi Oakes: Vokes-Dudgeon, S., “Taylor Swift Donates $50,000 to a Young Fan Battling Cancer, See the Little Girl’s Reaction!” US Weekly, July 8, 2015, http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/taylor-swift-donates-50000-to-young-fan-battling-cancer-201587.
14 A tearful Swift also gave a shout-out: Norwin, A., “Taylor Swift Chokes Up In Concert Talking about Her Mother’s Battle with Cancer,” Hollywood Life, August 18, 2015, http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/08/18/taylor-swift-mom-cancer-cries-ronan-arizona-concert/.
15 It’s the kind of all-encompassing idea: Koestler’s life described in: Scammell, M., Koestler: The Indispensable Intellectual (Faber & Faber, 2010).
16 Holonics, the concept that arose from the holon theory: Koestler, Ghost in the Machine, 57.
17 As per the two diagrams below by Flemming Funch: Funch, F., “Holarchies,” at Flemming Funch’s website, World Transformation, February 4, 1995, http://www.worldtrans.org/essay/holarchies.html.
18 As they argued in a bestselling book: Ismail, S. et al., Exponential Organizations: Why New Organizations Are Ten Times Better, Faster, and Cheaper Than Yours (and What to Do about It) (Diversion Publishing, 2014).
19 One example is Chinese smartphone-maker Xiaomi: Ismail, S. et al, ibid.
20 He calls the ideal organizational design a “holacracy”: See details of the project at http://www.holacracy.org.
21 CEO and founder Tony Hsieh, who is worth almost $1 billion: Sawyer, N., and Jarvis, R., “Why Zappos’ CEO Lives in a Trailer, and 13 Other Things You Don’t Know about Him,” ABC News, August 12, 2015. On its website, Zappos describes holacracy this way: http://www.zapposinsights.com/about/holacracy.
22 Implementing a holacracy is not easy: Wasserman. T., “Holacracy: The Hot Management Trend for 2014?” Mashable, January 3, 2014, http://mashable.com/2014/01/03/holacracy-zappos/#eFDs82AstEqi.
23 Mihaela Ulieru, a researcher in intelligent systems: Ulieru, M., “Organic Governance Through the Logic of Holonic Systems” in From Bitcoin to Burning Man and Beyond, ed. Clippinger, J., and Bollier, D. (Off the Commons Books, 2014).
1 A Wikipedia entry on the topic lists 128 different scandals: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scandals_with_”-gate”_suffix
2 of his 1976 classic of evolutionary theory: Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, 189–202.
3 “The world around you is built from memes,”: Zarrella, D., “An Introduction To: Memes and Memetics For Marketers,” Dan Zarrella (blog) http://danzarrella.com/an-introduction-to-memes-and-memetics-for-marketers/.
4 Safire, who was formerly a Nixon speechwriter: Alterman, E., Sound and Fury: the Making of the Punditocracy (Cornell University Press, 1999), 79.
5 In 2015, a team of researchers: Indiana University, “Network Model for Tracking Twitter Memes Sheds Light on Information Spreading in the Brain,” Newswise.com, June 17, 2015, http://www.newswise.com/articles/network-model-for-tracking-twitter-memes-sheds-light-on-information-spreading-in-the-brain.
6 In a well-researched New York Times Magazine article: Johnson, S., “The Creative Apocalypse That Wasn’t,” The New York Times Magazine, August 19, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/magazine/the-creative-apocalypse-that-wasnt.html.
7 Crypton, the Japanese company that created “Miku” in 2007: Statistics on Hatsune Miku creative works provided at http://www.crypton.co.jp/miku_eng.
8 The first is what Belgian cyberneticist Francis Heylighen: Heylighen, F., “What Makes a Meme Successful? Selection Criteria for Cultural Evolution,” in Proc. 15th Int. Congress on Cybernetics (Association Internat. de Cybernétique, Namur, 1999), 418–423.
9 The meme’s survivability will be tested again: Ibid, 418–420.
10 A Wharton Business School study of seven thousand: Berger, J., and Milkman, K. L., “What Makes Online Content Viral,” Journal of American Marketing Research (American Marketing Assoc., 2011). https://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/files/?whdmsaction=public:main.file&fileID=3461.
11 Japanese research found that subjects who were shown such images: Kliff, S., “Want to Increase Your Productivity? Study Says: Look at This Adorable Kitten,” The Washington Post, October 1, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/10/01/want-to-increase-your-productivity-study-says-look-at-this-adorable-kitten/.
12 dove into the frequent resurgences in social media activity around in the Black Lives Matter movement: Freelon, D., McIlwain, C. D., and Clark, M. D., Beyond the Hashtags: #Ferguson, #BlackLIvesMatter, and the Online Struggle for Offline Justice, (Center for Media & Social Impact, 2014).
1 where, as New Yorker cartoonist Peter Steiner put it: Steiner, P., Image Caption: “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog,” The New Yorker, July 5, 1993.
2 As Yuval Harari points out in Sapiens: Harari, Y. N., Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Harper, 2015).
3 In a popular NPR Radiolab episode: “23 Weeks, 6 Days,” Radiolab, Radiolab.com, Season 11, Episode 6, http://www.radiolab.org/story/288733-23-weeks-6-days/. Also see the parents’ book on their experiences:French, K., and T., Juniper: The Girl Who Was Born Too Soon (Little Brown, 2016).
4 Katherine Dunn so wonderfully allegorized: Dunn, K., Geek Love (Knopf, 1989).
5 the writings of the sociologist Erving Goffman: Goffman, E., The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Anchor, 1959).
6 in the immortal words of Paris Hilton: Spoken in a cameo role in The O.C., referenced in: Wolff, J., “The Peculiar Endurance of the Physical Signature,” Slate, June 28, 2016, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2016/06/the_peculiar_endurance_of_the_physical_signature.html.
7 “This picture has been stolen over and over”: Laney Griner’s journey from anger to happiness about the viral spread of her photo can be followed in the comments stream attached to the original post on her Flickr page: https://www.flickr.com/photos/sammyjammy/1285612321/.
8 But a week later, an Instagram post from Mitchell: Instagram post found here: https://www.instagram.com/p/BAMH-mpObuf/.
9 In a one-month New York “residency” in October 2013: Portrayed in the documentary Banksy Does New York (2014), directed by Chris Moukarbel.
10 “We would hope people want to drink [Diet Coke]”: Vranica, S., and Terhune, C., “Mixing Diet Coke and Mentos Makes a Gusher of Publicity,” The Wall Street Journal, June 12, 2006, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115007602216777497.
11 J.P. Morgan Chase’s social media strategists: Greenhouse, E., “JPMorgan’s Twitter Mistake,” The New Yorker, November 16, 2013, www.newyorker.com/business/currency/jpmorgans-twitter-mistake.
1 Take Kerry Needham, the working-class mother of Ben Needham: Thornton, L., “Ben Needham’s Mum Hits Back at Madeleine McCann’s Parents as They Shut Twitter Account Due to ‘Trolls’,” Mirror, October 6, 2015.
2 A week later, the sixty-three-year-old mother committed: Barnett, E., “Madeleine McCann ‘Twitter Troll’ Death: Trolling Is Never a Victimless Crime,” The Telegraph, October 6, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11144435/Madeleine-McCann-Twitter-troll-Brenda-Leyland-death-Trolling-is-never-a-victimless-crime.html.
3 Check out a recent Wall Street Journal online graphic: “Blue Feed, Red Feed,” at http://graphics.wsj.com/blue-feed-red-feed/.
4 YouTuber C. G. P. Grey offered an explanation: CGP Grey, “This Video Will Make You Angry,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE3j_RHkqJc.
5 Palmer’s vacation home was sprayed with the words “lion killer”: Collman, A., and Nye, J., “Cecil the Lion Killer’s $1million Florida Vacation Home Vandalized with Graffiti and Pigs Feet as He Remains in Hiding,” Daily Mail, August 4, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3185082/Cecil-lion-killer-s-1million-Florida-vacation-home-vandalized-graffiti-pigs-feet.html#ixzz4FLJDZFrm.
6 The Yelp page for his dental practice was inundated: Displayed in review section at http://www.yelp.com/biz/river-bluff-dental-bloomington.
7 Most tellingly, dozens of airlines: “More than 42 Airlines Adopt Wildlife Trophy Bans after Cecil the Lion’s Death,” Humane Society International, August 27, 2015, http://www.hsi.org/news/press_releases/2015/08/42-airlines-adopt-wildlife-trophy-bans-082715.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/.
8 journalist Jon Ronson details many cases: Ronson, J., So You’ve Been Publicly Shamed (Riverhead, 2015).
9 A comprehensive analysis of the events: Mensch, L., “The Tim Hunt Debacle: Why Feminists Cleared a Nobel Prizewinner,” in Louise Mensch’s personal blog, December 15, 2015, https://medium.com/@LouiseMensch/the-tim-hunt-debacle-c914395d5e01#.swupk5p1b.
10 It is an example of what Ethan Zuckerman: Zuckerman, E., Rewire: Digital Cosmopolitans in the Age of Connection (Norton, 2013).
11 There’s also the case of Liz Woodward: Liz Woodward’s Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/LizWoodwardFirefighters/.
12 In the days following the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris: At “Blindfolded Muslim man with sign ‘Do you trust me?’ hugs hundreds in Paris,” November 16, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRbbEQkraYg.
13 When we see the kind of sexual harassment that Caroline Criado-Perez: Topping A., “Caroline Criado-Perez Deletes Twitter Account After New Rape Threats,” The Guardian, September 6, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/06/caroline-craido-perez-deletes-twitter-account.
1 In both Gaza and India, giant sand castles were built: McGee, B., “Graffiti Artwork of Drowned Aylan Highlights Refugees’ Plight,” Reuters, March 11, 2016, http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-aylan-idUKKCN0WD15L.
2 A Scottish tabloid began a campaign that spawned the #wehaveroom: Stories from the Daily Record’s “We Have Room” campaign posted at http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/all-about/wehaveroom#fVl2bp73XlZSFzVG.97.
3 The soccer club Bayern Munich quickly announced a 1-million-euro donation: Grohmann, K., “Bayern to Donate Funds, Set Up Migrants’ Training Camp,” Reuters, September 3, 2015, http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-bayern-migrants-idUKKCN0R31G220150903.
4 Timothy Ray Brown, the famous “Berlin patient”: Details of Brown’s experience at Engel, M., “Timothy Ray Brown: The Accidental AIDS Icon,” Fred Hutch News Service, February 20, 2015, http://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2015/02/aids-icon-timothy-ray-brown.html.
5 blood tests of some AIDS patients: Zimmer, K., “The Lurker: How a Virus Hid in Our Genome for Six Million Years,” National Geographic, May 10, 2013, http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/10/the-lurker-how-a-virus-hid-in-our-genome-for-six-million-years/.
6 Most strikingly, data in the United States show: Bureau of Justice Statistics’ Victimization Analysis Tools, found at http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=nvat.
7 The non-partisan Pew Research Center’s: “Changing Attitudes on Gay Marriage,” Pew Research Center, May 12, 2016, http://www.pewforum.org/2016/05/12/changing-attitudes-on-gay-marriage/.
8 Similarly, acceptance of interracial marriage has expanded rapidly: Wang, W. “The Rise of Intermarriage,” Pew Research Center, February 16, 2012, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/02/16/the-rise-of-intermarriage/.
9 A 2015 Bloomberg graphic showed: Tribou, A., and Collins, K., “This Is How Fast America Changes Its Mind,” Bloomberg.com, June 26, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-pace-of-social-change/.
10 But as Dartmouth professor Brendan Nyhan noted in a nineteen-part “tweetstorm”: Nyhan posted his tweets as a collection on his blog: “How We Got Here on Trump: A Tweetstorm,” Brendan-nyhan.com, March 14, 2016, http://www.brendan-nyhan.com/blog/2016/03/how-we-got-here-on-trump-a-tweetstorm.html.
11 In his book The Better Angels of Our Nature: Pinker, S., The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (Viking, 2011).
12 Fast Company ranked #BlackLivesMatter number nine: “The Most Innovative Companies of 2016,” posted at http://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies.
13 An article on CNN Interactive that identified some of #BLM’s: Griggs, B. et al., “The Disruptors,” August 2015, CNN, http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2015/08/us/disruptors/.
14 In 2003, Nova Spivack, an entrepreneur, venture capitalist: Spivack, N., “The Human Menome Project,” Nova Spivack’s blog, August 5, 2003, http://novaspivack.typepad.com/nova_spivacks_weblog/2003/08/the_human_menom.html.
15 Center for Human Emergence, a group led by Don Edward Beck: Details at “The Human Memome Project,” Center for Human Emergence, http://www.humanemergence.org/humanMemome.html.
1 Also, by publishing data on the requests it gets for data by governments: Facebook updates its disclosures periodically at https://govtrequests.facebook.com/
2 The case of troubled Marine Daniel Rey Wolfe: Nye, J., “Family’s Distress After Marine Documented His Suicide in Series of Grisly Pictures on Facebook… and the Social Networking Site Refused to Take Them Down,” Daily Mail, May 8, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2623950/Familys-outrage-Marine-documented-suicide-series-grisly-pictures-Facebook-social-networking-site-refused-down.html#ixzz4FLSmC7nA.
3 In one of many documented cases: Flock, E., “Coldplay Angers Fans by Telling Them to Check Out ‘Freedom for Palestine’ Video,” The Washington Post, June 3, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/coldplay-angers-fans-by-telling-them-to-check-out-freedom-for-palestine-video/2011/06/03/AG50OvHH_blog.html.
4 Many more controversial Facebook censorship decisions: Details taken from the March 23, 2016 update at Onlinecensorship.org, https://onlinecensorship.org/news-and-analysis/march-23-2016-politics-and-patriarchy.
5 [T]he Dangerous Speech Project is trying to systematically identify: Details at http://dangerousspeech.org/.
6 As the saying popularized by security expert Bruce Schneier: Scheier’s first comment was reported by Gelman B., “Facebook: You’re Not the Customer, You’re the Product,” Time, October 15, 2010, http://techland.time.com/2010/10/15/facebook-youre-not-the-customer-youre-the-product/.
7 In February 2016, it established the Twitter Trust and Safety Council: Cartes, P., “Announcing the Twitter Trust & Safety Council,” Twitter’s blog, February 9, 2016, https://blog.twitter.com/2016/announcing-the-twitter-trust-safety-council.
8 A January 2016 survey by GlobalWebIndex found that 38 percent: Mander, J., “Ad-Blocking Jumps by 10%,” January 22, 2016, https://www.globalwebindex.net/blog/ad-blocking-jumps-by-10.
9 Facebook itself captured the mood of the social media platforms: Facebook’s SEC filing available at http://investor.fb.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1326801-15-32.
10 At stake is a business model that dates back to 1704: Cheetham, N., “In 1704, the First Newspaper Advertisement, an Announcement,” Prezi, June 30, 2014, https://prezi.com/mkgutf9_cyvg/in-1704-the-first-newspaper-advertisement-an-announcement/.
11 She has also launched an initiative...called Mycelia: Howard, G., “Imogen Heap Gets Specific about Mycelia: A Fair Trade Music Business Inspired by Blockchain,” Forbes, June 28, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/georgehoward/2015/07/28/imogen-heap-gets-specific-about-mycelia-a-fair-trade-music-business-inspired-by-blockchain/#4124e05a62ff.
12 And with an even larger mission, the Berklee School of Music: Details at http://open-music.org/#open-music-initiative-1.M.
13 Video upload service Reveal, for example: Casey, M. J., “BitBeat: Social Network to Launch Own Coin; Gift Cards on the Blockchain,” The Wall Street Journal, January 16, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/06/16/bitbeat-social-network-to-launch-own-coin-gift-cards-on-the-blockchain/.
14 Meanwhile, Taringa!, an Argentine-based social media provider: Casey, M. J., “BitBeat: Latin America Facebook Rival to Use Bitcoin to Pay for Content,” The Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/04/21/bitbeat-latin-america-facebook-rival-to-use-bitcoin-to-pay-for-content/.
15 or clusters of low-wage “paid likers” in places like Bangladesh: Listen to a podcast about Bangladesh’s “liking” industry by Garrett Bradley, described by M. Scollinger, “Where Do Facebook ‘Likes’ Come From? Often, It’s Bangladesh,” PRI.org, podcast audio, May 20, 2016, http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-05-20/where-do-facebook-likes-come-often-its-bangladesh.
16 To quote Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig: Lessig, L., Code: Version 2.0 (Perseus, 2016),1.
17 Primavera De Filippi, a colleague of Lessig’s: Commons Transition’s interview with De Filippi, “Commons Governance and Law with Primavera De Filippi,”Commons Transition, July 31, 2015, http://commonstransition.org/commons-centric-law-and-governance-with-primavera-de-filippi/.
18 The potential is borne out by the numbers: Spil Games, “State of Online Gaming Report 2013,” http://auth-83051f68-ec6c-44e0-afe5-bd8902acff57.cdn.spilcloud.com/v1/archives/1384952861.25_State_of_Gaming_2013_US_FINAL.pdf.
19 The estimated 9.5 million smartphone-toting users: Wagner, K., “How Many People Are Actually Playing Pokémon Go? Here’s Our Best Guess So Far,” Recode, July 13, 2016, http://www.recode.net/2016/7/13/12181614/pokemon-go-number-active-users.
20 The New York–based Games for Change festival: Details at http://gamesforchange.org/festival/.
21 According to a July 2015 Op-ed by lead game designer Jeffrey Lin: Lin, J., “Doing Something about the ‘Impossible Problem’ of Abuse in Online Games,” Recode, July 7, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/7/7/11564110/doing-something-about-the-impossible-problem-of-abuse-in-online-games.
22 One relevant application was used: Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, 202–234.
1 Douglas Adams’s Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy: Adams, D., The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (Del Rey, 1995), 39.
2 If we follow the warnings of Yale computer scientist David Gelernter: Gelernter, D., “Machines That Will Think and Feel,” The Wall Street Journal, March 18, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/when-machines-think-and-feel-1458311760.
3 Within twenty-four hours, Microsoft was forced to lobotomize Tay: “Tay, Microsoft’s AI Chatbot, Gets a Crash Course in Racism from Twitter,” The Guardian, May 24, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/26/microsoft-deeply-sorry-for-offensive-tweets-by-ai-chatbot.
4 To the economist and social theorist Jeremy Rifkin: Interview with Michael J. Casey, Rotterdam, June 23, 2016.
5 McChrystal realized that to fight an enemy: See McChrystal, Gen. S. et al., Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World (Portfolio, 2015).
6 As Media Lab executive director Joichi Ito puts it: Ito, J., “Design and Science,” Journal of Design and Science, January 30, 2016, http://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/designandscience.
7 In this spirit, the Media Lab’s designer/architect/biologist extraordinaire: Oxman, N., “The Age of Entanglement,” Journal of Design and Science, February 22, 2016, http://pubpub.media.mit.edu/pub/AgeOfEntanglement.
8 computer scientist Jay Forrester, who in the fifties pioneered the study of system dynamics: Useful background discussion: Forrester, J., “The Beginning of System Dynamics: Banquet Talk at the International Meeting of the System Dynamics Society Stuttgart, Germany,” July 13, 1989, http://web.mit.edu/sysdyn/sd-intro/D-4165-1.pdf.
9 Physicist Geoffrey West, for example: Lehrer, J., “A Physicist Solves the City,” The New York Times, December 19, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/magazine/19Urban_West-t.html?_r=0.
10 French physicist-economist Didier Sornette: Casey, M. J., “Move Over Economists, Time to Give Physicists a Turn,” The Wall Street Journal, June 10, 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2013/07/10/fx-horizons-move-over-economists-time-to-give-physicists-a-turn/.
11 To find the right, optimizing balance for incentivizing owners to share: Irvine interviewed by Michael J. Casey, New York, April 7, 2014.
12 “I believe that mycelium is the neurological network of nature,”: Stamets, P., Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World (Ten Speed Press, 2005), 2.
13 To Giles Hutchins, cofounder of the consultancy Biomimicry: Hutchins, G., “‘Superorganisations’ – Learning from Nature’s Networks,” August 15, 2012, at Hutchins’s personal blog, https://thenatureofbusiness.org/2012/08/15/superorganisations-learning-from-natures-networks/.
14 After Haiti was hit with a devastating earthquake in 2010: Chunara, R., Andrews, J. R., Brownstein, J. S., “Social and News Media Enable Estimation of Epidemiological Patterns Early in the 2010 Haitian Cholera Outbreak,” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86(1), 2012, 39–45, http://www.healthmap.org/documents/Chunara_AJTMH_2012.pdf.
15 Reading an article about Guyana’s shockingly high suicide rate: Scutti, S., “Suicide Rates Highest in Guyana, May Be Explained by Clustering Effect,” Medical Daily, October 14, 2014, http://www.medicaldaily.com/suicide-rates-highest-guyana-may-be-explained-clustering-effect-306982.
16 what the eco-physicist Fritjof Capra has argued: Capra, F., The Hidden Connections: Integrating the Biological, Cognitive, and Social Dimensions of Life Into a Science of Sustainability (Doubleday, 2002), 102.
17 Thanks to studies of mice that have been conditioned: Das, B. G., and Ressler, K. J., “Parental Olfactory Experience Influences Behavior and Neural Structure in Subsequent Generations,” Nature, 17, No. 1: (2014), http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n1/full/nn.3594.html.
18 Research by University of Wisconsin anthropologist John Hawks: Dunham, W., “Rapid Acceleration in Human Evolution Described,” Reuters, December 10, 2007, http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/10/us-evolution-human-idUSN1043228620071210.
19 Recently, scientists led by genetics pioneer Craig Venter: Nield, D., “Biologists Have Just Created a New Species of Bacteria with Just 437 Genes,” Science Alert, March 26, 2016, http://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-created-a-living-organism-with-the-smallest-genome-yet.
20 He says human capital is “stored as neural connections: Romer, P., “Human Capital and Knowledge,” Paul Romer’s blog, October 7, 2015, https://paulromer.net/human-capital-and-knowledge/.
21 As Stone puts it, “Everyone is working on Artificial Intelligence”: Stone, B., “Introducing Jelly, a New Search Engine,” The Biz Stone Collection (blog), April 28, 2016, https://medium.com/the-biz-stone-collection/introducing-jelly-a-new-search-engine-47e2594ad3ff#.a3wnivhgf.
22 “We are seeing the formation of a new cellular organism”: Andrew Hessel interview with Michael J. Casey, December 30, 2015.
23 Kevin Slavin, another genius Media Lab software designer: Slavin, K., “Design as Participation,” Journal of Design and Science, March 13, 2016, http://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/design-as-participation.