Index

• Ableism, 48, 149, 154, 164, 198, 220, 222, 226, 232
• Abnormality
  • historical perspective on, 43, 46
  • mental, 43
  • variation and, 107–108, 116, 143–144, 160
• Aboriginal people, 38, 211, 239n10
• Abortion
  • accusations and, 190
  • agency and, 196
  • Down syndrome and, 11, 144, 146–147, 157, 190, 196, 258n2
  • prenatal testing and, 143–144, 147–148
  • Roe v. Wade and, 139
  • “search and destroy” missions and, 147, 258n2
  • selective, 11, 143–144, 147–153, 155, 190, 196, 233, 236n4, 258n2, 259n4
  • standpoint theory and, 233, 236n4
  • variation and, 138–139, 143–144, 147–153, 155, 157, 258n2, 259n4
• Accusations
  • abortion and, 190
  • acquittals and, 182–183
  • advocates and, 179–183
  • Alberta Eugenics Board and, 12, 14–17, 48, 66–73, 86–87, 169–170, 207, 227, 238n6, 268n6
  • allies and, 179–183
  • apologies and, 10–11, 22–23
  • appeal to wrongfulness and, 171–173
  • banality of evil and, 175–177, 187, 263n3
  • Bill 26 and, 15, 207, 238n6
  • biopolitics and, 167
  • bystanders and, 177–189
  • children and, 169, 171, 173–175, 180–190
  • cognition and, 175–176
  • complicity and, 176–179
  • criminals and, 171–172, 178–179, 189
  • disabilities and, 167–171, 184, 187, 190
  • disease and, 185, 189–191
  • diversity and, 170
  • engaged individuality and, 171
  • feeble-mindedness and, 172, 185, 189
  • feminism and, 177–178, 264n1
  • fragile sciences and, 179, 187
  • gender and, 178
  • genetics and, 169, 190
  • government and, 169, 175
  • groupthink and, 175–177, 187, 263n3
  • Herman on, 177–183, 187–188, 263n4
  • humanities and, 179
  • human nature and, 178
  • illusion of explanatory depth and, 176, 187, 263n3
  • Innocence Project Northwest and, 182–183
  • institutional complicity and, 177–179, 204
  • institutionalization and, 170–171, 186, 189
  • intellectual disabilities and, 170
  • justice and, 172–173, 183
  • mental defectives and, 169, 171, 175, 186, 189
  • moral issues and, 168, 170, 175–179, 183–184, 187–188, 263n3
  • Muir and, 168, 171, 173, 175, 186
  • newgenics and, 167–168
  • nonexoneration and, 171
  • parents and, 173, 183, 189
  • perpetrators and, 174–191
  • persistence of eugenics and, 167–168, 186–191
  • philosophy and, 167, 181
  • procedural indifference and, 168–170
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 168, 171, 173
  • psychology and, 167, 176, 178, 180, 187, 189
  • psycho-social dynamics of, 183–186
  • race and, 173
  • sexual abuse and, 173–189
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 168, 184
  • social mechanics and, 168, 171–172, 176–177, 183, 185, 187
  • sterilization and, 168–175, 184, 186, 189–190, 262n1
  • subhumanization and, 168–171, 177
  • subnormalcy and, 189
  • survivors and, 169, 171, 177–181, 186–187
  • technology and, 169
  • traits and, 52, 170, 185–186, 189–191
  • trauma and, 177–183, 187
  • victims and, 174–191
  • Wenatchee case and, 174, 182–183
  • witnesses and, 174, 177–189
  • women and, 177, 181
• Achievement thesis, 216, 267n2
• “Act Respecting Chinese Immigration, An
• Act Respecting Immigration and Immigrants, 61
• African Americans, 4, 22, 92, 217–219, 226
• Agamben, Giorgio, 159
• Agar, Nicolas
  • ethics and, 77–78, 82, 142, 152–158, 161, 248n1, 259n5
  • “Eugenics, Old and Neoliberal Theories of” and, 77–78
  • liberal eugenics and, 77–78, 142, 153, 155, 157, 161, 249n2, 259n5
  • newgenics and, 77–78, 82
  • variation and, 141, 152–158, 161
• Agency
  • abortion and, 196
  • Alberta Eugenics Board and, 207
  • autonomy and, 8, 90, 93, 126, 150, 152–154, 224, 267n4
  • children and, 205–206, 209
  • cognition and, 196, 203–205
  • complicity and, 204
  • contextualism and, 199–202, 208, 210, 213, 264n2
  • disabilities and, 195–196, 198, 200, 203–206, 208, 211, 265n4
  • disease and, 203
  • diversity and, 266n5
  • engaged individuality and, 195
  • epistemology and, 196–204, 208–211, 254n1, 264n2
  • ethics and, 202, 204, 208, 210
  • extended, 223–224
  • feeble-mindedness and, 196
  • feminism and, 197–203, 211, 264nn1,2
  • gender and, 198, 200–202, 210–211, 264n2
  • genetics and, 206
  • group-based, 217–220
  • humanities and, 196
  • individuality and, 195
  • infants and, 206
  • institutionalization and, 207, 209
  • intellectual disabilities and, 205, 208
  • joint, 222–224
  • knowing, 195–211, 213–226, 232–234
  • life support decisions and, 206–207
  • life-worthiness and, 207
  • lived reality and, 217–219
  • marginalization and, 195–196, 199–200, 203, 209–210, 213
  • mental defectives and, 207
  • moral issues and, 154, 203–204
  • Muir and, 207–208
  • parents and, 205–207, 209–210
  • personhood and, 89–93, 139, 251n5
  • philosophy and, 196–206, 210–211, 264nn1,2, 265n3, 266n5
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 207
  • psychology and, 196, 202, 263n3
  • race and, 211, 217–226
  • segregation and, 197
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 195, 207
  • shared, 222–224
  • social sciences and, 196–199, 264n2
  • sorts of people and, 195, 203, 206, 265n3
  • standpoint theory and, 5–6, 18–19, 195–205, 210–226, 231–234, 264nn1,2
  • sterilization and, 195, 207, 209, 265n4
  • subhumanization and, 195, 203, 213–226, 231–234
  • survivors and, 195–198, 205, 207, 209, 213–226, 231–234
  • technology and, 198
  • traits and, 196
  • trauma and, 208–209
  • variation and, 160
  • women and, 197, 200–202, 211
• Alabama, 64–65, 69–71, 247n7
• Alberta
  • accusations and, 168–173, 175, 184–189
  • agency and, 195, 207–208
  • eugenics history of, 47–48, 51
  • legal settlements in, 10
  • Muir v. Alberta and, 11–12, 14, 17, 87–88, 237n5, 246n6, 250n4, 268n6
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 12, 21, 70, 72–73, 81, 86–87, 168–169, 171, 173, 207, 227–229, 247n8, 250n4, 268n6, 269n7
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 10–14, 21, 65–75, 79, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • standpoint theory and, 10–23, 227–230, 236n4, 237n5, 238n6–8, 239n9, 268n6, 269n7
  • subhumanization and, 79–81, 86–88, 97, 249n2, 250n4
  • traits and, 64–77, 246n6, 247n8
  • variation and, 144
• Alberta Eugenics Awareness Week, 20
• Alberta Eugenics Board
  • accusations and, 12, 14–17, 48, 66–73, 86–87, 169–170, 207, 227, 238n6, 268n6
  • agency and, 207
  • standpoint theory and, 12, 14–17, 227, 238n6
  • subhumanization and, 86–87, 238
  • survivors and, 238
  • traits and, 66–73
• Alcoholism, 35, 45, 58, 73
• Allen, Garland, 58, 244n2
• Alzheimer’s disease, 203, 225
• American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 89–90
• American Civil War, 44–45
• American Eugenics Society, 148
• Ancient Eugenics (Roper), 46
• Anglo-Saxons, 37
• Anthropology, 6, 27, 55, 57, 102, 130, 133–135, 253n2, 257n6
• “Are Ethnic Groups Biological ‘Species’ to the Human Brain? Essentialism in Our Cognition of Some Social Categories” (Gil-White), 133–135, 257n6
• Arendt, Hannah, 149, 175–176
• Aristotle, 47, 115, 122, 254n6
• Artificial selection, 5, 28, 41
• Aryanism, 82
• Asch, Adrienne, 150, 203
• Ashley X, 93–97, 252n6
• Aspie Rhetor, 162
• Asylums, 42, 69
• Attributor contextualism, 199
• Atwood, Margaret, 60
• Australia
  • aboriginal people and, 38, 211
  • anthropology and, 57
  • child removal and, 38, 242n5
  • civilizing missions and, 38
  • Howitt and, 57
  • Morgan and, 57, 244n2
  • national context of, 36, 38
  • Protection Boards and, 38
  • sterilization and, 11, 22, 94, 239n10
  • stolen generations of, 39
  • Tulaba and, 57
  • Women With Disabilities Australia and, 22
• Autism, 157, 163, 165, 203, 225, 261n8
• Autism Speaks, 157, 162–163, 261n8
• Autistic Chick, 162
• Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN), 162
• Autonomy, 8, 90, 93, 126, 150, 152–154, 224, 267n4

• Backdoor to Eugenics (Duster), 8, 82, 236n4, 249n2
• Bakersfield cases, 173, 262n2
• Banality of evil, 175–177, 187, 263n3
• Barr, Martin, 44, 84–86, 88–89, 243n7, 250n3
• Bashford, Alison, 36, 39, 73–74, 248n9
• Bell Curve, 111, 113
• Berkeley, George, 197
• Bethesda Industrial Home for Incurables, 83
• Bill 26, 15–16, 207, 238n6
• Bill C-14, 97, 252n7
• Biopolitics
  • accusations and, 167
  • evaluating the appeal to, 113–117
  • Foucault and, 110–113, 119
  • shallowness and, 117
  • variation and, 110–120, 136
• Biopower, 110, 161
• Biotechnology, 8–9, 34, 114, 160, 162
• Bisexuality, 226
• Black Feminist Thought (Collins), 217, 235n1, 267n3
• Black Stork, The (film), 60, 83, 250n3
• Blindness, 42, 107, 149, 154–155
• Boundaries of the Mind (Wilson), xi
• British Eugenics Society, 148
• British Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded, 40
• Buck v. Bell, 57, 241n4, 244n2, 246n5
• Butler, Judith, 161
• Bystanders
  • accusations and, 177–189
  • as allies, 179–183
  • becoming advocates, 179–183
  • complicity and, 176–179
  • individual interpersonal interaction and, 170, 180–181, 183, 185
  • level of background politics and, 180–185
  • looping effect of human kinds and, 181, 264n5

• California
  • Bakersfield cases and, 173, 262n2
  • eugenic traits issues and, 65–66, 69–71, 74, 247n7
  • McMartin preschool case and, 173
  • official apologies and, 10, 23
  • ongoing sterilization in, 11, 22, 239n10
  • prison system of, 22, 239n10
  • Senate Resolution No. 20 and, 23
• California Home for the Care and Training of Feeble-Minded Children, 70
• Canada
  • “Act Respecting Chinese Immigration, An” and, 62
  • Act Respecting Immigration and Immigrants and, 61–62
  • Alberta, 10–23, 47–48 (see also Alberta)
  • Alberta Eugenics Board, 12, 14–17, 48, 66–73, 86–87, 169–170, 207, 227, 238n6, 268n6
  • Bill 26 and, 15–16
  • Bill C-14 and, 97
  • British Columbia, 12, 64, 168, 268n6
  • Carter v. Canada and, 97
  • child removal and, 38, 79, 242n5
  • civilizing missions and, 38
  • First Nations peoples and, 23, 226
  • Immigration and Refugee Protection Act and, 61
  • “Indian problem” and, 39, 226
  • legislative margins and, 65–69
  • Living Archives on Eugenics in Western Canada and, 20–22, 203, 205, 227–228, 239n9, 251n5, 265n4
  • Manitoba, 12
  • Mental Deficiency Act and, 12
  • Muir v. Alberta and, 11–12, 14, 17, 87–88, 237n5, 246n6, 250n4, 268n6
  • Ontario, 12, 207
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 12, 21, 70, 72–73, 81, 86–87, 168–169, 171, 173, 207, 227–229, 247n8, 250n4, 268n6, 269n7
  • Quebec, 16
  • Saskatchewan, 12, 23
  • screening and, 146
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 10–14, 21, 65–75, 79, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada and, 20, 239n9
  • subhumanization and, 79–81, 86–88, 97, 249n2, 250n4
  • Veit and, 11, 15, 238n6, 246n6
• Canadian Association for Community Living (CACL), 79, 82, 97
• Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 15–16, 97
• Canadian College of Medical Geneticists, 146
• Canadian Medical Association Journal
• Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 87
• Cancer, 139, 159
• Capitalism, 4, 160, 215–216, 219–220, 222
• Carter v. Canada, 97
• Categories of disablement, 104–110
• Charity, 35, 42
• Chicago College of Physicians, 83
• Child molesters, 79, 244n2
• Child removal, 38, 52, 79, 139, 242n5
• Children
  • accusations and, 169, 171, 173–175, 180–190
  • agency and, 205–206, 209
  • Ashley X, 93–97, 252n6
  • Convention on the Rights of the Child and, 90
  • defective, 42, 46, 81 (see also Disability)
  • historical views on, 30, 33, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48
  • Kittay and, 91, 93, 96, 203–204, 251n5, 252n6
  • personhood and, 89–90
  • removal of, 38, 79, 242n5
  • sexual abuse of, 52, 64, 139, 173–174, 177–188
  • standpoint theory and, 15, 17, 22, 226–227, 230, 268n6
  • sterilization and, 15 (see also Sterilization)
  • subhumanization and, 77, 81–88, 91–97, 226–227, 230, 250n4, 268n6
  • survivors and, 226–227, 230, 268n6
  • traits and, 60, 67–73
  • UNICEF and, 90, 251n5
  • variation and, 115, 139, 144–147, 152–155, 161, 163
• Choosing Children: Genes, Disability, and Design (Glover), 77, 248n1
• Chromosomes, 8, 109, 144–145
• Citizen science movement, 209, 266n5
• Civilizing missions, 38, 226, 242n5
• Civil rights, 182
• Clarke, C. K., 12
• Classism, 164, 198, 226, 232, 2220
• Cognition, xi
  • accusations and, 175–176, 263n3
  • agency and, 196, 203–205
  • asylums and, 42, 69
  • belonging and, 131–132
  • collective, 123–130
  • computational representations and, 129
  • ethics and, 88–93
  • extended, 124–125, 129–132, 223, 232, 255n3, 267n4
  • external storage systems and, 125
  • feeble-mindedness and, 35–46 (see also Feeble-mindedness)
  • first-person plural mechanisms and, 128, 131–137
  • genius and, 28–29, 41, 53–54, 236n2, 240n2, 242n6
  • Gil-White on, 133–135, 257n6
  • group minds and, 125–126
  • historical perspective on, 30–31, 44
  • Hobbes and, 121–122, 255n1
  • idiots and, 42–45, 53, 72
  • illusion of explanatory depth and, 176, 187, 263n3
  • individual, 123, 125, 127, 129–130, 132
  • infants and, 135–136
  • insanity and, 40, 43–45, 58, 63, 64t, 69–72, 102, 189, 196
  • living kinds module and, 134–135, 257n6
  • lunatics and, 42–43, 72, 205
  • Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis and, 124, 255n3
  • mental health and, 45, 63–65, 68–69, 72, 133, 189
  • mental hygiene and, 12, 47, 66–67, 70, 74, 243n8
  • modern ethics and, 88–93
  • moral, 125, 256n3
  • morons and, 13, 43, 52, 64, 75, 205, 237n5, 243n7
  • normativity and, 128–133
  • plural knowledge and, 131–132
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 12, 21, 70, 72–73, 81, 86–87, 168–169, 171, 173, 207, 227–229, 247n8, 250n4, 268n6, 269n7
  • representation crunching and, 129
  • retardation and, 90–91, 103, 107, 203
  • sensorimotor systems and, 123
  • social insects and, 123, 125–126, 129
  • sociality and, 123–133, 135, 138
  • standpoint theory and, 17, 138–139, 223–225, 228, 232–233, 267n4
  • subhumanization and, 80–81, 88–96, 223–225, 228, 232–233, 251n5, 267n4
  • survivors and, 223–225, 228, 232–233, 267n4
  • third-person knowledge and, 131, 134–135, 139
  • traits and, 67, 247n7
  • variation and, 102–103, 105, 119–141, 159, 255n3, 257n5
  • weak-minded and, 40–42
• “Cognitive Disability: A Challenge to Moral Philosophy” (Kittay), 203
• Cognitive resources, 125, 129, 255n3
• Cognitive scaffolding, 122–123
• Cohen, Stewart, 199
• Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 9
• Collective cognition, 123–130
• Collective hysteria, 175–177, 263n3
• Collective social action, 126–128
• Collins, Patricia Hill, 4, 214–220, 233, 267n3
• Colonialism, 36–37, 102
• Common descent, 55
• Community-University Research Alliance (CURA) program, 20–22, 239n9
• Complicity
  • accusations and, 176–179
  • agency and, 204
  • institutional, 13–14, 17, 19, 24, 73, 78–79, 85–98
  • limiting individuality and, 103
  • positionality and, 204
• Consent
  • growth-attenuation therapy and, 95
  • individual choice and, 10, 78, 154, 157
  • legal issues and, 22–23, 66–68, 70, 72–73, 95, 231
  • mental defectives and, 72–73
  • mental hospitals and, 66
  • parents and, 66
  • sterilization and, 22–23, 66–68, 70, 72–73, 87, 93
  • survivors’ stories and, 231
• Conservativism, 34, 147
• Constructivism, 110–118, 133, 136–138, 141, 167, 236n3
• Contagions, 73–74
• Contextualism, 199–202, 208, 210, 213, 264n2
• Convention on the Rights of the Child, 90
• Coolidge, Calvin, 61
• Courts
  • Alabama Supreme Court, 71
  • Buck v. Bell, 57, 241n4, 244n2, 246n5
  • Canadian, 11–12, 14, 17, 88, 97, 207, 227
  • Carter v. Canada, 97
  • Loving v. Virginia, 62
  • Muir v. Alberta, 11–12, 14, 17, 87–88, 237n5, 246n6, 250n4, 268n6
  • Municipal Court of Chicago, 242n4, 244n2, 246n5, 247n7
  • Roe v. Wade, 139
  • sense of decency and, 6215
  • sterilization and, 15, 71, 207
  • U.S. Supreme Court, 57, 62, 139, 241n4, 244n2, 246n5
  • Crick, Francis, 8–9
• Criminality
  • accusations and, 171–172, 178–179, 189
  • acquittals and, 182–183
  • bystanders and, 177–189
  • child molesters, 52, 79, 139, 244n2
  • complicity and, 13–14, 17, 19, 24, 73, 78–79, 85–98, 103, 176–179, 204
  • historical perspective on, 27, 29, 33, 35, 40, 42, 45
  • Innocence Project Northwest and, 182–183
  • level of background politics and, 180–185
  • looping effect of human kinds and, 181, 264n5
  • McMartin preschool and, 173
  • murder and, 35
  • pedophiles and, 64, 174–175, 189
  • perpetrators and, 81, 174–191
  • rape and, 64, 139, 189, 209
  • sexual abuse and, 173 (see also Sexual abuse)
  • subhumanization and, 96
  • theft and, 35
  • traits and, 52, 54, 58–59, 64, 69, 73
  • variation and, 112
  • victims and, 81, 139, 174–191
  • Wenatchee case and, 174, 182–183
• Criminology, 6, 27, 35
• Cultural variation, 102

• Dack Family, The: A Study in Hereditary Lack of Emotional Control (Finlayson), 57
• Darwin, Charles
  • artificial selection and, 5, 28, 41
  • common descent and, 55
  • evolution and, 5–6, 26, 28, 36, 40, 55, 236n2, 240n1
  • natural selection and, 5, 26, 28, 41
  • On the Origin of Species and, 5–6
  • selective breeding and, 5–6, 153
• Davenport, Charles, 45, 54–57, 59, 74–75, 242n5, 243n7, 244n2, 248n9
• Davis, Angela, 161
• Davis, Gray, 22–23
• Davis, Lennard, 109–116, 119, 158–160, 235n, 236n3, 254nn5,6, 260nn6,7
• Deafness, 42, 93, 111, 116, 154–155, 236n3, 247n7, 254nn5,6
• Degeneracy
  • historical perspective on, 27, 37, 39–42, 48
  • human improvement and, 27, 37, 39–42, 48, 62, 64, 80, 85–86, 126, 143, 186, 242n5, 244n1
  • life-worthiness and, 78–83
  • subhumanization and, 80, 85–86
  • traits and, 62, 64
  • variation and, 126, 143
• Dementia, 70
• Denmark, 11, 34, 38, 168
• Depression, 58
• DeRose, Keith, 199
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 177, 263n4
• Disability
  • accusations and, 167–170, 184, 190
  • agency and, 195–211, 265n4
  • Ashley X and, 93–97, 252n6
  • categories of disablement and, 107–110
  • characterization of, 107–110
  • conserving, 163–165
  • euthanasia and, 83–86, 139, 143, 153, 168, 249n2, 250n3
  • expressivism and, 144, 149–152, 155, 259n4
  • historical perspective on, 34, 242n5
  • ICIDH and, 107, 109, 253n4
  • knowing and, 203–205
  • perfection and, 42, 78–83, 91, 97–98, 112, 151, 158–160, 207, 248n1
  • personhood and, 89–93, 139, 251n5
  • prenatal testing and, 79, 81, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 65–66 (see also Sexual Sterilization Act of Alberta)
  • standpoint theory and, 3, 8–13, 20–22, 217–234, 235n1, 236nn3,4, 239nn9,10, 267nn2,4, 268n5, 269n7
  • subhumanization and, 79–84, 88–98, 217–234, 251n5, 252n6, 267nn2,4, 268n5, 269n7
  • survivors and, 217–234, 267nn2,4, 268n5, 269n7
  • traits and, 61, 66–68, 72, 245n4, 247n7
  • variation and, 101–120, 132–133, 137–138, 141–144, 147–165, 253nn3,4, 254n6, 257n7, 259nn3–5, 260n7
• Disability-Free Procreation, 156–158, 259n5
• Disability Studies Reader, The (Davis), 111, 254nn5,6, 260n7
• Disciplining, 25, 53, 110–111, 118
• Discrimination
  • ableism and, 48, 149, 154, 164, 198, 220, 222, 226, 232
  • opportunity restriction and, 93, 152, 251n5
  • sexism and, 48, 92, 164, 198, 214–216, 219–220, 222, 226, 232
  • standpoint theory and, 4, 11, 227
  • subhumanization and, 92, 96
  • variation and, 104, 142
• Disease
  • accusations and, 185, 189–191
  • agency and, 203
  • Alzheimer’s, 203, 225
  • cancer, 139, 159
  • contagious, 73–74
  • Down syndrome, 11, 87–88, 144–147, 157, 190, 196, 225, 227, 268n6
  • epilepsy, 63–64, 68–69, 73–76, 145, 154, 189–190, 248n9
  • historical perspective on, 32, 35, 43
  • Huntington’s, 59, 68–69, 73–76, 145t, 154, 225, 248n9
  • leprosy, 73–74, 139
  • mental, 43, 63, 64t, 71, 84, 189
  • spina bifida, 143–144, 147, 151–152, 159–160
  • standpoint theory and, 225
  • subhumanization and, 84, 92–93
  • syphilis, 73–76
  • Tay-Sachs, 154, 159–160
  • traits and, 59, 63, 67, 71, 73–75, 248n9
  • tuberculosis, 42, 67, 73–74
  • variation and, 104, 107, 109, 153–154, 253n4
• Diversity
  • accusations and, 170
  • agency and, 266n5
  • neoliberalism and, 158–160
  • standpoint theory and, 233, 266n1
  • variation and, 102, 148, 158–163, 253n2
• DNA, 8, 144, 148, 150
• DNR (do not resuscitate) order, 206
• Down syndrome
  • abortion and, 11, 144, 146–147, 157, 190, 196, 258n2
  • amniocentesis and, 145–146
  • incidence rate of, 144–145
  • intellectual ability and, 144
  • maternal age and, 145–146
  • prenatal testing and, 144–147, 157, 190
  • “search and destroy” missions and, 147, 258n2
  • standpoint theory and, 11, 225, 227, 268n6
  • subhumanization and, 87–88
  • thyroid dysfunction and, 144
• Dretske, Fred, 199
• Drugs, 87, 109, 138–139, 169, 173, 257n7
• Dugdale, Richard, 35, 45, 53–54, 57
• Durkheim, Emile, 126, 255n3
• Duster, Troy, 8, 82, 158, 236n4, 249n2
• Dwellers in the Vale of Siddum (Rogers and Merrill), 57–58

• Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 25, 46–47, 240n1
• Edwards, Martha, 116
• Ehrenreich, Barbara, 159, 260n6
• Ehrenreich, John, 159, 260n6
• Eichmann, Adolf, 149
• Eliminativism, 54, 142, 147, 149, 151–154, 158, 161–162
• Elitism, 34–35
• Embryos, 81, 92, 147–148, 153
• Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness, and the Body (Davis), 111, 115–116, 158, 236n3, 254n5
• Engaged individuality
  • accusations and, 171
  • agency and, 195
  • standpoint theory and, 13, 18–20, 24, 231–232
  • subhumanization and, 78, 85–93, 97–98, 231–232
  • survivors and, 231–232
  • traits and, 52
  • variation and, 101–103
• English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (Galton), 29
• Epilepsy, 63–64, 68–69, 73–76, 145, 154, 189–190, 248n9
• Epistemology
  • analytic, 196–203, 210–213, 224, 231, 264n1
  • contextualism and, 199–202, 208, 210, 213, 264n2
  • knowing agency and, 196–204, 208–211, 254n1, 264n2
  • naturalistic, 199
  • neutrality in, 262n9
  • objectivity and, 262n9
  • political apartheid and, 210–211
  • standpoint theory and, 3, 213–214, 216, 219, 222, 224, 231, 233, 254n1
  • variation and, 105, 164–165, 253n5, 262n9
• Estabrook, Arthur, 35, 57
• Ethics
  • Agar and, 77–78, 82, 142, 152–158, 161, 248n1, 259n5
  • agency and, 202, 204, 208, 210
  • euthanasia and, 83–86, 139, 143, 153, 168, 249n2, 250n3
  • McMahan and, 89–93, 203, 251n5
  • modern, 88–93
  • naturalism and, 118
  • personhood and, 89–93, 139, 251n5
  • physician-assisted suicide and, 97
  • principle of procreative beneficence and, 92–93, 152–157, 160–161, 235n
  • ratio-centric view of, 90–92, 98, 251n5
  • rational, 88–93
  • Savulescu and, 92–93, 152–158, 160–161, 235n, 251n5
  • Singer and, 89–93, 203, 251n5
  • standpoint theory and, 3, 226, 233
  • subhumanization and, 77–83, 88–98, 226, 233
  • survivors and, 226, 233
  • variation and, 103, 114, 118, 141–142, 147, 149, 152–158, 161, 258n2
• Ethnicity. See also Race
  • evolution and, 257n6
  • Gil-White on, 133–135, 257n6
  • historical perspective of views on, 33–34, 37–39
  • standpoint theory and, 218
  • subhumanization and, 92, 218
  • traits and, 61
  • variation and, 102–104, 106, 114–115, 131–137, 253n2, 257n6
• Ethnocentrism, 36–39, 48, 92, 102
• Eugenic logic
  • Agar and, 152–158
  • autism and, 162–163
  • historical perspective on, 34
  • Principle of Procreative Beneficence and, 152–157
  • Savulescu and, 152–158
  • standpoint theory and, 226–227
  • subhumanization and, 148–149, 226–227
  • survivors and, 226–227
  • variation and, 148–158, 161–165, 259n3
• EugenicsArchive.ca (website), xii
• Eugenics
  • accusations and, 167–191
  • agency and, 195–211
  • as applied science, 31–34
  • asylums and, 42, 69
  • credibility of, 26–27
  • Darwinism and, 5–6, 26, 28, 36, 40, 55, 236n2, 240n1
  • Eichmann and, 149
  • emergence of, 6–7, 26–27, 35–36
  • ethnocentrism and, 36–39
  • Fit vs. Unfit and, 19, 30, 34, 40, 44, 52, 59, 63, 143, 209, 244n1
  • Galton and, 6, 17, 26–35, 40–42, 47, 53–54, 78, 112, 148, 153, 233, 236n2, 240nn1–3, 244n2
  • general academic interest in, 8–16
  • historical perspective on, 5, 25–49
  • human improvement and, 5–7, 28–33, 46, 52–53, 61, 80–81, 88, 102–103, 132, 141–142, 153–154, 233
  • immigration and, 27, 29, 33, 37–39, 60–63, 240n3, 242n5, 245n4
  • liberal, 78, 142, 153, 155, 157, 161, 249nn2,5
  • marriage and, 29–30, 47–48, 51, 60–63, 73, 245n4
  • mental hygiene and, 12, 47, 66–67, 70, 74, 243n8
  • Nazis and, 10, 51, 82, 154, 168, 176, 241n4
  • negative, 34, 153
  • non-mathematical concept of, 31
  • non-theoretical concept of, 31
  • official apologies and, 10–11
  • persistent pasts of, 167–168
  • positive, 34, 41, 54, 82
  • pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and, 81, 147–148
  • as private enterprise, 160–161
  • prosociality and, 6–8, 19, 78, 101–106, 114–115, 117, 121–122, 137, 139, 236n3, 253n1, 257n7
  • psycho-eugenics and, 40, 111, 242n6
  • race and, 36–39 (see also Race)
  • sanitized, 78
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 10–14, 21, 65–75, 79, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • social mechanics of, 21–22, 39, 46, 51, 65, 68–73, 81, 89, 101, 168, 171–172, 176–177, 185, 187, 225
  • as social movement, 5–6
  • standpoint theory and, 3 (see also Standpoint theory)
  • statistics and, 6, 23, 28–29, 31, 54, 113, 148, 177, 240nn2,3
  • subhumanization and, 77–98, 213–234
  • survivors and, 213–234 (see also Survivors)
  • techniques of silencing and, 162–164, 226, 232
  • traits and, 51–76
  • value-laden dimension of, 31–34, 38, 210, 240n3
  • variation and, 101–165 (see also Variation)
  • Watson and, 8–9, 148, 259n3
  • weakness and, 40–42, 47, 122
• Eugenics Board. See Alberta Eugenics Board
• Eugenics Quarterly journal, 148
• Eugenics Record Office, 35, 37, 45, 54–62, 74–76, 75, 242n5, 244n2, 248n9
• Eugenics (Schuster), 46
• Euthanisia, 83–86, 139, 143, 153, 168, 249n2, 250n3
• Evolution
  • adaptationism, 133–135, 257n6
  • artificial selection and, 5, 28, 41
  • common descent and, 55
  • Darwinism and, 5–6, 26, 28, 36, 40, 55, 236n2, 240n1
  • ethnicity and, 257n6
  • Galton and, 28, 42
  • heredity and, 55
  • Homo sapiens and, 5, 26, 28, 40, 119, 124, 134
  • human judgment and, 31–32
  • living kinds module and, 134–135, 257n6
  • Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis and, 124, 255n3
  • natural selection and, 5, 26, 28, 41
  • On the Origin of Species and, 5–6
  • personified artificer and, 28
  • psychology and, 257n6
  • selective breeding and, 5–6, 153
  • standpoint theory and, 4, 221
  • value-free science and, 31
  • variation and, 124, 129, 133–135
  • weakness and, 40–42, 47, 122
• Expressivism, 144, 149–152, 155, 259n4
• Extended mind hypothesis, 125, 255n3

• Family of Sam Sixty, The (Kostir), 57
• Father-Daughter Incest (Herman), 178, 182
• Federal Drug Administration, 138
• Feeble-mindedness
  • accusations and, 172, 185, 189
  • agency and, 196
  • government and, 74
  • high-grade, 43
  • historical perspective on, 35–46, 243n7
  • intrinsic heterogeneity and, 225–226
  • life-worthiness and, 78–83
  • as menace to society, 18, 39, 45–46, 52, 65, 81, 185, 190
  • as problem, 44–45
  • segregation of, 44–45
  • standpoint theory and, 18, 225
  • sterilization and, 18, 35, 63–65, 68–75, 80–81, 84–85, 189
  • subhumanization and, 80–81, 84–85
  • traits and, 53, 57–59, 63–65, 68–75
  • Tredgold on, 40
  • variation and, 102, 132, 149
  • Vineland Training School for Feebleminded Girls and Boys and, 35, 57, 75
• Feeble-Minded in a Rural County of Ohio, The (Session), 57
• Felt immediacy, 105–106, 114, 137
• Feminism
  • accusations and, 177–178
  • agency and, 197–203, 211, 264nn1,2
  • Collins and, 4, 214–220, 233
  • standpoint theory and, 4, 197, 200–203, 211, 214–218, 222, 231, 233, 235n1, 262n9, 264nn1,2,9, 266n1, 267nn2,3
  • variation and, 139
• “Feminist Social Epistemology” (Grasswick), 201
• Fernbach, Philip, 176
• Fertility, 36, 144
• Finland, 11, 168
• Finlayson, Anna Wendt, 57
• First Nations peoples, 23, 226
• First-person plural mechanisms, 128, 131–137
• Fisher, Ronald, 31
• Foucault, Michel, 109–112, 119, 247n7, 254n5
• Fragile sciences
  • accusations and, 179, 187
  • Fit vs. Unfit and, 19, 30, 34, 40, 44, 52, 59, 63, 143, 209, 244n1
  • historical perspective on, 26–27, 30, 34, 45–48, 240n1
  • human nature and, 7–9, 26, 48, 77, 82, 101, 112, 114–115, 119, 121–122, 178
  • individualistic skew in, 245n3
  • psychology and, 26 (see also Psychology)
  • sociality and, 6
  • social sciences and, 26 (see also Social sciences)
  • subhumanization and, 82
  • traits and, 53, 55, 57, 59, 245n3
  • variation and, 102–103, 126, 130
• France, 34
• Francis, Leslie, 203
• Fricker, Miranda, 198
• From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice (Buchanan et al.), 78, 248n1
• Fujimoro, Alberto, 23–24

• Galton, Francis
  • artificial selection and, 28
  • background of, 27–28
  • on charity, 35, 42
  • Darwin and, 6, 26, 28, 40, 236n2, 240n1
  • elementary mathematics and, 29
  • elitism and, 35
  • English Men of Science and, 29
  • eugenics and, 6, 17, 26–35, 40–42, 47, 53–54, 78, 112, 148, 153, 233, 236n2, 240nn1–3, 244n2
  • evolution and, 28, 42
  • fingerprints and, 240n2
  • Fit vs. Unfit and, 30
  • as gentleman scientist, 27
  • Hereditary Genius and, 28–29, 41, 236n2, 240n2, 242n6
  • heredity and, 28–29
  • human improvement and, 28–30, 33–34, 233
  • Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development and, 29, 41–42, 236n2, 240n2
  • Memories of My Life and, 29–30
  • mental abilities and, 40–42
  • mental deficiency and, 50–52
  • on natural ability, 41, 242n6
  • Pearson and, 240n3
  • Plato and, 47
  • public opinion and, 6
  • selective breeding and, 6, 153
  • social movements and, 6
  • standpoint theory and, 6, 17, 233
  • statistics and, 240n2
  • subhumanization and, 78
  • talent and, 28–29, 35
  • technology and, 28
  • traits and, 53–54, 244n2
  • variation and, 112, 153
  • weak-mindedness and, 40–42
• Galton Chair in Eugenics, 240n3
• Galtonian individuals, 17
• Galton Institute, 148
• Gardner, Helen, 57
• Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie, 149, 162–164, 259n3, 262n9
• Gattaca (film), 60
• Gender
  • accusations and, 178
  • achievement thesis and, 216
  • agency and, 198, 200–202, 210–211, 264n2
  • sexism and, 48, 92, 164, 198, 214–216, 219–220, 222, 226, 232
  • situated experience and, 216, 224
  • standpoint theory and, 11, 214–222, 226, 231–232
  • variation and, 104, 111–112, 114, 132, 159
• “Genealogical Method of Anthropological Inquiry, The” (Rivers), 55
• Genealogy, 35, 54–55, 58, 110, 113, 244n2
• Genes and the Agents of Life (Wilson), xi, 245n3
• Genetics
  • accusations and, 169, 190
  • agency and, 206
  • chromosomes and, 8, 109, 144–145
  • Crick and, 8–9
  • determinism and, 8
  • Disability-Free Procreation and, 156–158, 259n5
  • DNA and, 8, 144, 148, 150
  • heredity and, 35 (see also Heredity)
  • historical perspective on, 26, 36
  • Human Genome Project and, 8–9, 78, 82, 148, 236n4
  • Mendelian, 75, 148
  • pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and, 81, 147–148
  • prenatal testing and, 79, 81, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2
  • screening and, 11, 146–149, 258n2, 259n5 (see also Screening)
  • standpoint theory and, 5, 8–12, 16, 236n4
  • subhumanization and, 77–78, 81–82, 87–88, 92
  • traits and, 9, 53, 55, 60
  • trisomy 21 and, 11, 109, 143–147, 190–191, 225, 258n2
  • variation and, 102, 122, 141–149, 153–155, 160–162, 253n2, 257n7, 258n2, 259n4
  • Watson and, 8–9, 148, 259n3
• Genetics Society of Canada, 88
• Genius, 28–29, 41, 53–54, 236n2, 240n2, 242n6
• Genocide, 10, 36, 209
• Georgia, 64–65, 69–71
• Gil-White, Francisco, 133–135, 257n6
• Glover, Jonathan, 77, 248n1
• Goddard, Henry, 13, 35, 43, 57, 75, 237n5, 243n7, 244n2
• Goldman, Alvin, 199
• Government
  • abortion and, 139
  • accusations and, 169, 175
  • agency and, 207
  • Bill 26 and, 15, 207, 238n6
  • Bill C-14 and, 97, 252n7
  • civilizing missions and, 38, 226, 242n5
  • colonialism and, 36–37, 102
  • failures of humanity and, 19
  • feeble-mindedness and, 45, 74
  • Foucault on, 110
  • Hobbes on, 121
  • lunatics and, 42–43, 72, 205
  • Nazis and, 10, 51, 82, 154, 168, 176, 241n4
  • population control and, 33
  • public policy and, 6, 23
  • racial hygiene and, 38
  • schools for mental defectives and
  • as social control, 110
  • social movements and, 6
  • standpoint theory and, 6, 10, 12, 15–17, 19, 23–24, 226, 228–231
  • sterilization and, 10, 12, 15–16
  • subhumanization and, 88
  • thalidomide and, 139
  • traits and, 53, 74
  • UNICEF and, 90, 251n5
• Grant, Madison, 62
• Grasswick, Heidi, 201
• Graves, Bill, 71
• Greeks, 33, 46–48, 112, 115–116, 122, 243n8, 254n6
• Group minds, 125–126
• Groupthink, 175–177, 187, 263n3
• Growth attenuation treatment, 94–96, 252n6
• Guardian, The (newspaper), 95
• Guidance clinics, 66–67, 247n8

• Hacking, Ian, 181
• Haiselden, Harry J., 83–86, 88, 95, 139, 153, 250n3
• Handicaps
  • categories of disablement and, 107–110
  • characterization of, 107–110
  • ICIDH and, 107, 109, 253n4
  • as social phenomenon, 107
  • variation and, 104, 107–110, 116
• Harding, Sandra, 215, 266nn1,5
• Harris, Elisha, 35
• Hartsock, Nancy, 4, 214
• Heidegger, Martin, 131
• Hekman, Susan, 214, 218
• Heraclitus, 47
• Hereditary Genius (Galton), 28–29, 41, 236n2, 240n2, 242n6
• Heredity
  • common descent and, 55
  • Darwinism and, 55
  • Davenport and, 57
  • disease and, 154
  • Dugdale and, 35, 45, 53–54, 57
  • Finlayson and, 57
  • Galton and, 28–29, 41–42, 54, 236n2, 240n2, 242n6
  • genealogy and, 35, 54–55, 58, 110, 113, 244n2
  • Goddard and, 57
  • Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development and, 29, 41–42, 236n2, 240n2
  • mental deficiencies and, 42, 44
  • natural abilities and, 54
  • pedigrees and, 54–55, 57, 75
  • subhumanization and, 85, 87
  • talent and, 28–29, 35
  • traits and, 54–57, 70, 75, 154
  • variation and, 144, 154
• Herman, Judith, 177–183, 187–188, 263n4, 264n5
• Hertz, Friedrich, 34, 241n4
• Heterosexism, 198, 219–220, 222, 226
• Hicks, Clarence, 12
• Hillary, Alyssa, 163
• Hill Folk, The: Report on a Rural Community of Hereditary Defectives (Davenport), 57
• Hitler, Adolph, 82, 142
• Hobbes, Thomas, 121–122, 255n1
• Homo sapiens, 5, 26, 28, 40, 119, 124, 134
• Homosexuality, 9, 112, 219t, 226
• Howitt, Alfred, 57
• Human Genome Project, 8–9, 78, 82, 148, 148–149, 236n4
• Human improvement
  • degeneracy of race and, 27, 37, 39–42, 48, 62, 64, 80, 85–86, 126, 143, 186, 242n5, 244n1
  • eugenics and, 5–7, 28–33, 46, 52–53, 61, 80–81, 88, 102–103, 132, 141–142, 153–154, 233
  • Fit vs. Unfit and, 19, 30, 34, 40, 44, 52, 59, 63, 143, 209, 244n1
  • Galton and, 28–30, 33–34, 233
  • genetics and, 8–9 (see also Genetics)
  • historical perspective on, 28–33
  • IQ tests and, 32, 81, 169
  • prosociality and, 6–8, 19, 78, 101–106, 114–115, 117, 121–122, 137, 139, 257n7
  • selective breeding and, 5–6, 153
  • standpoint theory and, 5–7, 103, 141–142, 153–154
  • subhumanization and, 80–81, 88, 103, 132, 142
  • traits and, 5, 52–53, 61
  • variation and, 102–103, 132, 141–142, 153–154
• Humanities
  • accusations and, 179
  • agency and, 196
  • standpoint theory and, 3–4, 16, 20, 239n9
  • variation and, 111
• Humanities Centre, 16
• Human nature, 48
  • accusations and, 178
  • charity and, 35, 42
  • good will and, 7
  • Hobbes on, 121–122, 255n1
  • quality of life and, 26
  • standpoint theory and, 7–9
  • subhumanization and, 77, 82
  • variation and, 101, 112, 114–115, 119–122
• Human rights, 22, 90, 239n9
• Hume, David, 197
• Huntington’s disease, 59, 68–69, 73–76, 145t, 154, 225, 248n9

• “I Am Autism” projects, 162
• Idiots, 42–45, 53, 63–64, 70, 72, 189
• Illusion of explanatory depth, 176, 187, 263n3
• Imbeciles, 43, 63–64, 72, 85, 189
• Immigration
  • “Act Respecting Chinese Immigration, An” and, 62
  • Act Respecting Immigration and Immigrants and, 61–62
  • eugenic laws and, 60–62
  • historical perspective on, 27, 29, 33, 37–39, 240n3, 242n5, 245n4
  • Immigration and Refugee Protection Act and, 61
  • Johnson-Reid Act and, 37, 61–62
  • legal issues and, 60–62
  • quotas and, 37, 61–62
  • traits and, 60–63
• Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 61
• Immigration Restriction Act, 37
• Impairment
  • categories of disablement and, 107–110
  • characterization of, 104, 107–110
  • historical perspective on, 42
  • ICIDH and, 107, 253n4
  • standpoint theory and, 223–224
  • subhumanization and, 96, 223–224
  • variation and, 104, 107–111, 113, 116, 132, 150–153
• Incest, 64, 177–178, 180, 182, 187–188
• Inclusion Alberta, 77
• India, 11, 23, 239n10
• Indiana, 35, 65–66, 69–71
• Individual choice, 10, 78, 154, 157
• Individual interpersonal interaction, 170, 180–181, 183, 185
• Individuality
  • agency and, 195
  • collective cognition and, 129–130
  • complicity in limiting, 103
  • engaged, 195 (see also Engaged individuality)
  • first-person plural mechanisms and, 128, 131–137
  • institutionalization and, 171 (see also Institutionalization)
  • living kinds module and, 134–135, 257n6
  • personhood and, 89–93, 139, 251n5
  • plural knowledge and, 131–132
  • possessive individualism and, 121
  • ratio-centric view of, 90–92, 98, 251n5
  • sociality and, 129–130 (see also Sociality)
  • standpoint theory and, 13, 17–20, 24, 231–232
  • subhumanization and, 78, 85–93, 97–98, 231–232
  • survivors and, 231–232
  • traits and, 52
  • variation and, 101–103, 113, 121–139, 143–147
• Infanticide, 47, 83–84
• Infants
  • agency and, 206
  • cognition and, 135–136
  • Down syndrome and, 147
  • euthanasia and, 83–84, 139
  • imitation studies and, 135–136, 257n6
  • life-worthiness and, 47
  • Meltzoff on, 135–136, 257n6
  • parenting around disabilities and, 22
  • prenatal testing and, 79, 81, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2
  • Spartans and, 47
  • spina bifida and, 143–144, 147, 151–152, 159–160
  • standpoint theory and, 22
  • thalidomide and, 109, 138–139, 257n7
  • trisomy 21 and, 11, 109, 143–147, 190–191, 225, 258n2
• Innocence Project Northwest, 182–183
• Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (Galton), 29, 41–42, 236n2, 240n2
• Insanity, 40, 43–45, 58, 63, 64t, 69–72, 102, 189, 196
• Institutional complicity
  • accusations and, 177–179, 204
  • standpoint theory and, 13–14, 17, 19, 24
  • sterilization and, 13–14, 17, 19, 24
  • subhumanization and, 78–79, 85–86, 88–98
• Institutionalization
  • accusations and, 170–171, 186, 189
  • agency and, 207, 209
  • Ashley X and, 92–97, 252n6
  • historical perspective on, 27, 42, 44–45
  • legal issues and, 69–72
  • mental deficiency and, 15, 27, 42–46, 81, 103, 189
  • social mechanics and, 69–72
  • standpoint theory and, 12–20, 24, 228, 269n7
  • subhumanization and, 79–83, 86, 93–95, 228, 269n7
  • survivors and, 228, 269n7
  • traits and, 64–73, 79–83, 86, 93–95, 247n7
  • variation and, 101, 260n7
• Intellectual disabilities. See also Mental deficiency
  • accusations and, 170
  • agency and, 205, 208
  • extended action in, 222–224
  • intrinsic heterogeneity and, 225–226
  • joint action in, 222–224
  • knowing and, 205, 208
  • standpoint theory and, 20, 22, 222–225, 231–233, 267n4, 268n3
  • subhumanization and, 80, 88, 90, 94, 251n5, 267n4, 268n3
  • survivors and, 267n4, 268n3
  • traits and, 67–68
  • variation and, 144, 149
• Intentionality
  • collective, 7, 126–128, 224, 256n4, 257n5, 267n4
  • distributive actions and, 127–128
  • normative dimension and, 127
  • shared, 125–130
  • standpoint theory and, 7, 223–224, 267n4
  • variation and, 125–130, 256n4, 257n5
• International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH), 107, 109, 253n4
• Internationalism, 36
• In the Name of Eugenics (Kevles), 8, 236n4
• In vitro fertilization (IVF), 81, 147–148, 153, 258n2, 259n5
• Iowa, 74
• IQ tests, 32, 81, 169
• Island of Dr. Moreau, The (Wells), 60
• Italians, 33

• Jews, 33, 92
• Johnson, Cory, 22–23
• Johnson, Harriet McBryde, 91–93
• Johnson-Reid Act, 37, 61–62
• Journal of Biological Science, 148
• Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
• Jukes, The: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity (Dugdale), 35, 45, 53–54, 57
• Jukes in 1915, The (Estabrook), 57
• Justice
  • accusations and, 172–173, 183
  • eliminativism and, 149
  • social, 149
  • variation and, 144, 149, 161

• Kaelber, Lutz, 247n7
• Kahane, Guy, 154–158, 161, 235n, 238n7, 259n5
• Kallikak Family, The: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (Goddard), 35, 57
• Keil, Frank, 176
• Kersten, Luke, 64t, 246nn5,6, 256n3
• Kevles, Daniel, 8, 236n4
• Kinds of people, 33, 36, 130, 153, 177, 226, 232 (see also Sorts of people)
• Kitcher, Philip, 82, 153
• Kite, Elizabeth, 57
• Kittay, Eva Feder, 91, 93, 96, 203–204, 251n5, 252n6
• Klein, Ralph, 15, 207
• Knowing
  • agency, 195–226, 232–234
  • cognitive disability and, 203–205
  • contextualism and, 199–202, 208, 210, 213, 264n2
  • epistemology and, 196–204, 208–211, 254n1, 264n2
  • insider knowledge and, 215
  • intellectual disabilities and, 205, 208
  • marginal, 195–198
  • parental advocacy and, 206–207
  • political concerns over, 198–203, 210–211
  • standpoint theory and, 213–226, 232–234
  • survivors and, 195–198, 205, 207, 209, 213–226, 231–234
• Koop, C. Everett, 147
• Kostir, Mary Storer, 57

• LaRoche, Dan, 182
• Latinas, 22, 218
• Laughlin, Harry, 37, 62, 242n5, 244n2, 245n4, 246n5, 247n7
• La Vann, Leonard J., 86–88, 95, 250n4, 268n6
• Laws, The (Plato), 47
• Lebensborn project, 82
• Legal issues. See also Courts
  • accusations and, 169 (see also Accusations)
  • “Act Respecting Chinese Immigration, An” and, 62
  • Act Respecting Immigration and Immigrants and, 61–62
  • Bakersfield cases and, 173, 262n2
  • Bill 26 and, 15–16, 207, 238n6
  • Bill C-14 and, 97, 252n7
  • bystanders and, 177–189
  • Canada and, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • Carter v. Canada, 97
  • child removal and, 38, 79, 242n5
  • complicity and, 13–14, 17, 19, 24, 73, 78–79, 85–98, 103, 176–179, 204
  • consent and, 22–23, 66–68, 70, 72–73, 95, 231
  • disability rights and, 91–92
  • Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 61
  • Immigration Restriction Act, 37
  • institutionalization and, 69–72
  • Johnson-Reid Act and, 37, 61–62
  • Klein and, 15
  • lawsuits and, 87, 173, 183, 207
  • legislative margins and, 65–69
  • Loving v. Virginia, 62
  • marriage restriction and, 29–30, 47–48, 51, 60–63, 73, 245n4
  • McMartin preschool case and, 173
  • Mental Deficiency Act and, 12
  • miscegenation and, 38, 61–62
  • Muir v. Alberta, 11–12, 14, 17, 87–88, 207, 237n5, 246n6, 250n4, 268n6
  • official apologies and, 10–11
  • perpetrators and, 81, 174–191
  • personhood and, 91–92
  • physician-assisted suicide and, 97
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 12, 21, 70, 72–73, 81, 86–87, 168–169, 171, 173, 207, 227–229, 247n8, 250n4, 268n6, 269n7
  • Resolution No. 20 and, 23
  • Roe v. Wade, 139
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 10–14, 21, 65–75, 79, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • sterilization and, 15, 71, 207
  • subnormalcy and, 107
  • Veit and, 11, 15, 238n6, 246n6
  • victims and, 81, 139, 174–191
  • Wenatchee case and, 174, 182–183
  • witnesses and, 12, 17, 37, 88, 174, 177–189, 246n6
• Leprosy, 73–74, 139
• Lesbians, 218
• Le Vann, Leonard J., 86–88, 95, 250n4, 268n6
• Level of background politics, 180–185
• Levine, Philippa, 36, 39, 73, 74, 248n9
• Lewis, David, 199
• Liberalism
  • eugenics and, 78, 142, 153, 155, 157, 161, 249n2, 259n5
  • neoliberalism and, 77, 154, 158–163, 260n7
  • standpoint theory and, 226–227
  • variation and, 153–163, 259n5, 260n7
• Life support, 206–207
• Life-worthiness
  • agency and, 207
  • infants and, 47
  • institutionalization and, 151 (see also Institutionalization)
  • modern pursuit of perfection and, 79–83
  • prenatal testing and, 151
  • subhumanization and, 78–83, 91, 97–98
  • variation and, 97–98, 151
• Lillo, Kyle, 230–231, 269n7
• Lived reality, 214, 217–219
• Living Archives on Eugenics in Western Canada, 20–22, 203, 205, 227–228, 239n9, 251n5, 265n4
• Living kinds module, 134–135, 257n6
• Lloyd, G. E. R., 116
• Locke, John, 197
• Looping effect of human kinds, 181, 264n5
• Lotka-Volterra equations, 221
• Loving v. Virginia, 62
• Lunatics, 42–43, 72, 205
• Lytton, Judy, 18, 21, 51, 72, 186, 238n8

• MacEachran, John, 14–17, 47–48, 74, 76, 238nn6,7, 243n8
• MacEachran Report, 16
• MacEachran Sub-Committee, 16
• Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis, 124, 255n3
• Mackenzie, Donald, 113
• MacMillan’s Magazine, 28
• MacMurchy, Helen, 12
• Macpherson, C. B., 121
• Maddaddam (Atwood), 60
• Mania, 70
• Marginalization
  • agency and, 195–196, 199–200, 203, 209–210, 213
  • historical perspective on, 39
  • standpoint theory and, 3–4, 10, 52, 213–217, 220–221, 226, 233
  • subhumanization and, 91, 97, 213–217, 220–221, 226, 233
  • survivors and, 213–217, 220–221, 226, 233
  • traits and, 52
  • variation and, 142, 159–160, 164–165, 260n6
• Marriage restriction, 29–30, 47–48, 51, 60–63, 73, 245n4
• Marxism, 4, 110, 200, 214, 216–217, 221–222, 235n1, 267n2
• Maudsley, Henry, 243n7
• McConvell, Patrick, 57
• McDougle, Ivan, 57
• McMahan, Jeff, 89–93, 203, 251n5
• McMartin preschool, 173
• Medicalized pathology, 104–105, 109
• Meltzoff, Andrew, 135–136, 257n6
• Memories of My Life (Galton), 29–30
• Menaces to society, 18, 39, 45–46, 52, 65, 81, 185, 190
• Mendelian genetics, 75, 148
• Mental abilities. See Cognition
• Mental defectives
  • accusations and, 169, 171, 175, 186
  • agency and, 207
  • Ashley X and, 93–97, 252n6
  • consent and, 72–73
  • definition of, 67
  • euthanasia and, 83–86, 139, 143, 153, 168, 249n2, 250n3
  • historical perspective on, 39, 45–46, 48
  • ICIDH and, 107, 109, 253n4
  • life-worthiness and, 78–83
  • as menace to society, 18, 39, 45–46, 52, 65, 81, 185, 190
  • personhood and, 89–90, 139, 251n5
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 12 (see also Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives)
  • retardation and, 90–91, 103, 107, 203
  • standpoint theory and, 12–13, 17–18, 21
  • subhumanization and, 80–97
  • traits and, 52, 67–73
  • variation and, 103
• Mental Defectives: Their History, Treatment and Training (Barr), 85–86
• Mental deficiency. See also Cognition
  • accusations and, 189
  • dementia and, 70
  • feeble-mindedness and, 39 (see also Feeble-mindedness)
  • Galton and, 50–52
  • historical perspective on, 27, 39–49, 242n6, 243n7
  • idiots and, 42–45, 53, 63–64, 70, 72, 189
  • imbeciles and, 43, 63–64, 72, 85, 189
  • insanity and, 40, 43–45, 58, 63, 64t, 69–72, 102, 189, 196
  • institutionalization and, 15, 27, 42–46, 81, 189
  • lunatics and, 42–43, 72, 205
  • mania and, 70
  • morons and, 13, 43, 52, 64, 75, 205, 237n5, 243n7{tab}
  • psycho-eugenics and, 40, 111, 242n6
  • standpoint theory and, 12, 15, 27, 225, 227, 230
  • subhumanization and, 81, 225, 227, 230
  • survivors and, 225, 227, 230
  • traits and, 51, 53, 63–65, 71–72
  • Tredgold and, 40, 45, 242n6
  • variation and, 103
• Mental Deficiency Act, 12
• Mental disease, 43, 63, 64t, 71, 84
• Mental health, 45, 63–65, 68–69, 72, 133, 189
• Mental hospitals, 66–70
• Mental hygiene, 12, 47, 66–67, 70, 74, 243n8
• Mental illness, 43
  • manic depression and, 58
  • psychotics and, 63–72, 227
  • traits and, 63, 72–74
• Merrill, Maud, 57–58
• Michener Centre, 228–229 (see also Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives)
• Minnesota School for Feeble-Minded at Fairbault, 58
• Miscegenation, 38, 61–62
• Mitchell, David, 149
• “Modern Pursuit of Human Perfection, The: Defining Who Is Worthy of Life” (public dialogue), 77–83, 248n1
• Mongrelization, 37, 57
• Mongrel Virginians: The Win Tribe (Estabrook and McDougle), 57
• Moore, G. E., 118, 254n7
• Moral depravity, 64
• Moral issues
  • abortion and, 152 (see also Abortion)
  • accusations and, 168, 170, 175–179, 183–184, 187–188
  • agency and, 154, 203–204
  • autonomy and, 154
  • codes of etiquette and, 130
  • cognition and, 125, 256n3
  • disability-free procreation and, 156–157
  • eliminativist approach and, 152
  • historical perspective on, 35, 40–45, 48, 142
  • liberalism and, 154
  • normative force and, 118
  • personhood and, 89–93, 139, 251n5
  • Principle of Procreative Beneficence and, 155
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 12, 21, 70, 72–73, 81, 86–87, 168–169, 171, 173, 207, 227–229, 247n8, 250n4, 268n6, 269n7
  • screening and, 146–147, 259n5
  • subhumanization and, 78, 85, 89–92, 251n5
  • traits and, 52, 64
  • utilitarian approach to, 118
• Moral panics, 175–177, 187, 263n3
• Morgan, Lewis Henry, 57, 244n2
• Morons, 13, 43, 52, 64, 75, 205, 237n5, 243n7
• Muir, Leilani
  • accusations and, 168, 171, 173, 175, 186
  • agency and, 207–208
  • normalcy of, 17–18
  • personality of, 17–18
  • standpoint theory and, 11–18, 21, 227
  • sterilization and, 11–18, 21, 51, 72, 87, 168, 171, 173, 175, 186, 207–208, 227, 237n5, 238n8, 243n8, 249n2, 262n1, 265n4
  • subhumanization of, 87, 227
  • traits and, 51, 72
  • Whisper Past, A, and, 207, 265n4
• Muir v. Alberta, 11–12, 14, 17, 87–88, 237n5, 246n6, 250n4, 268n6
• Murder, 35

• Nam Family, The: A Study of Cacogenics (Davenport and Estabrook), 35, 57
• Nathan, Debbie, 262n2
• National Institutes of Health, 8
• Natural selection, 5, 26, 28, 41
• Nazis, 10, 51, 82, 154, 168, 176, 241n4
• Negative eugenics, 34, 153 (see also Positive eugenics)
• Neighborhood Bridges, 20–21, 239n9
• Nelson, Ken, 72, 81, 171, 186, 262n1
• Neoliberalism, 77, 154, 158–163, 260n7
• Netherlands, 36
• Newgenics, 25–26
  • accusations and, 167–168
  • emergence of, 141–143
  • spina bifida and, 143–144, 147, 151–152, 159–160
  • standpoint theory and, 213, 233
  • subhumanization and, 82–83, 98, 142
  • traits and, 60
  • variation and, 101, 104, 114, 141–144, 147, 149, 153, 157, 161
• Normalcy
  • biopolitics and, 113–117
  • Davis on, 109–116, 119, 158–159, 235n, 260n6
  • genealogy of, 113
  • historical perspective on, 44
  • variation and, 98, 108–120, 133, 158–160
• Normalizing, 111, 115, 253n4
• Normativity
  • cognition and, 128, 130–133
  • heteronormativity and, 222, 232
  • standpoint theory and, 222, 232
  • variation and, 114–116, 128, 130, 132–133
• North Carolina, 10, 65–66, 69–71, 236n4
• Norway, 11, 38, 168
• Notwithstanding Clause, 15–16
• Neuro Queer, 162

• Office of Human Genome Research, 8–9
• Oklahoma, 68, 75
• On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 5, 28, 236n2
• Ontology, 105, 110, 127, 143
• Opportunity restriction, 93, 152, 251n5
• Order of Canada, 88
• Oregon, 10
• Oryx and Crake (Atwood), 60
• Osborn, Frederick, 148, 153
• Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, The (Bashford and Levine), 36, 39, 73

• Parenting around disability, 22, 206, 265n4
• Parents, 33
  • accusations and, 173, 183, 189
  • advocacy and, 206–207
  • agency and, 205–210
  • consent and, 66
  • disability-free procreation and, 156–158 (see also Reproduction)
  • enhancement technologies and, 153
  • ethics and, 152
  • heredity and, 55 (see also Heredity)
  • life support decisions and, 206–207
  • moral issues and, 155
  • prenatal testing and, 79, 81, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2
  • removal of children from, 38, 79, 242n5
  • scientific advice and, 142
  • standpoint theory and, 19, 22, 91, 223, 226, 228–231
  • subhumanization and, 85, 87, 91–97
  • thalidomiders and, 257n7
  • unfit, 19, 52, 207
• Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 62
• Patriarchy, 215–216, 219–220, 222
• Paul, Laurie, 198
• Pauperism, 29, 35, 40, 45, 59
• Pearson, Karl, 31
• Pedigrees, 54–55, 57, 75
• Pedophilia, 64, 174–175, 189
• Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children, 44, 85
• Pennypacker, Samuel, 63
• Perfection
  • historical perspective on, 42
  • life-worthiness and, 78–83, 91, 97–98, 151, 207
  • modern pursuit of, 77–83, 248n1
  • prenatal testing and, 79, 81, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2
  • subhumanization and, 77–83, 97, 248n1
  • variation and, 112, 158–160
• Pernick, Martin, 84
• Perpetrators
  • sexual abuse and, 174–191
  • subhumanization and, 81
• Personhood
  • legal issues and, 91–92
  • ratio-centric view of, 90–92, 98, 251n5
  • subhumanization and, 89–93, 98, 139, 251n5
• Peru, 23–24
• “Philosopher Looks at Mental Hygiene, A” (MacEachran), 47
• Philosophy. See also specific philosopher
  • accusations and, 167, 181
  • agency and, 196–206, 210–211, 264nn1,2, 265n3, 266n5
  • Alberta and, 11–14, 16–17, 237n7
  • analytic, 13, 197
  • Greek, 46–48
  • historical perspective on, 46–48, 243n8
  • lived experience and, 3
  • MacEachran and, 14, 16–17, 47–48
  • of biology, xi, 58, 80, 237n4
  • of disability, 204
  • of language, 199, 264n1
  • of mind, xi, 13, 19, 80, 223
  • of science, 181, 201–202, 223, 235n1, 262n9, 265n2, 266n5, 267n2
  • persons and, 90–92
  • standpoint theory and, 235n1, 238nn7,8, 268n5
  • subhumanization and, 77–82, 89–90, 214–215, 223, 231–232, 251n5, 268n5
  • survivors and, 214–215, 223, 231–232, 268n5
  • traits and, 58
  • variation and, 105, 118, 121, 125–126, 134, 141, 147, 152, 164, 255n1
• Pillow angel, 94
• “Pineys, The” (Kite), 57
• Plato, 46–48
• Ploetz, Alfred, 34, 241n4
• Plus-or-minus answers, 216–217, 222–224
• Police, 172, 179, 183, 206
• Politicians, 19, 34, 44, 206
• Politics, The (Aristotle), 115
• Politics of Life Itself, The: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century (Rose), 114, 254n6
• Positive eugenics, 34, 41, 54, 82 (see also Negative eugenics)
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 177, 225, 263n4
• Poverty, 23, 29, 35, 44, 54
• Pregnancy
  • prenatal testing, 79, 81, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2
  • subhumanization and, 79–80
  • variation and, 138–139, 145–147, 151–152, 259n4
• Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 81, 147–148
• Prenatal testing, 138, 153, 162, 233
  • abortion and, 143–144, 147–148
  • as back door to eugenics, 142–148
  • Disability-Free Procreation, 156–158, 259n5
  • Down syndrome and, 144–147, 157, 190
  • expressivism and, 144, 149–152, 155, 259n4
  • life-worthiness and, 151
  • spina bifida and, 143–144, 147, 151–152, 159–160
  • subhumanization and, 79, 81
  • trisomy 21 and, 11, 109, 143–147, 190–191, 225, 258n2
• Principle of Procreative Beneficence, 92–93, 152–157, 160–161, 235n
• Prisoners
  • innocent, 174–175, 183–184
  • poverty and, 35
  • sexual abuse and, 175, 187–188
  • sterilization and, 22, 65–66, 70, 85, 209, 239n10
• Private enterprise, 160–161
• Project Value, 97, 252n7
• Prosociality
  • flipside of, 139, 257n7
  • group benefits and, 7
  • limitations of, 7–8
  • standpoint theory and, 6–8, 19, 101–103
  • subhumanization and, 78
  • variation and, 101–106, 114–115, 117, 121–123, 137, 139
• Prostitutes, 35, 59
• Protection Boards, 38
• Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives. See also Michener Centre
  • accusations and, 168, 171, 173
  • agency and, 207
  • Canada and, 12, 21, 70, 72–73, 81, 86–87, 168–169, 171, 173, 207, 227–229, 247n8, 250n4, 268n6, 269n7
  • institutional complicity and, 73
  • Le Vann and, 86–88, 95, 250n4, 268n6
  • standpoint theory and, 12, 21, 227–229
  • subhumanization and, 81, 86–87, 227–229
  • survivors and, 227–229
  • traits and, 70, 72–73
• Psycho-eugenics, 40, 111, 242n6
• Psychology
  • accusations and, 167, 176, 178, 180, 187, 189
  • agency and, 196, 202, 263n3
  • crowd, 263n3
  • developmental, 133, 135, 176, 257n6
  • Ebbinghaus on, 25, 46–47, 240n1
  • evolution and, 257n6
  • Gil-White on, 133–135, 257n6
  • historical perspectives on, 25–27, 36, 40, 46–48
  • human nature and, 7–9, 26, 48, 77, 82, 101, 112, 114–115, 119, 121–122, 178
  • living kinds module and, 134–135, 257n6
  • morons and, 237n5
  • standpoint theory and, 12–14, 17, 225, 237n5
  • subhumanization and, 248n1
  • traits and, 63–65, 69, 73, 248n1
  • variation and, 102, 107, 111, 115, 117, 119, 126, 133–137, 253n3, 255n3, 257n6
• Psychotics, 63–72, 227
• Public health, 33, 35, 67, 89
• Public policy, 6, 23

• Queen’s University, xi, 14, 17
• Quotas, 37, 61–62

• Race. See also Ethnicity
  • aboriginal people, 38, 211, 239n10
  • accusations and, 173
  • African Americans, 4, 22, 92, 217–219, 226
  • agency and, 211, 217–226
  • Aryanism and, 82
  • civilizing missions and, 38, 226, 242n5
  • colonialism and, 36–37, 102
  • degeneracy of, 27, 37, 39–42, 48, 62, 64, 80, 85–86, 126, 143, 186, 242n5, 244n1
  • ethnocentrism and, 36–39, 48, 92, 102
  • genocide and, 10, 36, 209
  • Greeks, 33
  • historical perspective of views on, 29–30, 34, 36–39, 41, 241n4
  • human improvement and, 29 (see also Human improvement)
  • immigration and, 27, 29, 33, 37–39, 60–63, 240n3, 242n5, 245n4
  • Italians, 33
  • Jews, 33, 92
  • Latinas, 22, 218
  • lived reality and, 217–219
  • miscegenation and, 38, 61–62
  • mongrels and, 37, 57
  • purity of, 39, 62, 241n4
  • racial hygiene and, 34, 38, 241n4
  • racism and, 36–39, 48, 62, 92, 102, 164, 198, 219–220, 222, 226, 232, 242n5
  • “search and destroy” missions and, 147, 258n2
  • Slavs, 33
  • standpoint theory and, 217–226, 232–233, 240n3, 267n2
  • sterilization and, 22–23
  • subhumanization and, 82, 85, 92, 217–226, 232–233
  • survivors and, 217–226, 232–233
  • traits and, 61–62
  • variation and, 102, 104, 106, 112, 114–115, 132, 137, 159, 253n2
  • white supremacy and, 37, 222, 242n5
• Rafter, Nicole, 35, 241n4, 244n2
• Rape, 64, 139, 189, 209
• Reductionism, 82
• Relative Beings (Wilson), xii, 257n7
• Religion, 131, 258n2
• Reproduction
  • artificial selection and, 5, 28, 41
  • autonomy and, 8, 90, 150, 152–153
  • degenerative effects of, 42
  • Disability-Free Procreation and, 156–158, 259n5
  • embryos and, 81, 92, 147–148, 153
  • encouragement of, 33–34
  • higher-quality people and, 33–34
  • infant disposal and, 47
  • in vitro fertilization (IVF) and, 81, 147–148, 153, 258n2, 259n5
  • newgenics and, 143 (see also Newgenics)
  • Plato on, 47
  • pregnancy and, 79–80, 138–139, 145–147, 151–152, 259n4
  • pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and, 81, 147–148
  • prenatal testing and, 79, 81, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2
  • Principle of Procreative Beneficence and, 92–93, 152–157, 160–161, 235n
  • public interest and, 161
  • restriction of, 5 (see also Sterilization)
  • screening and, 146–149 (see also Screening)
  • selective abortion and, 11, 143–144, 147–153, 155, 190, 196, 233, 236n4, 258n2, 259n4
  • selective breeding and, 5–6, 28, 47, 148, 153, 226
  • social good and, 161
  • social policies and, 27
  • subhumanization and, 85, 93
  • technology and, 143, 149, 162, 169, 259n4
  • thalidomide and, 109, 138–139, 257n7
  • traits and, 51, 73, 77
  • variation and, 123, 161
• Republic, The (Plato), 47
• Resolution No. 20, 23
• Retardation, 90–91, 103, 107, 203
• Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy, The (Stoddard), 37
• Ritual sexual abuse
  • accusations and, 173–189
  • Bakersfield cases and, 173, 262n2
  • banality of evil and, 175–177, 187, 263n3
  • bystanders and, 176–189
  • of children, 52, 64, 79, 139, 173–174, 177–188, 244n2
  • collective hysteria and, 175–177, 263n3
  • groupthink and, 175–177, 187, 263n3
  • incest, 64, 177–178, 180, 182, 187–188
  • Innocence Project Northwest and, 182–183
  • looping effect of human kinds and, 181, 264n5
  • McMartin preschool and, 173
  • moral panics and, 175–177, 187, 263n3
  • pedophiles and, 64, 174–175, 189
  • perpetrators and, 174–191
  • prisoners and, 175, 187–188
  • ritual, 173–176, 179, 182–189, 244n1, 262n2, 263n4
  • Satanism and, 52, 173–174, 244n1, 262n2
  • trauma and, 177–180, 183, 187, 263n4
  • victims and, 174, 177–191
  • Wenatchee case and, 174, 182–183
  • witnesses and, 174, 178–189
• Rivers, W. H. R., 55
• Roe v. Wade, 139
• Rogers, Arthur, 57–58
• Romans, 112, 243n8
• Roper, Allen G., 46–47
• Rose, Nikolas, 40, 109–114, 236n3, 242n6, 254nn5,6
• Russell, Bertrand, 197
• Rysiew, Patrick, 199–201, 264n2

• Sanitized eugenics, 78
• Satanism, 52, 173–174, 244n1, 262n2
• Savulescu, Julian
  • ethics and, 92–93, 152–158, 160–161, 235n, 251n5
  • principle of procreative beneficence and, 92–93, 152–157, 160–161, 235n
  • subhumanization and, 92–93
• Saxton, Marsha, 144, 150
• Schuster, Edgar, 46–47
• Screening
  • age-related, 145
  • Duster on, 82
  • embryo, 81
  • genetic, 11, 258n2, 259n5
  • growth-attenuation therapy and, 95
  • marriage, 73
  • moral issues and, 146–147, 259n5
  • prenatal testing and, 79, 81, 95, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2, 259n4
• “Search and destroy” missions, 147, 258n2
• Seattle Children’s Hospital, 94
• Segregation
  • agency and, 197
  • feeble-mindedness and, 44–45
  • immigrants and, 60–62
  • institutionalization and, 207 (see also Institutionalization)
  • miscegenation and, 38, 61–62
  • sexual, 51
  • standpoint theory and, 228
  • subhumanization and, 81, 83, 95
  • traits and, 51, 53, 69
  • variation and, 113, 142, 149
• Selective breeding, 5–6, 28, 47, 148, 153, 226
• Session, Mina, 57
• Sexism, 48, 92, 164, 198, 214–216, 219–220, 222, 226, 232
• Sexual abuse. See Ritual sexual abuse
• Sexuality
  • bisexuality, 226
  • heterosexism, 198, 219–220, 222, 226
  • historical perspective on, 36
  • homosexuality, 9, 112, 219t, 226
  • lesbians, 218
  • perversion and, 64, 71, 189
  • prostitution and, 35, 59
  • standpoint theory and, 9, 217, 219–220, 222, 226
  • sterilization and, 10 (see also Sterilization)
  • subhumanization and, 84
  • syphilis and, 64t, 67–69, 71, 73–76, 189
  • traits and, 65, 69
  • transgender, 226
  • variation and, 112
• Sexual Sterilization Act of Alberta
  • accusations and, 168, 184
  • agency and, 195, 207
  • Canada and, 10–14, 21, 65–75, 79, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • legal issues and, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • standpoint theory and, 10–14, 21
  • text of original, 246n6
  • traits and, 65–75, 79, 246n6
• Shakespeare, Tom, 82
• Silencing, 162–164, 226, 232
• Silvers, Anita, 203
• Sinclair, Glenn George, 18, 21, 51, 72, 186, 229–231, 238n8, 269n7
• Singer, Peter, 89–93, 203, 251n5
• Situated experience, 216, 224
• Skoreyko, Roy, 72, 186, 228–229, 231, 269n7
• Slavs, 33
• Sloman, Steve, 176
• Smith, David Livingstone, 248n1
• Smith, Dorothy, 4, 214
• Snedeker, Michael, 262n2
• Snyder, Laura, 149
• Social contract theory, 121, 252n6, 255n1
• Social insects, 123, 125–126, 129
• Sociality
  • cognition and, 123–133, 135, 138
  • collective action and, 126–128
  • Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis and, 124, 255n3
  • normative dimension to, 127–128
  • overlapping forms of, 123
  • prosociality and, 121–123 (see also Prosociality)
  • shared intentionality and, 126–128
  • sophistication of, 129–130
  • standpoint theory and, 6, 223
  • variation and, 121–133, 135, 138, 255n2
• Social mechanics, 46
  • accusations and, 168, 171–172, 176–177, 185, 187
  • illusion of explanatory depth and, 176
  • institutionalization and, 69–72
  • marginalized insiders and, 39
  • standpoint theory and, 21, 225
  • subhumanization and, 81, 89, 225
  • survivors and, 21, 225
  • traits and, 51, 65, 68–72, 73
  • variation and, 101
• Social movements
  • citizen science and, 209, 266n5
  • Fit vs. Unfit and, 19, 30, 34, 40, 44, 52, 59, 63, 143, 209, 244n1
  • Galton and, 6
  • government and, 6
  • historical perspective on, 27, 30–31, 34–36, 40, 45–46, 48
  • science and, 34–36, 40, 141, 225
  • standpoint theory and, 5–6, 225
• Social sciences
  • agency and, 196–199, 264n2
  • Fit vs. Unfit and, 19, 30, 34, 40, 44, 52, 59, 63, 143, 209, 244n1
  • historical perspective on, 26–27, 30–31, 48
  • human nature and, 7–9, 26, 48, 77, 82, 101, 112, 114–115, 119, 121–122, 178
  • standpoint theory and, 3–4, 20, 239n9
  • variation and, 102, 111, 126, 134
• Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 20, 239nn4,9
• Society for the Study of Social Biology, 148
• Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC), 146
• Sorts of people. See also Kinds of people
  • agency and, 195, 203, 206, 265n3
  • belonging and, 131–133
  • Glover on, 77, 248n1
  • historical perspective on, 26, 28, 30, 32–33, 38–40, 43, 48
  • intrinsic heterogeneity and, 225–226
  • standpoint theory and, 5–6, 11, 225–226, 233–234
  • subhumanization and, 77–79, 90, 251n5
  • traits and, 54, 59, 61
  • variation and, 104, 115–116, 130, 142–143
• South Africa, 28, 36
• South Carolina, 68, 75
• South Dakota, 74
• Sparrow, Robert, 147–148, 153, 258n2, 259n5
• Speciesism, 90–91, 251n5
• Sperber, Dan, 134
• Spina bifida, 143–144, 147, 151–152, 159–160
• Standard deviation, 31, 113
• Standpoint theory
  • abortion and, 233, 236n4
  • accusations and, 167, 169, 171, 187
  • achievement thesis and, 216, 267n2
  • agency and, 5–6, 18–19, 213–226, 231–234, 264nn1,2
  • Alberta Eugenics Board and, 12, 14–17, 227, 238n6
  • children and, 15, 17, 22, 226–227, 230, 268n6
  • class and, 214–217
  • cognition and, 17, 138–139, 223–225, 228, 232–233, 267n4
  • constructivism and, 236n3
  • development of, 3–4
  • disabilities and, 3, 8–13, 20–22, 217–234, 235n1, 236nn3,4, 239nn9,10, 267nn2,4, 268n5, 269n7
  • discrimination and, 4, 11, 227
  • disease and, 9, 225
  • diversity and, 233, 266n1
  • engaged individuality and, 13, 18–20, 24, 231–232
  • epistemology and, 3, 213–214, 216, 219, 222, 224, 231, 233, 254n1
  • ethics and, 3, 226, 233
  • ethnicity and, 218
  • eugenic logic and, 226–227
  • evolution and, 4, 221
  • feeble-mindedness and, 18, 225
  • feminism and, 4, 197, 200–203, 211, 214, 216–218, 222, 231, 233, 235n1, 262n9, 264nn1,2,9, 266n1, 267nn2,3
  • Galton and, 6, 17, 233
  • gender and, 11, 214–222, 226, 231–232
  • generalizing, 219–222
  • genetics and, 5, 8–12, 16, 236n4
  • government and, 6, 10, 12, 15–17, 19, 23–24, 226, 228–231
  • historical perspective on, 47–48
  • human improvement and, 5–7, 102–103, 132, 141–142, 153–154
  • humanities and, 3–4, 16, 20, 239n9
  • human nature and, 7–9
  • impairment and, 223–224
  • individuality and, 13, 17–20, 24, 231–232
  • infants and, 22
  • institutionalization and, 12–20, 24, 228, 269n7
  • intellectual disabilities and, 20, 22, 222–225, 231–233, 267n4, 268n3
  • intentionality and, 7, 223–224, 267n4
  • intrinsic heterogeneity and, 225–226
  • knowing and, 213–226, 232–234
  • liberalism and, 226–227
  • lived reality and, 217–219
  • marginalization and, 3–4, 10, 213–217, 220–221, 226, 233
  • Marxism and, 4, 216–217, 221–222, 235n1, 267n2
  • mental defectives and, 12–18, 21, 27
  • mental deficiency and, 12, 15, 225, 227, 230
  • Muir and, 227
  • newgenics and, 213, 233
  • normativity and, 222, 232
  • oppositional natures and, 220
  • parents and, 22, 91, 223, 226, 228–231
  • patriarchy and, 215–216, 219–220, 222
  • philosophy and, 235n1, 238nn7,8, 268n5
  • plus-or-minus answers and, 216–217, 222–224
  • political thinkers and, 3–4
  • prosociality and, 6–8, 19, 101–103
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 12, 21, 227–229
  • psychology and, 12–14, 17, 225, 237n5
  • race and, 217–226, 232–233, 240n3, 267n2
  • segregation and, 228
  • sexuality and, 217, 219–220, 222, 226
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 10–14, 21, 227
  • situated experience and, 216, 224
  • social activists and, 3–4
  • sociality and, 6, 223
  • social mechanics and, 21, 225
  • social movements and, 5–6, 225
  • social sciences and, 3–4, 20, 239n9
  • sorts of people and, 5–6, 11, 225–226, 233–234
  • statistics and, 6, 23
  • sterilization and, 10–18, 21–24, 226–230, 233, 239n10
  • subhumanization and, 18–19, 21, 52, 77, 91–98, 213–234, 266n1, 267nn2,3
  • subnormalcy and, 219t
  • survivors and, 3, 10–11, 16, 18–22, 213–234, 266n1, 267nn2,3
  • technology and, 5–10, 224
  • theories of revolution and, 4
  • traits and, 5–6, 9, 18, 52–53, 233
  • trauma and, 225, 228
  • variation and, 101, 103, 138–144, 162–165, 262n9
  • witnesses and, 12, 17
  • women and, 22–23, 214–224, 231, 233, 239n10
  • working class and, 4
• Stanford-Binet test, 32
• State hospitals, 70
• State of nature, 121–122
• Statistics, 177
  • Bell Curve and, 111, 113
  • Galton and, 29, 240n2
  • nature of eugenics and, 31, 240n3
  • population tendencies and, 28
  • standard deviation and, 31, 113
  • standpoint theory and, 6, 23
  • traits and, 54
  • variation and, 113, 148
• Statistics in Britain (Mackenzie), 113
• Sterilization
  • accusations and, 168–175, 184, 186, 189–190, 262n1
  • agency and, 195, 207, 209, 265n4
  • Alberta Eugenics Board and, 12, 14–17, 48, 66–73, 86–87, 169–170, 207, 227, 238n6, 268n6
  • Australia and, 11, 22, 94, 239n10
  • consent and, 22–23, 66–68, 70, 72–73, 87, 93
  • feeble-mindedness and, 18, 35, 63–65, 68–75, 80–81, 84–85, 189
  • government and, 10, 12, 15–16, 23–24
  • historical perspective on, 29, 35–36
  • institutional complicity and, 13–14, 17, 19, 24, 73
  • legal issues and, 10–15, 21, 65–75, 79, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • legislation for, 63–69
  • MacEachran and, 14–17, 47–48, 74, 76
  • Mental Deficiency Act and, 12
  • modern ongoing practice of, 22–24
  • prisoners and, 22, 65–66, 70, 85, 209, 239n10
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 12, 21, 70, 72–73, 81, 86–87, 168–169, 171, 173, 207, 227–229, 247n8, 250n4, 268n6, 269n7
  • psychotics and, 63–72, 227
  • race and, 22–23
  • requirements for approval of, 15
  • Resolution No. 20 and, 23
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 10–14, 21, 65–75, 79, 168, 184, 195, 207, 227, 246n6
  • standpoint theory and, 10–18, 21–24, 226–230, 233, 239n10
  • subhumanization and, 79–81, 84–88, 93–96, 226–230, 233, 249n2, 250n3
  • survivors and, 226–230, 233
  • Thompson and, 16–17, 87–88, 250n4, 268n6
  • traits and, 51–53, 60, 63–75, 244n2, 246nn5,6
  • variation and, 101, 143, 145, 148, 154, 161
• Sterilization of Leilani Muir, The (film), 171
• Stevenson, Robert Louis, 60
• Stoddard, Lothrop, 37, 242n5
• Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The (Stevenson), 60
• Study of Human Heredity, The: Methods of Collecting, Charting and Analyzing Data (Davenport et al.), 54–56, 244n2
• Subhumanization
  • accusations and, 168–171, 177
  • agency and, 195, 203, 213–226, 231–234
  • Alberta Eugenics Board and, 86–87, 238
  • Ashley X and, 93–97, 252n6
  • Binding and, 249n2
  • children and, 77, 81–88, 91–97, 226–227, 230, 250n4, 268n6
  • cognition and, 80–81, 88–96, 223–225, 228, 232–233, 251n5, 267n4
  • criminals and, 96
  • degeneracy and, 80, 85–86
  • disabilities and, 79–84, 88–98, 217–234, 251n5, 252n6, 267nn2,4, 268n5, 269n7
  • discrimination and, 92, 96
  • disease and, 84, 92–93
  • eliminating defectives and, 83–86
  • engaged individuality and, 78, 85–93, 97–98, 231–232
  • ethics and, 77–83, 88–89, 92–98, 226, 233
  • ethnicity and, 92, 218
  • eugenic logic and, 148–149, 226–227
  • feeble-mindedness and, 80–81, 84–85
  • fragile sciences and, 82
  • Galton and, 78
  • genetics and, 77–78, 81–82, 87–88, 92
  • government and, 88
  • heredity and, 85, 87
  • Hoche and, 249n2
  • human improvement and, 80–81, 88, 102–103, 132, 141–142, 153–154
  • human nature and, 77, 82
  • impairment and, 96, 223–224
  • individuality and, 78, 85–93, 97–98, 231–232
  • institutionalization and, 78–98, 228, 269n7
  • intellectual disabilities and, 80, 88, 90, 94, 251n5, 267n4, 268n3
  • life-worthiness and, 78–83, 91, 97–98
  • McMahan and, 89–93, 203, 251n5
  • marginalization and, 91, 97, 213–217, 220–221, 226, 233
  • mental defectives and, 80–97
  • mental deficiency and, 81, 225, 227, 230
  • moral issues and, 78, 85, 89–92, 251n5
  • Muir and, 227
  • newgenics and, 82–83, 98, 142
  • parents and, 85, 87, 91–97
  • perpetrators and, 81
  • personhood and, 89–93, 139, 251n5
  • philosophy and, 77–82, 89–90, 214–215, 223, 231–232, 251n5, 268n5
  • postwar Alberta and, 86–88
  • principle of procreative beneficence and, 92–93, 152–157, 160–161, 235n
  • procedural indifference and, 168–170
  • prosociality and, 78
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 81, 86–87, 227–229
  • psychology and, 248n1
  • pursuit of perfection and, 77–83, 97, 248n1
  • race and, 82, 85, 92, 217–226, 232–233
  • reproduction and, 85, 93
  • sanitized eugenics and, 78
  • Savulescu and, 92–93
  • segregation and, 81, 83, 95
  • sexuality and, 84
  • significance of, 168–170
  • Singer and, 89–93, 203, 251n5
  • Smith and, 248n1
  • social mechanics and, 81, 89, 225
  • sorts of people and, 77–79, 90, 251n5
  • standpoint theory and, 18–19, 21, 77, 91–98, 213–234, 266n1, 267nn2,3
  • sterilization and, 79–81, 84–88, 93–96, 226–230, 233, 249n2, 250n3
  • survivors and, 79, 81, 213–234
  • technology and, 77–82, 89, 169
  • traits and, 68, 81, 93
  • trauma and, 73, 225, 228
  • variation and, 103, 116, 132, 139, 142, 148–161
  • witnesses and, 88, 246n6
  • women and, 85, 94, 214–224, 231, 233
• Subnormalcy
  • accusations and, 189
  • biopolitics and, 113–117
  • conceptualization of, 104, 106–110
  • continuous properties and, 106–107
  • correcting, 44, 107
  • discrete properties and, 106–107
  • historical perspective on, 44
  • legal issues and, 107
  • medical categories and, 107
  • signaling of, 107
  • standpoint theory and, 219t
  • survivors and, 219t
  • variation and, 98, 104–119, 132–133, 155, 164
• Suicide, 97
• Supina, Nick, III, 249n2
• Survival of the fittest, 85
• Survivors
  • accusations and, 169, 171, 177–181, 186–187
  • agency and, 195–198, 205, 207, 209, 213–226, 231–234
  • Alberta Eugenics Board and, 238
  • children and, 226–227, 230, 268n6
  • cognition and, 223–225, 228, 232–233, 267n4
  • disabilities and, 217–234, 267nn2,4, 268n5, 269n7
  • engaged individuality and, 231–232
  • ethics and, 226, 233
  • eugenic logic and, 226–227
  • human improvement and, 102–103, 132, 141–142, 153–154
  • impairment and, 223–224
  • individual interpersonal interaction and, 170, 180–181, 183, 185
  • individuality and, 231–232
  • institutionalization and, 228, 269n7
  • intellectual disabilities and, 267n4, 268n3
  • knowing and, 195–198, 205, 207, 209, 213–226, 231–234
  • Lillo and, 230–231
  • Lytton and, 18, 21, 51, 72, 186, 238n8
  • marginalization and, 213–217, 220–221, 226, 233
  • mental deficiency and, 225, 227, 230
  • Muir v. Alberta and, 11–12, 14, 17, 87–88, 237n5, 246n6, 250n4, 268n6
  • narratives of, 228–231
  • Nelson and, 72, 81, 171, 186, 262n1
  • nonexoneration and, 171
  • philosophy and, 214–215, 223, 231–232, 268n5
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 227–229
  • race and, 217–226, 232–233
  • recovering voices of, 226–231
  • Sinclair and, 18, 21, 51, 72, 186, 229–231, 238n8, 269n7
  • Skoreyko and, 72, 186, 228–229, 231, 269n7
  • social mechanics and, 21, 225
  • standpoint theory and, 3, 10–11, 16, 18–22, 213–234, 266n1, 267nn2,3
  • sterilization and, 226–230, 233
  • stories of, 169, 226–231, 268n6, 269n7
  • subhumanization and, 79, 81, 213–234
  • subnormalcy and, 219t
  • traits and, 51, 72
  • trauma and, 73, 177–183, 225, 228
  • variation and, 101, 139, 162, 165
  • victims and, 81, 139, 174–191
  • women and, 214–224, 231, 233
• Sweden, 11, 38, 168
• Syphilis, 64t, 67–69, 71, 73–76, 189

• Talent, 28–29, 35
• Talmadge, Eugene, 70
• Tay-Sachs disease, 154, 159–160
• Technology
  • accusations and, 169
  • agency and, 198
  • biotechnology and, 8–9, 34, 114, 160, 162
  • Galton and, 28
  • historical perspective on, 25–30, 34, 36, 43, 48
  • reproductive, 143, 149, 162, 169, 259n4
  • standpoint theory and, 5–10, 224
  • subhumanization and, 77–82, 89, 169
  • traits and, 53, 60
  • variation and, 111–114, 142–143, 147, 149, 153, 160, 162
• Thalidomide, 109, 138–139, 257n7
• Theft, 35
• Third-person knowledge, 131, 134–135, 139
• Thompson, Margaret, 16–17, 87–88, 250n4, 268n6
• Tiny Grace Notes (Ask an Autistic) (Grace), 162
• Tomorrow’s Children: The Goal of Eugenics (film), 60
• Toronto Hospital for Sick Children, 88
• Trait Book, The (Davenport), 54
• Traits
  • accusations and, 52, 170, 185–186, 189–191
  • agency and, 196
  • Alberta Eugenics Board and, 66–73
  • alcoholism, 35, 45, 58, 73
  • children and, 60, 67–73
  • cognition and, 247n7
  • concept of, 51–53, 58–59
  • criminal, 52, 54, 58–59, 64, 69, 73
  • degeneracy and, 62, 64
  • desirable, 5, 9, 141
  • disabilities and, 61, 66–68, 72, 245n4, 247n7
  • disease and, 59, 63, 67, 71, 73–75, 248n9
  • dispositional, 32–33
  • engaged individuality and, 52
  • epilepsy and, 73–76
  • ethnicity and, 61
  • feeble-mindedness and, 53, 57–59, 63–65, 68–75
  • fragile sciences and, 53, 55, 57, 59, 245n3
  • Galton and, 53–54, 244n2
  • genetics and, 9, 53, 55, 60
  • government and, 53, 60–62, 74
  • heredity and, 54–57, 70, 75, 154
  • historical perspective on, 29, 32–33, 38–40, 46, 49
  • Human Genome Project and, 148–149
  • human improvement and, 5, 52–53, 61
  • Huntington’s disease and, 73–76
  • immigration and, 60–63
  • individuality and, 52
  • institutionalization and, 64–73, 79–83, 86, 93–95, 247n7
  • intellectual disabilities and, 67–68
  • intrinsic, 33, 38
  • legislative margins and, 65–69
  • mapping of, 54–59, 67
  • marginalization and, 52
  • marriage laws and, 60–62
  • Mendelian, 75, 148
  • mental, 51–53, 58, 63–73, 81
  • moral issues and, 52, 64
  • negative, 151
  • newgenics and, 60
  • personality, 18, 58
  • philosophy and, 58
  • physical, 40, 58
  • popular culture and, 59–60
  • primary, 39
  • Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives and, 70, 72–73
  • psychology and, 63–65, 69, 73, 248n1
  • race and, 61–62
  • research publications and, 53–59
  • segregation and, 51, 53, 69
  • sexuality and, 65, 69
  • Sexual Sterilization Act and, 65–75, 79, 246n6
  • social, 51, 58, 65, 68–73, 122
  • sorts of people and, 54, 59, 61
  • standpoint theory and, 5–6, 9, 18, 52–53, 233
  • sterilization and, 51–53, 60, 63–75, 244n2, 246nn5,6
  • subhumanization and, 68, 81, 93
  • survivors and, 51, 72
  • syphilis and, 73–76
  • talent and, 28–29, 35
  • technology and, 53, 60
  • undesirable, 9, 149, 190–191
  • variation and, 102, 122, 126, 133, 141–142, 145, 148–154, 157–159, 162
• Transgender sexuality, 226
• Transhumanism, 60, 114
• Trauma
  • accusations and, 177–183, 187
  • agency and, 208–209
  • bystanders and, 177–189
  • collective memory and, 247n8
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders and, 177, 263n4
  • Muir and, 207–208
  • perpetrators and, 81, 174–191
  • PTSD and, 177, 225, 263n4
  • sexual abuse and, 177–180, 183, 187, 263n4
  • standpoint theory and, 225, 228
  • subhumanization and, 73, 225
  • survivors and, 73, 177–183, 225
  • victims and, 81, 139, 174–191
• Trauma and Recovery (Herman), 177–178, 263n4
• Tredgold, Alfred, 40, 45, 242n6
• Tremain, Shelley, 109–111, 113, 254n5
• Trent, James, 44, 243n7, 247n7
• Tribe of Ismael, The (study), 35
• Trisomy 21, 11, 109, 143–147, 190–191, 225, 258n2
• Tuberculosis, 42, 67, 73–74
• Tulaba, 57
• “Two Brothers” (Kite), 57

• United Nations, 23, 90, 96, 251n5
• United States. See also specific state
  • African Americans and, 4, 22, 92, 218, 226
  • American Civil War and, 44–45
  • Eugenics Record Office and, 35, 37, 45, 54–59, 62, 74–76, 242n5, 244n2, 248n9
  • Federal Drug Administration and
  • Johnson-Reid Act and, 37, 61–62
  • Latinas and, 22, 218
  • Resolution No. 20 and, 23
• Universalism, 160, 197, 208, 213
• University of Alberta, 11, 14, 16–17, 87, 238n7, 239n9, 248n9
• University of Leipzig, 14
• University of Washington, 182–183
• U.S. Census, 44, 62
• U.S. Department of Energy, 8

• Variation
  • abnormality and, 107–108, 116, 143–144, 160
  • abortion and, 138–139, 143–144, 147–153, 155, 157, 258n2, 259n4
  • agency and, 160
  • biopolitics and, 110–120, 136
  • categories of disablement and, 104, 106–110
  • children and, 115, 139, 144–147, 152–155, 161, 163
  • cognition and, 102–103, 105, 119–141, 159, 255n3, 257n5
  • collective action and, 126–128
  • constructivism and, 110, 112–113, 115–118, 133, 136–138, 141
  • criminality and, 112
  • cultural, 102
  • degeneracy and, 126, 143
  • desiderata for, 105–106, 114–119, 137–138
  • disabilities and, 101–120, 132–133, 137–138, 141–144, 147–165, 253nn3,4, 254n6, 257n7, 259nn3–5, 260n7
  • disciplining and, 110–111, 118
  • discrimination and, 104, 142
  • disease and, 104, 107, 109, 153–154, 253n4
  • diversity and, 102, 148, 158–163, 253n2
  • engaged individuality and, 101–103
  • epistemology and, 105, 164–165, 253n5, 262n9
  • ethics and, 103, 114, 118, 141–142, 147, 149, 152–158, 161, 258n2
  • ethnicity and, 102–104, 106, 114–115, 131–137, 253n2, 257n6
  • eugenic logic and, 148–152, 154, 157–158, 161–165, 259n3
  • evolution and, 124, 129, 133–135
  • explanans for, 119, 137, 222
  • expressivism and, 144, 149–152, 155, 259n4
  • feeble-mindedness and, 102, 132, 149
  • felt immediacy and, 105–106, 114, 137
  • feminism and, 139
  • first-person plural mechanisms and, 128, 131–137
  • fragile sciences and, 102–103, 126, 130
  • Galton and, 112, 148, 153
  • gender and, 104, 111–112, 114, 132, 159
  • genetics and, 102, 122, 141–149, 153–155, 160–162, 253n2, 257n7, 258n2, 259n4
  • handicaps and, 104, 107–110, 116
  • heredity and, 144, 154
  • Hobbes and, 121–122, 255n1
  • human improvement and, 102–103, 132, 141–142, 153–154
  • humanities and, 111
  • human nature and, 101, 112, 114–115, 119–122
  • ICIDH and, 107, 109, 253n4
  • impairment and, 104, 107–111, 113, 116, 132, 150–153
  • individual, 101–103, 113, 121–139, 143–147
  • institutionalization and, 101, 260n7
  • intellectual disabilities and, 144, 149
  • intentionality and, 125–130, 256n4, 257n5
  • justice and, 144, 149, 161
  • liberalism and, 259n5, 260n7
  • life-worthiness and, 97–98, 151
  • living kinds module and, 134–135, 257n6
  • marginalization and, 142, 159–160, 164–165, 260n6
  • medicalized pathology and, 104–105, 109
  • mental defectives and, 103
  • natural selection and, 5, 26, 28, 41
  • newgenics and, 101, 104, 114, 141–144, 147, 149, 153, 157
  • normalcy and, 98, 108–120, 133, 158–160
  • normativity and, 114–116, 128, 130, 132–133
  • perfection and, 112, 158–160
  • philosophy and, 105, 118, 121, 125–126, 134, 141, 147, 152, 164, 255n1
  • popular culture and, 60
  • principle of procreative beneficence and, 92–93, 152–157, 160–161, 235n
  • prosociality and, 101–106, 114–115, 117, 121–123, 137, 139
  • psychology and, 102, 107, 111, 115, 117, 119, 126, 133–137, 253n3, 255n3, 257n6
  • puzzle of marked, 103–106, 109, 113–142, 167, 224, 233, 253n3
  • race and, 102, 104, 106, 112, 114–115, 132, 137, 159, 253n2
  • segregation and, 113, 142, 149
  • sexuality and, 112
  • shared intentionality and, 126–128
  • sociality and, 121–133, 135, 138, 255n2
  • socially constructed categories and, 109–111, 114, 117–118
  • social mechanics and, 101
  • social sciences and, 102, 111, 126, 134
  • sorts of people and, 104, 115–116, 130, 142–143
  • standpoint theory and, 101, 103, 138–144, 162–165, 262n9
  • state of nature and, 121–122
  • sterilization and, 101, 143, 145, 148, 154, 161
  • subhumanization and, 103, 116, 132, 139, 142, 148–152
  • subnormalcy and, 98, 104–119, 132–133, 155, 164
  • survival of the fittest and, 85
  • survivors and, 101, 139, 162, 165
  • technology and, 111–114, 142–143, 147, 149, 153, 160, 162
  • traits and, 102, 122, 126, 133, 141–142, 145, 148–154, 157–159, 162
  • vulnerability and, 101–102, 122
  • women and, 138, 145–146
• Veit, Joanne, 11, 15, 238n6, 246n6
• “Venereal Disease Control” (MacEachran,) 74
• Victims
  • accusations and, 174–191
  • criminality and, 81
  • legal issues and, 81, 139, 174, 177–191
  • level of background politics and, 180–185
  • looping effect of human kinds and, 181, 264n5
  • sexual abuse and, 174, 177–191
  • survivors and, 139 (see also Survivors)
  • thalidomide and, 139
• Vineland Training School for Feebleminded Girls and Boys, 35, 57, 75
• Violence, 42, 173, 177–180, 251n5
• Virginia, 10, 57, 62, 71, 145t
• Vulnerability, 7, 9, 101–102, 122, 178, 180

• Wahlsten, Doug, 48
• Watson, James, 8–9, 148, 259n3
• Weakness, 40–42, 47, 122
• Wells, H. G., 60
• Wenatchee case, 182–183
• What Sort of People Should There Be? Genetic Engineering, Brain Control, and Their Impact on Our Future World (Glover), 77, 248n1
• What Sorts of People Should There Be? (blog), 203, 251n5, 265n3
• What Sorts Network, 77
• Whisper Past, A: Childless after Eugenic Sterilization in Alberta (Muir), 207, 238n8, 265n4
• White supremacy, 37, 222, 242n5
• White trash, 35, 53, 241n4, 244n2
• White Trash: The Eugenic Family Studies (Rafter), 35, 241n4, 244n2
• Wilkins, Maurice, 9
• Will, George, 147
• Witnesses
  • accusations and, 174, 177–189
  • advocates and, 179–183
  • as allies, 179–183
  • bystanders and, 176–189
  • expert, 12, 37, 246n6
  • individual interpersonal interaction and, 170, 180–181, 183, 185
  • legal issues and, 12, 17, 37, 88, 174, 177–189, 246n6
  • level of background politics and, 180–185
  • looping effect of human kinds and, 181, 264n5
  • standpoint theory and, 12, 17
  • subhumanization and, 88, 246n6
• Wolbring, Gregor, 138–139
• Women
  • accusations and, 177, 181
  • agency and, 197, 200–202, 211
  • disability-free procreation and, 156–158 (see also Reproduction)
  • maternal age and, 145–146
  • pregnancy and, 79–80, 138–139, 145–147, 151–152, 259n4
  • prenatal testing and, 79, 81, 138, 143–151, 153, 155, 162, 190, 233, 258n2
  • standpoint theory and, 22–23, 214–224, 231, 233, 239n10
  • sterilization and, 22 (see also Sterilization)
  • subhumanization and, 85, 94, 214–224, 231, 233
  • survivors and, 214–224, 231, 233
  • thalidomide and, 109, 138–139, 257n7
  • variation and, 138, 145–146
• Women With Disabilities Australia, 22
• World Health Organization (WHO), 107, 253n4
• World War I era, 33, 46, 83
• World War II era, 9
• Wright, Crispin, 199
• Wright, Suzanne, 163
• Wundt, Wilhelm, 17

• Year of the Flood, The (Atwood), 60