Autism is the most common condition in a group of developmental problems known as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Although the symptoms of these disorders vary, what they all have in common is that they cause poor communication skills, trouble with social relationships, and, sometimes, obsessions or repetitive body movements. Currently, there are 1.5 million Americans living with ASDs, and experts say that number is on the rise. Unfortunately, there are no clear diagnostic criteria, and many conditions, such as fragile X syndrome, may be lumped under this diagnosis.

The signs of autism begin as early as infancy; most cases are diagnosed before the age of 3. Signs of the disorder include constant movement, a tendency to make little eye contact, a resistance to cuddling or holding, and failure to respond when called by name. As autism sufferers progress through childhood, they seem unaware of other people’s feelings, speak in singsong or robotic tones, and are unable to start conversations. Some people with mild cases of autism can lead normal lives, while others with more severe cases require constant care and possibly antidepressants or antipsychotic medications to help control symptoms.

Despite years of study, scientists aren’t sure of the exact cause of autism. But they suspect that both genetics and environment play a role. Families who have one autistic child, for instance, have a 5 percent chance of having a second child with the disorder. Researchers are also examining whether viral infections and pollution may lead to autism. Other risk factors include the age of the father (children born to men age 40 or older are six times more likely to have an ASD) and the child’s sex (boys are three times likelier to be autistic than girls are).

Perhaps one of the most publicized—and controversial—possible causes is a preservative called thimerosal, which contains trace amounts of the heavy metal mercury and is found in certain childhood vaccines. Although these vaccines have not contained thimerosal since 2001, a debate over the safety of vaccinations still goes on, despite numerous studies and government reports disproving any relationship between vaccines and ASDs.

ADDITIONAL FACTS

  1. The lifetime cost of raising a child with autism is estimated to range from $3.5 million to $5 million.
  2. Research shows that children who are diagnosed with autism early on have better outcomes than those diagnosed later.
  3. Pediatricians recommend seeing an expert if an infant doesn’t babble, coo, point, or wave by age 1.