1 Daily Express, 7 December 1921. Other weather details from The Times and other contemporary newspapers.
2 6 April 1893. Hansard, H.C. Debates, 4th series, vol. 10, col. 1597.
1 William O’Brien and Desmond Ryan (eds.), John Devoy’s Post Bag, 1871–1928, 2 vols., Dublin, 1948, 1953, vol. ii, p. 522. Letter to Dr Patrick McCartan, 7 February 1918.
2 C. F. N. Macready, Annals of an Active Life, London, 1924, p. 573.
1 Cited in A. G. Richey, A Short History of the Irish People, Dublin 1869, p. 367; from State Papers, Ireland, vol. ii, p. 562.
2 Richey, op. cit., p. 489.
3 W. E. H. Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, 5 vols., London, 1892, vol. 1, p. 5.
4 Richey, op. cit., p. 481.
5 Cited Lecky, op. cit., vol. i, p. 6.
6 ibid., p. 9.
7 Minutes of evidence taken before a Select Committee appointed to inquire into the Disturbances in Ireland in the last session of Parliament, May 1824, p. 338. Evidence of the Reverend Michael Collins, parish priest of Skibbereen.
8 United Irishman, 30 August 1902.
1 Edward MacLysaght, Irish Life in the Seventeenth Century after Cromwell, Dublin, 1939, p. 30.
2 Aidan Clarke, The Old English in Ireland, London, 1966, pp. 179–80.
3 Quoted by Isaac Butt, Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 228, col. 771, 29 March 1876.
4 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. ii, p. 182. See also the phrase of a modern Irish poet, Seamus Heaney, in describing the figure of an Orange drummer on 12 July: ‘He is raised up by what he buckles under.’ (Listener, 29 September 1966.)
5 Diarmuid Murtagh, ‘The Battle of Aughrim’, in G. A. Hayes-MacCoy (ed.), The Irish at War, Thomas Davis Lectures, Cork, 1964, p. 61.
6 J. G. Simms, ‘Land owned by Catholics in Ireland in 1688’, in Irish Historical Studies, vol. vii, no. 27, March 1951, p. 189.
1 Jonathan Swift, A Short View of the State of Ireland, Dublin 1727–8, p. 13. Cited in James Carty (ed.), Ireland from the Flight of the Earls to Grattan’s Parliament, Dublin, 1951, p. 108.
2 Swift, op. cit., p. 12. Cited in Carty, op. cit., p. 108.
3 Swift, Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture, cited Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. i, p. 181.
4 Cited in Lecky, op. cit., vol. i, p. 184.
5 The Querist (Question 132). Cited in Carty, op. cit., p. 109.
6 J. Bush, Hibernia Curiosa, giving a general view of the Manners, Customs, Dispositions and co. of the inhabitants of Ireland, London, 1764, pp. 31–2.
7 Lecky, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 39n.
8 Francis Plowden, An Historical Review of the State of Ireland from Henry II to the Union, 2 vols., London, 1803, vol. ii, p. 157.
9 De Latocnaye, Promenade d’un Français dans l’Irlande, 1797, pp. 88, 147, 167.
10 Devon Commission Report Digest, vol. i, p. 343.
11 Lecky, op. cit., vol. i, p. 363.
12 G. C. Lewis, On Local Disturbances in Ireland, London, 1836, p. 107.
13 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 257, col. 1754.
14 Lecky, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 23.
15 Select Committee 1824, Minutes of Evidence, p. 25.
16 Lewis, op. cit., p. 14.
17 Cited in R. R. Madden, The United Irishmen, their lives and times, 7 vols., London, 1842–6, vol. i, p. 26.
18 Bush, op. cit., p. 136.
19 Lecky, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 165.
20 Lewis, op. cit., p. 162.
21 Select Committee 1824, pp. 129, 135–6, 249.
1 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. ii, p. 54.
2 Speech and address on motion for Declaration of Independence, 1782. Lecky, op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 300–1.
3 Lecky, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 217.
4 Lecky, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 284.
5 ibid., p. 313.
6 Cited in Plowden, An Historical Review …, vol. ii, pp. 296–7.
7 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 7.
1 For a summary of Grattan’s arguments see Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iii, p. 135.
2 Charles Bowden, A Tour of Ireland, London, 1791, p. 158.
3 ibid.
4 See the speech of Fitzgibbon, Attorney-General, in the Irish House of Commons, 31 January 1787. Cited in Plowden, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 156.
5 Letter dated Dublin, 4 August 1763. B.M. Add MSS 32, 950, f. 123.
6 Francis Plowden, A Short History of the British Empire, 1792–3, London, 1794, p. 240.
7 Brother Laurence Dern, Ahimon Rezon, or Help to a Brother, Belfast, 1782, p. 3.
8 Plowden, op. cit., p. 276.
9 ibid.
10 Thomas MacNevin, Leading State Trials, 1794–1803, London, 1844; trial of James Weldon, pp. 297–347.
1 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iv, p. 235.
2 R. R. Madden, The United Irishmen, their lives and times, 1st series, vol. ii, p. 221.
3 Madden, op. cit., p. 276.
4 William Theobald Wolfe Tone (ed.), Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, 2 vols., Washington, 1826, vol. i, p. 26.
5 Tone, op. cit., pp. 27–8.
6 ibid., pp. 36–7.
7 ibid., p. 43.
8 ibid., p. 36.
9 R. B. McDowell, Irish Public Opinion, 1750–1800, London, 1944, pp. 93–4.
10 Tone, op. cit., p. 140.
11 Report from the Committee of Secrecy to the House of Commons, London, 1797, p. 5.
12 Tone, op. cit., p. 140.
13 Report from the Secret Committee of the House of Commons, Dublin, 1798. Appendix IV. The authorship of the paper as quoted is anonymous. Evidence in D. A. Chart (ed.), The Drennan Letters, Belfast, 1931, p. 54, suggests it was probably the work of William Drennan, a radical doctor of medicine who was to be prominent in the early aspirations of the United Irishmen.
14 Tone, op. cit., p. 52.
15 ibid., p. 142.
16 ibid., p. 147.
17 ibid., p. 149.
18 ibid., p. 150.
19 ibid., p. 143.
20 Report of the Committee of Secrecy to the House of Commons, London, 1797, Appendix II, p. 46.
21 Report from the Secret Committee of the House of Commons, Dublin, 1798, Appendix V, p. 110.
22 ibid.
1 Tone (ed.), Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, vol. 1, p. 55.
2 ibid., p. 158.
3 ibid., p. 163.
4 ibid., p. 164.
5 ibid., p. 168.
6 ibid., pp. 115–16.
7 ibid., p. 175.
8 ibid., p. 208.
9 W. J. MacNeven and T. A. Emmet, Pieces of Irish History, New York, 1807, p. 35.
10 Tone, op. cit., p. 202.
11 ibid., p. 203.
12 ibid., p. 247.
13 The Times, 14 November 1792.
14 Tone, op. cit., p. 179.
15 The Times, 1 October 1792.
16 ibid., 8 January 1793.
17 ibid., 9 January 1793.
18 ibid., 30 January 1793.
19 ibid., 20 February 1793.
20 ibid., 22 February 1793.
21 See an account of the trial of two Defenders, Lawrence O’Connor and Michael Griffin, in Walker’s Hibernian Magazine for November 1795, p. 433. This source is given by Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iii, p. 391. The first part of the trial is reported in the magazine’s previous issue for October 1795.
22 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 387.
23 The Times, 8 June 1793.
24 Report of the Secret Committee of the House of Lords, Dublin, 1793.
25 Plowden, An Historical Review of the State of Ireland, vol. ii, pp. 389–91.
26 Tone, op. cit., p. 97.
27 MacNeven and Emmet, op. cit., p. 47.
28 Report from the Secret Committee of the House of Commons, Dublin, 1798, p. 99.
29 ibid., p. 101.
30 See R. B. McDowell, ‘Proceedings of the Dublin Society of United Irishmen’, in Analectica Hibernica, no. 17, Dublin, 1949, pp. 3ff.
31 MacNeven and Emmet, op. cit., p. 67.
1 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iii, p. 103.
2 ibid., vol. iii, p. 104.
3 Thomas Moore, The Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, 2 vols., London, 1831, p. 170.
4 Quoted in Frank MacDermot, Wolfe Tone, London, 1939, pp. 141–2.
5 Lecky, op. cit., p. 234, n. 1.
6 Report from the Secret Committee of the House of Commons, Dublin, 1798, p. 226, Appendix XXII. This incident is also described in Tone (ed.), Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, vol. i, p. 117.
7 Tone, op. cit., p. 116.
8 Cited in MacNeven and Emmet, Pieces of History, p. 72.
9 Tone, op. cit., p. 114.
10 ibid. For Tone’s own vindication of his later action in the light of his agreement, see ibid., pp. 125–6.
11 For this and subsequent details, see MacNevin, Leading State Trials, 1794–1803, pp. 274 ff.
12 MacNeven and Emmet, op. cit., p. 108.
1 The Times, 22 March 1794.
2 ibid., 21 March 1794
3 ibid., 28 May 1794.
4 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iii, p. 218.
5 ibid., p. 387.
6 ibid., p. 385.
7 MacNevin, Leading State Trials, p. 387.
8 ibid., p. 313.
9 Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, October 1795, pp. 351 ff.
10 MacNevin, op. cit., p. 319.
11 ibid., p. 303.
12 ibid., pp. 472–3.
13 ibid., p. 319.
14 ibid., p. 350.
15 ibid., p. 392.
16 ibid.
17 ibid., p. 467.
18 ibid., p. 380.
19 ibid., p. 466.
20 ibid., p. 423.
21 Plowden, An Historical Review of the State of Ireland, vol. ii, p. 548. The threat was quoted by Grattan in the Irish House of Commons.
22 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iii, pp. 430–31.
23 Walkers Hibernian Magazine, November 1795, p. 430.
24 ibid., p. 433.
25 Cited in Moore, Fitzgerald, vol. i, p. 274.
26 Report of Committee of Secrecy (printed 6 June 1799), House of Commons Report, vol. xliv.
27 Lecky, op. cit., p. 447.
28 J. T. Gilbert, Documents Relating to Ireland, 1795–1804, London, 1893, p. 153.
29 Gilbert, op. cit., p. 150.
1 Tone (ed.), Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, vol. ii, p. 94.
2 Gilbert, Documents, p. 170.
3 Tone, op. cit., vol. i, p. 130.
4 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iii, p. 498.
5 Tone, op. cit., vol. i, p. 133.
6 ibid., vol. ii, p. 107.
7 ibid., p. 50.
8 ibid., p. 97.
9 For emigrés generally, see Lecky, op. cit., vol. iii, pp. 523–6.
10 Tone, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 92.
11 ibid., p. 152.
12 For a full account of Arthur O’Connor’s life see Frank MacDermot, ‘Arthur O’Connor’ in I.H.S., XV, no. 57 (March 1966), pp. 48–69. The family were not as Gaelic in origin as they sounded, being descended from rich London merchants called Connor who had settled in Cork several generations before.
13 See depositions by soldiers and letters between General Coote and Pelham in the summer of 1797. B.M. Add. MSS. 33104, 318–27.
14 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 504.
15 ibid., vol. iii, p. 522.
16 ibid., p. 206.
17 ibid., p. 229.
18 MacDermot, I.H.S., vol. XV, no. 57, March 1966, pp. 54–5.
19 MacNeven and Emmet, Pieces of Irish History, p. 187.
20 ibid.
21 Report from the Secret Committee of the House of Commons, Dublin, 1798, Appendix VI, p. 114.
22 B.M. Add. MSS. 33104/331.
23 Tone, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 240.
24 ibid., p. 241.
25 ibid., p. 252.
26 Cited in T. Crofton Croker, Popular Songs Illustrative of the French Invasion of Ireland, London, 1845. The account of the expedition that here follows is taken principally from Tone, and Lecky, op. cit.; but see also works by Guillon, Gribayedoff, Hayes and Stuart Jones, listed in the Bibliography.
27 Tone, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 260.
28 E. H. Stuart Jones, An Invasion that Failed, Oxford, 1950, p. 175.
29 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 541.
30 ibid.
31 ibid., pp. 542–3.
32 MacNeven and Emmet, op. cit., p. 189.
1 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iv, p. 29.
2 ibid., p. 31.
3 ibid., p. 33.
4 ibid., p. 34.
5 Samuel MacSkimmin, Annals of Ulster, London, 1906, p. 47.
6 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iv, p. 32.
7 Cited in Charles Dickson, Revolt in the North, Dublin, 1960, p. 106.
8 ibid., pp. 112–13.
9 Lecky, op. cit., p. 45.
10 Sir J. F. Maurice (ed.), The Diary of Sir John Moore, London, 1904, vol. i, p. 284.
11 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iv, p. 208.
12 Maurice (ed.), Diary of Sir John Moore, vol. i, p. 287.
13 Secret Committee, Dublin, 1798, Appendix IX, p. 120.
14 ibid., Appendix VIII, p. 118.
15 Dickson, op. cit., p. 240. Information of James MacGuckin.
16 B.M. Add. MSS. 38759.
17 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 430.
18 Cited in McDowell, Irish Public Opinion 1750–1800, p. 239.
19 Private letter dated Dublin 30 June 1797, B.M. Add. MSS. 38759.
20 De Latocnaye, Promenade d’un Français dans l’Irlande, p. 286.
21 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iv, p. 90.
22 ibid., p. 96.
23 ibid., p. 77.
1 Tone (ed.), Tone, vol. ii, p. 414.
2 ibid., p. 416.
3 ibid., p. 420.
4 ibid., pp. 422, 424.
5 ibid., pp. 455–6.
6 ibid., p. 458.
7 Report from the Secret Committee of the House of Commons, Dublin, 1798, Appendix XIV, p. 147.
8 Plowden, An Historical Review of the State of Ireland, vol. ii, p. 566. The Reverend J. B. Gordon, History of the Rebellion in Ireland 1798, London, 1803, pp. 31–3.
9 Report of the Secret Committee of the House of Commons, Dublin, 1798, Appendix XVI, p. 168.
10 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iv, p. 252.
11 Tone, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 473.
12 ibid., pp. 471–2.
13 Moore, Fitzgerald, vol. ii, p. 84.
1 James Caulfield (ed.), The MSS and Correspondence of James, First Earl of Charlemont, 2 vols., London, 1891–4, vol. ii, p. 301.
2 ibid., p. 304.
3 ibid., p. 306.
4 Coote to Pelham, 9 July 1797. B.M. Add. MSS. 33104. At a court-martial in Belfast in May, a sentence of 1,500 lashes had been pronounced on Private Thomas Redmond of the Galway Militia. Report of Secret Committee of House of Commons, Dublin, 1798, p. 291.
5 R. M. Young, Ulster in ’98, p. 17.
6 Maurice (ed.), Diary of Sir John Moore, vol. i, p. 271.
7 James Alexander, Some Account of the … Rebellion in Kildare … Wexford, Dublin, 1800, p. 28.
8 ibid., p. 28.
9 Roger McHugh (ed.), Carlow in ’98, Memoirs of William Farrell, Dublin, 1949, p. 75.
10 Maurice (ed.), Diary of Sir John Moore, vol. i, p. 294.
11 Mary Leadbeater, The Leadbeater Papers, 2 vols., London, 1862, vol. i, p. 227.
12 Thomas Cloney, A Personal Narrative of those Transactions … in Wexford … 1798, Dublin, 1832, p. 14.
13 B.M. Add. MSS. 41192.
14 Gordon, History of the Rebellion in Ireland, p. 62.
15 Report of the Trial of Henry and John Sheares, Dublin, 1798, p. 179.
16 ibid., p. 75.
17 ibid., p. 91.
18 McHugh (ed.), op. cit., p. 82.
19 ibid., pp. 82–3.
20 Gordon, op. cit., p. 86.
21 McHugh (ed.), op. cit., p. 90.
22 Gordon, op. cit., p. 92.
23 The following details of her experience are extracted from The Leadbeater Papers, pp. 227ff.
24 McHugh (ed.), op. cit., p. 95.
25 Charles Ross (ed.), Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis of Cornwallis, 3 vols., London, 1859, vol. iii, p. 357.
26 ibid., vol. iii, p. 359.
27 Gordon, op. cit., p. 100.
28 Lecky, op. cit., vol. iv, pp. 336–7. Lecky himself gives the loyalist losses for this action as only nine killed. However, A History of the Rebellion in Ireland in the year 1798, a competent factual compilation printed by W. Borrowdale in 1806, gives the figure of twenty-seven dead.
29 Cited in Charles Dickson, The Wexford Rising in 1798, Tralee, 1955, p. 16.
30 B.M. Add. MSS. 33104 and Report of Secret Committee of House of Commons, Dublin, 1798, Appendix XXIX.
31 Gilbert (ed.), Documents 1794–1803, p. 124.
32 ibid., p. 131.
33 Tone (ed.), Tone, vol. ii, p. 484.
34 ibid., p. 491.
35 Moore, Fitzgerald, vol. ii, pp. 112–18.
1 B.M. Add. MSS. 32335.
2 B.M. Add. MSS. 41192.
3 B.M. Add. MSS. 37308.
4 ibid.
5 Dickson, Wexford Rising, pp. 21–2.
6 Edward Hay, History of the Insurrection of 1798, Dublin, 1842, p. 46.
7 Cloney, Personal Narrative, p. 98.
8 Wheeler and Broadley, The War in Wexford, London, 1910, p. 48.
9 Gordon, History of the Rebellion, pp. 104–5.
10 ibid., p. 106.
11 Account of an eye-witness named Peter Foley recorded by Luke Cullen and cited in Dickson, op. cit., pp. 51–6.
12 ibid., p. 53.
13 Cited in Dickson, op. cit., p. 55.
14 Wheeler and Broadley, op. cit., pp. 85–6.
15 Patrick F. Kavanagh, A Popular History of the Insurrection of 1798, London, 1898, p. 299. (An eye-witness account of the author’s paternal grandfather.)
16 B.M. Add. MSS. 38102.
17 Gordon, op. cit., Appendix III, p. 373. Evidence at the trial of Andrew Farrall.
18 ibid., p. 168.
19 ibid.
20 History of the Rebellion in Ireland in the Year 1798 (printed by W. Borrowdale, 1806), p. 78.
21 B.M. Add. MSS. 41192 (Letter of Lady Sunderlin dated 3 July 1798).
22 Charles Jackson, A Narrative of the Sufferings and Escape of Charles Jackson, 1799, p. 23.
23 History of the Rebellion (Borrowdale, 1806), p. 78.
24 Gordon, op. cit., p. 266.
25 Cloney, op. cit., p. 47.
26 Kavanagh, op. cit., pp. 341–2.
27 Charles Jackson, op. cit., p. 21.
28 The carefully calculated conclusion of Dickson, Wexford Rising, p. 34.
29 Cloney, op. cit., p. 20.
30 History of the Rebellion (Borrowdale, 1806), p. 102. For fuller extracts from Mrs Brownrigg’s diary see Wheeler and Broadley, op. cit.
31 Dinah Goff, Divine Protection through Extraordinary Dangers … during the Irish Rebellion of 1798, London, 1857, p. 9.
32 Goff, Divine Protection, pp. 13–14.
33 Cited in Dickson, op. cit., pp. 115–16.
34 Cloney, op. cit., p. 39.
35 Gordon, op. cit., p. 272.
36 Cited in Dickson, op. cit., p. 255.
37 ibid., p. 242.
38 Luke Cullen, MSS. cited in Dickson, op. cit., p. 260.
39 Gordon, op. cit., pp. 363–4.
40 Thomas Hancock, The Principles of Peace … during the Rebellion of 1798, London, 1826, p. 105.
41 Cited in Dickson, op. cit., p. 268.
42 Gordon, op. cit., pp. 366–7.
43 Wheeler and Broadley, op. cit., p. 173.
44 John Jones, An Impartial Narrative of … Engagements … during the Irish Rebellion of 1798, Dublin, 1799, p. 42.
45 Extract from a Letter from a Gentleman in Ireland (B.M. Tracts relating to Ireland). Letter dated 1 August 1798.
46 ibid.
1 Letter of W. Wellesley Pole, Captain of Bally Fin Yeomanry, dated 24 August 1798. B.M. Add. MSS. 37308, f. 167.
2 ibid.
3 Ross (ed.), Cornwallis Correspondence, vol. ii, p. 355.
4 Maurice (ed.), Diary of Sir John Moore, vol. i, p. 311.
5 B.M. Add. MSS. 37308, 167.
6 Gordon, History of the Rebellion, p. 269.
7 Ross, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 369.
8 Jackson, Narrative, p. 21.
9 Diary of Captain Hodges, English Militia Officer, B.M. Add. MSS. 40166. Entry for 15 October 1798.
10 Sir Jonah Barrington, Personal Sketches, 2 vols., London, 1827, vol. i, p. 276.
11 MacNeven and Emmet, Pieces of Irish History, p. 189.
12 ibid., p. 196.
13 ibid., p. 189.
14 ibid., p. 221.
15 ibid.
16 Alexander, Account of Rebellion in Kildare, p. 95.
17 Ross, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 387.
18 ibid., p. 352.
19 ibid., p. 377.
20 Cited in Dickson, Revolt in the North, p. 121.
21 Tone (ed.), Tone, vol. ii, p. 511.
22 Cited in Dickson, op. cit., pp. 221–2.
23 ibid.
24 ibid., p. 135.
25 Lecky, A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iv, p. 288. This work was first published in 1884.
26 Cited in Dickson, op. cit., pp. 222–4 and 227–31.
27 Hancock, Principles of Peace, p. 131.
28 ibid., p. 133.
1 Details of French decisions at this time from Edouard Guillon, La France et l’Irlande Pendant La Révolution, Paris, 1888, which is based on the French national archives. See particularly pp. 321ff.
2 Guillon, op. cit., p. 368.
3 ibid., p. 369.
4 L. O. Fontaine, Notice Historique de la Descente des Français en Irlande, Paris, 1801, p. 4. Fontaine was the third senior French officer in the expedition. Further details of the French arrival and subsequent events from A Narrative of What Passed at Killala (1801) by an eyewitness (i.e. the Bishop of Killala, J. Stock). The diary of another French officer who took part in the landing, Capitaine Jobit (Analecta Hibernica, no. 11, edited by Nuala Costello), is also factually interesting and largely substantiates other accounts, although it is animated by strong personal resentment against Humbert. The same edition of Analecta Hibernica contains a diary covering the first ten days of the landing by a local Protestant clergyman.
5 Stock, A Narrative of What Passed at Killala, pp. 34–5.
6 ibid., p. 16.
7 Sir Herbert Taylor, Impartial Relation of the Military Operations by an Officer, Dublin, 1799, Appendix.
8 Stock, op. cit., p. 10.
9 Cited from Dublin Journal, 18 September 1798, in an article in the Dublin Review, vol. 121, no. 23.
10 Guillon, op. cit., p. 303.
11 Stock, op. cit., p. 96.
12 ibid., p. 103.
13 W. H. Maxwell, History of the Irish Rebellion in 1798, London, 1845, pp. 255–62, extracts from the Bishop of Killala’s day-to-day diary.
14 Taylor, op. cit., p. 59.
15 ibid., p. 58.
16 ibid, p. 67.
17 Fontaine, op. cit., p. 34.
18 ibid., p. 36.
19 ibid., p. 37.
20 B.M. Add. MSS. 40166. Diary of Captain Hodges.
21 Fontaine, op. cit., pp. 41–2.
22 Maxwell, op. cit., p. 261.
23 Stock, op. cit., p. 145.
24 ibid., p. 163.
25 Sir Richard Musgrave, Memoir of the Different Irish Rebellions, Dublin, 1801, p. 480.
26 C. W. Vane (ed.), Memoir and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, 12 vols., London, 1848–53, vol. 1, pp. 400–3, 406–9, Musgrave, op. cit., p. 464, Appendix XXI, 10 (letter of the Postmaster of Rutland Island written the day after the expedition arrived).
27 Musgrave, op. cit., p. 466.
28 ibid., p. 465.
29 Vane (ed.), op. cit., vol. i, p. 407. (A first-hand account by the Adjutant himself.)
30 ibid.
31 Ross (ed.), Cornwallis Correspondence, vol. iii, p. 338.
32 Details of the French fleet from Guillon, op. cit., p. 407. Sir John Warren in his dispatches quoted in the Annual Register for 1798 (Appendix, pp. 144–6) seems to have exaggerated the French gun strength.
33 Dispatches of Sir John Warren, Annual Register, 1798, Appendix, pp. 144–6.
34 Tone (ed.), Tone, vol. ii, p. 346. Commentary by the Editor. Tone’s son, seems to have got the account of his father’s part in the action from returning French officers.
35 Historical Manuscripts Commission. Charlemont MSS., 2 vols., vol. ii, p. 337.
36 ibid.
37 An account by the bystander himself, Sir George Hill, given in a letter written the same day (see Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. v, p. 76n.). It seems more likely to be true than the story told by Tone’s son that Hill viciously unmasked him while at breakfast with other French officers (Tone, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 348).
38 State Trials, XXVII, col. 616.
39 ibid., cols. 617–18.
40 ibid., col. 621.
41 ibid., col. 624.
42 Historical Manuscripts Commission. Dropmore MSS., vol. iv, p. 370.
43 ibid., p. 374.
44 State Trials, XXVII, col. 626.
45 Tone (ed.), op. cit., vol. ii, p. 370.
1 B.M. Add. MSS. 40166. Diary of Captain Hodges.
2 Leadbeater, Leadbeater Papers, p. 269.
3 ibid., p. 275.
4 B.M. Add. MSS. 40166. Diary of Captain Hodges.
5 ibid.
6 29 November 1798. Historical MSS. Commission. Laing MSS., vol. ii, p. 466.
7 Buckingham to Grenville, 11 March 1799. Historical MSS. Commission. Fortescue MSS., vol. iv, p. 497.
8 Historical MSS. Commission. Charlemont MSS., vol. ii, p. 348.
9 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. v, p. 154.
10 Cited in McDowell, op. cit., p.244.
11 Author’s italics. Quoted Lecky, op. cit., vol. v, p. 158.
12 ibid., pp. 148–9.
13 Charlemont to Hartley, 14 May 1799. Charlemont MSS., vol. ii, p. 351.
14 Lecky, op. cit., vol. v, p. 268.
15 ibid., pp. 415–16.
16 Duigenan to Castlereagh, 20 December 1798. Vane (ed.), Castlereagh Correspondence, vol. ii, p. 52.
17 Vane (ed.), op. cit., vol. ii, p. 48.
18 Castlereagh to Portland, 2 January 1798. Vane (ed.), op. cit., vol. ii, p. 81.
19 ibid., pp. 79, 328, 339.
20 Lecky, op. cit., vol. v, p. 202n.
21 Clare to Castlereagh, 16 October 1798. Vane (ed.), op. cit., vol. i, p. 393.
22 Cornwallis to Portland, 5 December 1798, ibid., vol. ii, p. 35.
23 Troy to Castlereagh, 24 December 1798, ibid., p. 61.
24 Lecky, op. cit., vol. v, p. 250.
25 ibid., p. 236.
26 Charlemont to Halliday, 25 January 1799. Charlemont MSS., vol. ii, p. 344.
27 ibid., p. 345.
28 Lecky, op. cit., vol. v, p. 351.
29 ibid., p. 298.
30 Moore to Castlereagh, 27 June 1799. Vane (ed.), op. cit., vol. ii, p. 343.
31 Cooke to Castlereagh, 18 September 1799, ibid., p. 403.
32 Vane (ed.), op. cit., vol. iii, p. 344.
33 Lecky, op. cit., vol. v, p. 288.
34 Vane (ed.), op. cit., vol. iii, p. 340.
35 ibid., p. 220.
36 Lecky, op. cit., vol. v, p. 237.
37 ibid., pp. 412–13.
1 Vane (ed.), Castlereagh Correspondence, vol. iii, pp. 366, 379, 381.
2 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. v, p. 337.
3 Leon O’Broin, The Unfortunate Mr Robert Emmet, Dublin and London, 1958, p. 47.
4 ibid., p. 53.
5 ibid.
6 Madden, The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times, 3rd series, vol. iii, p. 88.
7 ibid., p. 304.
8 ibid., pp. 97–8.
9 Details quoted from Thomas Emmet’s diary by O’Broin, op. cit., pp. 56–7.
10 ibid.
11 Madden, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 304.
12 For this, and all other details of the failure, see the account which Emmet himself wrote for his brother on the eve of execution, but which was retained by the British authorities. Madden, op. cit., vol. iii, pp. 127–35.
13 ibid.
14 O’Broin, op. cit., p. 106.
15 Madden, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 132.
16 ibid., pp. 303–5.
17 ibid., pp. 312–16.
18 ibid., p. 134.
19 M. MacDonagh, The Viceroy’s Post Bag, London, 1904, p. 413.
20 Madden, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 246.
1 For earlier comparisons see above, p. 22.
2 Minutes before Select Committee Inquiring into the Disturbances in Ireland, 1824, p. 300 (5 June 1824).
3 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 85, col. 753.
4 Select Committee, 1824, p. 126.
5 Cited in J. E. Pomfret, The Struggle for the Land in Ireland, Princeton, 1930, p. 8.
6 Kohl. Quoted P.S. O’Hegarty, History of Ireland Under the Union, London, 1952, p. 388.
7 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 304, col. 1790.
8 De Latocnaye, Promenade d’un Français dans l’Irlande, p. 146.
9 Select Committee, 1824. MCSMFW
10 Select Committee on State of Ireland, 1825, p. 48.
11 R. D. Edwards and T. D. Williams, The Great Famine, Dublin, 1956, p. 127.
12 Select Committee Inquiring into Disturbances in Ireland, 1824. Minutes before House of Lords, p. 131.
13 R. B. O’Brien, Thomas Drummond, Life and Letters, London, 1889, p. 208.
14 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 85, col. 751.
15 Select Committees of 1824, 1825; Devon Commission Report, 1845.
16 Minutes Before Select Committee Inquiring Into Disturbances in Ireland (5 June 1824), p. 361.
17 ibid., 17 June 1824, p. 437.
18 Edwards and Williams, op. cit., p. 252.
19 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 85, cols. 1364–5.
20 ibid., col. 274.
21 ibid., col. 1363.
22 ibid., vol. 105, col. 1287.
23 ibid.
24 The best account of the famine is to be found in R. D. Edwards and T. D. Williams (eds.), The Great Famine. But it is a scholarly work not primarily concerned with narrative for its own sake. For the general reader there is also Cecil Woodham-Smith’s The Great Hunger, in which good narrative and scholarship are combined.
25 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 105, col. 300.
26 ibid., H.L. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 254, col. 1857.
27 ibid., H.C. Debates, 3rd Series, vol. 190, cols. 1357–8.
28 Angus Macintyre, The Liberator, London, 1965, p. 104.
1 John O’Connell (ed.), The Life and Speeches of Daniel O’Connell. Dublin, 1846, vol. i, pp. 23–4.
2 The Nation, 26 November 1844.
3 The Nation, 11 July 1846. Quoted by O’Hegarty, History of Ireland under the Union, p. 241.
4 9 September 1844. Quoted O’Hegarty, op. cit., p. 187.
5 Michael MacDonagh, Daniel O’Connell and the Story of Catholic Emancipation, London, 1929, p. 114.
6 ibid.
7 ibid., p. 115.
8 Michael Tierney (ed.), Daniel O’Connell: Nine Centenary Essays, Dublin, 1949, p. 133.
9 ibid.
10 James Reynolds, The Catholic Emancipation Crisis in Ireland, 1823–9, Yale, 1954, p. 96.
11 Tierney, op. cit., p. 138.
12 ibid., p. 122.
13 Reynolds, op. cit., pp. 141–2.
14 ibid., p. 140.
15 ibid., p. 148.
16 December 1824, ibid., p. 143.
17 ibid., p. 148.
18 ibid., p. 146.
19 ibid., p. 158.
20 ibid.
21 ibid.
22 ibid., p. 162.
23 MacDonagh, op. cit., p. 195.
24 ibid., p. 196.
1 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 22, col. 1093.
2 ibid., col. 1156.
3 ibid., col. 1178.
4 ibid., col. 1166.
5 ibid., col. 1188.
6 ibid., col. 1204.
7 T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett (eds.), Ulster Since 1800, London, 1954, p. 34.
8 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 22, col. 1204.
9 ibid., vol. 23, col. 246.
10 ibid., vol. 22, col. 1212.
11 ibid., col. 1195.
12 ibid., vol. 23, col. 70.
13 ibid., H.L. Debates, col. 303.
14 Angus Macintyre, The Liberator, London, 1965, pp. 164–5.
15 MacDonagh, Daniel O’Connell and the Story of Catholic Emancipation, p. 219.
16 ibid., p. 246.
1 MacDonagh, O’Connell and the Story of Catholic Emancipation, p. 250.
2 Sir James Graham, cited in Kevin Nowlan, The Politics of Repeal, London, 1965, p. 33.
3 Nowlan, op. cit., p. 51.
4 The Nation, 22 October 1842.
5 The Nation, 22 July 1842.
6 The Nation, 22 July 1843.
7 Charles Gavan Duffy, Young Ireland, London, 1880, pp. 373, 387–8.
8 Charles Gavan Duffy, Thomas Davis: A Memoir, London, 1890, p. 24.
9 D. O. Madden, Ireland and Its Rulers, pp. 247–51.
10 Duffy, Davis, p. 41.
11 Bolton King, Mazzini, London, 1902, p. 107.
12 An Address read before the Historical Society, Dublin, 26 June 1840.
13 Duffy, Davis, p. 84.
14 Quoted T. W. Rolleston (ed.), Prose Writings of Thomas Davis, London, 1889, p. 281.
15 Rolleston, op. cit., p. 194.
16 ibid., p. 160.
17 ibid., p. 162.
18 ibid., p. 155.
19 ibid., pp. 156–7.
20 ibid., p. 218.
21 ibid., p. 222.
22 The Nation, 22 October 1842.
23 ibid.
24 ibid., 25 March 1843.
25 ibid., 3 June 1843.
26 ibid., 17 June 1843.
27 ibid., 10 December 1842.
28 ibid., 25 March 1843.
29 ibid., 5 August 1843.
30 Duffy, Davis, p. 111.
31 ibid.
32 ibid., p. 114.
1 The Nation, 4 February 1843.
2 ibid., 19 November 1842.
3 ibid., 25 March 1843.
4 ibid., 22 April 1843.
5 ibid.
6 MacDonagh, O’Connell and the Story of Catholic Emancipation, p. 266.
7 The Nation, 27 May 1843.
8 Cited in Nowlan, The Politics of Repeal, p. 52.
9 ibid., p. 55.
10 The Nation, 3 June 1843.
11 ibid., 17 June 1843.
12 ibid.
13 ibid.
14 ibid., 8 July 1843.
15 ibid.
16 ibid., 22 July 1843.
17 ibid., 29 July 1843.
18 ibid., 22 July 1843.
19 ibid., 29 July 1843.
20 ibid., 5 August 1843.
21 ibid., 12 August 1843.
22 ibid., 19 August 1843.
23 ibid., 26 August 1843.
24 British Museum Catalogue, 1872, c. 1. (10), (Ballads).
25 The Nation, 19 August 1843.
26 ibid., 26 August 1843.
27 ibid., 30 September 1843.
28 ibid., 16 September 1843.
29 ibid., 23 September 1843.
30 ibid.
31 ibid., 7 October 1843.
32 ibid., 30 September 1843.
1 Duffy, Young Ireland, p. 371.
2 The Nation, 14 October 1843.
3 ibid., 2 December 1843.
4 ibid., 28 October 1843.
5 ibid., 11 November 1843.
6 ibid.
7 ibid.
8 ibid., 28 October 1844.
9 ibid.
10 ibid., 21 October 1843.
11 ibid.
12 ibid., 30 December 1843.
13 ibid., 17 February 1844, for attack on Catholics not resigning.
14 Duffy, Young Ireland, p. 519.
15 The Nation, 18 March 1848.
16 H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 70, cols. 675–7.
17 The Nation, 30 December 1843.
18 ibid.
19 ibid., 17 February 1844.
20 ibid., 24 February 1844.
21 ibid., 2 March 1844.
22 ibid., 9 March 1844.
23 Duffy, Thomas Davis: A Memoir, p. 189.
24 The Nation, 2 March 1844.
25 ibid., 9 March 1844.
26 Clarke, I.H.S., vol. iii, no. 9 (March 1942), p. 22.
1 Duffy, Thomas Davis: A Memoir, p. 190.
2 The Nation. 9 March 1844.
3 ibid., 16 March 1844.
4 ibid., 23 March 1844.
5 ibid., 30 March 1844.
6 ibid., 6 April 1844.
7 ibid., 13 April 1844.
8 ibid., 1 June 1844.
9 ibid., 8 June 1844.
10 Duffy, op. cit., p. 230.
11 The Nation, 8, 22, 29 June 1844.
12 ibid., 8 June 1844.
13 ibid., 29 June 1844.
14 ibid.
15 ibid., 31 August 1844.
16 ibid.
17 ibid., 14 September 1844.
18 ibid.
19 Duffy, Four Years of Irish History, pp. 2, 22–3. Duffy sees no inconsistency in talking on the one hand of O’Connell’s fading powers and yet attributing to him tactical skill and even genius ‘to the last hour of his career’ when accusing him of manoeuvring against Young Ireland (op. cit., pp. 120, 198). Modern historians have followed him in implying that by 1845 O’Connell had abandoned Repeal; e.g., Clarke, I.H.S., vol. iii, no. 9, p. 22; Angus Macintyre, The Liberator, London, 1965, p. 277; Denis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848, Cork, 1949, p. 31. Gwynn describes O’Connell in 1844 as ‘plainly worn out and weary of the burden of political leadership and agitation’. See also J. C. Beckett, The Making of Modern Ireland, London, 1966, p. 327.
20 W. J. O’Neill Daunt, A Life Spent for Ireland, London, 1869, p. 57.
21 ibid., p. 61.
22 The Nation, 14 September 1844.
23 ibid.
24 ibid., 20 July 1844.
25 W. J. Fitzpatrick, Correspondence of O’Connell, 2 vols., London, 1888, vol. ii, pp. 346–7.
26 The Nation, 14 September 1844.
27 ibid., 21 September 1844.
28 ibid.
29 Duffy, Young Ireland, p. 542.
30 Nowlan, The Politics of Repeal, p. 73.
31 ibid., p. 74.
32 ibid.
33 The Nation, 21 September 1844.
34 ibid., 28 September 1844.
35 ibid.
36 ibid.
37 ibid., 5 October 1844. For Nation optimism, 12 October 1844.
38 Fitzpatrick, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 331.
39 The letter is given in full in the Appendix to Fitzpatrick, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 434.
40 Duffy, Thomas Davis: A Memoir, pp. 249–50, 262.
41 ibid., p. 446.
42 Duffy, Thomas Davis: A Memoir, p. 244.
43 Duffy, Young Ireland, p. 578.
44 ibid., p. 589n.
45 ibid.
46 ibid.
47 The Nation, 30 November 1844.
48 ibid., 16 November 1844.
1 See, e.g., The Nation, 26 April, 3, 10, 24, 31 May, 7, 14 June, 2, 9 August, 27 September, 11, 18 October 1845.
2 ibid., 7 December 1844.
3 ibid., 14 December 1844.
4 ibid., 18 January 1845.
5 ibid., 29 March 1845.
6 Denis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848, Cork, 1949, p. 30.
7 The Nation, 29 March 1845.
8 ibid.
9 ibid., 26 April 1845.
10 ibid.
11 R. B. McDowell, Public Opinion and Government Policy in Ireland, 1801–46, London, 1952, p. 226.
12 The Nation, 26 April 1845.
13 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 34.
14 The criticism first came from an English Tory. Gwynn, op. cit., p. 41.
15 The Nation, 31 May 1845.
16 ibid.
17 ibid.
18 The Pilot, 28 May 1845.
19 The Nation, 31 May 1845.
20 ibid., 3 May 1845.
21 ibid.
22 ibid., 31 May 1845.
23 ibid.
24 ibid., 7 June 1845.
25 ibid., 29 March 1845.
26 ibid., 14 June 1845.
27 ibid.
28 ibid.
29 ibid., 12 July 1845.
30 ibid., 26 July 1845.
31 ibid., 2 August 1845.
32 ibid., 9 August 1845.
33 Duffy, Young Ireland, pp. 715ff.
34 Fitzpatrick, Correspondence of O’Connell, vol. ii, p. 363.
35 The Nation, 13 September 1845.
36 ibid., 20 September 1845.
37 ibid., 27 September 1845.
38 ibid.
39 ibid.
40 ibid.
41 ibid.
42 ibid., 4 October 1845.
43 ibid., 11 October 1845.
44 ibid.
45 ibid.
46 ibid., 18 October 1845.
47 ibid.
48 ibid., 15 November 1845.
49 ibid., 11 October 1845.
50 ibid., 25 October 1845.
51 ibid., 25 October 1845.
52 ibid.
53 ibid., 15 November 1845.
1 The Nation, 20 December 1845.
2 ibid.
3 ibid.
4 ibid.
5 See shipping columns of contemporary newspapers throughout the famine period passim, but particularly The Nation.
6 The Nation, 20 December 1845.
7 ibid.
8 Duffy, Four Years of Irish History, p. 116.
9 The Nation, 22 November 1845.
10 ibid.
11 Duffy, Four Years of Irish History, pp. 117–18.
12 ibid., p. 119.
13 The Nation, 31 January 1846.
14 ibid., 24 January 1846.
15 ibid., 14 February 1846.
16 ibid., 21 February 1846.
17 Duffy, Four Years of Irish History, pp. 10–11.
18 Duffy, Four Years of Irish History, p. 10.
19 The Nation, 21 February 1846.
20 ibid., 28 February 1846.
21 ibid., 24 January 1846.
22 ibid., 21 February 1846.
23 ibid.
24 ibid., 21 March 1846.
25 ibid., 4 April 1846.
26 ibid.
27 ibid., 16 May 1846.
28 ibid., 23 May 1846.
29 ibid., 30 May 1846.
30 ibid.
31 ibid., 13 June 1846.
32 ibid.
33 ibid.
34 ibid.
35 ibid., 20 June 1846.
36 ibid.
37 ibid.
38 ibid.
39 ibid., 27 June 1846.
40 ibid.
41 ibid.
42 ibid.
43 For this and all subsequent details of this part of the debate see The Nation, 18 July 1846.
44 ibid.
45 This and all subsequent details of this debate from The Nation, 1 August 1846.
46 Duffy, Young Ireland, p. 749.
47 ibid., p. 739.
1 The Nation, 12 September 1846.
2 ibid., 29 August 1846.
3 ibid., 30 January 1847.
4 ibid., 26 December 1846.
5 ibid., 5 December 1846.
6 ibid., 7 November 1846.
7 ibid., 13 November 1847.
8 ibid., 20 February 1847.
9 ibid., 28 August 1847, 13 November 1847.
10 ibid., 6 November 1847.
11 ibid., 27 November 1847.
12 ibid., 17 July 1847.
13 Irish Felon, 1 July 1848, which contains a reprint of the letter Lalor wrote ‘… in the last week of January 1847 … to a leading member of the Confederation’. See also Duffy, Four Years of Irish History, p. 474.
14 Duffy, op. cit., pp. 476–7.
15 Duffy, op. cit., p. 484.
16 The Nation.
17 The Nation, 1 January 1848.
18 Duffy, op. cit., pp. 487–8.
19 Duffy, op. cit., p. 494.
20 United Irishman, 12 February 1848.
21 ibid.
22 ibid., 15 March 1848.
23 The Nation, 5 February 1848.
24 Denis Gwynn, Young Ireland and 1848, Cork, 1949, p. 146.
25 Duffy, op. cit., pp. 504–5.
26 The Nation, 5 February 1848.
27 ibid.
28 ibid.
29 ibid., 18 September 1847.
30 ibid., 4 March 1848.
31 ibid.
32 Duffy, op. cit., p. 537.
33 ibid., p. 538.
34 ibid., p. 547.
35 ibid.
36 ibid., pp. 538–9.
37 The Nation, 11 March 1848.
38 United Irishman, 18 March 1848.
39 The Nation, 11 March 1848.
40 Cited in United Irishman, 11 March 1848.
41 ibid., 22 April 1848.
42 ibid., 8 April 1848. Quoted from the Galway Vindicator.
43 The Nation, 18 March 1848.
44 ibid., 11 March 1848.
45 ibid., 18 March 1848.
46 ibid.
47 Quoted, United Irishman, 29 April 1848.
48 ibid.
49 ibid.
50 The Nation, 15 April 1848; United Irishman, 29 April 1848.
51 The Nation, 25 March 1848.
52 ibid., 20 May 1848.
53 ibid.
54 Duffy, op. cit., p. 594.
55 ibid., pp. 595–6.
56 ibid., p. 597.
57 O’Brien’s personal memorandum, quoted Gwynn, Young Ireland, p. 193.
58 The Nation, 27 May 1848.
59 Irish Felon, 24 June 1848.
60 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 193.
61 Irish Felon, 24 June 1848.
62 For this and the following details of Mitchel’s imprisonment see Mitchel’s own Jail Journal.
63 The Irish Tribune, 10 June 1848.
64 e.g. Gwynn, Young Ireland, p. 272.
65 Mitchel, Jail Journal, p. 53.
66 ibid., p. 124.
67 ibid., pp. 278, 284.
1 The Nation, 15 April 1848.
2 Duffy, Four Years of Irish History, pp. 608–9.
3 ibid., p. 609.
4 Gwynn, Young Ireland, pp. 206–7, O’Brien’s Memorandum.
5 Duffy, op. cit., pp. 617–18.
6 The Nation, 10 May 1848.
7 ibid.
8 ibid., 3 May 1848.
9 ibid., 10 May 1848.
10 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, vol. vii, cols. 877–8.
11 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 212.
12 ibid., pp. 212–13.
13 ibid., p. 213.
14 The Irish Tribune, 1 July 1848.
15 Letter from Joseph Brennan, a young man from Cork and a poet, Irish Felon, 8 July 1848.
16 The Nation, 17 June 1848.
17 ibid.
18 Duffy, op. cit., p. 624.
19 Duffy, op. cit., pp. 625–6.
20 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 228.
21 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 110.
22 ibid., col. 111.
23 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 227.
24 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 93.
25 ibid., Appendix A, col. 1096.
26 ibid., cols. 262 and 264.
27 Gwynn, op. cit., pp. 229–30, ibid.; Meagher’s Narrative, p. 284; State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 264.
28 Verbatim quote by Maher in evidence, State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 264.
29 O’Brien’s Memorandum, quoted Gwynn, op. cit., p. 230.
30 ibid., p. 282.
31 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 97.
32 Meagher’s Narrative, Gwynn, op. cit., p. 298.
33 ibid., p. 258. Also Kilkenny Journal, 29 July 1848.
34 Meagher’s Narrative, Gwynn, op. cit., p. 280.
35 ibid., p. 286.
36 ibid., p. 288.
37 ibid.
38 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 133.
39 Meagher’s Narrative, Gwynn, op. cit., p. 289.
40 ibid., p. 290.
41 ibid., p. 291.
42 ibid., p. 292.
43 ibid., pp. 292–5.
44 O’Mahony’s Narrative; see Michael Cavanagh, Memoirs of Thomas Meagher, New York, 1892, p. 273.
45 ibid., pp. 273, 275.
46 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 138.
47 Meagher’s Narrative, Gwynn, p. 304.
48 Michael Cavanagh, op. cit., p. 278.
49 O’Mahony’s Narrative, Cavanagh, op. cit., p. 272; and Doheny, Felon’s Track, p. 166.
50 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 143.
51 ibid., col. 144.
52 Charles Kickham’s Narrative, see Gwynn, op. cit., p. 316.
53 ibid., p. 233.
54 ibid., p. 316.
55 Cavanagh, op. cit., p. 258.
56 Magee’s Narrative, Gwynn, op. cit., p. 320.
57 Kickham’s Narrative, Gwynn, op. cit., p. 317.
58 ibid.
59 Duffy, op. cit., p. 664; Gwynn, op. cit., p. 253.
60 McManus’s Narrative, Gwynn, op. cit., p. 312.
61 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 162.
62 ibid., col. 163.
63 McManus’s Narrative, Duffy, op. cit., p. 668.
64 ibid, p. 470.
65 State Trials, Trial of W. S. O’Brien, col. 72.
66 Father P. Fitzgerald, Personal Recollections of the Insurrection at Ballingarry, Dublin, 1862, p. 15.
67 McManus’s Narrative, Gwynn, op. cit., p. 313.
68 McManus’s Narrative, Duffy, op. cit., p. 683.
69 Fitzgerald, op. cit., p. 23.
70 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 168.
71 ibid. Appendix A, col. 1089.
72 Duffy, op. cit., p. 686.
73 ibid., also State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, col. 176–8.
74 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, cols. 180–83, 319.
75 ibid., cols. 170, 171.
76 ibid., col. 177.
77 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 319.
78 Fitzgerald, op. cit., p. 30.
79 State Trials, Trial of Smith O’Brien, Carrol’s evidence, cols. 184–7.
80 McManus’s Narrative, Duffy. op. cit., p. 688.
81 Freeman’s Journal, 4 August 1848, cited Kilkenny Journal, 9 August, 1848.
82 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 234.
83 Fitzgerald, op. cit., p. 26.
84 Kilkenny Journal, 9 August 1848.
85 Longford Journal, 12 August 1848.
86 Kilkenny Moderator, 20 August 1848.
87 Kilkenny Journal, 4 November 1848.
88 Michael Doheny, Felon’s Track, Dublin, 1914, passim. Ryan, Fenian Chief, p. 42.
89 Freeman’s Journal, 10 October 1848.
90 Cited Longford Journal, 21 October 1848.
91 ibid., 28 October 1848.
92 John Mitchel, Jail Journal, p. 300.
93 James Stephens, Reminiscences, Weekly Freeman, 3 November 1883, cited in Ryan, op. cit., p. 69.
94 Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger, London, 1962, p. 417.
95 Cited in T. F. O’Sullivan, The Young Irelanders, Dublin 1945, p. 188.
96 R. G. Athearn, Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America, Colorado, 1949, pp. 120–22.
97 ibid.
98 ibid.
99 ibid., pp. 137, 139.
100 ibid., p. 166.
1 Kilkenny Journal, 19 August 1848.
2 Dublin Evening Packet, 27 July 1848.
3 Kilkenny Moderator, quoted in Dublin Evening Packet, 3 August 1848.
4 ibid.
5 See, e.g., Freeman’s Journal, ‘Evictions on Lord Clonmel’s Estates’, 11 September 1848.
6 Freeman’s Journal, 15, 18, 19, 28 August 1848.
7 See description by the Reverend James Maher of Carlow, Freeman’s Journal, 25 September 1848.
8 W. J. O’Neill Daunt, Ireland and Her Agitators, London, 1867, p. 230.
9 John Savage, Fenian Heroes and Martyrs, p. 333.
10 Marcus Bourke, John O’Leary: A Study in Separation, Tralee, 1967, pp. 18–19. Freeman’s Journal, 11 November 1848.
11 Bourke, op. cit., pp. 25–6.
12 Frederick Lucas, The Tablet, cited in J. H. Whyte, The Independent Irish Party 1850–59, Oxford, 1958, p. 80.
13 Whyte, op. cit., pp. 71–81.
14 See P. J. Corish, ‘Political Problems, 1860–1878’, in A History of Irish Catholicism, vol. v.
15 Cited J. H. Whyte, ‘Political Problems 1850–1860’, in A History of Irish Catholicism, vol. v.
16 Whyte, The Independent Irish Party, p. 88.
17 ibid., p. 108.
18 ibid.
19 ibid.
20 ibid., p. 115.
21 ibid.
22 ibid., p. 120.
23 ibid.
24 W. J. O’Neill Daunt, op. cit., p. 242.
25 A. M. Sullivan, New Ireland, London, 1877, p. 247.
1 Sullivan, New Ireland, pp. 36ff.
2 ibid.
3 Cork Constitution, 4 November 1858.
4 ibid., 16 November 1858.
5 Cork Examiner, 29 November 1858.
6 See letter to the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Naas, from the priest, Father John O’Sullivan of Kenmare, dated 5 October 1858 in John Rutherford, The Fenian Conspiracy, 2 vols., London, 1877, vol. i, p. 118.
7 Cork Examiner, 10 December 1858.
8 Clare Journal, 14 March 1859.
9 ibid.
10 Lord Abercorn, 6 February 1866, Hansard, 3rd series, vol. 181, col. 68.
11 Clare Journal, 14 March 1859.
12 Cork Examiner, 14 March 1859.
13 See Irishman, 1 January 1859, in Belfast; Irishman, 8 January 1859, in Westmeath; Irishman, 26 February 1859.
14 Westmeath Guardian, 3 March 1859.
15 ibid.
16 Irishman, 12 February 1859; Sullivan, op. cit., pp. 201–2; Cork Examiner, 24 December 1858.
17 Kilkenny Moderator, 8 January 1859.
18 See, e.g., Irishman, 12 March 1859.
19 See letter from John O’Mahoney to O’Doheny, autumn 1856, cited in Ryan, Fenian Chief, pp. 51–3. Also Stephens himself, Weekly Freeman, 15 November 1883.
20 Cited in Ryan, op. cit., p. 48.
21 Ryan, op. cit., p. 56.
22 Stephens, Reminiscences, Weekly Freeman, 13 October 1882.
23 The Tribune, 17 November 1856.
24 ibid., 19 January 1856.
25 ibid.
26 Stephens, Weekly Freeman, 13 October 1882.
27 ibid.
28 ibid., 8 December 1883.
29 ibid., 1 December 1883.
30 ibid., 17 November 1883.
31 ibid., 15 November 1883.
32 ibid., 17 November 1883.
33 ibid., 3 November 1883.
34 ibid., 9 February 1884.
35 Ryan, op. cit., p. 84.
36 Stephens, Reminiscences, Weekly Freeman, 9 February 1884.
37 Joseph Denieffe, A Personal Narrative of the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood, New York, 1904; William D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1947, p. 2.
38 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 5.
39 ibid., p. 8.
40 Denieffe, op. cit., p. 3.
41 ibid.
42 Cited in Ryan, op. cit., p. 62.
43 ibid.
44 Stephens, Reminiscences, Weekly Freeman.
45 Ryan, op. cit., p. 82.
46 Denieffe, op. cit., pp. 156–7.
47 Ryan, op. cit., p. 90.
48 Denieffe, op. cit., p. 22.
49 John O’Leary, Recollections of Fenians and Fenianism, vol. ii, p. 81.
50 Rutherford, The Secret History of the Fenian Conspiracy, pp. 62–5. Rutherford, a Unionist journalist from the West of Ireland, allowed his book to become full of small inaccuracies but he was clearly writing, in 1877, with much authentic material provided by the authorities at his disposal, and it is not nearly so worthless as nationalist sources have usually suggested. For an account of the IRB organization in 1880 see article by A. Chester Ives, the New York Herald, 12 August 1880. The article was based on information from first-hand sources. (See O’Brien and Ryan, Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. ii, pp. 546–7.)
51 Ryan, op. cit., p. 279. O’Leary, op. cit., p. 65.
52 Cluseret, Fraser’s Magazine, July 1872, new series, vol. vi, p. 54.
53 O’Leary, op. cit., vol. i, p. 123.
54 ‘Derivation of the Fenians’, Irish People, 16 August 1865.
1 Ryan, Fenian Chief, p. 159.
2 Ryan, op. cit., p. 160, from Denieffe, Personal Narrative, pp. 46ff.
3 Ryan, op. cit., p. 161.
4 ibid., p. 161.
5 ibid., p. 165.
6 William D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, Washington, 1947, pp. 25, 27, 52.
7 Irish People, 5 March 1864.
8 O’Leary, Recollections, pp. 124, 148.
9 Ryan, op. cit., p. 175.
10 Regulations for Lent read in all Catholic churches in the Dublin diocese, Sunday 28 February 1859 – see, e.g., Drogheda Argus, 5 March 1859.
11 All details of McManus’s funeral from Freeman’s Journal, 11 November 1861.
12 ibid.
13 O’Leary, op. cit., p. 180.
14 Sullivan, New Ireland, p. 249.
15 e.g., 29 July 1866.
16 Irish People, 2 January 1864.
17 ibid., 13 February 1864.
18 ibid., 26 December 1863.
19 ibid., 9 April 1864.
20 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 30.
21 ibid., p. 27.
22 ibid., p. 40.
23 ibid., p. 46.
24 ibid., p. 47.
25 Denieffe, op. cit., p. 91.
26 D’Arcy, op. cit., pp. 56–7.
27 ibid., p. 57.
28 John Devoy, Recollections of an Irish Rebel, New York, 1929, pp. 21, 25.
29 Report of Dublin Special Commission for the Trial of T. F. Bourke, 1867, p. 211.
30 Report of Dublin Special Commission for the Trial of T. C. Luby, 1865, pp. 141, 156, 221.
31 ibid., p. 148.
32 See, e.g., arrests in Belfast reported Irish People, 23 March 1864 and 3 May 1864.
33 D’Arcy, op. cit., pp. 46ff.
34 ibid., p. 72.
35 ibid.
36 ibid., pp. 74–5.
37 ibid, p. 87.
38 Ryan, op. cit., p. 208, gives the text of these letters.
39 Denieffe, op. cit., pp. 97ff.
40 Report of Dublin Special Commission for the Trial of T. C. Luby, 1865, p. 1043.
41 Munster News, quoted by Irish People, 16 September 1865.
42 ibid.
43 ibid.
44 ibid.
45 Ryan, op. cit., p. 207.
46 Report of Dublin Special Commission for the Trial of T. C. Luby, 1865, p. 182.
1 D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, p. 79.
2 Sullivan, New Ireland, p. 257.
3 Irish Liberator, quoted in Irish People, 13 February 1864.
4 Report of Dublin Special Commission for the Trial of T. F. Bourke and others, pp. 601–11.
5 Ryan, Fenian Chief, p. 212.
6 D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, p. 72.
7 ibid., p. 99.
8 ibid.
9 Ryan, op. cit., p. 212.
10 Sullivan, op. cit., p. 265.
11 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 101.
12 Parliamentary Papers. Accounts and Reports, 1876, vol. lviii, pp. 495, 497, 499.
13 Ryan, op. cit., p. 216.
14 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 114.
15 ibid., p. 139.
16 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 159.
17 ibid., p. 166.
18 ibid., p. 165.
19 ibid., p. 169.
20 ibid., p. 214.
21 ibid., p. 218.
22 Cited in Ryan, op. cit., p. 247.
23 Massey’s evidence at, for example, the trial of J. F. X. O’Brien, Cork Examiner, 20 May 1867. Also at the trial of T. F. Bourke, Report of Dublin Special Commission, p. 173.
24 Massey’s evidence, Cork Examiner, 30 May 1867. Also Stephens’ own statement, cited Ryan, op. cit., p. 249.
25 Ryan, op. cit., p. 249.
26 ibid., p. 252.
27 Cork Examiner, 30 May 1867. Massey’s evidence at trial of J. F. X. O’Brien.
28 Ryan, op. cit., p. 244.
29 The Times, 29 April 1868. Trial of Richard Burke.
30 Trial of T. F. Bourke, Report of Special Commission, p. 169. Trial of J. F. X. O’Brien, Cork Examiner, 30 May 1867.
31 Officially confirmed in this designation, 15 February 1867, D’Arcy, op. cit., pp. 251–2.
32 Ryan, op. cit., p. 238.
33 ibid.
34 Article by Cluseret in Fraser’s Magazine, July 1872, new series, vol. vi, p. 32.
35 ibid., p. 39.
1 The Times, 29 April 1868, Trial of Richard Burke.
2 ibid., 30 April 1868, Trial of Richard Burke.
3 ibid.
4 Ryan, Fenian Chief, p. 239.
5 Cork Examiner, 24 May 1867, Trial of McClure. Evidence of Corydon.
6 See letter of Kelly from Ireland, 19 March 1867, D’Arcy, The Fenian Movement in the United States, pp. 240–41. See also evidence of Massey, Report of Special Commission for Trial of T. F. Bourke, etc., pp. 178–9; also Trial of J. F. X. O’Brien, Cork Examiner, 30 May 1867
7 Denieffe, A Personal Narrative of the I.R.B., pp. 278–80.
8 The Times, 30 April 1868, Trial of Richard Burke.
9 ibid., Corydon.
10 Report of Special Commission for Trial of T. F. Bourke, etc., pp. 201, 501, 563–78.
11 Evidence of Massey, Trial of J. F. X. O’Brien, Cork Examiner, 30 May 1867.
12 Report of Special Commission 1867, Trial of Bourke, p. 535.
13 ibid., p. 502.
14 Freeman’s Journal, 13 February 1867.
15 Report of Dublin Special Commission; Trial of T. F. Bourke, etc., p. 502.
16 ibid., p. 503.
17 ibid., p. 209.
18 Freeman’s Journal, 15, 16 February 1867.
19 Cork Examiner, 12, 16 February 1867.
20 ibid., 30 May 1867. Trial of P. J. Condon.
21 ibid.
22 ibid.
23 ibid.
24 Cluseret, Fraser’s Magazine, July 1872, p. 37.
25 ibid., pp. 38, 41.
26 ibid., p. 38.
27 These and subsequent details, Cork Examiner, 30 May 1867. Trial of P. J. Condon. Evidence of Massey.
28 The proclamation is given in full in The Times, 8 March, 1867.
29 Letter published in the Irishman, quoted The Times, 13 January 1868.
30 Report of the Dublin Special Commission, 1867, Trial of T. F. Bourke, etc., pp. 186–7.
31 The Times, 1 June 1867. Cork Examiner, 30 May 1867.
32 The Times, 15 July 1867.
33 Report of the Dublin Special Commission, 1867, pp. 244–50.
34 ibid.
35 ibid., pp. 154–5.
36 ibid., Trial of T. F. Bourke, etc., pp. 248–9. The Report here gives the figures as ‘between 40,000 and 50,000’, but Lennon was a fairly hard-headed man and we know from elsewhere (Trial of P. J. Condon, Cork Examiner, 30 May 1867) that 14,000 men were organized for Dublin. I am assuming that the larger figures were a mis-hearing.
37 ibid., p. 152.
38 ibid., p. 224.
39 ibid., p. 164.
40 This and subsequent details, Report of the Special Commission, Trial of T. F. Bourke, p. 221.
41 ibid.
42 Drogheda Argus, 9 March 1867.
43 Cork Examiner, 9 March 1867.
44 ibid.
45 ibid., 25, 27 May 1867.
46 Report of Special Commission, p. 271.
47 These and subsequent details, Report of Special Commission, pp. 288–92.
48 ibid., pp. 465–6.
49 J. J. Finnan, Patriotic Songs, Limerick, 1913, pp. 136–7.
50 Cork Examiner, 24 May 1867.
51 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 243.
52 ibid., p. 245.
53 The Times, 4 November 1867. Trial of Colonel Warren.
54 ibid.
55 Listed among those named in The Times, 17 June 1867.
56 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 246.
57 The Times, 14 November 1867.
58 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 247.
59 The Times, 4 November 1867.
60 ibid., 15 June 1867.
61 ibid., 19 June 1867.
1 Anthony Glynn, High Upon the Gallows Tree, Tralee, 1967, pp. 30–1. This competent compilation of the available facts is the most recent and extensive study of the Manchester Rescue.
2 Glynn, op. cit., pp. 94ff.
3 The Times, 2 November 1867.
4 Glynn, op. cit., p. 104.
5 ibid., p. 125.
6 The Times, 25 November 1867.
7 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 230, col. 808.
8 The Times, 29 May 1867.
9 ibid., 27 May 1867.
10 ibid., 28 May 1867.
11 e.g., The Times, 23 May 1867.
12 ibid., 14 January 1868.
13 ibid., 11 January 1868.
14 ibid., 18 January 1868.
15 ibid., 14 January 1868 (Queen’s evidence from Patrick Mullany).
16 ibid., 18 January 1868.
17 ibid., 14 January 1868.
18 ibid., 8 January 1868.
19 ibid., 14 January 1868.
20 ibid., 2, 6 January 1868.
1 Parliamentary Reports, 1881, vol. lxxvii, 725.
2 ibid.
3 David Thornley, Isaac Butt and Home Rule, London, 1964, p. 25.
4 The Times, 23 January 1868.
5 ibid., 29 January 1868.
6 Quoted in The Times, 3 March 1868.
7 Evelyn Ashley, ‘Mr Gladstone – Fragments of Personal Reminiscence’ in National Review, vol. xxxi, no. 184, June 1898.
8 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 191, col. 491.
9 ibid., col. 471.
10 ibid., col. 515.
11 ibid., col. 711.
12 ibid., col. 853.
13 ibid., col. 864.
14 ibid., col. 505.
15 ibid., col. 507.
16 ibid., vol. 304, col. 149.
17 ibid., vol. 199, col. 333.
18 ibid., col. 1761.
19 Thornley, op. cit., p. 92.
20 ibid., p. 112.
21 ibid., p. 127.
22 Parliamentary Papers, 1871, vol. xxxii, p. 14.
23 ibid., p. 369.
24 Thornley, op. cit., p. 71.
25 ibid., p. 18.
26 ibid., p. 71.
27 ibid., p. 154.
28 ibid., p. 161.
29 ibid., p. 168.
30 ibid., p. 179.
31 ibid., p. 215.
32 ibid., p. 230.
33 ibid., p. 81.
34 ibid., p. 251.
35 W. J. O’Neill Daunt’s Journal, cited in Thornley, op. cit., p. 254.
1 For biographical details, see Bibliography.
2 Michael Davitt, The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland, London and New York, 1906, p. 110.
3 William O’Brien and Desmond Ryan (eds.), Devoy’s Post Bag, 1871–1928, vol. i, p. 269.
4 Irish World, 6 March 1880.
5 Quoted P. S. O’Hegarty, A History of Ireland under the Union, 1801 to 1922, London, 1952, p. 529.
6 John J. Horgan, Parnell to Pearse, Dublin, 1949, p. 39.
7 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 233, col. 1049.
8 The Times, 13 April 1877.
9 N. D. Palmer, The Irish Land League Crisis, New Haven, 1940, p. 64.
10 Parliamentary Reports, 1881, vol. lxxvii, 275.
11 Palmer, op. cit., p. 93.
12 ibid., p. 105.
13 Thornley, Isaac Butt, p. 363.
14 O’Brien and Ryan (eds.), op. cit., vol. i, p. 312.
15 ibid., p. 268.
16 R. Barry O’Brien, The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell, 2 vols., London, 1898, vol. i, p. 139.
17 Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. i, p. 298.
18 ibid., vol. i, p. 325.
19 ibid., vol. ii, p. 40.
20 ibid., pp. 89–90.
21 Michael Davitt, op. cit., p. 119.
22 ibid., p. 113.
23 ibid., p. 131.
24 ibid., p. 153.
25 ibid., p. 154.
26 Palmer, op. cit., pp. 141–2.
27 Hansard, H.C. Debates.
28 ibid., vol. 253, col. 1715.
29 ibid., H.L. Debates, vol. 254, col. 1869.
30 Hansard, H.C. Debates.
31 The Times, 3 December 1880.
32 Quoted Palmer, op. cit., p. 120.
33 ibid., p. 171.
34 ibid., p. 168.
1 Conor Cruise O’Brien, Parnell and His Party, 1880–1890, Oxford, 1957, p. 137.
2 Palmer, The Irish Land League Crisis, p. 205.
3 O’Brien, op. cit., p. 61.
4 ibid., p. 64.
5 ibid., p. 67.
6 Thomas Corfe, The Phoenix Park Murders, London, 1968, p. 176.
7 P. J. Tynan, The Irish National Invincibles and Their Times, New York, 1894, p. 272.
8 ibid., p. 444.
9 Corfe, op. cit., p. 142.
10 Cork Examiner, 8 June 1886.
11 ibid., 18 July 1886.
12 ibid., 1 July 1886.
13 ibid., 14 July 1886.
14 Freeman’s Journal, 14 July 1886.
15 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 304, cols. 1195–6.
16 ibid., col. 1330.
17 ibid., col. 1253.
18 ibid., vol. 306, col. 1173.
19 ibid., vol. 305, col. 1707.
20 ibid., cols. 627, 625.
21 O’Brien, op. cit., p. 67.
22 e.g., Leader in The Times, 9 June 1886.
23 I.H.S., vol. viii, no. 31, p. 141.
24 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 306, col. 683.
1 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 306, col. 388.
2 ibid., vol. 304, cols. 1081–2.
3 E. R. R. Green, ‘The Beginnings of Industrial Revolution’, in Ulster since 1800 (edited T. W. Moody and J. C. Beckett), British Broadcasting Corporation, 1954, p. 37.
4 Parliamentary Papers, 1857–8, vol. xxvi, p. 10.
5 ibid., pp. 292, 270.
6 ibid., p. 180.
7 Quoted by Sir Charles Russell during the second reading of the first Home Rule Bill, Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 306, col. 63.
8 ibid.
9 The Times, 6 February 1868.
10 ibid., 7 February 1868.
11 ibid., 9 November 1868.
12 ibid., 10 July 1869.
13 ibid., 30 April 1868.
14 ibid., 8 May 1868.
15 ibid., 10 June 1868.
16 ibid., 20 July 1868.
17 ibid., 6 February 1868.
18 ibid., 5 February 1869.
19 ibid., 14 December 1868.
20 ibid., 15 July 1868.
21 Reginald Lucas, Colonel Saunderson, M.P., London, 1908, p. 67.
22 The Times, 13 July 1883.
23 Lucas, op. cit., pp. 71, 101.
24 The Times, 14 July 1884.
25 Cited I.H.S., vol. xvi, no. 62, September 1968, p. 167, fn. 39.
26 The Times, 2 January 1885.
27 W. S. Churchill, Lord Randolph Churchill, 2 vols., London, 1906, vol. ii, p. 59.
28 D. C. Savage, ‘The Origins of the Ulster Unionist Party’ in I.H.S., vol. xii, no. 48, September 1961, pp. 194–5.
29 The Times, 15 February 1886.
30 ibid.
31 Cited in I.H.S., vol. xii, no. 47, March 1961, p. 185.
32 The Times, 24 February 1886.
33 I.H.S., vol. xii, no. 47, p. 201; The Times, 14 May 1886.
34 The Times, 12, 14, 25, 28 May 1886.
35 ibid., 8 May 1886.
36 I.H.S., vol. xii, no. 47, p. 208.
37 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 305, col. 659.
38 ibid., col. 1342.
39 ibid., vol. 306, col. 62.
40 ibid., vol. 305, col. 1353.
41 ibid., cols. 1053–4. The committee stage, of course, was never reached.
42 Sir Charles Russell.
43 Figures quoted by John Redmond from Parliamentary Return, Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 305, col. 970.
44 Churchill, Lord Randolph Churchill, vol. ii, p. 59.
45 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 304, cols. 1385, 1395.
46 ibid., vol. 306, col. 1179.
47 ibid., col. 1180.
1 The Times, 17 November 1890.
2 F. S. L. Lyons, John Dillon, London, 1968, p. 109.
1 The Times, 22 June 1892, quoting a report of the sermon in the Irish Daily Independent of 20 June 1892.
2 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 4th series, vol. 10, col. 1864.
3 ibid., 3rd series, vol. 364, cols. 1419–20.
4 ibid., cols. 1315–18.
5 ibid., 4th series, vol. 11, col. 44.
6 ibid., 3rd series, vol. 364, col. 1467.
7 ibid., cols. 1862–3.
8 ibid., 4th series, vol. 15, col. 1742.
9 ibid., 4th series, vol. 15, cols. 1504–6.
10 The Times, 10 August 1893, 13 September 1893.
11 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 4th series, vol. 15, cols. 1656–8.
12 Freeman’s Journal, 12 September 1893.
13 These and subsequent details from The Times, 15, 17, 18 June, 1892.
14 ibid., 18 June 1892.
15 Lucas, Saunderson, p. 102.
16 ibid., pp. 180–1. Also The Times, 31 May 1892.
17 The Times, 20 December 1892.
18 ibid., 18 January 1893.
19 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 3rd series, vol. 363, col. 185.
20 ibid., col. 1338.
21 ibid., col. 550. Quotation of a report from the Derry Sentinel.
22 The Times, 5 April 1893.
23 ibid., 17 March 1893.
24 ibid., 3 March 1893.
25 William Johnston, MP.
26 The Times, 10 August 1892.
27 Quoted Lyons, Dillon, p. 190.
1 Freeman’s Journal, 14 September 1893.
2 ibid., 9, 11, 12 September 1893.
3 ibid., 5 July 1895.
4 ibid., 19 July 1895, 25 June 1895, 31 July 1895.
5 Denis Gwynn, Life of John Redmond, London, 1932, p. 84.
6 Freeman’s Journal, 22 July 1895.
7 A speculative but interesting comment on this action of Parnell’s may be found in the Epilogue by Owen Dudley Edwards to Desmond Ryan’s Fenian Chief.
8 Freeman’s Journal, 7 June 1898.
9 ibid.
10 ibid., 9 June 1898.
11 ibid., 17, 29 June 1898.
12 These and subsequent details of this day from the Freeman’s Journal, 15 August 1898.
1 United Irishman, 12 October 1901.
2 See M. O’Dubghail, Insurrection Fires at Eastertide, Cork, 1966, p. 20; also David Greene, ‘Cusack and the G.A.A.’, in The Shaping of Modern Ireland, edited by Conor Cruise O’Brien, London, 1959.
3 Quoted – from Representative Irish Tales – by H. Krans, W. B. Yeats, London, 1905, p. 10. See also W. B. Yeats, Autobiographies, London, 1926, p. 245.
4 W. B. Yeats, The Celtic Twilight, London, 1893, p. 25.
5 ibid., p. 83.
6 ibid., p. 6.
7 ibid.
8 Yeats, Autobiographies, p. 267.
9 ibid., p. 268.
10 Myles Dillon, ‘Douglas Hyde’, in C. C. O’Brien (ed.), The Shaping of Modern Ireland, p. 51.
11 See reprint of lecture in The Revival of Irish Literature, London, 1894, p. 160.
12 ibid., p. 161.
13 ibid., p. 158.
14 ibid., p. 157.
15 ibid., p. 123.
16 Douglas Hyde, Beside the Fire, London, 1890, Preface, p. xlv.
17 The Revival of Irish Literature, pp. 137–8.
18 ibid.
19 George A. Birmingham (The Reverend J. O. Hannay), An Irishman Looks at His World, London, 1919, pp. 168–9.
20 O’Dubghail, Insurrection Fires, p. 27; Sydney Brooks, The New Ireland, Dublin, 1907, p. 27.
21 ibid.
22 Quoted in the United Irishman, 22 June 1901.
23 D. P. Moran, The Philosophy of Irish Ireland, Dublin, 1905, p. 2.
24 ibid., pp. 4, 96, 10, 13–14, 98.
25 ibid., p. 105.
26 Elizabeth Coxhead, Lady Gregory, London, 1963, p. 59.
27 ibid., p. 58.
28 Robert Brennan, Allegiance, Dublin, 1950, p. 11.
29 Yeats, Autobiographies, p. 254.
30 W. B. Yeats, ‘The Literary Movement in Ireland’, Ideals in Ireland (ed. Lady Gregory), London, 1901.
31 Moran, op. cit., pp. 108, 114.
32 Donal McCartney, ‘Hyde, D. P. Moran and Irish Ireland’, in F. X. Martin (ed.), Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916, London, 1966, p. 46.
33 Myles Dillon, ‘Douglas Hyde’, in C. C. O’Brien (ed.), The Shaping of Modern Ireland, pp. 55, 57.
34 George Moore, Hail and Farewell, London, 1937, p. 256.
35 Sir Horace Plunkett, Ireland in The New Century, London, 1905, p. 192.
36 ibid., pp. 228, 288.
37 ibid., pp. 310–11.
38 Lyons, Dillon, p. 288.
1 Gregory (ed.), Ideals in Ireland, pp. 65–8.
2 Louis Marcus, ‘The G.A.A. and the Castle’, Irish Independent, 9–10 July 1964, cited by O’Dubghail, Insurrection Fires, p. 20.
3 O’Brien and Ryan (eds.), Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. ii, p. 347.
4 ibid., pp. 340–1.
5 In 1900. George Lyons, Some Recollections of Griffith and His Times, Dublin, 1923, pp. 9, 44.
6 United Irishman, 11 March 1899; 1 April 1899.
7 ibid., 3 June 1899.
8 ibid., 25 March 1899; 8 April 1899; 1 April 1899; 3 June 1899: 30 September 1899; 18 August 1900; 22 September 1900.
9 See letter from George A. Lyons, United Irishman, 23 September 1899.
10 United Irishman, 8 April 1899.
11 ibid., 30 September 1899.
12 ibid., 7 October 1899.
13 ibid., 14 October 1899; 30 December 1899.
14 ibid., 14 October 1899.
15 ibid., 18 November 1899.
16 ibid., 23 December 1899; Nora Connolly, Portrait of a Rebel Father, London and Dublin, 1935, p. 60.
17 George Lyons, op. cit., p. 24.
18 L. Paul-Dubois, Contemporary Ireland, London, 1908, p. 178.
19 United Irishman, 9 December 1899.
20 ibid., 16 March 1901.
21 ibid., 22 December 1900.
22 ibid., 16 March 1901.
23 ibid., 7 October 1899; 9 December 1899.
24 ibid., 1 September 1900; 31 January 1903.
25 ibid., 7 April 1900.
26 ibid., 24 February 1900.
27 ibid., 3 March 1900.
28 ibid., 6 October 1900.
29 ibid.
30 ibid., 17 November 1900.
31 ibid.
32 ibid., 6 April 1901.
33 ibid., 1 November 1902.
34 ibid., 18 May 1901.
35 ibid., 19 October 1901.
36 Circulation figures given in United Irishman.
37 ibid., 9 March 1901.
38 ibid., 30 March 1901.
39 Padraic Colum, Arthur Griffith, Dublin, 1959, p. 3.
40 United Irishman, 14 September 1901.
41 ibid., 15 February 1902.
42 ibid.
43 ibid., 18 January 1902.
44 ibid., 10 May 1902.
45 ibid., 1 November 1902.
46 ibid.
47 ibid., 28 February 1903.
48 ibid., 18 April 1903.
49 ibid., 6 June 1903.
50 Denis Gwynn, Edward Martyn and the Irish Revival, London, 1930, p. 63.
51 Cork Examiner, 3 August 1903. See also Horgan, Parnell to Pearse, p. 102, confirming this.
52 United Irishman, 8 August 1903.
53 ibid., 2 July 1904.
54 ibid.
55 ibid., 10 September 1904.
56 For other reactions to articles see ibid., 23 July 1904.
57 ibid., 18 February 1905.
58 George A. Birmingham, An Irishman Looks at His World, p. 43.
59 James Stephens, ‘In the Morning of His Triumph’, in Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins, A Memorial Album, Dublin, 1922.
60 United Irishman, 28 January, 4, 11 February 1905.
61 ibid., 21 January 1905.
62 ibid., 1 April 1905; facsimile of letter in Griffith’s handwriting in W. G. Fitzgerald (ed.), The Voice of Ireland, Manchester, 1924. For earlier uses of the words Sinn Fein in Irish history see above pages of this book.
63 Article by Mary Butler in Fitzgerald (ed.), op. cit.
64 P. S. O’Hegarty, The Victory of Sinn Fein, Dublin, 1924, p. 30.
65 Sinn Fein, 17 October 1906.
66 Leader, 8 June 1907.
67 Denis Gwynn, Life of John Redmond, London, 1932, p. 115.
68 Freeman’s Journal, 8 May 1907.
69 ibid.
70 ibid., 9 May 1907.
71 ibid., 15 May 1907.
72 ibid., 18 May 1907.
73 Lyons, Dillon, p. 288.
74 ibid., p. 289.
75 O’Brien and Ryan (eds.), Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. ii, p. 359. He lived until 1965.
76 T. M. Healy, Letters and Leaders of My Day, 2 vols., London, 1928, vol. ii, p. 482; Sinn Fein, 29 February 1908.
77 Sinn Fein, 8 October 1910; 14 October 1911; 18 February 1911.
78 ibid., 27 November 1912.
79 ‘Standing down’ and ‘cessation of activity’ were Griffith’s own terms – see Sinn Fein, 7 October 1911.
80 Sean O’Faolain, Constance Markievicz, London, 1934, p. 29.
81 Jacqueline van Voris, Constance de Markievicz, Massachusetts, 1967, pp. 56, 51.
82 ibid., p. 58.
83 ibid.
84 Sinn Fein, 5 September 1908.
85 ibid., 4 September 1909.
86 See his poem: On a Political Prisoner.
87 Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 24 April 1904, N.L.I.
88 United Irishman, 25 February 1905.
89 Casement to Bulmer Hobson, 10 September 1905, N.L.I.
90 Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 8 September 1906, N.L.I.
91 Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 21 September 1906, N.L.I.
92 Casement to Bulmer Hobson, 10 August 1905, N.L.I.
93 Casement to Bulmer Hobson, 13 August 1907, N.L.I.
94 Bulmer Hobson, Ireland Yesterday and Tomorrow, Tralee, 1968, p. 35.
95 ibid., p. 8.
96 O’Brien and Ryan (eds.), Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. ii, pp. 347, 350.
97 ibid., p. 350.
98 Sinn Fein, 2 February 1907.
99 ibid., 30 March, 1907.
100 ibid., 14 March 1908. Sinn Fein, 18 March 1908.
101 Sinn Fein, 18 March 1908.
102 ibid., 15 February 1908.
103 O’Brien and Ryan (eds.), op. cit., vol. ii, p. 383.
104 ibid., p. 390.
1 For full details of these transactions see H. W. Macready, ‘Home Rule and the Liberal Party 1899–1908’, in I.H.S., vol. xii, no. 52, September 1963, pp. 316–48.
2 ibid., p. 322.
3 ibid., p. 323.
4 ibid., p. 328.
5 ibid., p. 324.
6 ibid., p. 333.
7 ibid., pp. 333–4.
8 ibid., p. 342.
9 For some details of attempts, before the introduction of the third Home Rule Bill, to explore the possibility of a compromise with the Conservatives which might release the Liberals from their dependence on the Irish see Montgomery Hyde, Carson (London, 1953), pp. 277–80, and Roy Jenkins, Asquith (London, 1964), pp. 246–7. The attempts were conducted by Lloyd George.
10 Denis Gwynn, Life of John Redmond, London, 1932, p. 169.
11 Cited by F. S. L. Lyons ‘The Irish Unionist Party and the devolution crisis of 1904–5’, in I.H.S., vol. vi, no. 21, March 1948, p. 10.
12 ibid., p. 13.
13 Freeman’s Journal, 30 November 1910.
14 Hyde, Carson, pp. 158, 209.
15 ibid., p. 329.
16 ibid., p. 14.
17 ibid., p. 89.
18 ibid., p. 329.
19 ibid., p. 157.
20 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. xxi, col. 1157.
21 Hyde, op. cit., p. 283.
22 ibid., p. 286.
23 ibid., p. 291.
24 A. T. Q. Stewart, The Ulster Crisis, London, 1967, p. 69.
25 Hyde, op. cit., pp. 310–11.
26 ibid.
27 Belfast Evening Telegraph, 9 April 1912.
28 ibid., 19 April 1912.
29 ibid., 9 April 1912.
30 Sir J. B. Lonsdale, MP for Mid Armagh and Member of the Ulster Unionist Council, Hansard, 5th series, vol. xxi, col. 89.
31 Ian Malcolm, MP for Croydon, Hansard, ibid., col. 1082.
32 Hyde, op. cit., p. 316.
33 ibid., p. 311.
34 Belfast Evening Telegraph, 10 April 1912.
35 Robert Blake, The Unknown Prime Minister, London, 1955, p. 130.
36 ibid., p. 133.
37 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. 36, col. 1437.
38 ibid., vol. 21, cols. 1103–6.
39 ibid., cols. 1156–7.
40 ibid., col. 1117.
41 ibid., cols. 1134, 1145.
42 ibid., col. 1424.
43 ibid., col. 41.
44 Freeman’s Journal, 12 April 1912.
45 ibid., 24 April 1912.
46 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. 22, col. 91; vol. 21, col. 1161.
47 See Macdonald’s speech on Parliament Bill, Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. 25, col. 1380.
48 Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, vol. ii, p. 182.
49 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. 29, cols. 826–7 (7 August 1911).
50 ibid., vol. 37, col. 2162; see also vol. 39, col. 771.
51 For full details of the ceremony see Stewart, Ulster Crisis, pp. 61–6.
52 Daily News, quoted in Freeman’s Journal, 21 December 1910.
53 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. 46, col. 468.
54 ibid., vol. 46, col. 478.
55 ibid., cols. 2125–6. Author’s italics.
56 ibid., col. 2150.
57 ibid., col. 2191.
1 Stewart, Ulster Crisis, p. 71.
2 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. 46, cols. 2324–5.
3 Hyde, Carson, p. 339.
4 Freeman’s Journal, 5 June 1913.
5 Gwynn, Redmond, p. 228.
6 For details see Blake, The Unknown Prime Minister, pp. 161–7.
7 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 232.
8 ibid., p. 231.
9 ibid., pp. 234–6.
10 ibid.
11 Blake, op. cit., pp. 161–2.
12 ibid., pp. 164–5.
13 Roy Jenkins, Asquith, p. 292.
14 ibid., p. 290.
15 Gwynn, op. cit., pp. 234–6.
16 ibid., pp. 237–8.
17 ibid., p. 250.
18 ibid., pp. 250–1.
19 ibid., pp. 267–73.
1 Stewart, Ulster Crisis, pp. 119–20.
2 ibid., pp. 130–40. See also A. M. Gollin, Pro-Consul in Politics, London, 1964.
3 ibid., pp. 126–7.
4 The Times, 16 March 1914.
5 Two excellent authoritative accounts of these events are to be found in Sir James Fergusson, The Curragh Incident (London, 1964) and A. P. Ryan, Mutiny at the Curragh (London, 1956). The former, written by the son of one of the principal participants, is the more detailed, and, like the latter, admirably objective.
6 Fergusson, op. cit., p. 67.
7 ibid.
8 ibid., pp. 56, 69.
9 ibid., pp. 84, 88.
10 ibid., pp. 106–13.
11 ibid., pp. 145–6.
12 ibid., pp. 150–51.
13 ibid., pp. 125, 146–7, 153.
14 ibid., p. 152.
15 Lyons, Dillon, p. 335.
16 Emmet Larkin, James Larkin, London, 1968, pp. 56–7.
17 Quoted from Sinn Fein, 28 November 1908, in Larkin, op. cit., p. 57.
18 Report … Into the Housing Conditions of the Working Classes in Dublin, Parliamentary Papers, 1914, vol. xix, p. 66.
19 ibid., p. 68.
20 ibid., pp. 68–9.
21 ibid., p. 70.
22 ibid., p. 69.
23 Report on Local Government, Parliamentary Papers, 1914, vol. xxxix, p. 628.
24 Parliamentary Papers, 1914, xix, p. 79, pp. 76–9.
25 C. Desmond Greaves, The Life and Times of James Connolly, London, 1961, pp. 14–20.
26 ibid.
27 ibid., p. 69.
28 Irish Worker, 11 May 1912. Quoted Larkin, op. cit., p. 74. For circulation figures see ibid., p. 71.
29 Report of the Dublin Disturbances Commission, Parliamentary Papers, 1914, vol. xviii, p. 647.
30 ibid., p. 645.
31 ibid., p. 647.
32 ibid., pp. 651–2.
33 ibid.
34 Larkin, op. cit., p. 53.
35 ibid., p. 160.
36 ibid., p. 155.
37 ibid., p. 162.
1 Sinn Fein, 21 February 1914.
2 Gwynn, Redmond, p. 307.
3 Westmeath Independent, 18 October 1913.
4 ibid.
5 Freeman’s Journal, 26 September 1914; Westmeath Independent, 25 October 1913.
6 Westmeath Independent, 13 December 1913.
7 ibid., 18 October 1913.
8 Martin, The Irish Volunteers, p. 71.
9 ibid., p. 59.
10 ibid., pp. 33–40.
11 ibid.
12 ibid., pp. 119–20.
13 Horgan, Parnell to Pearse, p. 229.
14 ibid., pp. 228–9.
15 Lyons, Dillon, p. 350.
16 Freeman’s Journal, 27 March 1914. (eds.), Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. ii, pp. 456, 463, N.L.I.
17 Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 20 June 1914, Ryan and O’Brien (eds.), Devoy’s Post Bag, vol. ii, pp. 456, 463, N.L.I.
18 Hobson to Casement, 30 June 1914, N.L.I.
19 Clarke to Devoy, 7 July 1914, N.L.I.
20 O’Brien and Ryan (eds.), op. cit., p. 456.
21 Hobson to Casement, 14 July 1914.
22 Casement to Alice Stopford Green, 8 September 1906, N.L.I.
23 Irish Freedom, December 1910.
24 ibid., August 1911.
25 ibid., January 1911.
26 Statements by Ernest Blythe and Cathal O’Shannon respectively, Irish Freedom, July 1912.
27 ibid., June 1913.
28 ibid., October 1913.
29 O’Brien and Ryan (eds.), op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 403–4.
30 Martin, op. cit., p. 15.
31 Hobson, Ireland Yesterday and Tomorrow, p. 43.
32 ibid., pp. 37–9; Martin, op. cit., p. 17.
33 Van Voris, Constance Markievicz, p. 82.
34 Freeman’s Journal, 26 November 1913.
35 P. H. Pearse, Political Writings and Speeches, Dublin 1952, pp. 91–9.
36 O’Brien and Ryan (eds.), op. cit., pp. 425, 450, 466.
37 ibid., pp. 42–5.
38 ibid., p. 427.
39 ibid., p. 445.
40 Irish Freedom, July 1913.
41 Darrell Figgis, Recollections of the Irish War, London, 1927, pp. 10–11.
42 Martin, op. cit., p. 32. Gwynn, Redmond, p. 311.
43 See Bulmer Hobson’s account in Martin, op. cit., pp. 32–3.
44 See A. S. Green, Irish Nationality, London, 1912.
45 Casement to Mrs A. S. Green, 24 April 1904, N.L.I.
46 Casement to Mrs A. S. Green, 24 August 1906, N.L.I.
47 Figgis, op. cit., p. 15.
48 ibid., p. 18.
49 F. X. Martin, The Howth Gun-Running (Dublin, 1964), p. 38. Figgis, Recollections, pp. 22–37.
50 Martin, Howth Gun-Running, p. 129.
51 Martin, Howth Gun-Running, pp. 79–80 (extract from Mary Spring Rice’s diary).
52 ibid., pp. 128–63.
53 ibid., top photograph facing p. 150.
54 Report of the Royal Commission on the circumstances connected with the landing of arms at Howth on 26th July 1914, Parliamentary Papers, 1914–16, xxiv, p. 805. ‘… The proceedings of the police and military were tainted by fundamental illegality.’
55 These and other details of this event from Royal Commission, Parliamentary Papers, 1914–16, vol. xxiv, pp. 824–89 (minutes of evidence).
56 ibid., p. 892.
1 Gwynn, Redmond, p. 330.
2 Jenkins, Asquith, p. 321.
3 ibid., p. 323.
4 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 354.
5 Freeman’s Journal, 1 August 1914.
6 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 355.
7 ibid., p. 356.
8 ibid., p. 353.
9 ibid., p. 357.
10 ibid., p. 353.
11 T. P. O’Connor to Dillon, quoted Lyons, Dillon, p. 357.
12 Freeman’s Journal, 2 September 1914.
13 ibid., 12 September 1914.
14 ibid., 15 September 1914.
15 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 383; Freeman’s Journal, 19 September 1914.
16 Freeman’s Journal, 22 September 1914; Irish Independent, 23 September 1914.
17 Freeman’s Journal, 19 September 1914.
18 ibid.
19 Quoted Gwynn, op. cit., pp. 380–81.
20 ibid., p. 385.
21 Freeman’s Journal, 21 September 1914.
22 Breandán Mac Giolla Choille, Intelligence Notes 1913–16, Dublin, 1966, p. 175.
23 Freeman’s Journal, 26 September 1914.
24 ibid.
25 National Volunteer, 24 October 1914.
26 ibid., 7 November 1914.
27 Freeman’s Journal, 28, 29 September 1914; 7, 16, 17 October 1914.
28 ibid., 29 September 1914.
29 ibid., 1 October 1914.
30 ibid., 5 October 1914.
31 ibid.
32 ibid.
33 ibid., 12 October 1914.
34 ibid.
35 ibid.
36 ibid., 15 October 1914.
37 ibid., 18 October 1914.
38 ibid., 19 October 1914.
39 ibid.
40 See Freeman’s Journal and Irish Independent, September 1914, passim.
41 Freeman’s Journal, 19 November 1914.
42 ibid., 21 December 1914; Irish Independent, 20 December 1914. The former gives the numbers at this meeting as 14,000, the latter as upward of 12,000. Police reports placed them lower at about 5,000, Mac Giolla Choille (ed.), Intelligence Notes, p. 80.
43 Freeman’s Journal, 18 March 1915.
44 ibid.
45 ibid., 26 August 1915.
46 ibid., 23 August 1915.
47 Gwynn, Redmond, pp. 397, 404–5, 407.
48 Quoted Gwynn, op. cit., p. 390.
49 ibid., p. 401. Also quoted by John Dillon, Freeman’s Journal, 26 October 1914.
50 Freeman’s Journal, 16 October 1915.
51 ibid., 29 October 1915.
52 ibid., 8 March 1915.
53 ibid., 4 April 1915.
54 ibid., 2 July 1915.
55 ibid., 4 August 1915.
56 ibid., 18 August 1915.
57 ibid.
58 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 274.
59 Quoted Freeman’s Journal, 4 June 1915.
60 Gwynn, op. cit., pp. 431–2.
61 Freeman’s Journal, 18 August 1915.
62 ibid., 22 December 1915.
63 Mac Giolla Choille (ed.), Intelligence Notes, p. 149.
1 O’Hegarty, Victory of Sinn Fein, p. 18. The strength of the IRB in January 1914 was approximately 2,000. See Diarmuid Lynch, The I.R.B. and the 1916 Rising, Cork, 1957, p. 24.
2 See F. X. Martin, ‘Eoin Macneill on the 1916 Rising’, I.H.S., vol. xii, March 1961, p. 226, particularly pp. 234–40.
3 Pearse, Political Writings, p. 91.
4 ibid., p. 216.
5 Martin in I.H.S., vol. xii, pp. 236ff.
6 Lynch, op. cit., pp. 25, 102, 113, 131.
7 Irish Volunteer, 15 October 1914.
8 Martin, Irish Volunteers, p. 169.
9 ibid., pp. 170ff.
10 Eire, 17 November 1914.
11 Irish Volunteer, 20 March 1915; 10 July 1915.
12 Freeman’s Journal, 5 December 1914.
13 Mac Giolla Choille (ed.), Intelligence Notes, p. 147.
14 Freeman’s Journal, 2 August 1915; National Volunteer, 14 August 1915; Irish Volunteer, 7 August 1915.
15 Pearse, op. cit., pp. 133–7. Rossa: Freeman’s Journal, 31 July 1915.
16 Leon O’Broin, Dublin Castle and the 1916 Rising, Dublin, 1966, p. 53.
17 Mac Giolla Choille (ed.), op. cit., p. 176.
18 ibid., p. 176. Also Freeman’s Journal, 2 July 1915.
19 Official figures quoted in Freeman’s Journal, 12 January 1916; see also Freeman’s Journal, 11 May 1915.
20 ibid., 14 October 1915.
21 Mac Giolla Choille (ed.), op. cit., p. 224.
22 O’Broin, Dublin Castle, p. 53.
23 Mac Giolla Choille (ed.), op. cit., p. 224.
24 Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic, Dublin, 1951, p. 138; Freeman’s Journal, November 1915.
25 Documents Relative to the Sinn Fein Movement (Cd 1108), 1921; Sir William James, The Eyes of the Navy, London, 1955, p. 43.
1 McGarrity Papers.
2 Devoy, Recollections, p. 411.
3 Casement’s own word. See C. E. Curry (ed.), Sir Roger Casement’s Diaries, Munich, 1922, p. 25.
4 Casement to Devoy, 21 July 1914. Devoy, Recollections, p. 411.
5 Documents Relative to the Sinn Fein Movement, 1921.
6 Devoy, op. cit., p. 417.
7 McGarrity Papers, N.L.I.
8 ibid.
9 Moloney Papers, N.L.I.
10 ibid.
11 Devoy, op. cit., p. 419.
12 See Desmond Ryan, The Rising, p. 18, footnote, and Casement’s Brief to his Counsel, Casement microfilm (1) and Maloney Papers (Box 182), N.L.I.
13 Casement to McGarrity from Berlin, 21 November 1914, McGarrity Papers, N.L.I.
14 Herbert O. Mackey, The Life and Times of Roger Casement, Dublin, 1954, pp. 77–8.
15 McGarrity to Casement, 9 November 1915, McGarrity Papers, N.L.I.
16 See Memorandum by Patrick McCartan quoted in Documents Relative to the Sinn Fein Movement (C1108), 1921.
17 Casement to McGarrity, 21 November 1914, McGarrity Papers, N.L.I.
18 Fürst von Leiningen. Casement’s Brief to Counsel, Casement microfilm (i) and Maloney Papers, N.L.I.
19 For facsimile copy of this treaty in Casement’s handwriting see Denis Gwynn, The Life and Death of Roger Casement, London, 1930.
20 Brief to Counsel, N.L.I.
21 Letter to McGarrity, 23 March 1915.
22 See René MacColl, Roger Casement, London, 1956, p. 268.
23 Cited MacColl, op. cit., p. 190.
24 Moloney Papers, N.L.I.
1 Gwynn, Redmond, p. 471.
2 Freeman’s Journal, 23 April 1916.
3 For a full page facsimile of the proclamation see Macardle, Irish Republic, or Max Caulfield, The Easter Rebellion, London, 1964.
4 Sir John Maxwell’s Dispatch. Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, Dublin, 1916, p. 93.
5 E. R. Dodds (ed.), Journal and Letters of Stephen MacKenna, London, 1936, p. 51.
6 Rebellion Handbook, pp. 29–30. Caulfield, Easter Rebellion, p. 70–4.
7 Rebellion Handbook, pp. 15, 17. Caulfield, Easter Rebellion, p. 2.
8 Rebellion Handbook, p. 93.
9 Desmond Fitzgerald, The Memoirs of Desmond Fitzgerald, London, 1968, pp. 140–1.
10 Patrick Pearse, The Singer, Dublin, 1915.
11 Patrick Pearse, Political Writings, p. 216.
12 Ryan (ed.), Labour and Easter Week, p. 21.
13 Mac Giolla Choille (ed.), Intelligence Notes, p. 176.
14 Rebellion Handbook, p. 154.
15 Robert Brennan, Allegiance, Dublin, 1950, p. 2.
16 Cited F. X. Martin, ‘1916 – Myth, Fact and Mystery’, in Studia Hibernica, 1968, p. 98.
17 Freeman’s Journal, 24 March 1916.
18 Rebellion Handbook, p. 193.
19 Roger McHugh, Dublin 1916, Dublin, 1966, pp. 81, 87.
20 F. X. Martin (ed.), I.H.S., vol. xix, pp. 239–40.
21 Ryan, Labour and Easter Week, Dublin, 1949.
22 F. X. Martin (ed.), I.H.S., vol. xii, p. 245.
23 Cited in Ryan (ed.), Labour and Easter Week, p. 13.
24 F. X. Martin (ed.), I.H.S., vol. xii, p. 246.
25 ibid., p. 247.
26 ibid., p. 248.
27 ibid.
28 Eoin MacNeill, Memoirs, Dublin, 1935, p. 115.
29 Casement to McGarrity, 5 May 1915, 10 May 1915, McGarrity Papers, N.L.I.
30 ibid., 5 May 1915.
31 ibid., 20 June 1915.
32 ibid.
33 Casement’s Brief to Counsel, 20 June 1915, N.L.I.
34 Casement to McGarrity, 30 June 1915, McGarrity Papers, N.L.I.
35 Karl Spindler, The Mystery of the Casement Ship.
36 Casement to McGarrity, 20 December 1915, McGarrity Papers (microfilm), N.L.I.
37 Diary of Casement entitled The Last Page, N.L.I. microfilm.
38 ibid.
39 Devoy, Recollections, p. 458.
40 Documents Relative to the Sinn Fein Movement, H.M.S.O. (Cmd. 1108), p. 9.
41 Casement, The Last Page, N.L.I. microfilm.
42 ibid.
43 ibid.
44 Devoy to German General Staff, 16 February 1916, McGarrity Papers, N.L.I.
45 MacColl, Casement, p. 212.
46 See German documents cited from microfilm at St Anthony’s College, Oxford, by MacColl, op. cit., p. 199.
47 Admiral Sir William James, The Eyes of the Navy, London, 1955, pp. 43ff.
48 For some evidence of informers see Leon O’Broin, Dublin Castle and the 1916 Rising, Dublin, 1966, p. 81; and Mac Goilla Choille, Intelligence Notes, p. 278.
49 O’Broin, op. cit., p. 40.
50 ibid., p. 54.
51 ibid.
52 ibid., p. 55.
53 Mac Goilla Choille, op. cit., p. 278.
54 O’Broin, op. cit., p. 73.
55 ibid., p. 62.
56 ibid., p. 75.
57 ibid.
58 ibid., p. 72.
59 ibid., p. 70–1.
60 ibid., p. 74.
61 ibid., p. 70.
62 ibid., p. 73.
63 ibid., p. 85.
64 ibid., p. 87.
65 ibid., p. 88.
66 Stephens, Insurrection in Dublin, p. 18.
67 Rebellion Handbook, pp. 109–12; Freeman’s Journal, 19 June 1916.
68 Rebellion Handbook, pp. 102–8.
69 ibid., p. 104.
70 ibid., p. 29.
71 Martin, ‘1916 – Myth, Fact and Mystery’, in Studia Hibernica, no. 7, p. 108.
72 Stephens, op. cit., pp. 35–6.
73 ibid., p. 39.
74 McHugh, Dublin 1916, p. 97.
75 Max Caulfield, Easter Rebellion, p. 223.
76 ibid., p. 332.
77 ibid., p. 344.
78 Cited Greaves, Connolly, p. 319.
79 Capuchin Annual, 1966, pp. 232, 234.
80 Lynch, I.R.B. and the 1916 Rising, p. 143.
81 Rebellion Handbook, pp. 59–61. The death figure is a compilation of the cemetery interments resulting from the rebellion.
82 ibid., pp. 52–8.
83 ibid., pp. 112–15; also p. 57.
84 Brennan, Rebellion Handbook, pp. 178–9; Wells and Marlowe, A History of the Easter Rebellion, pp. 184–7; but see also Brennan, Allegiance, pp. 72–3.
85 Sean MacEntee, Episode at Easter, Dublin, 1966, pp. 107–35.
86 Capuchin Annual, 1966, pp. 353–68.
87 ibid., pp. 376–80.
88 ibid., pp. 382–4.
89 Rebellion Handbook, pp. 175, Capuchin Annual, 1966, pp. 324–6.
1 O’Broin, Dublin Castle, p. 121.
2 Gwynn, Redmond, p. 475.
3 ibid., pp. 475–6.
4 ibid., p. 480.
5 ‘Personal Recollections of the late Father Aloysius, O.F.M.’, Capuchin Annual, 1966, p. 288.
6 O’Broin, op. cit., p. 130.
7 ibid., p. 139.
8 Capuchin Annual, 1966, pp. 304–5.
9 Martin, Studia Hibernica, no. 7, p. 10.
10 Lynch, The I.R.B. and the 1916 Rising, p. 25.
11 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 483.
12 ibid., p. 483.
13 Rebellion Handbook, p. 269.
14 T. M. Healy, Letters and Leaders of My Day, vol. ii, p. 563.
15 Lyons, Dillon, p. 379.
16 Countess of Fingall, Seventy Years Young, London, 1937, p. 375.
17 O’Broin, Dublin Castle, p. 141.
18 Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p. 99.
19 O’Broin, op. cit., p. 132.
20 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 488.
21 ibid., p. 485.
22 Capuchin Annual, 1966, p. 306.
23 O’Broin, op. cit., p. 133.
24 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. 82, cols. 935–51.
25 Capuchin Annual, 1966, p. 290; Greaves, Connolly, p. 34.
26 Capuchin Annual, 1966, p. 302.
27 O’Broin, op. cit., p. 136. (A letter which Maxwell did not allow to be sent.)
28 Capuchin Annual, 1966, p. 306.
29 ibid., p. 301.
30 Gwynn, op. cit., pp. 491, 502.
31 Rebellion Handbook, pp. 69, 87–91.
32 ibid., p. 182.
33 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 493.
34 Roy Jenkins, Asquith, p. 147.
35 Alison Phillips, The Revolution in Ireland, London, 1920, p. 108.
36 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 499.
37 Jenkins, op. cit., p. 448 (paperback).
38 Gwynn, op. cit., pp. 497–9.
39 ibid., pp. 500–501.
40 ibid.
41 ibid., p. 501.
42 Lyons, Dillon, p. 384.
43 ibid.
44 ibid., p. 385.
45 Gwynn, op. cit., p. 506.
46 For full headings of the draft proposals see Gwynn, op. cit., pp. 517–18.
47 Hyde, Carson, p. 403.
48 Lyons, op. cit., p. 396.
49 ibid., p. 401.
50 Hansard, H.C. Debates, 5th series, vol. 84, col. 1434.
51 Denis Gwynn, The Life and Death of Roger Casement, pp. 16–17.
52 René MacColl, Roger Casement, p. 296.
53 ibid., p. 293.
54 Cited Lyons, op. cit., p. 394.
55 ibid., p. 403.
1 Irish Times, 27 June 1916.
2 Irish Independent, 6 July 1916.
3 ibid., 14 August 1916.
4 ibid., 7 October 1916.
5 ibid.
6 ibid., 11 November 1916.
7 Margery Forester, Michael Collins: The Lost Leader, London, 1971, p. 61.
8 Rex Taylor, Michael Collins, London, 1958, pp. 77–8.
9 The O’Mahony, Irish Independent, 19 January 1917; 1 February 1917.
10 Irish Independent, 3 February 1917.
11 ibid., 31 January 1917.
12 ibid.
13 ibid., 6 February 1917.
14 Taylor, op. cit., p. 82.
15 Irish Independent, 10 April 1917.
16 Beaslai, Collins, vol. i, p. 152.
17 Sean O Luing, I Die In A Good Cause: a study of Thomas Ashe, Dublin, 1970, p. 122.
18 Irish Independent, 8 May 1917.
19 Gwynn, Redmond, pp. 543–5.
20 Irish Independent, 15 June 1917.
21 See, particularly for the return of Countess Markievicz, the contemporary news film included in Gael Linn’s film Mise Eire, directed by George Morrison.
22 Irish Independent, 23 June 1917.
23 ibid., 25 June 1917.
24 ibid.
25 ibid., 9 July 1917.
26 ibid.
27 Daily Mail, 9 October 1917.
28 Irish Independent, 12 July 1917.
29 ibid.
30 ibid., 16 July 1917.
31 ibid.
1 Irish Independent, 16 July 1917.
2 ibid., 14 July 1917.
3 ibid., 12 July 1917.
4 ibid., 17 July 1917.
5 ibid., 5 September 1917.
6 Sean O Luing, I Die In A Good Cause, p. 124.
7 Irish Times, 2 October 1917; Daily Mail, 15 October 1917.
8 Irish Independent, 25 September 1917.
9 All details of these proceedings from the inquest on Thomas Ashe reported in the Irish Independent, 28 September 1917–2 November 1917.
10 Irish Independent, 30 October 1917.
11 ibid., 9 October 1917.
12 ibid., 2 November 1917.
13 ibid., 1 October 1917; Beaslai, Collins, vol. i, p. 166.
14 Irish Independent, 1 October 1917.
15 ibid.
16 ibid., 26 October 1917.
17 ibid.
18 ibid.
19 ibid., 29 October 1917.
20 ibid., 26 November 1917.
21 ibid., 3 December 1917.
22 Ernie O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, London, 1936, p. 57.
23 Dan Breen, My Fight for Irish Freedom, Dublin, 1950, pp. 6–10.
24 Irish Independent, 26 November 1917.
25 ibid.
26 ibid., 10 December 1917.
27 ibid., 12 December 1917.
28 ibid., 15 January 1918.
29 ibid., 25 January 1918.
30 ibid., 23 February 1918.
31 ibid., 26, 28 February; 4, 15, 19 March 1918.
32 ibid., 2 March 1918.
33 ibid., 9 March 1918.
34 Gwynn, Redmond, p. 579.
35 ibid., p. 568.
36 Irish Independent, 2 February 1919.
37 ibid., 20 March 1918.
38 ibid., 22 March 1918.
39 Election and post-election details, ibid., 16, 23, 24, 26 March 1918.
1 Irish Independent, 10 April 1918.
2 ibid.
3 ibid., 19 April 1918.
4 ibid.
5 Richard Laide and John Browne.
6 Breen, My Fight for Irish Freedom, pp. 15–16.
7 Florence O’Donoghue, No Other Law, Dublin, 1954, pp. 8, 22–3.
8 Manchester Guardian, 13 May 1918.
9 Taylor, Collins, p. 93.
10 See, e.g., Irish Independent, 9, 14 December 1918.
11 ibid., 20 August 1918.
12 ibid., 29 August 1918.
13 David Hogan (Frank Gallagher), The Four Glorious Years, Dublin, 1953, pp. 34–8.
14 Irish Independent, 5 October 1918.
15 ibid., 31 October 1918.
16 ibid., 28 December 1918.
17 Irish Times, 28 December 1918.
18 Irish Independent, 14 November 1918.
19 ibid., 12 November 1919.
20 The total Irish electorate in December 1918, as given by The Times, was 1,937,245. There were, in the uncontested seats, 474,778 electors. This leaves a possible electorate of 1,462,467. Of these, 1,071,086 voted, making a percentage of seventy-three per cent (The Times, 4 January 1919 and 7 January 1919). For the abstention theory see The Times, 17 January 1919; also W. Alison Phillips, The Revolution in Ireland, London, 1923, pp. 152–3 and Edgar Holt, Protest in Arms, London, 1960, p. 168. Holt for some reason gives the poll in 1918 as sixty-nine per cent. A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914–1945, Oxford, 1965, even less explicably gives it as sixty per cent (p. 154n.).
21 The Times, 4 January 1919.
22 P. S. O’Hegarty, The Victory of Sinn Fein, Dublin, 1924, p. 32.
23 Irish Independent, 31 December 1918.
1 Cited in Irish Independent, 4 January 1919.
2 ibid., 7 January 1919.
3 O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 35; Irish Independent, 7 January 1919.
4 Sean O’Murthuile (John Hurley). ibid., 8 January 1919.
5 Margery Forester, Michael Collins: The Lost Leader, p. 97.
6 Daily News, 16 January 1919.
7 Daily Mail, 22 January 1919.
8 Manchester Guardian, 24 January 1919.
9 Macardle, Irish Republic, p. 273.
10 ibid., pp. 274–5.
11 ibid., p. 925.
12 Irish Independent, 22 January 1919.
13 Freeman’s Journal, 22 January 1919.
14 Irish Independent, 21, 23 January 1919.
15 Breen, My Fight For Irish Freedom, pp. 34–40.
16 Irish Independent, 23 January 1919.
17 Irish Times, 24 January 1919.
18 Tipperary Star, 25 January 1919.
19 Irish Times, 27–8 January 1919.
20 Irish Independent, 27 January 1919.
21 O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 44–5.
22 Irish Independent, 27 January 1919.
23 Beaslai, Collins, vol. i, pp. 274–5.
24 ibid., p. 277.
25 ibid., p. 276.
26 Irish Independent, 21 February 1919.
27 Beaslai, op. cit., pp. 269–70.
28 Irish Independent, 13 March 1919.
29 ibid., 17 March 1919; Beaslai, op. cit., p. 304.
30 ibid., 17 March 1919.
31 Irish Times, 12 March 1919.
32 Irish Independent, 21 March 1919.
33 Irish Times, 12 March 1919. The prisoner who had died was Pierce McCann.
34 Nationality, 21 February 1919.
35 Irish Independent, 26 February 1919.
36 ibid., 4 March 1919.
37 Cited ibid., 22 March 1919.
38 Freeman’s Journal, 2 June 1919.
1 Irish Times, 2 April 1919; Mayo News, 20 March 1918, 28 June 1919.
2 O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 44.
3 Lord Longford and T. P. O’Neill, Eamon de Valera, London, 1970, p. 90.
4 On 17 May 1919. Taylor, Collins, p. 105.
5 Irish Independent, 1 April 1919.
6 ibid., 10 April 1919.
7 ibid., 10–11 April 1919.
8 ibid., 22–3 April 1919.
9 ibid., 23 April 1919.
10 ibid.
11 Daily News, 31 May 1919.
12 Tom Barry, Guerrilla Days in Ireland, Cork, 1950, pp. 1–2, 5.
13 Forester, Collins, p. 102.
14 Irish Independent, 12 May 1919.
15 Irish Times, 10 May 1919.
16 Irish Independent, 12 May 1919.
17 ibid., 16 May 1919.
18 ibid., 21 May 1919.
19 Breen, My Fight for Irish Freedom, pp. 83–105.
20 Glasgow Herald, 31 May 1919.
21 Forester, op. cit., pp. 103–4.
22 Irish Independent, 11 April 1919.
23 Taylor, Collins, pp. 126–8 and p. 130.
24 Freeman’s Journal, 14 February 1920.
25 Daily Telegraph, 31 May 1919.
26 Denis Gwynn, De Valera, p. 77.
27 Seven such cases between 31 July and 5 October 1920 alone, taken from police records, are given in ‘I.O.’ (Major C. J. Street), The Administration of Ireland, 1920, London, 1921, pp. 234–5. There were many others.
28 ibid., pp. 64–7.
29 Forester, op. cit., pp. 103–4.
30 Longford and O’Neill, op. cit., p. 90.
1 Freeman’s Journal, 25 June 1919; Irish Times, 26, 27 June 1919; Tipperary Star, 21, 28 June 1919.
2 Irish Times, 30 June 1919.
3 Freeman’s Journal, 25 June 1919.
4 Irish Times, 30 June 1919.
5 Freeman’s Journal, 16 June 1919.
6 ibid., 28 June 1919.
7 Observer, 13 July 1919.
8 Freeman’s Journal, 14 July 1919.
9 ibid.
10 Taylor, Collins, p. 286.
11 Sir Ormonde Winter, Winter’s Tale, London, 1955, pp. 299–300.
12 Irish Times, 4 August 1919.
13 Freeman’s Journal, 6, 9, 15 August 1919.
14 Beaslai, Collins, pp. 302–4, 333–5.
15 Freeman’s Journal, 11 August 1919.
16 ibid., 12 August 1919.
17 Irish Times, 22 August 1919.
18 Freeman’s Journal, 22 August 1919.
19 Forester, Collins, p. 123.
20 Freeman’s Journal, 15, 16 September 1919.
21 O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 48.
22 Irish Times, September 1919 (Inquest proceedings). For an inside account of the raid see O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 48–54, in which the number of rifles taken is given as fifteen.
23 ibid.
24 ibid., 12 September 1919.
25 ibid., 9 September 1919.
26 ibid.
27 Freeman’s Journal, 1 December 1919.
28 As published, for instance, in the Killarney Echo, 20 September 1919. This and other papers, notably the staid Nationalist Cork Examiner, were suppressed by the authorities for a few issues for publishing such advertisements.
29 Freeman’s Journal, 3 November 1919.
30 Irish Times, 27 September 1919.
31 ibid., 16 September 1919.
32 Clare Champion, 25 October 1919.
33 ibid., 25 October 1919.
34 Irish Times, 22 December 1919.
35 Taylor, Collins, p. 106.
36 Irish Times, 22 December 1919.
37 Breen, My Fight For Irish Freedom, pp. 143–4.
38 O’Hegarty, The Victory of Sinn Fein, pp. 46–8.
39 Macardle, Irish Republic, pp. 304–5.
40 O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, p. 145.
41 See captured document quoted in court-martial proceedings, Irish Times, 22 October 1920. Also O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 42–3.
42 O’Donoghue, op. cit., p. 35.
43 ibid., p. 86.
44 Barry, Guerrilla Days in Ireland, p. 100.
45 See captured document cited in the trial of Sean Morrisey, Irish Times, 22 October 1920.
46 Freeman’s Journal, 27 November 1919.
47 Clare Champion, 13 December 1919.
48 Freeman’s Journal, 8 December 1919.
49 Irish Times, 23 December 1919.
50 ibid.
1 Irish Times, 22, 26 January 1920.
2 ibid., 22, 26 January 1919.
3 Freeman’s Journal, 16 February 1920.
4 ibid., 26 February 1920.
5 Cork Examiner, 17 March 1920.
6 Freeman’s Journal, 23 March 1920.
7 Cork Examiner, 19 March 1920.
8 Freeman’s Journal, 26 February 1920.
9 ibid., 15 April 1920.
10 ibid., 16 April 1920.
11 ibid., 31 July 1920.
12 Hansard, H.C., 5th series, vol. 139, col. 238; vol. 140, col. 436.
13 Freeman’s Journal, 28 September 1920.
14 Parliamentary Papers, H.C., 1922, Cmd. 1618, XVII, p. 785.
15 Freeman’s Journal, 19 March 1920.
16 Hansard, H.C., 5th series, vol. 153, col. 257.
17 Freeman’s Journal, 27, 12, 18 March 1920.
18 ibid., 15 March 1920.
19 Tipperary Star, 3 April 1920.
20 Freeman’s Journal, 17 April 1920.
21 General Sir Nevile Macready, Annals of an Active Life, London, 2 vols., 1924.
22 Brigadier F. P. Crozier, Impressions and Recollections, London, 1930; Ireland For Ever, London, 1932.
23 Edward Maclysaght, Master of None (MS. of an autobiography shown to the author in 1954).
24 Inquest details. Irish Times, 27 March 1920.
25 ibid., 31 March 1920.
26 Freeman’s Journal, 20 April 1920.
27 H. of C., 1922, XXIX, Cmd. 1534, pp. 398–9.
28 ibid.
29 Freeman’s Journal, 5 August 1920.
30 Irish Times, 31 May, 2 June 1920.
31 Hugh Martin, Insurrection in Ireland, London, 1921, pp. 69–70.
32 ibid.
33 O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 63–5. Freeman’s Journal, 16 June 1920.
34 Freeman’s Journal, 4 June 1920.
35 Freeman’s Journal, 9 June 1920.
36 Irish Times, 21, 23 June 1920.
37 Freeman’s Journal, 20 July 1920. Irish Times, 10 August 1920.
38 O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, p. 168.
1 Florence O’Donoghue, Tomas MacCurtain, Dublin, 1958, photograph facing p. 202.
2 Callwell, Wilson, vol. ii, p. 246.
3 Galway Express, 24, 31 July 1920.
4 Tipperary Star, 2 August 1920.
5 Irish Times, 4 September 1920.
6 ibid., 23 August 1920.
7 ibid., 11 September 1920.
8 ibid., 7 September 1920.
9 ibid., 1 October 1920.
10 Freeman’s Journal, 22 September 1920.
11 ibid., 11 October 1920.
12 See O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, pp. 189–94; O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 99–101.
13 Irish Times, 28 September 1920.
14 ibid., 20 April 1921.
15 James Gleeson, Bloody Sunday, London, 1962, pp. 56–78.
16 D. O’Hannigan (one of the IRA officers concerned), ‘Origins and Activities of the First Flying Column’, in J. M. MacCarthy (ed.), Limerick’s Fighting Story, Tralee, pp. 85–7.
17 O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 334.
18 Hansard, H.C., 5th series, vol. 135, cols. 507–8 (captured IRA documents).
19 Irish Times, 18 October 1920.
20 ibid., 19 October 1920. Also see Galway Observer, 9, 23 October, 13 November 1920.
21 Hansard, H.C., 5th series, vol. 135, col. 544.
22 Irish Times, 2, 7 October 1920.
23 ibid., 1 October 1920.
24 ibid., 13 October 1920.
25 ibid., 11 October 1920.
26 ibid., 20 April 1921.
27 ibid., 1 April 1921.
28 ibid., 13, 16 April 1921.
29 Freeman’s Journal, 25 September 1920.
30 Irish Times, 21 October 1920.
31 For General Strickland’s statement, Evening Standard, January 1921.
32 Irish Times, 16 November 1965. Three articles based on Moylett’s papers appeared on that date and on 15 and 17 November 1965.
33 For a detailed description of all these events compiled from contemporary newspapers and other sources, see James Gleeson, Bloody Sunday.
34 Forester, Collins, p. 172, where the diary of a Castle official, Mark Sturgis, is cited.
35 Winter, Winter’s Tale, p. 323.
36 Forester, op. cit., p. 174.
37 Irish Times, 16 November 1956.
38 ibid., 12 January 1921.
39 Barry, Guerrilla Days in Ireland, p. 46.
40 Callwell, Diaries of Sir Henry Wilson, vol. ii, p. 265.