Achaean League, 52
Adherbal, 100–101
adulescentulus carnifex, 155, 158
Aelii family, 57
Aeneas, 236
Aetolian League, 39, 42, 46–47, 50, 51
massacre of, 52
Afranius, 196
as censor, 275
Octavian and, 273
social status of, 274
Ahala, Servilius, 237–238
Ahenobarbus, Domitius, 155, 211, 224
Albinus, Postumius, 129
Alexander the Great, 13
alliances
of Caesar, 199–200
with Carbo, 154
of Cato the Younger, 196
with Cinna, 154
of Crassus, 162
of Crassus and Pompey, 165–167, 169
of Glaucia, 119
of Hannibal, 37
of Saturninus, 119
in Spain, 42
with tribunes, 93–94, 162, 194, 204
Allobroges, 184–185
Altar of Augustan Peace, 273
Antiochus III, 47, 49, 58, 65, 78
Antiochus IV, 52
Antipater of Tyre, 181
Antonius, Marcus (Marc Antony), 7
authority of, 260
blocking Octavian adoption, 251–252
bodyguards of, 249
Cicero attacking, 253
Cleopatra and, 263–269
crowning Caesar, 234
defeat of, 256
election of, 220
flight of, 241
Forum occupied by, 230
funeral oration by, 246–248
peace with Octavian, 262–263
provincial assignment of, 252
responding to murder, 243–245
suicide of, 270
threats to, 242
triumph and, 266
triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus, 258–262, 267
wars with Octavian, 253–256, 261, 264–265, 268–270
will of, 267–268
on Crassus, 166–167
on Gracchus, Tiberius, 90–91
on Ostia blockade, 262
on Pompey, 166–167
on Sulla, 142–143
Appius Claudius, 19, 31, 37, 78
favor of, 82
on Senate, 16–17
son of, 195
on winning war, 43
Aqua Marcia, 61, 61 (photo), 265
arbitration process, 229
armies
of Bestia, 101
of Caesar, 215–217, 219, 222–226, 230–231
of Fabius Maximus, 35
legio Martia, 256
of Marius, 106–107, 121, 127, 143
of Mithridates, 130
of Octavian, 269–270
of Pompey, 152, 155–159, 173, 190–193, 212–213, 217
of Pyrrhus of Epirus, 14
Pyrrhus on, 15
of Sertorius, 151
of Sextus Pompey, 254
in Spain, 71
of Sulla, 129, 134, 137, 140–143
of Sulpicius, 133–134
veteran programs, 121
Asellio, 131
Athena, 1
Attalus III, 86–87
Augustus
blows of, 281
death of, 278
as dictator, 6
dropping sword, 277
grain supply and, 278
rioting against, 5–6
rule of, 9
See also Octavian
authority
of Antonius, 260
of Lepidus, 260
of Senate, 92
autocracy
promises of, 8
Basilica Julia, 265
Battle of Colline Gate, 140, 161
Battle of Drepana, 30
Battle of River Trebia, 33, 36
Bestia, Calpurnius, 101
bodyguards of, 204
land law and, 203–204
naval command of, 225
vote prohibition proposal of, 210
Bocchus, 127–128
bodyguards
of Antonius, 249
of Bibulus, 204
of Caesar, 231
for consuls, 150
of Octavian, 255
of Sulpicius, 133
Bona Dea ritual, 195, 207, 209
flight of, 247
triumph to, 256
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 158, 240, 241
address of, 243
Cicero advising, 242
on denarius, 238 (photo)
as moneyer, 237
as outlaw, 258
provincial assignment of, 252–253
sacking by, 259
stripped of province, 255
suicide of, 260
Caelius Rufus, Marcus, 230
alliances of, 199–200
Antonius crowning, 234
Appian on funeral of, 247
arbitration process initiated by, 229
army of, 215–217, 219, 222–226, 230–231
assassination of, 239–240, 241
blows of, 281
bodyguards of, 231
call for disarmament, 220
Cato the Younger and, 198–199
Clodius endorsed by, 208
conspiracy rumors about, 186–187
as consul, 201, 208, 225, 233, 239, 245
crossing Rubicon, 219, 221, 223
as dictator, 225, 232–233, 239, 279
eastern settlements law of, 205–206
equestrian businessmen law of, 205
family background, 176–177
First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus, 201, 203, 211–212
funeral of, 246–248
Gallic command, 206–207, 210, 212, 214–216
influence of, 175–176
as king, 234–235
land law of, 201–205
leniency of, 224
on Marius, 178–179
Plutarch on, 179
on Pompey, 174
as pontifex maximus, 190, 208, 235–236
praetorship of, 198
as public enemy, 221–222
public profile of, 179, 189–190
retreat of, 226
Sallust on, 189
struggle with Pompey, 222–227
suspension of, 188
system of, 272
tribunes and, 203, 206, 217, 221–223
triumphs of, 199, 231–232, 234
“Veni, Vidi, Vici” line, 228
Caesarion, 267
Caligula, 279
Calpurnia, 244
Capitoline Hill, 64, 114–115, 179, 187, 242–243
Capua, 36–37
Carbo, Gaius Papirius, 72–73
alliances with, 154
death of, 155
regime of, 147
Carrinas, Gaius, 274
booty from, 61
failure with, 53–54
tribute paid by, 41
vengeance on, 54–55
Catilina, Lucius Sergius (Catiline), 182, 200
Cicero targeting, 183–184
indictment of, 185
revolt planned by, 184
Catilinarian conspiracy, 187–189
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder), 41, 62–63
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Younger)
alliances of, 196
blocking Celer legislation, 197–198
blocking public reading, 188
Caesar and, 198–199
on conspiracy, 186–189
criticisms by, 189
equestrian businessmen law and, 205
on freeing homeland, 181
land law opposed by, 202
obstructions by, 281
opportunistic displays by, 181–182
Plutarch on, 180
political brand of, 180
political cynicism of, 221
Pompey rebuffed by, 194–195
public identity of, 182
suicide of, 228
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, 109, 125, 148–149
bribery by, 185–186
call of, 158
Dio on, 172
Ceres, 251
Cicero
amnesty for, 228
Antonius attacked by, 253
arrogance of, 281
Brutus, M. J., advised by, 242
capture and death of, 258–259
on Celer legislation, 197–198
Clodius attacked by, 207–209
Clodius exiling, 209–210
election of, 182–183
equestrian businessmen law and, 205
exile of, 209–210
as father of the country, 187
on Gracchus, Tiberius, 90
influence of, 175–176
on laws, 220
leading role of, 248
on Octavian, 255
on Roman society, 280
Second Philippic of, 253
targeting Catilina, 183–184
triumph of, 187–188
Cimbri tribe, 107, 109, 112, 133
Cineas of Thessaly, 15–18
alliances with, 154
legacy of, 177
marching into Rome, 138
oath of allegiance from, 136–137
regime of, 147
Sulla and, 139–140
citizenship
Pompey extending, 159
Pompey stripping, 147
from Social War, 132–133
Sulla stripping, 147–148
Sulpicius redistributing citizens, 132–133
Antonius and, 263–269
victory over, 274
Clodius, Publius, 281
adoption of, 208
Caesar endorsing, 208
Cicero attacking, 207–209
Crassus aiding, 207
death of, 213–214
disgrace of, 195
election of, 209
Milo against, 210–211
coins
bronze coin, 272 (photo)
Concordia coin, 280 (photo)
Roman coin, 29 (photo)
See also denarii
comitia centuriata, 24, 28, 47, 114
comitia curiata, 24
commercial lending, 62–63
Commodus, 279
concilium plebis, 23–26, 31, 83, 86–87
appeals and questions to, 88, 105, 122
pressure from, 101
proposals to, 133
voting of, 165
Conflict of the Orders, 22, 88
bodyguards for, 150
Caesar as, 201, 208, 225, 233, 239, 245
Crassus as, 165–167
Marius bid for, 102–104
Octavian as, 275–276
triumphs for, 157
vetoes of, 22
contracts
for infrastructure projects, 60
Polybius on, 62
for tax collection, 197–198, 201, 205–206
Corinth, 27, 49, 52, 55, 56, 61, 69
Cornelius, 170
corona civica, 20
Cotta, Gaius
law by, 151
Sallust on, 150
alliances of, 162
Appian on, 166–167
campaign of, 160
charges against, 185
Clodius aided by, 207
as consul, 165–167
death of, 212
equestrian businessmen law and, 205
First Triumvirate with Pompey and Caesar, 201, 203, 211–212
flight of, 248
Pompey feud, 200
praetorship of, 164
Spartacus revolt and, 162–164
support for, 175
triumph of, 164–165
Curia Julia, 274
debauchery, 139
denarii, 72 (photo), 74–75, 74 (photo), 76 (photo)
Brutus, M. J., depicted on, 238 (photo)
Caesar depicted on, 236, 237 (photo)
Marius depicted on, 109 (photo)
Octavian distributing, 273
dictators
Augustus as, 6
Caesar as, 225, 232–233, 239, 279
Fabius as, 36
Maximus, Q. F., as, 34
diminution of the majesty, 113–114
Dio, Cassius
on Augustus, 277–279
on Catulus, 172
on Cicero, 176
on electoral violence, 6
on human nature, 204–205
on Marius, 193
on politics, 172–173
on Sulla, 193
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 14–15
Domitius, 156
Drusus, Livius, 123–124, 126, 180, 280
eastern settlements law, 205–206
economic inequality, 10
Egyptian civil war, 227
equestrian businessmen law, 205
Marius from, 105
power and positions of, 141–142
Sulla executing, 140
tax contracts and, 201
unease among, 100
exile
of Cicero, 209–210
of Marius, 136
of Sulpicius, 136
Drusus and, 123
governors charged with, 71
Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 34, 36–38, 40
on ambition, 43
army of, 35
farming, 57
naval warfare in, 29–30
Polybius on, 27–28
resilience during, 30–32
as surprising development, 28
victory in, 33
First Triumvirate, 201, 203, 211–212
Flaccus, Q. Fulvius, 38, 64, 92, 95
meeting Hannibal, 33–34
Flaminius, T. Quinctius, 48–50
Flavius, 196–197
Fonteius, P., 208
food shortages, 5
Antonius occupying, 230
Fulvia, 261
Furius, 120
Gabinius, Aulus, 72–74
Galba, P. Sulpicius, 47–48
gladiators, 64, 240, 242, 249, 265
Glaucia, C. Servilius, 111
alliances of, 119
imprisonment and death of, 115–116
violence by, 119–120
gold mining, 59
Gracchus, Gaius
appeal of, 97–98
grain distribution program, 93, 121
as martyr, 98
office of, 92
opponents of, 94
Plutarch on, 95
tax collection under, 93
appeal of, 97–98
Cicero on, 90
debate by, 83–84
election issues of, 81
family of, 77–78
following of, 170
land commission of, 85–86, 88, 92, 202
land reform of, 81–85, 96, 122
as martyr, 98
mediated direct democracy of, 86–87
norms upset by, 88–89
Plutarch on, 83
as polarizing figure, 80
protection for, 89–90
public office of, 78–79
on role of state, 93
Senate and, 82–88
threat of force by, 89–91, 96–97
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 77–78
grain distribution program, 93, 121, 122, 132
grain shortage, 150–151
grain supply, 278
Hannibal, 10, 28, 45, 46, 48, 163
Capua and, 36–37
crescent-shaped formation of, 35
defeat of, 41, 59, 63–64, 67, 69
expenses from, 38
Flaminius meeting, 33–34
hatred for, 132
march of, 32–33
Philip V alliance, 37
Hiempsal, 100
hippopotamus, 274
Homer, 55
Hortensius, 171
Hybrida, Gaius Antonius, 183
Hybrida, Q. Varius, 125
Iliad (Homer), 55
imperial system, 271
imperium, 22–23
imperium maius, 276
Isthmian Games, 49
Italian population explosion, 120, 122
Juba, 228
Jugurtha, 101, 105, 107, 109, 111, 133
Sallust on, 100
Sulla at capture of, 127–128
kingship, 234–235
Laelius, Gaius, 82
land law, 201–205
land redistribution, 85
land reform, 81–85, 91, 96, 122
Lavinius, 15
legio Martia, 256
Lentulus, Lucius Cornelius, 58
Lepidus (father), 78, 148–150, 158–159
army of, 244
authority of, 260
as public enemy, 257
retirement of, 264
triumvirate with Octavian and Antonius, 258–262, 267
lex Aurelia, 151
lex Calpurnia, 126
lex Plautia Papiria, 126
lex Varia, 125
Libertas, 209, 237, 238 (photo), 259
Life of Gaius Gracchus (Plutarch), 95
lightning storms, 277–278
Limetanus, C. Mamilius, 102
Longinus, Cassius, 162
Longinus, Gaius Cassius, 239, 241
encampment of, 242
extortion and plunder by, 259
as outlaw, 258
position in Syria, 256
provincial assignment of, 252–253
stripped of province, 255
suicide of, 260
Lucceius, Lucius, 199
Lucius Cassius, 72–73
Luscinus, Gaius Fabricius, 18–19, 21, 31, 110
honors sought by, 163
incorruptibility of, 71
Macedonian empire, 13–14
Macer, 151
Maelius, Spurius, 237–238
magistrates, 6, 9, 23–24, 64, 70–72, 275–276
charge of, 26
office of, 196
selection of, 235
Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius, 79–80
flag of rebellion raised by, 184–185
Marc Antony. See Antonius, Marcus
Marcellus, M. Claudius, 38
Marius, Gaius
allies imprisoned by, 115
army of, 106–107, 121, 127, 143
bid for consulship, 102–104
blows of, 281
Caesar on, 178–179
conferring with Sulla, 134
depicted on denarius, 109 (photo)
Dio on, 193
disengagement of, 117–118
downfall of, 116–117
election of, 105
entering Rome, 138–139
from equites, 105
exile of, 136
greed of, 110
on oath swearing, 112–113
as opportunist, 117–118
personal assaults by, 108, 117
Plutarch on, 110–111
power of, 141
public profile of, 114
return of, 125–126
Sallust on, 105
second election of, 107
Sulla as quaestor, 127
as tribune, 142
victories of, 108–109
violence tolerated by, 118, 120
Mars, 134
master of the horse, 35, 233, 234, 241
Maximus, Gnaeus Mallius, 107
Maximus, Quintus Fabius, 34
mediated direct democracy, 86–87
Merula, 138
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, 20, 99, 102, 103–104, 111–112
Sallust on, 105
stripped of command, 133
Micipsa, 100
military service, 70–71
Mithridates of Pontus, 128, 133, 229
army of, 130
death of, 191
genocide ordered by, 131–132
Pompey and, 173–175
monetary system, 39
naval warfare, 29–30
Nepos, Metellus, 187–190, 194, 196, 200
Nero, 279
Nicomedes of Bithynia, 130
nobles, 19, 23, 24, 26, 31–32, 41, 105
novus homo, 31
Numidia investigation, 102
Oath of All Italy, 268–269, 271
Octavia, 261, 263, 266, 267, 268
Octavian
adoption of, 246, 249, 254, 258
Agrippa and, 273
Antonius blocking adoption of, 251–252
army of, 269–270
Augustus title of, 277
bodyguards of, 255
as censor, 275
Cicero on, 255
claiming inheritance, 251
on comet, 252
as consul, 275–276
crimes of, 272
denarii distributed by, 273
entering Rome, 257–258
games hosted by, 274
imperial system designed by, 271
imperium maius of, 276
independence of, 250
Oath of All Italy and, 268–269, 271
peace with Antonius, 262–263
powers of, 276
prayers for, 272
ruling models of, 274–276
Senate and, 276–278
Sextus Pompey defeated by, 264
Temple of Janus and, 272–273
tribunicia potestas of, 276–277
triple triumphs of, 274
triumvirate with Lepidus and Antonius, 258–262, 267
wars with Antonius, 253–256, 261, 264–265, 268–270
worship of, 274
Octavius (tribune of plebs, 133 BC), 84–85, 87, 89
vetoes by, 83
Opimius, Lucius, 95, 97, 101–102
Oppianicus, 147
Ostia blockade, 262
Otho, L. Roscius, 171–172
Pansa, 255–257
parricide, 176
patricians, 22–23
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 35, 51–52, 58, 64
Pedius, Quintius, 257
Perusine siege, 261
concessions by, 48–49
death of, 51
Senate declaring war on, 47
Philippus, Marcius, 249
philotimia, 30
piracy, 146
Plato, 198
on Cato the Younger, 180
on first civil strife, 90
on Gracchus, G., 95
on Gracchus, Tiberius, 83
on Marius, 110–111
on Octavia, 266
on Pompey, 166–167
on Sulla, 139
politics
Dio on, 172–173
political behaviors, 1
Polybius on political life, 28
Sulla rivals, 132
as zero-sum game, 8–9
Pollio, Asinius, 246
arguments of, 27
on contracts, 62
on First Punic War, 27–28
on political life, 28
Pompeius Magnus, 157
Pompey
as adulescentulus carnifex, 155, 158
Appian on, 166–167
army of, 152, 155–159, 173, 190–193, 212–213, 217
Caesar on, 174
call for disarmament, 220
Cato rebuffing, 194–195
charisma of, 154
citizenship extended by, 159
citizenship stripped by, 147
Clodius and, 195–196
Crassus alliance, 165–167, 169
Crassus feud, 200
death of, 227
divorce of, 194
family of, 152–153
First Triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus, 201, 203, 211–212
as hero or monster, 190
Lepidus backed by, 158–159
Mithridates of Pontus and, 173–175
Plutarch on, 166–167
as Pompeius Magnus, 157
reforms of, 165–166
Sallust on, 160
as stabilizing force, 213–214
struggle with Caesar, 222–227
Sulla and, 154–158
support for, 188
triumphs of, 157–158, 164–165, 193–196
veterans of, 196–197
victory tour of, 191–193
Pons Aemilius bridge, 60, 60 (photo)
presentations by, 251
trials and, 99
population
growth, 56–58
Italian population explosion, 120, 122
in Rome, 120–121
praetor urbanus, 251
praetorship, 23, 39, 103, 128, 162
of Caesar, 198
of Crassus, 164
Octavian opening path to, 275
prayers, 272
property rights, 7
Ptolemaic Egypt, 46–47
Ptolemy XII, 227
Pyrrhus of Epirus, 31, 32, 37, 110, 240
advance of, 18–19
army of, 14
defeat of, 19
leadership of, 13
on Roman army, 15
surrender terms of, 16–17
Rebilus, Gaius Caninius, 233
reforms
of Pompey, 165–166
of tribunes, 77
Republic (Plato), 198
republics
functions of, 8
threats to, 9
rhinoceros, 274
rioting, 5–6
Egyptian civil war and, 227
Roman Empire
beginning of, 270
running of, 279
Roman Republic
assemblies of, 24–26
checks and balances in, 22
conflict resolution in, 8
idealized view of, 7–8
influence of, 1–2
legal sense of, 238–239
legions of, 37–38
Rome as business capital of, 70
sickness in, 9
survival of, 280
violence and, 10–11
See also specific topics
Roman society, 280
Rome
as business capital of Roman Republic, 70
Cinna marching into, 138
expulsion from, 92
Marius entering, 138
Octavian entering, 257–258
population boom in, 120–121
Sulla capturing, 135–137, 140, 143, 193
Rubicon River, Caesar crossing, 219, 221, 223
ruling models, 274–276
Sallust, 230
on Caesar, 189
on Cotta, 150
on Jugurtha, 100
on Marius, 105
on Metellus, L. C., 105
on Numidia investigation, 102
on Pompey, 160
Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius, 108
alliances of, 119
estate of, 120
following of, 170
imprisonment of, 115–116
power of, 141
as tribune, 110–114
violence by, 119–120
Scaevola, Publius Mucius, 82
Scaurus, M. Aemilius, 98
Scipio, Lucius Cornelius, 50, 140, 228
Scipio, P. Cornelius, 40–41
Scipio Aemilianus, 54, 78–80, 82, 91, 92, 100
Scipio Africanus, 50, 54, 58–59, 73, 100
Gracchus, T. S., and, 78
wealth of, 63–65
Second Philippic, 253
Second Punic War, 32, 42, 45–46, 48, 53
minting during, 74
traps in, 163
triumphs of, 55
Senate
as advisory body, 26
Appius Claudius on, 16–17
appointments of, 69
arguments of, 31
authority of, 92
declaring war on Philip V, 47
decrees of, 23
disputes in, 103
Gracchus, T., and, 82–88
imprisonment of, 5
laws of, 64
membership in, 127
monetary system and, 39
soldiers in, 146
Sulla expanding, 161
Senatus Consultum Ultimum, 114
army of, 151
defeat of, 164
Servian Wall, 135 (photo)
Sextus Pompey, 228
army of, 254
conviction of, 258
Octavian defeating, 264
as prefect of fleet, 256
Sibylline Books, 41
Social War, 11
destruction from, 145
end of, 126
first blows of, 124
new citizens from, 132–133
plunder from, 138
recovery from, 146–147
retired commanders for, 125, 128
Sulla in, 128–130
Spain, 27
alliances in, 42
armies in, 71
battlefields, 38–39
control in, 53
Spartacus revolt, 151–152, 159
Crassus and, 162–164
Strabo, Gnaeus Pompeius, 152–154, 156, 157
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius
ancestors of, 127
Appian on, 142–143
army of, 129, 134, 137, 140–143
blows of, 281
campaign in East, 139
Cinna and, 139–140
citizenship stripped by, 147–148
commanders of, 280
conferring with Marius, 134
conferring with Sulpicius, 134
crimes of, 272
defections to, 139–140
as dictator, 141–142, 177, 279
Dio on, 193
dominance of, 145–146
equites executed by, 140
executions by, 189
at Jugurtha capture, 127–128
Lepidus imitating, 149–150
mob violence against, 134
Plutarch on, 139
political campaigning of, 128
political rivals of, 132
Pompey and, 154–158
as quaestor to Marius, 127
rewards from, 141
Rome captured by, 135–137, 140, 143, 193
satellites of, 146
Senate expanded by, 161
in Social War, 128–130
supporters of, 132
trauma inflicted by, 142–143
Sulpicius
army of, 133–134
bodyguards of, 133
death of, 137
exile of, 136
power of, 141
redistributing citizens, 132–133
Sulla conferring with, 134
Syria, 47, 175, 205–206, 256, 279
Tarquinius, Lucius, 185
taxes
collection of by Gracchus, G., 93
contracts for collection of, 197–198, 201, 205–206
Temple of Concordia, 101, 185, 186
Temple of Hercules, 265
Temple of Janus, 272–273, 272 (photo)
Teutones, 109, 118, 125, 127, 133
Third Punic War, 78
Tiber River, 60, 60 (photo), 134, 246
flooding of, 277
Trebellius, L., 171–172
Trebonius, 247–248
stripped of province, 254–255
tribunes
alliances with, 93–94, 162, 194, 204
Caesar and, 203, 206, 217, 221–223
elections of, 25
Marius as, 142
office of, 23, 27, 170–171, 187
power of, 136, 142, 148–149, 151
reformist, 77
Saturninus as, 110–114
standing for higher office, 171
vetoes of, 23–24, 73, 112, 142, 170, 221–222
tribunicia potestas, 276–277
Antonius and, 266
to Brutus, D., 256
of Cicero, 187–188
for consuls, 157
of Crassus, 164–165
displays of, 20
of Lucullus, 164
of Octavian, 274
of Pompey, 157–158, 164–165, 193–196
of Second Punic War, 55
Valerius Maximus, 180
Varro, Gaius Terentius, 34–35
Vatianus, 206
“Veni, Vidi, Vici” line, 228
Venus, 236
for blocking laws, 9
of consuls, 22
by Octavius, 83
of tribunes, 23–24, 73, 112, 142, 170, 221–222
Via Flaminia, 31
violence
Dio on, 6
by Glaucia, 119–120
by Saturninus, 119–120
voting, 24–25
secret ballot, 71–74
wars
with Antonius and Octavian, 253–256, 261, 264–265, 268–270
Appius Claudius on, 43
casualties, 55–56
naval warfare, 29–30
on Philip V, 47
reparations, 58–59
See also specific wars
wealth, 21
from conquests and financial sophistication, 63, 65
ostentatious displays of, 64–66
of Scipio Africanus, 63–65
xenophobia, 58
zero-sum game, politics as, 8–9
Zeus, 1