NOTES

INTRODUCTION

In Between the World and Me: Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2015), 83–84.

Charles Eliot wrote “The New Education”: Charles W. Eliot, “The New Education,” Atlantic Monthly, February 1869, 203.

CHAPTER 1: QUARTER-LIFE CRISIS

The Panic of 1857 rocked: Charles W. Calomiris and Larry Schweikart, “The Panic of 1857,” Journal of Economic History (1991): 809.

Here is a typical exam question: “Harvard Entrance Exam of 1869,” http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/education/harvardexam.pdf.

Typically, after these general studies: Eugen Kuehnemann, Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University (May 19, 1869–May 19, 1909) (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909).

21 Starting at the beginning of the nineteenth century: William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991).

The great education project: Roger L. Geiger, The History of American Higher Education: Learning and Culture from the Founding to World War II (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015); Frederick Rudolph, The American College and University, a History (New York: Knopf, 1962); John R. Thelin, A History of American Higher Education (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).

For most of the nineteenth century: Geiger, History of American Higher Education, 194.

Congressman Justin Morrill proposed what: William Belmont Parker, The Life and Public Services of John Morrill (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925).

statement of purpose from the Morrill Acts: “Title 7, US Code 304, Investment of Proceeds of Sale of Land or Scrip,” Legal Information Institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/7/304.

his tutor’s income was all: Henry James, Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University, 1869–1909 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), 113. According to James, for a few weeks in 1863, Eliot seriously contemplated leaving higher education and going into business.

Eliot was drawn to the University: The University of Berlin was established in 1811 by Wilhelm von Humboldt, was renamed Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in 1828, and then, after other formal and informal name changes, was renamed the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1949, after both Wilhelm von Humboldt and his brother, the geographer Alexander von Humboldt.

the curriculum at the University of Berlin: R. D. Anderson, “Germany and the Humboldtian Model,” in European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

The Humboldtian university was cosmopolitan: Robert Anderson, “The ‘Idea of a University’ Today,” History & Policy, March 1, 2010, http:www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-98.html.

He began his term with a bang: Charles William Eliot, Addresses at the Inauguration of Charles William Eliot as President of Harvard College, Tuesday, October 19, 1869 (Cambridge, MA: Sever and Francis, 1869).

He believed vocationalism: Charles W. Eliot, “The New 32,” Atlantic Monthly, February 27, 1869, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1869/02/the-new-education/309049/.

Eliot listed what he considered: James, Charles W. Eliot, 170–171.

In his 1869 inaugural address: Eliot, Addresses at the Inauguration, 50.

Arthur Gilman, came to him: Charles Eliot, quoted in Liva Baker, I’m Radcliffe! Fly Me! The Seven Sisters and the Failure of Women’s Education (New York: Macmillan, 1976), 21.

She would become the first president: Dorothy Elia Howells, A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979 (Cambridge, MA: Radcliffe College, 1978), 1.

Eugen Kuehnemann, a visiting professor: Kuehnemann, Charles W. Eliot, President, 9.

The features of the modern American: “Records of the President of Harvard University, Charles W. Eliot, 1869–1930: An Inventory,” Harvard University Archives, President’s Office, http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu//oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=hua05006.

The new field of “human resources”: The first use of the term “human resources” is thought to be in John R. Commons, The Distribution of Wealth (New York: Macmillan, 1893).

the CEEB was charged with: College Entrance Examination Board of the Middle States and Maryland, Plan of Organization for the College Entrance Examination Board of the Middle States and Maryland and a Statement of Subjects in Which Examinations Are Proposed (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library, 1900), https://archive.org/details/cu31924031758109.

The inventor of the single-best-answer: Frederick J. Kelly, “The Kansas Silent Reading Tests,” Journal of Educational Psychology 7, no. 2 (February 1916): 63–80.

CHAPTER 2: COLLEGE FOR EVERYONE

As in all morality tales: Special thanks to Danica Savonick for recommending “Community.”

“You have to tell him”: As with other student comments in this book, I have kept the identity of the individuals in this conversation anonymous. This exchange took place at the CUNY Peer Mentoring Workship sponsored by the Teagle Foundation at the Graduate Center, CUNY, on July 26, 2016.

Before 1850, only a handful: Arthur M. Cohen and Florence B. Brawer, The American Community College, 4th ed. (San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, 2003); Stephen Brint and Jerome Karabel, The Diverted Dream: Community Colleges and the Promise of Educational Opportunity in America, 1900–1985 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).

community colleges had several distinctive: “Historical Information,” American Association of Community Colleges, www.aacc.nche.edu/AboutCC/history/Pages/default.aspx.

there are 1,166 community colleges: “Community Colleges Past to Present,” American Association of Community Colleges, www.aacc.nche.edu/AboutCC/history/Pages/pasttopresent.aspx.

For many of society’s poorest: Christopher Newfield, “The End of the American Funding Model: What Comes Next?” American Literature 82, no. 3 (2010): 611–635.

Approximately 44 percent of students: “Affordability and Transfer: Critical to Increasing Baccalaureate Degree Completion,” National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, June 2011, www.highereducation.org/reports/pa_at/index.shtml; Jennifer Ma and Sandy Baum, Trends in Community Colleges: Enrollment, Prices, Student Debt, and Completion, Research Brief (New York: College Board Research, April 2016), http://trends.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/trends-in-community-colleges-research-brief.pdf.

Average community college students: Thomas R. Bailey and Clive R. Belfield, “Is College Worth It? For Whom?” (slide show, Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment, September 11, 2015), http://capseecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/capsee-belfield-bailey-pi-meeting.pdf; “What Is an Associate’s Degree?” GetEducated.com, accessed November 12, 2016, https://www.geteducated.com/career-center/detail/what-is-an-associate-degree.

“social mobility index,” a measure: “2016 Social Mobility Index,” CollegeNET, accessed January 2, 2017, www.socialmobilityindex.org.

Educator Carol Dweck calls this: Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (New York: Random House, 2006).

When Professor Joshua Belknap teaches: Joshua Belknap, “Our Students: Learning to Listen to Multilingual Student Voices,” in Structuring Equality: A Handbook for Student-Centered Learning and Teaching Practices, ed. Graduate Center Learning Collective, https://www.hastac.org/blogs/jbelknap/2016/12/05/chapter-1-our-students-learning-listen-multilingual-student-voices. Special thanks to Joshua Belknap for excellent conversations and insights on translingual teaching during my course “American Literature, American Learning,” in which students decided, in lieu of a term paper, to write a book (Structuring Equality) together.

We know student evaluations track: Danica Savonick and Cathy N. Davidson, “Gender Bias in Academe: An Annotated Bibliography of Important Recent Studies,” HASTAC (blog), January 26, 2015, https://www.hastac.org/blogs/superadmin/2015/01/26/gender-bias-academe-annotated-bibliography-important-recent-studies.

“It’s not just the periphery”: Special thanks to President Gail Mellow for a series of conversations that took place beginning over lunch in May 2015 and continuing throughout 2016, in person and by email. I have also learned enormously from her book, coauthored with Cynthia M. Heelan, Minding the Dream: The Process and Practice of the American Community College (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014).

“tyranny of meritocracy”: Lani Guinier, The Tyranny of Meritocracy: Democratizing Higher Education in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2015).

The Delta Cost Project: Donna Desrochers and Rita Kirshtein, College Spending in a Turbulent Decade: Findings from the Delta Cost Project. A Delta Data Update, 2000–2010 (Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2012). See also Michael Fabricant and Stephen Brier, Austerity Blues: Fighting for the Soul of Public Higher Education (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016), 128–130.

taught by adjunct or contingent: Tony Guerra, “The Average Adjunct Pay at Community Colleges,” Houston Chronicle, http://work.chron.com/average-adjunct-pay-community-colleges-18310.html.

Those who achieve their associate’s: Lynn O’Shaughnessy, “Transfer Students: 8 Things You Need to Know,” US News & World Report, www.usnews.com/education/blogs/the-college-solution/2010/11/16/transfer-students-8-things-you-need-to-know.

“The students are not high risk”: Special thanks to Dr. Jade Davis, who kindly allowed me to interview her on August 11, 2015, and in several subsequent conversations on topics of higher education equity and innovation.

John Mogulescu, dean of the School: My thanks to Dean John Mogulescu for making time to speak with me on May 16, 2016, and with whom I continued to develop ideas in correspondence over the course of 2016.

having a student drop out: Jordan Weissmann, “America’s Awful College Dropout Rates, in Four Charts,” Slate, November 19, 2014, www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2014/11/19/u_s_college_dropouts_rates_explained_in_4_charts.html.

where transfer of course credits: David Jenkins and John Fink, Tracking Transfer: New Measures of Institutional and State Effectiveness in Helping Community College Students Attain Bachelor’s Degrees (New York: Community College Research Center, January 2016), http://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/tracking-transfer-institutional-state-effectiveness.pdf.

CHAPTER 3: AGAINST TECHNOPHOBIA

“prove” that college students: Nicholas Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010); Sherry Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011). For overviews of several studies (pro and con) of computers in education, see Douglas Rushkoff and Leland Purvis, Program or Be Programmed: Ten Commands for a Digital Age (Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull Press, 2011); Howard Rheingold, Net Smart: How to Thrive Online (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012).

the last information age in human history: Historian Robert Darnton has argued that there are four great “information ages” in human history: the invention of writing in ancient Mesopotamia, the age of movable type, the age of mass printing, and our own Internet age.

“Novel Reading, a Cause of Female Depravity”: Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986; expanded edition, 2004).

have not only banned devices: Dan Rockmore, “The Case for Banning Laptops in the Classroom,” The New Yorker, June 6, 2014, www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-case-for-banning-laptops-in-the-classroom. See also Darren Rosenblum, “Leave Your Laptops at the Door to My Classroom,” New York Times, January 2, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/opinion/leave-your-laptops-at-the-door-to-my-classroom.html.

renowned educator Benjamin S. Bloom: Benjamin S. Bloom, All Our Children Learning: A Primer for Parents, Teachers, and Other Educators (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981).

Most lecturers scoff at clickers: Craig Lambert, “Twilight of the Lecture,” Harvard Magazine, February 6, 2012, http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/03/twilight-of-the-lecture.

“Generate pairs of three-digit”: Derek Bruff discusses this exercise in detail on his superb blog Agile Learning, http://derekbruff.org/. I am grateful for permission to reprint this here. See September 9, 2015, “Thinking about Think-Pair-Share,” http://derekbruff.org/?p=3117. Other quotations come from an interview with Professor Bruff on July 1, 2016, and several prior and subsequent email exchanges.

In a 2014 analysis: Scott Freeman, Sarah L. Eddya, Miles McDonough, Michelle K. Smith, Nnadozie Okoroafor, Hannah Jordt, and Mary Pat Wenderoth, “Active Learning Increases Student Performance in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 23 (2014): 8410–8415.

in 1837 when a geometry professor: Stephen E. Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 19.

Whereas research confirms: John Raven, “The Raven’s Progressive Matrices: Change and Stability over Culture and Time,” Cognitive Psychology 41 (2000): 1–48; James R. Flynn, “Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure,” Psychological Bulletin 101 (1987): 171–191; James R. Flynn, What Is Intelligence: Beyond the Flynn Effect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 1–2; James Flynn, “Why Our IQ Levels Are Higher Than Our Grandparents’,” filmed March 2013, TED video, 18:40, https://www.ted.com/talks/james_flynn_why_our_iq_levels_are_higher_than_our_grandparents?language=en.

second decade of testing: David R. Owen and T. W. Teasdale, “Now the Good News on Declining S.A.T. Scores,” New York Times, October 14, 1987, www.nytimes.com/1987/10/14/opinionl-now-the-good-news-on-declining-sat-scores-961687.html; Betsy Sparrow, Jenny Liu, and Daniel M. Wegner, “Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Information at Our Finger Tips,” Science 333 (2011): 776–778, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/776.

To summarize dozens of recent studies: For an extensive discussion of the role of the Internet in cognition, see Cathy N. Davidson, Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Learn (New York: Viking Penguin, 2010).

Stanford University Professor Emerita Andrea: “Andrea Lunsford on the Myths of Digital Literacy,” YouTube video, 11:08, from The Agenda with Steven Paikin, October 2, 2009, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIKu_hZT2BM, and follow-up interview with the author on June 27, 2016.

The Stanford Study of Writing: “Stanford Study of Writing,” Stanford University, https://ssw.stanford.edu/.

That students were willing to grant: Andrea A. Lunsford, Jenn Fishman, and Warren M. Liew, “College Writing, Identification, and the Production of Intellectual Property: Voices from the Stanford Study of Writing,” College English 75, no. 5 (May 2013): 470–492; Paul Rogers, “The Contributions of North American Longitudinal Studies of Writing in Higher Education to Our Understanding of Writing Development,” in Traditions of Writing Research, ed. Charles Bazerman (Oxford: Routledge, 2010), 365–377.

“On social media, audiences”: Andrea Lunsford, Lisa Ede, Beverly Moss, Carole Clark Papper, and Keith Walters, Everyone’s an Author (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012).

She encourages her students: “Stanford Study of Writing,” quoted in Carolyn Lengel, “How We Write Now,” News at Macmillan Learning (blog), February 24, 2016, https://community.macmillan.com/groups/macmillan-news/blog/2016/02/24/the-literacy-revolution.

Millennials read more than: Kathryn Zickuhr and Lee Rainie, “Younger Americans and Public Libraries,” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, September 10, 2014, www.pewinternet.org/2014/09/10/younger-americans-and-public-libraries/.

universities were still “banning” the use: Noam Cohen, “A History Department Bans Citing Wikipedia as a Research Source,” New York Times, February 21, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/02/21/education/21wikipedia.html.

In LGBT 146: Quoted in Cathy N. Davidson, “How to Go from Standard-Issue Term Paper to Social Change: Here’s One Model” HASTAC (blog), https://www.hastac.org/blogs/cathy-davidson/2016/05/20/how-go-standard-issue-term-paper-social-change-heres-one-model.

New York City even maintains: “NY Hackathons,” http://nyhackathons.com/.

The open-source hackathon: Alex Williams, “Two Harvard University Alum Win Disputed Salesforce $1M Hackathon Prize at Dreamforce [Updated],” TechCrunch, November 21, 2013, https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/21/two-harvard-university-alum-win-salesforce-1m-hackathon-prize-at-dreamforce-for-mobile-service-to-create-reports/.

The purse for the Women: Evan Misshula, “So What Does a Hackathon Have to Do with the Humanities?” HASTAC (blog), September 23, 2015, https://www.hastac.org/blogs/emisshulajjaycunyedu/2015/09/23/so-what-does-hackathon-have-do-humanities. Special thanks to Evan Misshula, who was a student in my course “Mapping the Futures of Higher Education,” for many conversations and an email exchange over the course of 2015 and 2016.

CHAPTER 4: AGAINST TECHNOPHILIA

“The Year of the MOOC”: Thomas L. Friedman, “Revolution Hits the Universities,” New York Times, January 26, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/opinion/sunday/friedman-revolution-hits-the-universities.html.

Ownership activists Aaron Perzanowski: Aaron Perzanowski and Jason M. Schultz, The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016).

Seymour Papert, a pioneer: Seymour Papert, The Children’s Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 149.

I assemble a small team: Special thanks to Kaysi Holman, the chief producer of the MOOC, plus Demos Orphanides, Mandy Barry, Sheryl Grant, Jade Davis, and Kristen Swago.

“Let the revolution begin!”: Thomas L. Friedman, “Come the Revolution,” New York Times, May 15, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/opinion/friedman-come-the-revolution.html.

cyberattack on the New Hampshire: Samuel Burke, “Massive Cyberattack Turned Ordinary Devices into Weapons,” CNN Tech, October 22, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/10/22/technology/cyberattack-dyn-ddos/.

We subject the average American: Council of the Great City Schools, Student Testing in America’s Great City Schools: An Inventory and Preliminary Analysis (Washington, DC: Council of the Great City Schools, October 2015), www.cgcs.org/cms/lib/DC00001581/Centricity/Domain/87/Testing%20Report.pdf. Council of the Great City Schools found that from pre-K to twelfth grade, students took about 112 mandatory standardized exams. See also “Study Reveals How Many Required Tests Students Take,” CBS News, October 26, 2015, www.cbsnews.com/news/study-reveals-how-many-required-tests-students-take/.

MOOC mania so engulfed: Scott Jaschik, “U. of Virginia President to Leave over ‘Philosophical Differences,’” Inside Higher Education, June 11, 2012, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/06/11/u-virginia-president-leave-over-philosophical-differences.

“We Generation”: Ian Daly, “The We Generation,” New York Times T Magazine, August 23, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/08/23/t-magazine/we-generation.html.

Wikipedia offered us all: See Cathy N. Davidson, “The Calculus of Wikipedia,” HASTAC (blog), https://www.hastac.org/blogs/cathy-davidson/2007/09/18/calculus-wikipedia. In September 2007, when the president of Middlebury College announced he was planning to ban Wikipedia from campus, I wrote to him arguing that, although by no means a final source, Wikipedia is useful in countering Western bias. The example I used was the Wikipedia entry on “calculus,” which, in contrast to standard scholarly encyclopedias and even scholarly books in 2007, included Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian contributions to the field hundreds of years before the famous dispute between Newton and Leibniz over who “invented” calculus. A reference librarian at Duke University kindly emailed her colleagues around the world for me and was able to verify the accuracy of information that she was not able to confirm in any English-language source available at the time.

Linnaeus also divided humanity: C. Loring Brace, “Race” Is a Four Letter Word: The Genesis of the Concept (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 27.

culturally biased classification hierarchies: Tara McPherson, “US Operating Systems at Mid-Century: The Intertwining of Race and UNIX,” Race After the Internet, ed. Lisa Nakamura and Peter Chow-White (New York: Routledge, 2012), 21–37.

“Wikipedia is a free online”: “Wikipedia,” Wikipedia, December 18, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&oldid=755547231.

When I challenged the onsite students: Cathy N. Davidson, “Changing Higher Education to Change the World,” #FutureEd (blog), Chronicle of Higher Education, March 14, 2014, www.chronicle.com/blogs/future/2014/03/14/changing-higher-education-to-change-the-world/. Two members of our #FutureEd class contributed each week to the Chronicle of Higher Education blog, #FutureEd: Thoughts from a MOOC on Higher Education, from January 23, 2014, to March 14, 2014. I thank Brenda Burmeister, Malina Chavez, Matthew Clark, Christina Davidson, Jade Davis, David Dulceany, Kaysi Holman, Leslie Niiro, William Osborn, Barry Peddycord III, Elizabeth Pitts, Claire Antone Payton, Max Ramseyer, Clifford A. Robinson, and Jennifer Stratton for their tireless creativity and rigor. All conversations in the text occurred during the spring of 2014.

“Knowledge is a public resource”: Cathy N. Davidson, “Is it Possible to Go from MOOC to Community? Some Guidelines in the Making,” HASTAC (blog), January 24, 2014, https://www.hastac.org/blogs/cathy-davidson/2014/01/24/it-possible-go-mooc-community-some-guidelines-making.

The second #FutureEd hackathon: Kaysi Holman, “International Timeline of Higher Education,” HASTAC (blog), December 17, 2013, https://www.hastac.org/wiki/international-timeline-higher-education.

“Sometime between 3500 BC”: The authors of the time line cite Nicholas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 1992), 79.

over 95 percent of colleges: Clay Shirky, “The Digital Revolution in Higher Education Has Already Happened. No One Noticed,” Medium, November 6, 2015, https://medium.com/@cshirky/the-digital-revolution-in-higher-education-has-already-happened-no-one-noticed-78ec0fec16c7#.5u2gq8q3h.

When Starbucks surveyed its workers: Ben Rooney, “Starbucks to Give Workers a Full Ride for College,” CNN Money, April 6, 2015, http://money.cnn.com/2015/04/06/pf/college/starbucks-college-tuition-arizona-state/index.html. The secondary literature on MOOCs is extensive. For an overview, see Elizabeth Losh, The War on Learning: Gaining Ground in the Digital University (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014), chap. 5.

colleges and universities spent: International Data Corporation, “US Higher Education Institutions Expected to Spend $6.6 Billion on IT in 2015, According to IDC Government Insights,” in Pivot Table: US Education IT Spending Guide, Version 1, 2013–2018, Doc. no. GI255747, May 11, 2015, www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=GI255747.

MOOCs are an example: Richard Pérez-Peña, “Top Universities Test the Online Appeal of Free,” New York Times, July 17, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/07/18/education/top-universities-test-the-online-appeal-of-free.html?_r=0.

the National Science Foundation: For a full discussion, see Christopher Newfield, The Great Mistake: How We Wrecked Public Universities and How We Can Fix Them (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016), 252.

Thrun was notably candid: Max Chafkin, “Udacity’s Sebastian Thrun, Godfather of Free Online Education, Changes Course,” Fast Company, November 14, 2013, https://www.fastcompany.com/3021473/udacity-sebastian-thrun-uphill-climb.

MOOCs aren’t over: Pérez-Peña, “Top Universities Test the Online Appeal.”

On Coursera’s Signature Tracks: Andrew Dean Ho, Justin Reich, Sergiy O. Nesterko, Daniel Thomas Seaton, Tommy Mullaney, Jim Waldo, and Isaac Chuang, “HarvardX and MITx: The First Year of Open Online Courses, Fall 2012–Summer 2013” (HarvardX and MITx Working Paper No. 1, January 21, 2014).

MOOCs clearly offer benefits: Chen Zhenghao, Brandon Alcorn, Gayle Christensen, Nicholas Eriksson, Daphne Koller, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel, “Who’s Benefiting from MOOCs, and Why,” Harvard Business Review, September 22, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/09/whos-benefiting-from-moocs-and-why.

“Online education isn’t succeeding”: Shirky, “Digital Revolution in Higher Education Has Already Happened.”

After the MOOC hype has passed: Tamar Lewin, “After Setbacks, Online Courses Are Rethought,” New York Times, December 10, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/us/after-setbacks-online-courses-are-rethought.html.

Google searches could be and had: See, for example, Carole Cadwalladr, “Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search,” The Guardian Technology section, December 4, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook.

“The Ferguson Syllabus”: Lydia Lum, “Georgetown University Professor’s Ferguson Syllabus Growing Nationwide,” Diverse Issues in Higher Education, October 6, 2016, http://diverseeducation.com/article/87856/.

We know from multiple studies: See, for example, E. Bettinger and R. Baker, “The Effects of Student Coaching in College: An Evaluation of a Randomized Experiment in Student Mentoring” (NBER Working Paper No. 16881, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011); S. C. Ender and F. B. Newton, Students Helping Students: A Guide for Peer Educators on College Campuses (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010); and George D. Kuh, Jillian Kinzie, Ty Cruce, Rick Shoup, and Robert M. Gonyea, Connecting the Dots: Multifaceted Analyses of the Relationships between Student Engagement Results from the NSSE and the Institutional Policies and Conditions That Foster Student Success (Bloomington: Center for Postsecondary Research, Indiana University Bloomington, 2006), http://nsse.iub.edu/pdf/Connecting_the_Dots_Report.pdf.

CHAPTER 5: PALPABLE IMPACT

This grim story of education: Yuzo Ueda, “The Life and Times of Tetsuya Ishida: Confession and Spirit,” in Tetsuya Ishida (Hong Kong: Gagosian Gallery, 2014), 73. See also “Painting with the Entire Body and Saving the World One Brushstroke at a Time,” Ansham For Me, March 4, 2015, http://anshamforme.com/2015/03/04/painting-with-the-entire-body-and-saving-the-world-one-brushstroke-at-a-time/.

the Japanese Ministry of Education issued: “Japan’s Education Ministry Says to Axe Social Science and Humanities,” Social Science Space, August 25, 2015, www.socialsciencespace.com/2015/08/japans-education-ministry-says-to-axe-social-science-and-humanities/.

US Census Bureau report for 2014: “Census Bureau Reports Majority of STEM College Graduates Do Not Work in STEM Occupations,” United States Census Bureau, July 10, 2014, www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2014/cb14-130.html. It should be noted that the US Census Bureau has a wide, rather than a narrow, definition of a STEM occupation and includes in that definition sales and managerial occupations as well as social science.

Most graduates working in STEM: See Susan Adams, “The 10 Skills Employers Most Want in 2015 Graduates,” Forbes, November 12, 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2014/11/12/the-10-skills-employers-most-want-in-2015-graduates/.

A 2007 National Academies’ report: Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007). See also Yi Xue and Richard C. Larson, “STEM Crisis or STEM Surplus? Yes and Yes,” Monthly Labor Review, May 2015, www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/stem-crisis-or-stem-surplus-yes-and-yes.htm.

There are other problems: “Computer Programmer: Overview,” US News & World Report, http://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/computer-programmer. See also Elizabeth Kolbert, “Our Automated Future,” The New Yorker, December 19 and 26, 2016, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/19/our-automated-future.

evidence suggests that over time: Norman Matloff, “Software Engineers Will One Day Work for English Majors,” Bloomberg View, April 22, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2012-04-22/software-engineers-will-work-one-day-for-english-majors.

Both Mark Zuckerberg: Quoted in Matloff, “Software Engineers Will One Day Work.”

The research unambiguously reveals: “6 Skills That Will Make You Indispensable,” American Management Association, www.amanet.org/training/promotions/six-skills-for-managers-and-leaders.aspx.

then we have to understand: According to the American Management Association, these are the top skills required for promotion—and it is happy to provide online training in each of these vital areas.

factors bearing on actual promotion: David A. Garvin, “How Google Sold Its Engineers on Management,” Harvard Business Review, December 2013, https://hbr.org/2013/12/how-google-sold-its-engineers-on-management.

When Sha Xin Wei speaks: Special thanks to Sha Xin Wei for allowing me to interview him and to take a tour of his new program on May 12, 2016, and to continue the conversation in numerous subsequent email and in-person exchanges throughout 2016 and early 2017.

Sha Xin Wei’s research: Sha Xin Wei, “Topology and Morphogenesis,” Theory, Culture & Society 29 (2012): 220–246.

“The practical spirit”: Charles W. Eliot, “The New Education,” 215.

ASU president Michael Crow has dubbed: Special thanks to President Michael Crow for an in-person interview on May 12, 2016, and to him and William B. Dabars for answering numerous questions by email over the course of 2016–2017.

The first principle undergirding: Michael M. Crow and William B. Dabars, Designing the New American University (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015), 243.

The new curriculum was designed: General Education Committee, Proposed Components of Revised General Education Curriculum (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, April 2016), http://as.virginia.edu/sites/as.virginia.edu/files/proposed_components_of_revised_general_education_curriculum_cepc_web3.pdf.

Writing and speaking requirements: See, for example, Cynthia Roberts, “Developing Future Leaders: The Role of Reflection in the Classroom,” Journal of Leadership Education 7, no. 1 (Summer 2008): 116–130.

Professor Ortiz considers her ideal: William Navarre, “Dean for Graduate Education to Take Leave, Start New University,” The Tech, January 28, 2016, http://tech.mit.edu/V135/N38/ortiz.html.

If Professor Ortiz is successful: My first in-person interview with Sara Hendren took place on December 1, 2015. Special thanks to Professor Hendren for making the time on numerous subsequent occasions to address my questions and describe her work and pedagogy.

in collaborating with Chris Hinojosa: “Socket and Limb with Chris Hinojosa,” Adaptation + Ability Group, January 2015, http://aplusa.org/projects/limb-chris-hinojosa/.

this traditional symbol replaced: “The Accessible Icon Project,” Accessible Icon Project, http://accessibleicon.org.

CHAPTER 6: WHY COLLEGE COSTS SO MUCH

Dr. Cho, the attending ER surgeon: All physician names have been changed for privacy, with the exception of my friend Eric Manheimer, who discusses the issues of cost and medical training in his beautiful and insightful book Twelve Patients: Life and Death at Bellevue Hospital (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2013).

High tuition costs not only: Robert A. Scott, “Revealing the Truth About Student Loan Debt,” Times Weekly.com, November 17, 2016; Grace Kena, Lauren Musu-Gillette, Jennifer Robinson, Xiaolei Wang, Amy Rathbun, Jijun Zhang, Sidney Wilkinson-Flicker, Amy Barmer, and Erin Dunlop Velez, The Condition of Education 2015, NCES 2015-144 (Washington, DC: US Department of Education, May 2015), http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/2015144.pdf.

faculty are experiencing extreme cutbacks: “Background Facts on Contingent Faculty,” AAUP, https://www.aaup.org/issues/contingency/background-facts.

Currently, 42 million Americans: “Who Is Getting Rich Off the $1.3 Trillion Student Debt Crisis?” Democracy Now! June 29, 2016, www.democracynow.org/2016/6/29/who_is_getting_rich_off_the.

For in-state residents: “What’s the Price Tag for a College Education?” CollegeData, www.collegedata.com/cs/content/content_payarticle_tmpl.jhtml?articleId=10064.

The situation is most egregious: Timothy Pratt, “Poor and Uneducated: The South’s Cycle of Failing Higher Education,” The Atlantic, August 25, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/08/the-failures-of-southern-universities/497102/; “State Funding for Higher Education Remains Far Below Pre-Recession Levels in Most States,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, www.cbpp.org/state-funding-for-higher-education-remains-far-below-pre-recession-levels-in-most-states-1; and State Higher Education Executive Officers Association, SHEF: FY 2015: State Higher Education Finance (Boulder, CO: State Higher Education Executive Officers, 2016), www.sheeo.org/sites/default/files/SHEEO_SHEF_FY2015.pdf.

In inflation-adjusted dollars: Benjamin Ginsberg, “Administrators Ate My Tuition,” Washington Monthly, September/October 2011, http://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/septoct-2011/administrators-ate-my-tuition/.

In her exhaustive study: Sara Goldrick-Rab, Paying the Price: College Costs, Financial Aid, and the Betrayal of the American Dream (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 1, 15. All figures are adjusted for inflation.

Here is a sobering example: Jeff Muskus, “Ballooning Tuition Presents Challenges,” Yale Daily News, April 13, 2005, http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2005/04/13/ballooning-tuition-presents-challenges/.

dubbed “Generation Debt”: Anya Kamanetz, Generation Debt: Why Now Is a Terrible Time to Be Young (New York: Riverhead Books/Penguin, 2006).

those with student debt are currently: Ibid.

Congress passed laws that: James B. Steele and Lance Williams, “Who Got Rich Off the Student Debt Crisis,” Reveal, June 28, 2016, www.revealnews.org/article/who-got-rich-off-the-student-debt-crisis/.

And the government: Ibid.

Patriotism and support: Lawrence E. Gladieux and Thomas R. Wolanin, Congress and the Colleges (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1976), 1–14; Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1993).

the slope of the trend line: Scott Carlson, “A Public Good Then, a Private Good Now: Why Has State Support for Higher Education Dwindled as Enrollments Have Grown More Diverse?” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 2, 2016, A16–A17.

There remains a racial component: Carlson, “A Public Good Then,” A16.

Fall 2014 became a benchmark: “Digest of Education Statistics, 2015,” Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d15/.

Students of color are: Michelle Goldberg, “This Is What Happens When You Slash Funding for Public Universities,” The Nation, May 19, 2015, https://www.thenation.com/article/gentrification-higher-ed/.

Ideology clearly plays a role: Zoe Carpenter, “How a Right-Wing Political Machine Is Dismantling Higher Education in North Carolina,” The Nation, June 8, 2015, https://www.thenation.com/article/how-right-wing-political-machine-dismantling-higher-education-north-carolina/.

The example of North Carolina: Quoted in Carpenter, “How a Right-Wing Political Machine.”

the Bureau of Labor Statistics: “Nonprofits Account for 11.4 Million Jobs, 10.3 Percent of All Private Sector Employment,” TED: The Economics Daily, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 21, 2014, https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2014/ted_20141021.htm.

North Carolina has cut per: Michael Mitchell, Vincent Palacios, and Michael Leachman, “States Are Still Funding Higher Education Below Pre-Recession Levels,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, May 1, 2014, www.cbpp.org/research/states-are-still-funding-higher-education-below-pre-recession-levels?fa=view&id=4135.

even as tuitions rise to compensate: Michael Mitchell, Michael Leachman, and Kathleen Masterson, “Funding Down, Tuition Up,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, updated August 15, 2016, accessed May 26, 2016, www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up; Laura Devaney, “State Funding Slashes Boosting Tuition Significantly,” eCampusNews, June 6, 2016, www.ecampusnews.com/campus-administration/state-funding-tuition/.

“Dreams Stall as CUNY”: Chen, “Dreams Stall.”

“Why We Need Your Support”: “Why We Need Your Support,” University of Texas at Austin, https://giving.utexas.edu/why-give/why-we-need-your-support/.

education analyst Christopher Newfield: Christopher Newfield, The Great Mistake: How We Wrecked Public Universities and How We Can Fix Them (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016), 55.

“administrative bloat”: Ginsberg, “Administrators Ate My Tuition.” The comparison here is between full-time, nonfaculty administrative staff and full-time equivalent (FTE) faculty (a designation that acknowledges that a faculty position might now be filled by two or more part-time faculty members).

According to a 2012 survey: Casey Quinlan, “Universities Run into Problems When They Hire Presidents from the Business World,” ThinkProgress, March 7, 2016, https://thinkprogress.org/universities-run-into-problems-when-they-hire-presidents-from-the-business-world-a66b2739c1a.

Bringing in executives: Ginsberg, “Administrators Ate My Tuition.”

When they’re not faulting: Dan Bauman and Brian O’Leary, “Executive Compensation at Public and Private Colleges,” Chronicle of Higher Education, July 17, 2016, http://chronicle.com/interactives/executive-compensation; Stephanie Saul, “Salaries of Private College Presidents Continue to Rise, Chronicle Survey Finds,” New York Times, December 6, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/12/07/us/salaries-of-private-college-presidents-continue-to-rise-survey-finds.html.

The average faculty salary: “2015–16 Tenured/Tenure-Track Faculty Salaries Survey,” HigherEd Jobs, 2016, https://www.higheredjobs.com/salary/salaryDisplay.cfm?SurveyID=37.

see the university in crisis: One of the most prescient books to analyze the crisis in the increasingly corporate university is Bill Readings, The University in Ruins (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

Recently, Governor Scott Walker: Steven Salzberg, “Scott Walker Takes $250 Million from U. Wisconsin, Gives $250M to Billionaire Sports Team Owners,” Forbes, August 14, 2015, www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2015/08/14/scott-walker-takes-250-million-from-u-wisconsin-gives-250m-to-billionaire-sports-team-owners/.

UW faculty became fair game: Nico Savidge, “UW-Madison Spent $23.6M to Keep Faculty After Recruitment Offers Surged,” Wisconsin State Journal, October 14, 2016, http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/education/university/uw-madison-spent-m-to-keep-faculty-after-recruitment-offers/article_fa573122-b639-5685-87dd-da66c9b96f25.html.

2017 Equality of Opportunity Study: The Equality of Opportunity Project, “Highest Upward Mobility Rate Colleges,” www.equality-of-opportunity.org/; “Some Colleges Have More Students from the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60. Find Yours,” New York Times, January 18, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/18/upshot/some-colleges-have-more-students-from-the-top-1-percent-than-the-bottom-60.html.

The media loves to dote: Kellie Woodhouse, “Lazy Rivers and Student Debt,” Inside Higher Ed, June 15, 2015, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/06/15/are-lazy-rivers-and-climbing-walls-driving-cost-college.

a spike in price increases: Siva Vaidyanathan, “A Study in Total Depravity,” The Baffler, no. 20, 2015, http://thebaffler.com/salvos/study-total-depravity.

cognitive neuroscientist Steven Pinker: Steven Pinker, “The Trouble with Harvard,” New Republic, https://newrepublic.com/article/119321/harvard-ivy-league-should-judge-students-standardized-tests.

The wealth of Harvard: Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (New York: Zone Books, 2015), 199.

Anderson School went private: Jon Wiener, “UCLA Business School to Go Private; a Blow to the Public University,” The Nation, June 8, 2012, www.thenation.com/article/ucla-business-school-go-private-blow-public-university/.

new money-saving methods: “Reshaping Arizona State, and the Public Model,” New York Times, April 10, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/education/edlife/12edl-12talk.html.

Community colleges emphasize: Center for College Affordability and Productivity, A Summary of 25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College (Washington, DC: Center for College Affordability and Productivity, September 2010), http://centerforcollegeaffordability.org/uploads/25_Ways_Summary.pdf. See also Brad Wolverton, Ben Hallman, Shane Shifflett, and Sandhya Kambhampati, “Sports at Any Cost,” Huffington Post, November 15, 2015, http://projects.huffingtonpost.com/ncaa/sports-at-any-cost.

Other ways of lowering expenses: Vanderbilt University, The Cost of Federal Regulatory Compliance in Higher Education: A Multi-Institutional Study (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University, October 2015), https://news.vanderbilt.edu/files/Cost-of-Federal-Regulatory-Compliance-2015.pdf.

students pay differential tuitions: Helaine Olen, “Australia Gets Student Loans Right: And Why It Should Make Americans Very, Very Jealous,” Slate Magazine, November 12, 2015, www.slate.com/articles/business/the_bills/2015/11/australia_s_student_loan_system_should_make_americans_jealous.html.

A college degree confers: Eduardo Porter, “Dropping Out of College, and Paying the Price,” New York Times, June 25, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/business/economy/dropping-out-of-college-and-paying-the-price.html. See also Cathy Davidson, “Why Does College Cost So Much—and Why Do So Many Pundits Get It Wrong?” HASTAC (blog), August 24, 2013, www.hastac.org/blogs/cathy-davidson/2013/08/24/why-does-college-cost-so-much-and-why-do-so-many-pundits-get-it.

City College of San Francisco: Dave Berndtson, “San Francisco Becomes First City to Offer Free Community College Tuition to All Residents,” PBS NewsHour, February 8, 2017, www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/san-francisco-becomes-first-city-offer-free-community-college-tuition-residents/.

six schools in the CUNY system: CollegeNET, “2016 Social Mobility Index,” www.socialmobilityindex.org.

“Here’s my prediction”: Jesse McKinley, “Cuomo Proposes Free Tuition at New York State Colleges for Eligible Students,” New York Times, January 3, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/01/03/nyregion/free-tuition-new-york-colleges-plan.html.

California voters reversed: Teresa Harrington, John Fensterwald, and Ashley Hopkinson, “Voters Back All Three Education Initiatives on California Ballot,” EdSource, https://edsource.org/2016/voters-backing-three-california-education-initiatives-in-early-returns/572394.

cost of ensuring excellence: Christopher Newfield, “What Is New About the New American University?” Los Angeles Review of Books, April 5, 2015, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/new-new-american-university/.

CHAPTER 7: THE MEASURE OF A STUDENT

“You give a dog a treat”: Special thanks to Alexander Coward for generously sharing his time in a first interview, on June 30, 2016, followed subsequently by email correspondence, phone calls, and further interviews throughout 2016–2017.

Butler investigated how over: Ruth Butler, “Enhancing and Undermining Intrinsic Motivation: The Effects of Task-Involving and Ego-Involving Evaluation on Interest and Performance,” British Journal of Educational Psychology 58 (1988): 1–14.

“If you don’t, we’ll fire you”: Josh Logue, “Losing His Job for Teaching Too Well?” Inside Higher Ed, October 13, 2015, www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/10/13/popular-lecturer-berkeley-will-lose-job-despite-strong-record-promoting-student.

United States has a STEM crisis: Xianglei Chen and Matthew Soldner, STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths Into and Out of STEM Fields (Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education, November 2013), https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014001rev.pdf.

The term grade seems: Neil Postman, Technopology: The Surrender of Culture to Technology (New York: Knopf, 1992).

Others give the credit to: George Wilson Pierson, “Undergraduate Studies: Yale College,” A Yale Book of Numbers: Historical Statistics of the College and University 1701–1976 (New Haven, CT: Yale Office of Institutional Research, 1983), 310; Jack Schneider and Ethan Hutt, “Making the Grade: A History of the A–F Marking Scheme,” Journal of Curriculum Studies 46, no. 2 (2014): 201–224.

The term grade had another: Mary Lovett Smallwood, An Historical Study of Examinations and Grading Systems in Early American Universities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935); “Grade,” Online Etymology Dictionary, www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grade.

began experimenting with letter grades: “Grade Creation,” Mount Holyoke College, www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/grade_creation.shtml.

to yield an “intelligence quotient”: For a fuller account of IQ and standardized aptitude tests, see “How We Measure,” in Cathy N. Davidson, Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Learn (New York: Viking Penguin, 2011), 105–131.

I. E. Finkelstein grew alarmed: I. E. Finkelstein, The Marking System in Theory and Practice (Baltimore: Warwick & York, 1913).

As a young chemistry teacher: Mary Lovett Smallwood, An Historical Study of Examinations and Grading Systems in Early American Universities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935); “Grade,” Online Etymology Dictionary.

he advocated standardized achievement: For excellent discussions of standardized testing, see, for example: Franz Samelson, “Was Early Mental Testing: (a) Racist Inspired, (b) Objective Science, (c) A Technology for Democracy, (d) The Origin of Multiple-Choice Exams, (e) None of the Above? (Mark the RIGHT Answer),” in Psychological Testing and American Society, 1890–1930, ed. Michael M. Sokal (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987), 113–127; Theodore M. Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Peter Sacks, Standardized Minds: The High Price of America’s Testing Culture and What We Can Do to Change It (New York: Da Capo Press, 2011); and Anya Kamenetz, The Test: Why Our Schools Are Obsessed with Standardized Testing—But You Don’t Have to Be (New York: PublicAffairs, 2015).

“If you had a job at McDonald’s”: Alexander Coward, “Blowing the Whistle on the UC Berkeley Mathematics Department,” October 11, 2015, http://alexandercoward.com/BlowingTheWhistleOnUCBerkeleyMathematics.html.

in Research in Higher Education: Shari L. Gnolek, Vincenzo T. Falciano, and Ralph W. Kuncl, “Modeling Change and Variation in US News & World Report College Rankings: What Would It Really Take to Be in the Top 20?” Research in Higher Education 55, no. 8 (December 1, 2014): 761–779, doi:10.1007/s11162-014-9336-9.

trying to crawl back: Nick Anderson, “Berkeley Is Facing Big Budget Trouble, ‘Painful’ Measures Ahead for Nation’s Top Public College,” Washington Post, February 10, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/02/10/berkeley-is-facing-big-budget-trouble-painful-measures-ahead-for-nations-top-public-college/.

And it’s a solitary profession: John Ziker, “The Long, Lonely Job of Homo academicus,” Blue Review, March 31, 2014, https://thebluereview.org/faculty-time-allocation/; Colleen Flaherty, “So Much to Do, So Little Time,” Inside Higher Ed, April 9, 2014, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/04/09/research-shows-professors-work-long-hours-and-spend-much-day-meetings; “What Do Faculty Do?” American Association of University Professors, https://www.aaup.org/issues/faculty-work-workload/what-do-faculty-do.

Carnegie Classification of Institutions: The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/.

Opting out of SAT/ACT: Jonathan Lash, “Results of Removing Standardized Test Scores from College Admissions,” Hampshire College, September 21, 2015, https://www.hampshire.edu/news/2015/09/21/results-of-removing-standardized-test-scores-from-college-admissions.

Hampshire remains “deeply committed”: Jonathan Lash, personal correspondence with author, October 19, 2016.

That is the question being: These interviews took place in Manhattan, Kansas, on April 7–8, 2015. Student names and personal details have been changed. Special thanks to Meadowlark director of Health Services Annie Peace, the residents of Meadowlark Retirement Community, Professor Michael Wesch, and his class (past and present) for allowing me and my research assistant, Danica Savonick, to interview them and to be part of their class.

“A Vision of Students Today”: Michael Wesch, “A Vision of Students Today,” uploaded October 12, 2007, YouTube video, 4:44, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGCJ46vyR9o.

When he returned home: Jordan Thomas, “Getting Real: Journeys from a College Gap Year: Jordan Thomas: TEDxMHK,” April 14, 2016, YouTube video, 15:35, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUMMFXaM140.

He went to live in Taos: “Kansas State University Anthropology Student Receives Marshall Scholarship to Study Food Systems, Social Sustainability,” K-State News, November 24, 2015, www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/nov15/marshallscholar112415.html.

“Household” movement: Steve Shields and LaVrene Norton, In Pursuit of the Sunbeam: A Practical Guide to Transformation from Institution to Household (Manhattan, KS: Manhattan Retirement Foundation, 2006), back cover; change matrix, 54–55.

assault against all of public: “Ten States with Biggest Higher Education Cuts,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, www.cbpp.org/ten-states-with-biggest-higher-education-cuts; Michael Mitchell, “Mapping State Funding Cuts for Higher Education,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, March 6, 2015, www.cbpp.org/blog/mapping-state-funding-cuts-for-higher-education.

governor and legislators aggressively cut: “Cuts to Kansas’ Higher Education System Jeopardize Our Economic Future,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sfp_highered_ks.pdf; AP Wire and Matt Stewart, “Kansas Legislators Approve Budget Plan,” fox4kc.com, May 2, 2016, http://fox4kc.com/2016/05/02/kansas-legislators-approve-budget-plan/.

CHAPTER 8: THE FUTURE OF LEARNING

The Red House is exactly: Special thanks to Randy Bass, Ann Pendleton-Jullian, and all of their students and colleagues at Georgetown who allowed me to interview them on May 6, July 13, and July 24, 2016, and in multiple follow-up email and phone conversations.

Jack DeGioia wants: John DeGioia, “Advance Our Work,” Designing the Future(s) of the University, Georgetown University, https://futures.georgetown.edu/advance-our-work/.

The American Enterprise Institute: Michael B. Horn and Andrew P. Kelly, Moving Beyond College (Washington, DC: Center on Higher Education Reform, American Enterprise Institute, August 2015), https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Moving-Beyond-College.pdf.

US universities now contribute: “About University Research,” Association of American Universities, https://www.aau.edu/research/article.aspx?id=12010

Partnerships work in all: One of Randy Bass’s closest research colleagues for innovation is Bret Eynon, a historian and the associate dean for academic affairs and founder of the Center for Teaching and Learning at LaGuardia Community College (CUNY). See Randy Bass and Bret Eynon, Open and Integrative: Designing Liberal Education for the New Digital Ecosystem (Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2016), https://secure.aacu.org/store/detail.aspx?id=GMSDIG.

human jobs will be automated: Bryan Dean Wright, “Robots Are Coming for Your Job,” Los Angeles Times, March 28, 2016, www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-wright-robots-jobs-data-mining-20160328-story.html.

“Principles and Challenges of Childhood”: Provost Robert Groves, “Pedagogical Innovation Made Real,” Designing the Future(s) of the University (blog), March 18, 2016, https://futures.georgetown.edu/pedagocial-innovation-made-real/.

“Designers don’t think their”: Bill Burnett and Dave Evans, Designing Your Life: How to Build a Well-Lived, Joyful Life (New York: Knopf, 2016), xxv.

Pendleton-Jullian is somewhat skeptical: Ann Pendleton-Jullian and John Seely Brown, Pragmatic Imagination: Single from Design Unbound (Blurb, 2016).

the legendary former chief scientist: “About John Seely Brown,” www.johnseelybrown.com/bio.html.

generation as “excellent sheep”: William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life (New York: Free Press, 2014).

perhaps the most shameful event: Scott Jaschik, “What the Protests Mean,” Inside Higher Ed, November 16, 2015, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/11/16/experts-consider-what-protests-over-racial-tensions-mean.

Patrick Awuah, returned home: Special thanks to Patrick Awuah for an interview on August 24, 2016, and numerous email exchanges over the course of 2016.

was named a MacArthur Fellow: “MacArthur Fellows Program: Patrick Awuah,” MacArthur Foundation, September 28, 2015, https://www.macfound.org/fellows/929/#sthash.IfoUzZOU.dpuf.

American Association of University Professors: “The Status of Non-Tenure-Track Faculty,” American Association of University Professors, June 1993, https://www.aaup.org/report/status-non-tenure-track-faculty; “Background Facts on Contingent Faculty,” American Association of University Professors, https://www.aaup.org/issues/contingency/background-facts.

moving seven-minute video: Estefany1987, “I Am Going to College,” uploaded May 25, 2016, Vimeo video, 7:25, https://vimeo.com/168101620.

The videographer posing these: Special thanks to all of the remarkably talented, dedicated, and serious students who shared their ideas with me for the conclusion to this book during the summer and fall of 2016. Although I refer to them only by first name for reasons of privacy, I wish I could honor them more. They give me hope for the future.