8. Striding Toward Freedom

[“That institutional arrangement”]: Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (Harper, 1942), p. 269.

[Erikson on Gandhi and his followers]: see Erik H. Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (Norton, 1969), p. 408; see also Richard H. Solomon, Mao’s Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture (University of California Press, 1971).

Onward, Christian Soldiers

[Martin Luther King, Jr., other leaders, and the civil rights struggle]: Primary correspondence (1955-68), esp. box 1, King Library and Archives, Martin Luther King, Jr., Center, Atlanta.

[Parks]: Howell Raines, My Soul Is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered (Putnam, 1977), pp. 40-42, 44; David L. Lewis, King (Praeger, 1970), pp. 47-48; George R. Metcalf, Black Profiles (McGraw-Hill, 1968), pp. 255-64.

[“Time had just come”]: Parks radio interview with Sidney Roger, 1956 (Pacifica Radio Archive, Los Angeles); Raines, p. 44.

349 [Highlander]: Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (Free Press, 1984), pp. 139-57; Frank Adams and Myles Horton, Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander (John F. Blair, 1975).

[“A unified society”]: quoted in Adams and Horton, p. 122.

349 [Montgomery boycott]: Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (Harper, 1958); Lewis, ch. 3; Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Harper, 1982), pp. 64-107; Morris, pp. 40-63; Raines, book 1, ch. 1.

[“Beat this thing”]: Raines, p. 44.

[“Gift of laughing people”]: King, Stride, p. 74.

[King]: David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Morrow, 1986); Oates; Lewis; Hanes Walton, Jr., The Political Philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Greenwood Publishing, 1971); August Meier, “The Conservative Militant,” in C. Eric Lincoln, ed., Martin Luther King, Jr. (Hill and Wang, 1970), pp. 144-56; Sidney M. Willhelm, “Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Black Experience in America,” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 10, no. 1 (September 1979), pp. 3-19.

350 [“Old Testament patriarch”]: Oates, p. 8.

[“Real father”]: quoted in ibid., p. 12.

[King’s studies]: see ibid., pp. 17-41; David J. Garrow, “The Intellectual Development of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Influences and Commentaries,” Union Seminary Quarterly Review, vol. 40 (January 1986), pp. 5-20; John J. Ansbro, Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind (Orbis Books, 1982).

351 [King’s address at mass meeting]: King, Stride, pp. 61-63, quoted at p. 63; see also Oates, pp. 69-72.

[“Military precision”]: quoted in King, Stride, p. 77.

[“My feet is tired”]: quoted in Oates, pp. 76-77.

351-2 [King and nonviolence]: ibid., pp. 23, 30-33, 77-79; Lewis, ch. 4 passim; Ansbro, esp. chs. 4, 7; Walton, esp. ch. 4; Warren E. Steinkraus, “Martin Luther King’s Personalism and Nonviolence,” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 34, no. 1 (January-March 1973, pp. 97-111.

[Till]: Oates, p. 62.

[White southern ideology]: see W. F. Cash, The Mind of the South (Knopf, 1941); I. A. Newby, Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900-1930 (Louisiana State University Press, 1965); Lawrence J. Friedman, “The Search for Docility: Racial Thought in the White South, 1861-1917,” Phylon, vol. 31, no. 3 (Fall 1970), pp. 313-23; Neil R McMillen, The Citizens’ Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-1964 (University of Illinois Press, 1971), part 3 passim; James G. Cook, The Segregationists (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962); Julia K. Blackwelder, “Southern White Fundamentalists and the Civil Rights Movement,” Phylon, vol. 40, no. 4 (Winter 1979), pp. 334-41; David C. Colby, “White Violence and the Civil Rights Movement,” in Laurence W. Moreland et al., eds., Blacks in Southern Politics (Praegcr, 1987), pp. 31-48; Charles W. Chesnutt, The Marrow of Tradition (1901; reprinted by Arno Press, 1969); James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (Harcourt, 1964); John Hope Franklin and Isidore Starr, eds., The Negro in Twentieth Century America (Vintage, 1967), pp. 34-38; Reese Cleghorn, “The Segs,” in Harold Hayes, ed., Smiling Through the Apocalypse: Esquire’s History of the Sixties (McCall Publishing, 1969), pp. 651-68; Bertram W. Doyle, The Etiquette of Race Relations in the South: A Study in Social Control (1937 reprinted by Kennikat Press, 1968).

[“Other South”]: Carl N. Degler, The Other South: Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth Century (Harper, 1974); William Peters, The Southern Temper (Doubleday, 1959), esp. chs. 7, 10.

[“I’m a Jew”]: quoted in Peters, p. 126.

[Golden’s plan]: ibid., pp. 125-26.

[“Great period of Southern dissent”]: Degler, p. 371.

[“Kill Him!”] Peters, p. 117.

[Racist stereotypes]: see Cook, Segregationists, pp. 15, 17, 18, 51, 59, 213, 223, and passim.

[Racism, anti-Semitism, anticommunism]: see McMillen, ch. 10; Cook, Segregationists, chs. 4, 7, and pp. 293-303.

[Blacks in southern textbooks]: Melton McLaurin, “Images of Negroes in Deep South Public School State History Texts,” Phylon, vol. 32, no. 3 (Fall 1971), pp. 237-46, “bright rows” quoted at p. 239; see also Franklin and Starr, pp. 45-52.

354 [Citizens’ Commis]: McMillen; Cook, Segregationists, ch. 2; Samuel DuBois Cook, “Political Movements and Organizations,” in Avery Leiserson, ed., The American South in The ***’s (Praeger, 1964), pp. 130-53, esp. pp. 133-44; see also David M. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The First Century of the Ku Klux Klan, 1865-1965 (Doubleday,1965), esp. chs. 46-48; Wyn Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America (Simon and Schuster, 1987), chs. 10-12.

354 [Councils’ platform]: quoted in Cook, Segregationists, p. 51.

[Southern politics]: V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (Knopf, 1949); Numan V. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950s (Louisiana State University Press, 1969); Bartley and Hugh D. Graham, Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), esp. ch. 3; Cook, “Political Movements”; Donald R. Matthews and James W. Prothro, Negroes and the New Southern Politics (Harcourt, 1966); Earl Black, “Southern Governors and Political Change: Campaign Stances on Racial Segregation and Economic Development, 1950-1969,” Journal of Polities, vol. 33 (1971), pp. 708-19; McMillen, esp. ch. 14; Cash, passim; Cook, Segregationists, esp. ch. 8; Silver, chs. 1-3; Robert Sherrill, Gothic Politics in the Deep South: Stars of the New Confederacy (Grossman, 1968).

[Key on southern politics]: Key, p. 4.

355 [“Employing the powerful weapons”]: Cook, “Political Movements,” p. 136.

[Ashmore on restrictive legislation]: ibid., p. 133.

[Black churches]: Morris, pp. 4-12; Benjamin E. Mays and Joseph W. Nicholson, The Negro’s Church (1933; reprinted by Negro Universities Press, 1969), ch. 17 and passim; Charles V. Hamilton, The Black Preacher in America (Morrow, 1972); James H. Cone, Black Theology and Black Power (Seabury Press, 1969), ch. 4; William H. Pipes, Say Amen, Brother!: Old-Time Negro Preaching, A Study in American Frustration (1951; reprinted by Negro Universities Press, 1970).

[Frazier on Negro church]: quoted in Morris, p. 60.

[“Common church culture”]: ibid., p. 11.

356 [Formation of SCLC and its strategic foundering]: Garrow, Bearing, ch. 2; Oates, pp. 122-24, 129-30, 144-46, 156-58; Morris, chs. 4-5; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1980 (Hill and Wang, 1981), pp. 64-66; Louis E. Lomax, The Negro Revolt (Harper, 1962), pp. 92-96.

[“Unite community leaders”]: Morris, p. 46. [“Rare talent”]: Lerone Bennett, quoted in ibid., p. 94.

[CORE]: August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968 (Oxford University Press, 1973), part 1; Morris, pp. 128-38. [Lunch-counter sit-ins]: Howard Zinn, SNCC: The New Abolitionists (Beacon Press, 1964), ch. 2; Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Harvard University Press, 1981), ch. 1; Morris, ch. 9; Raines, book 1, ch. 2 passim; Meier and Rudwick, ch. 4; Miles Wolff, Lunch at the 5 & 10: The Greensboro Sit-ins (Stein & Day, 1970); William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1980), ch. 3.

[“I’m sorry”]: quoted in Raines, p. 76.

357 [“Instilled within each other”]: Franklin McCain, quoted in ibid., p. 75. [“Like a fever”]: quoted in Carson, p. 12.

[“Time to move”]: quoted in Morris, p. 201.

[Baker]: Morris, pp. 102-4; Zinn, pp. 32-33; Ellen Cantarow and Susan Gushee O’Malley, “Ella Baker: Organizing for Civil Rights,” in Cantarow et al., Moving the Mountain: Women Working for Social Change (Feminist Press/McGraw-Hill, 1980), pp. 52-93; Mary King, Freedom Song (Morrow, 1987), pp. 42-43.

[Baker and SCLC]: see Morris, pp. 103-4, 112-15, Cantarow and O’Malley, p. 84; Garrow, Bearing, pp. 120-21, 131, 141.

358 [Formation of SNCC]: Morris, pp. 215-21; Carson, ch. 2; James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (Macmillan, 1972), ch. 29; Raines, book 1, ch. 2 passim, and book 1, ch. 5; Zinn, pp. 33-36; Oates, pp. 154-55.

[“Direct their own affairs”]: Baker interview with Clayborne Carson, New York, May 5, 1972.

[“Foundation of our purpose”]: SNCC founding statement, in Judith C. Albert and Stewart E. Albert, eds., The Sixties Papers: Documents of a Rebellious Decade (Praeger, 1984), quoted at p. 113.

[“He is the movement”]: Ella Baker, “Developing Community Leadership,” in Gerda Lerner, ed., Black Women in White America (Pantheon, 1972), quoted at p. 351. [“We are all leaders”]: quoted in Morris, p. 231.

[An American Dilemma]: Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (“Twentieth Anniversary Edition”: Harper, 1962), quoted at p. 1023.

[King on Bay of Pigs]: quoted in Oates, p. 173.

[King-Kennedy meeting]: ibid., p. 172; see also Harris Wofford, Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980), pp. 128-29.

[The Kennedy White House and the civil rights movement]: Burke Marshall Papers, esp. boxes 17-19, John F. Kennedy Library.

[“Or the Devil himself”]: quoted in Carl M. Brauer, John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction (Columbia University Press, 1977), p. 48.

[‘“Terrible ambivalence”’]: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 930; see also Brauer, ch. 3; James L. Sundquist, Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years (Brookings Institution, 1968), pp. 256-59; John Hart, “Kennedy, Congress and Civil Rights,” Journal of American Studies, vol. 13, no. 1 (April 1979), pp. 165-78; Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969 (Columbia University Press, 1976), ch. 9; Wofford, ch. 5; Bruce Miroff, Pragmatic Illusions: The Presidential Politics of John F. Kennedy (David McKay, 1976), ch. 6 passim; Victor S. Navasky, Kennedy Justice (Atheneum, 1971), pp. 96-99.

Marching as to War

361 [1961 Freedom Rides]: Zinn, ch. 3; Carson, ch. 3; Raines, book 1, ch. 3; Morris, pp. 231-36; James Peck, Freedom Ride (Simon and Schuster, 1962), chs. 8-9; Forman, ch. 18; Brauer, pp. 98-111; James Farmer,  Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (Arbor House, 1985), chs. 17-18; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (Houghton Mifflin, 1978), pp. 294-300; Wofford, pp. 151-58; Meier and Rudwick, ch. 5; Oates, pp. 174-78.

[“Movement on wheels”]: Raines, p. 110.

[“As we entered”]: Peck, p. 128.

[FBI informant on beatings]: Gary Thomas Rowe, Jr., quoted in Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, p. 295.

[“Stop them”]: quoted in Wofford, p. 153.

[“Have been cooling off”]: quoted in Farmer, p. 206.

[“All on probation”]: ibid., p. 207.

[King-Kennedy exchange]: quoted in Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 299-300.

364 [Albany]: Carson, ch. 5; Garrow, Bearing, ch. 4; Morris, pp. 239-50; Oates, pp. 188- 201; Brauer, pp. 168-79; Zinn, ch. 7; Forman, ch. 33.

[“Just speak for us”]: William G. Anderson, quoted in Oates, p. 189.

[Sherrod on the singing]: quoted in Forman, p. 247; see also Bernice Johnson Reagon, “Songs of the Civil Rights Movement, 1955-1965: A Study in Culture History” (doctoral dissertation; Howard University, 1975), chs. 2, 3, 5; Reagon, “In Our Hands: Thoughts on Black Music,” Sing Out!, vol. 24, no. 6 (January-February 1976), pp. l ff.

[Brauer on “Pritchett’s jails”]: Brauer, p. 177.

365 [Meredith]: Metcalf, pp. 219-54; Brauer, ch. 7; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 317- 27; Navasky, ch. 4 passim.

[“Nobody handpicked me”]: quoted in Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, p. 317. [Barrett on “that boy”]: ibid., p. 319.

366 [“Sense of Southern history”]: Edwin Guthman, quoted in ibid., p. 325; see also Brauer, p. 204.

[“Republic had been trapped”]: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, p. 326.

[“Breaking out”]: quoted in ibid., p. 327.

[Black disagreements over goals and strategy]: see Carson, ch. 3 passim: Garrow, Bearing, pp. 216-30 passim; Forman, ch. 31; Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can’t Wait (Harper, 1964), chs. 2, 8 passim; Lomax, ch. 12.

367 [The “magic city”]; see King, Why We Can’t Wait, pp. 37-43; Morris, pp. 257-58; Silver, passim.

[Birmingham campaign]: King, Why We Can’t Wait; Garrow, Bearing, pp. 231-64; Oates, pp. 209-43; Morris, pp. 250-74; Raines, book 1, ch. 1, part1; Forman, ch. 40. 367-8 [“Letter from Birmingham Jail”]: in King, Why We Can’t Wait, ch. 5, quoted at pp. 82, 83, 87, 91; see also Wesley T. Mott, “The Rhetoric of Martin Luther King. Jr : Letter from Birmingham Jail”, Phylon, vol. 36, no. 4 (Winter 1975), pp. 411-21.

368 [The movement and the media]: see Garrow, Bearing, pp. 247-50; Catherine A. Barnes, Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit (Columbia University Press, 1983), p. 203; Mary King, esp. ch. 6.

[“Fan the fames”]: quoted in I.ois L. Duke, “Cultural Redefinition of News: Racial Issues in South Carolina, 1954-1984” (doctoral dissertation; University of South Carolina, 1979), p. 175.

[“Doesn’t live down here”]: quoted in Garrow, Bearing, p. 257.

369 [Kennedy on photo of dog attack]: quoted in Brauer, p. 238.

[“Above all, it is wrong”]: Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights, February 28, 1963, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. John F. Kennedy (U.S. Government Printing Of?ìce, 1962-64), vol. 3, pp. 221-30, quoted at p. 222; see also Brauer, pp. 211-29; Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (Harper, 1965), pp. 493-96; Oates, p. 214.

[King on Kennedy proposals]: quoted in Brauer, p. 228.

[Robert Kennedy’s meeting with blacks]: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 330-35, Smith quoted at p. 332, Horne at p. 333, Kennedy at p. 334, Schlesinger at p. 335; Brauer, pp. 242-45.

370 [Tuscaloosa confrontation]: Brauer, pp. 252-59; Marshall Frady, Wallace (New American Library, 1975), pp148-70; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 337-42; see also Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (Knopf, 1985), chs. 9-10.

[“Draw the line”]: quoted in Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of Powerlessness (Transaction Books, 1981), p. 24.

[“Segregation now!”]: quoted in Frady, p. 142.

[“Out-nigguhed”]: quoted in Carlson, p. 22.

[“Negro baby born”]: in Kennedy Public Papers, vol. 3, pp. 468-71, quoted at pp. 468, 469.

370-1 [Kennedy’s proposals and their reception]: June 19, 1963, in ibid., vol. 3, pp. 483-94; Sorensen, pp. 496-504; Oates, pp. 243-45; Sundquist, pp. 259-65; Brauer, pp. 245-52, 259-64, and ch10 passim: see also Steven F. Lawson, “‘I Got It from The New York Times’: Lyndon Johnson and the Kennedy Civil Rights Program,” Journal of Negro History, vol. 67, no. 2 (Summer 1982), pp. 159-72.

371 [March on Washington]: New York Times, August 29, 1963, pp. 1, 16-21; Oates, pp. 246-47, 256-64; Garrow, Bearing, pp. 265-86 passim; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 349-52; Carson, ch. 7; Brauer, pp. 272-73, 290-93; Forman, ch. 43.

[“May seem ill-timed”]: quoted in Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, p. 350. [Lewis’s speech at March]: Carson, pp. 91-95, quoted at p. 95.

371-2 [King’s speech at March]: Oates, pp. 261-62, quoted at p. 262.

372 [Post-March meeting with Kennedy]: Garrow, Bearing, p. 285.

[Wilkins on Kennedy]: quoted in Oates, p. 262.

[Moody]: Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi (Dial, 1968), p. 275.

[“Fuck that dream”]: quoted in Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, p. 351.

[Evers shooting and Kennedy]: New York Times, June 13, 1963, pp. 1, 12-13; ibid., June 21, 1963, p. 14; Metcalf, pp. 195-218; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 344-45.

[Arrests in South]: see Theodore H. While, The Making of the President: 1964 (Atheneum, 1965), p. 171.

[Birmingham church bombing]: New York Times, September 16, 1963, pp. 1, 26; Oates, pp. 267-69.

372-3 [Dallas 1963]: William Manchester, The Death of a President (Harper, 1967), pp. 34-51 passim; Herbert S. Parmet, JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Dial, 1983), pp. 340, 344-45.

373 [WANTED FOR TREASON]: quoted in Parmet, p. 340.

[Kennedy in Texas]: ibid., pp. 341-46; Manchester, book 1 passim.

373 [“That’ll add interest”]: quoted in Parmet, p. 341.

[“You know the French author”]: Moynihan papers, Nixon Administration Papers, Subject File II, excerpt from interview, December 5, 1963, uncatalogued folder.

[“Caught in cross currents”]: quoted in James MacGregor Burns, John Kennedy: A Political Profile (Harcourt, 1960), p. 155.

[“Historic crossroad”]: Mark Stern, “Black Interest Group Pressure on the Executive: John F. Kennedy as Politician,” paper prepared for delivery at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, King quoted at p. 51. [Baker’s principle]: quoted in Mary King, p. 456 (italics added).

We Shall Overcome

[The Johnson White House and the civil rights struggle]: Burke Marshall Papers, esp. boxes 17-19, John F. Kennedy Library.

[“Talked long enough”]: in The Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965-70), vol. 1, part 1, pp. 8-10, quoted at p. 9. On the ambivalence of LBJ over civil rights legislation when Vice President in 1963, as contrasted with his presidential leadership, see telephone conversation between LBJ and Theodore Sorensen, Edison Dictaphone recording, June 3, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.

376 [“Resort to arson”]: quoted in Charles Whalen and Barbara Whalen, The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Seven Locks Press, 1985), p. 90.

[“Nefarious bill”]: ibid., p. 91.

[Smith and “sex” amendment]: ibid., pp. 115-17; Carl M. Brauer, “Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 49, no. 1 (February 1983), pp. 37-56.

[House passage of civil rights bill]: Whalen and Whalen, p. 121; Sundquist, p. 266 and p. 266 n. 144; see also Joe R. Feagin, “Civil Rights Voting by Southern Congressmen,” Journal of Politics, vol. 34, no. 2 (May 1972), pp. 484-99.

[Senate filibuster]: Whalen and Whalen, chs. 5-7; Sundquist, pp. 267-69.

[“To the last ditch”]: Russell, quoted in Whalen and Whalen, p. 142.

[Thurmond’s filibuster record]: ibid., p. 143.

377 [“Billion dollar blackjack”]: ibid., p. 145.

[Russell on lobbyists]: quoted in Sundquist, p. 268.

[Length of Senate debate]: see ibid., p. 267 n. 146.

[“Bill can’t pass”]: quoted in Whalen and Whalen, p. 148.

[Aide on LBJ and Dirksen]: quoted in Sundquist, p. 268.

377-8 [Senate approval of cloture and bill]: ibid., pp. 269-70; Whalen and Whalen, pp. 199-200; see also Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power (New American Library, 1966), pp. 76-80.

[“More abiding commitment”]: in Johnson Public Papers, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 842-44, quoted at p. 843.

[Provisions of civil rights bill]: see Whalen and Whalen, pp. 239-42 (Appendix).

378-9 [Hamer on Ruleville meeting]: Hamer, To Raise Our Bridges (KIPCO, 1967), p. 12.

379 [Hamer]: Hamer; Raines, pp. 249-55; Zinn, pp. 93-96; Susan Kling, “Fannie Lou Hamer: Baptism by Fire,” in Pam McAllister, ed., Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence (New Society, 1982), pp. 106-11; Mary King, pp. 140-44.

[“Just listenin’ at ’em”]: quoted in Raines, p. 249.

[Hamer on literacy test]: ibid., p. 250. [“Too yellow”]: Hamer, p. 12.

[Reprisals against Hamer]: ibid., p. 13; Zinn, p. 94; Raines, pp. 250-51.

[Mississippi voter registration drive]: Carson, chs. 4, 8, 9; Zinn, chs. 4-6; Forman, chs. 30, 34, 36, 38, 48; Sally Belfrage, Freedom Summer (Viking, 1965); Mary A. Rothschild, A Case of Black and White: Northern Volunteers and the Southern Freedom Summers, 1964-1965 (Greenwood Press, 1982); Meier and Rudwick, CORE, ch. 9; Emily Stoper, “The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: Rise and Fall of a Redemptive Organization,” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 8, no. 1 (September 1977), pp. 13-34; Bob Moses, “Mississippi: 1961-1962,” Liberation, vol. 14, no. 9 (January 1970), pp. 7-17; Cantarow and O’Malley, pp. 86-88; Seth Cagin and Philip Dray, We Are Not Afraid (Macmillan, 1988).

379 [Baker’s mediation at Highlander]: Carson, pp. 41-42.

380 [“Born in prison”]: quoted in Zinn, p. 80.

[Hamer on jail beatings]: Raines, pp. 253-54, quoted at p. 253; Hamer, p. 14.

[Casting of “freedom ballots”]: Zinn, pp. 98-101; Carson, pp. 97-98; Forman, pp. 354-56.

[MFDP]: Carson, pp. 108-9, 117; ‘‘Belfrage, ch. 12; Hanes Walton, Jr., Black Political Parties (Free Press, 1972), pp. 80-95.

381 [“Extraordinary inner sense”]: Belfrage, p. 201.

[MFDP at Democratic convention]: Forman, pp. 384-97; Carson, pp. 123-28; Mary King, pp. 343-52; Belfrage, pp. 236-46; Walton, pp. 95-103; White, pp. 277-82; Silkoff, pp. 179-85; Evans and Novak, pp. 451-56.

[“Popcorn and seaweed”]: Belfrage, p. 240.

[“Woesome time”]: quoted in Raines, p. 252.

[“I question America”]: “The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer,” Pacifica radio program (Pacifica Radio Archive, Los Angeles).

381-2 [“Come all this way”]: quoted in Forman, p. 395.

382 [1964 election]: White, passim; John Bartlow Martin, “Election of 1964,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968 (Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 4, pp. 3565-94; ibid., p. 3702; Eric Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson (Knopf, 1969), chs. 8-10; Evans and Novak, chs. 20-21; Robert D. Novak, The Agony of the G.O.P., 1964 (Macmillan, 1965); John H. Kessel, The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964 (Bobbs-Merrill, 1968); Richard H. Rovere, The Goldwater Caper (Harcourt, 1965); Samuel A. Kirkpatrick, “Issue Orientation and Voter Choice in 1964,” Social Science Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 1 (June 1968), pp. 87-102.

[Southern black voting, 1964]: James C. Harvey, Black Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration (University and College Press of Mississippi, 1973), p. 27 (Table 1).

[Selma and Voting Rights Act]: David J. Garrow, Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1961 (Yale University Press, 1978); Charles E. Fager, Selma 1965: The March That Changed the South (Scribner, 1974); Garrow, Bearing, ch. 7; Sundquist, pp. 271-75; Raines, book 1, ch. 4, part 2; Wofford, ch. 6; Lawson, pp. 307-22; Carson, pp. 157-62; Mary King, pp. 216-28; Oates, pp. 325-65 passim, 369-72.

383 [“Put on their walking shoes”]: quoted in Garrow, Bearing, p. 403.

[“Turning point”]: “The American Promise,” March 15, 1965, in Johnson Public Papers, vol. 2, part 1, pp. 281-87, quoted at p. 281.

[“Mudcaked pilgrims”]: Fager, p. 158.

384 [“How long?”]: quoted in ibid., p. 162.

[Murder of Viola Luizzo]: ibid., pp. 163-64; Garrow, Protest, pp. 117-18; Wade, pp. 347-54.

[“They came in darkness”]: August 6, 1965, in Johnson Public Papers, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 840-43, quoted at p. 840.

[Conflict within SNCC]: Carson, part 2 passim; Forman, chs. 62-63; Mary King, chs. 12-13 passim.

385 [Black migration, 1960-70]: Thomas L. Blair, Retreat from the Ghetto: The End of a Dream? (Hill and Wang, 1977), p. 228; see also John D. Reid, “Black Urbanization of the South,” Phylon, vol. 35, no. 3 (Fall 1974), pp. 259-67; Hollis R. Lynch, ed., The Black Urban Condition: A Documentary History, 1866-1971 (Crowell, 1973), pp. 439-40 (Appendix D).

[Black proportion of urban populations by 1960]: Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (Harper, 1965), pp. 24 (Tables 2 and 2A), p. 25 (Table 3). [Cost of being black and of discrimination]: Paul M. Siegel, “On the Cost of Being a Negro,” in John F. Kain, ed., Race and Poverty: The Economics of Discrimination (Prentice-Hall, 1969), pp. 60-67, quoted at p. 67; and Council of Economic Advisers, “The Economic Cost of Discrimination” (1965), in ibid., pp. 58-59.

[Clark’s Harlem]: Clark, quoted on his family’s movements at p. xv; see also U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, A Time to Listen … A Time to Act: Voices from the Ghettoes of the Nation’s Cities (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967); Paul Jacobs, Prelude to Riot: A View of Urban America from the Bottom (Random House, 1967); Daniel R. Fusfeld and Timothy Bates, The Political Economy of the Urban Ghetto (Southern Illinois University Press, 1984); Robert Coles, “Like It Is in the Alley,” in David R. Goldfield and James B. Lane, eds., The Enduring Ghetto (Lippincott, 1973), pp. 104-15; James Baldwin, “Fifth Avenue Uptown,” in ibid., pp. 116-24.

385 [“Anguished Cry”]: Clark, p. xx.

[Street talk]: quoted in ibid., pp. 6, 16, 1, 4, respectively.

385-6 [Malcolm X and the Black Muslims]: Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (Grove Press, 1965); George Breitman, ed., Malcolm X Speaks (Grove Press, 1965); Eugene V. Wolfenstein, The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution (University of California Press, 1981); Louis E. Lomax, When the Word Is Given … (Greenwood Press, 1963); Peter Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X (Harper, 1973); C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America, rev. ed. (Beacon Press, 1973); Blair, ch. 2; Oates, pp. 251-53; Hank Flick, “Malcolm X: The Destroyer and Creator of Myths,”Journal of Black Studies, vol. 12, no. 2 (December 1981), pp. 166-81; Peter Schrag, “The New Black Myths,” Harper’s, vol. 238, no. 1428 (May 1969), pp. 37-42; Lawrence L. Tyler, “The Protestant Ethic Among the Black Muslims,” Phylon, vol. 27, no. 1 (Spring 1966), pp. 5-14; Raymond Rodgers and Jimmie N. Rodgers, “The Evolution of the Attitude of Malcolm X toward Whites,” ibid., vol. 44, no. 1 (Spring 1983), pp. 108-15; Peter Goldman, “Malcolm X,” in John A. Garraty, ed., Encyclopedia of American Biography (Harper, 1974), pp. 723-24; Clifton E. Marsh, From Black Muslims to Muslims: The Transition from Separatism to Islam, 1930-1980 (Scarecrow Press, 1984); Elijah Muhammad, Message to the Black Man in America (Muhammad Mosque of Islam No. 2, 1965).

386 [From “civil rights” to “human rights”]: “The Ballot or the Bullet,” April 3, 1964, in Malcolm X Speaks, pp. 23-44, quoted at p. 34.

[“By ballots or by bullets”]: “With Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer,” December 20, 1964, in Malcolm X Speaks, p. 111;see also “Ballot or Bullet” in ibid.

[“By any means necessary”]: see Wollenstein, pp. 8-9, 324-25; Goldman in Garraty, p. 724.

[Carmichael]: Carson, pp. 162-63; Donald J. McCormack, “Stokely Carmichael and Pan-Africanism: Back to Black Power,,” Journal of Politics, vol. 35, no. 2 (May 1973), pp. 386-409; “Stokely Carmichael,” in Charles Moritz, ed., Current Biography Yearbook 1970 (H. W. Wilson Co., 1971), pp. 66-69.

[Lowndes County Freedom Organization]: Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (Vintage, 1967), ch. 5; Carson, pp. 162-66; Walton, ch. 4; “Lowndes County Freedom Organization Voting Pamphlet,” in Paul Jacobs and Saul Landau, The New Radicals (Random House, 1966), pp. 143-44.

[“Comes out fighting”]: John Hulett, quoted in Carson, p. 166.

[SNCC May 1966 meeting]: ibid., pp. 191-206; Forman, ch. 54.

[Meredith march]: Garrow, Bearing, pp. 473-89; Oates, pp. 395-405; Martin Luther King, Jr., Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community? (Harper, 1967), pp. 23-32; Carson, pp. 207-11; Paul Good, “The Meredith March,” New South, vol. 21, no. 3 (Summer 1966), pp. 2-16; Steven F. Lawson, In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965-1982 (Columbia University Press, 1985), pp. 49-63.

[“Highlight the need”]: quoted in Lawson, In Pursuit, p. 52.

[“Ain’t going to jail no more”]: quoted in Oates, p. 400.

[King-Carmichael exchange]: Where Do We Go, pp. 30-32, quoted at pp. 30-31.

[Assassination of Malcolm X]: Alex Haley, “Epilogue,” in Malcolm X and Haley, pp. 422-52; Marsh, p. 89.

[Black Power and divisions within movement]: Carson, chs. 14-15; Forman, chs. 47, 55; Blair, ch. 3; Carmichael and Hamilton, esp. ch. 2; Garrow, Bearing, ch. 9 passim; Walton, pp. 114-28; King, Where Do We Go, ch. 2 and passim; Meier and Rudwick, CORE, ch. 12 and Epilogue; Rhoda L. Blumberg, Civil Rights: The 1960s Freedom Struggle (Twayne, 1984), ch. 8; Julius Lester, Look Out, Whitey! Black Power’s Gon’ Get Your Mama! (Dial, 1968); Charles V. Hamilton, “An Advocate of Black Power Defines It,” in August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, eds., Black Protest in the Sixties (Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 154-68; Ansbro, pp. 211-24; Bruce Miroff, “Presidential Leverage over Social Movements: The Johnson White House and Civil Rights,” Journal of Politics, vol. 43, no. 1 (February 1981), pp. 2-23; Joel D. Aberbach and Jack L. Walker, “The Meanings of Black Power: A Comparison of White and Black Interpretations of a Political Slogan,” American Political Science Review, vol. 64, no. 2 (June 1970), pp. 367-88; Irwin Klibaner, “The Travail of Southern Radicals: The Southern Conference Educational Fund, 1946-1976,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 49, no. 2 (May 1983), pp. 195-201; Chafe, ch. 7; Bayard Rustin, “‘Black Power’ and Coalition Politics,” Commentary, vol. 42, no. 3 (September 1966), pp. 35-40; David Danzig, “In Defense of Black Power, ” ibid., pp. 41-46.

388 [King’s shift leftward]: see Oates, pp. 365-68, 418-26, 431-43; Lewis, ch. 10 passim; see also Ansbro, ch. 7; King, Where Do We Go.

[“Reconstruction of the entire society”]: quoted in Oates, p. 442.

[CORE approval and NAACP rejection of Black Power]: Meier and Rudwick, CORE, p. 414; New York Times, July 5, 1966, pp. 1, 22; ibid., July 6, 1966, pp. 1, 14; ibid., July 10, 1966, p. 53.

9. The World Turned Upside Down

389 [Medicare]: Theodore R. Marmor, The Politics of Medicare (Aldine, 1973), esp. ch. 4; Eric F. Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson (Knopf, 1969), pp. 284-96; Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives on the Presidency, 1963-1969 (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), pp. 212-20.

[Omnibus Housing bill and creation of HUD]: John Nicholson et al., eds., Housing a Nation (Congressional Quarterly Service, 1966), pp. 60-86; Robert Taggart III, Low-Income Housing: A Critique of Federal Aid (Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), ch. 5; John B. Willmann, The Department of Housing and Urban Development (Praeger, 1967), ch. 2. [National Foundation for the Arts and the Humanities]: Stephen Miller, Excellence and Equity: The National Endowment for the Humanities (University Press of Kentucky, 1984), ch. 1; Michael M. Mooney, The Ministry of Culture (Wyndham Books, 1980), pp. 46-49.

[Water Quality bill and 1965 Clean Air Act]: Clarence Davies III, The Politics of Pollution (Pegasus, 1970), pp. 38-44, 49-54; Charles O. Jones, Clean Air: The Policies and Politics of Pollution Control (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975), pp. 62-66; Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Houghton Mifflin, 1962); Frank Graham, Jr., Since Silent Spring (Houghton Mifflin, 1970), esp. part 1.

[School aid program]: Hugh Davis Graham, The Uncertain Triumph: Federal Education Policy in the Kennedy and Johnson Years (University of North Carolina Press, 1984), ch. 3 passim; Vaughn D. Bornet, The Presidency of Lyndon B Johnson (University Press of Kansas, 1983), pp. 222-24; Goldman, pp. 296-308; Johnson, pp. 206-12; New York Times, April 12, 1965, pp. 1, 22.

390 [Great Society and LBJ’s presidential style generally]: see Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (Harper, 1976), chs. 7-8; Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, Lyndon B. Johnson, The Exercise of Power (New American Library, 1966), chs. 17, 19, 22; Bornet, chs. 1-2, 10; Harry McPherson, A Political Education (Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1972), pp. 248-333 passim; Goldman, esp. chs. 2, 4-5, 12, and pp. 164-67; Jack Valenti, A Very Human President (Norton, 1975); Hugh Sidey, A Very Personal Presidency: Lyndon Johnson in the White House (Atheneum, 1968); Frank Cormier, LBJ: The Way He Was (Doubleday, 1977); David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (Random House, 1972), esp. ch. 20.

[Peace Corps]: Gerald T. Rice, The Bold Experiment: JFK’s Peace Corps (University of Notre Dame Press, 1985); Robert G. Carey, The Peace Corps (Praeger, 1970); David Hapgood and Meridan Bennett, Agents of Change: A Close Look at the Peace Corps (Little, Brown, 1968); Marshall Windmiller, The Peace Corps and Pax Americana (Public Affairs Press, 1970).

[U.S. personnel in Vietnam at Kennedy’s death]: Johnson, p. 42.

390-1 [American deaths in Vietnam, 1963 ]: George McT. Kahin and John W. Lewis, The United States in Vietnam (Dial, 1967), p. 188 (Table 4).

People of This Generation

391 [Scientists and the bomb]: Paul Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (Pantheon, 1985), part 3; Morton Grodzins and Eugene Rabinowitch, eds., The Atomic Age: Scientists in World and National Affairs (Basic Books, 1963); Alice Kimball Smith, A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists’ Movement in America, 1945-47 (University of Chicago Press, 1965); Joseph Rotblat, Scientists, the Arms Race and Disarmament (Taylor & Francis, 1982); Linus Pauling, No More War! (Dodd, Mead, 1958); Lawrence S. Winner, Rebels Against War: The American Peace Movement, 1933-1983 (Temple University Press, 1984), pp. 143-50, 165-69, 175-78, 188-90, 199-201.

[“Bridge the gap”]: Wittner, p. 251.

[CNVA]: ibid., pp. 246-50, 252-53, 261-62; see also Thomas B. Morgan, “Doom and Passion Along Rt. 45,” in Harold Hayes, ed., Smiling Through the Apocalypse: Esquire’s History of the Sixties (McCall Publishing, 1970), pp. 548-60.

[Voyage of the Phoenix]: Earle Reynolds, Forbidden Voyage (David McKay, 1961); Albert Bigelow, The Voyage of the Golden Rule: An Experiment with Truth (Doubleday, 1959); Wittner, pp. 247-50; Barbara Deming, Revolution & Equilibrium (Grossman, 1971), pp. 124-35.

[“Gigantic flash bulb”]: Reynolds, p. 61.

[Omaha Action]: Wittner, p. 262; Wilmer J. Young, “Visible Witness,” in A. Paul Hare and Herbert H. Blumberg, eds., Nonviolent Direct Action, American Cases: Social-Psychological Analyses (Corpus Books, 1968), pp. 158-70.

[New London action]: Deming, pp. 23-37; Wittner, pp. 261-62.

[March to Moscow]: Deming, pp. 51-72, Lytlle quoted at p. 69; Jules Rabin, “How We Went,” in Lillian Schlissel, ed., Conscience in America: A Documentary History of Commentions Objection in America, 1757-1967 (E. P. Dutton, 1968), pp. 376-83.

392 [Women Strike for Peace]: New York Times, November 2, 1961, p. 5; Wittner, p. 277; Amy Swerdlow, “Ladies’ Day at the Capitol: Women Strike for Peace Versus HUAC,” Feminist Studies, vol. 8, no. 3 (Fall 1982), pp. 493-520; Walter Goodman, The Committee (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1968), pp. 437-42.

[SANE]: Wittner, pp. 242-46, 251-52, 257-61, 280; Robert A. Divine, Blowing on the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate, 1954-1960 (Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 165-69; Deming, pp. 38-50.

[1963 limited test ban]: Harold K. Jacobson and Eric Stein, Diplomats, Scientists, and Politicians: The United States and the Nuclear Test Ban Negotiations (University of Michigan Press, 1966); Glenn T. Seaborg, Kennedy, Khrushchev and the Test Ban (University of California Press, 1981); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Houghton Mifflin, 1965), ch. 17 and pp. 893-915 passim: Wittner, pp. 279-81; see also Divine.

[SDS origins and Port Huron conference]: James Miller, “Democracy is in the Streets”: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (Simon and Schuster, 1987), chs. 1-6; Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS (Random House, 1973), chs. 2-4 and pp. 673-93; Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (Bantam, 1987), ch. 5.

[“Bones,” “widgets,” and “gizmos”]: quoted in Sale, p. 49.

393 [Port Huron Statement]: in Paul Jacobs and Saul Landau, The New Radicals (Random House, 1966), pp. 150-62, quoted at pp. 150, 152-53, 155; see also Miller, chs. 5, 8; Wini Breines, The Great Refusal: Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962-68 (Praeger, 1982), esp. ch. 4; G. David Garson, “The Ideology of the New Student Left,” in Julian Foster and Durward Long, eds., Protest! Student Activism in America (Morrow, 1970), pp. 184-201; David Westby and Richard Braungart, “Activists and the History of the Future,” in ibid., pp. 158-83; Irwin Unger, The Movement: A History of the New American Left, 1959-1972 (Dodd, Mead, 1974), pp. 52-56.

[Breines on SDS goals]: Breines, p. 57.

[Freedom struggle and New Left]: see Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (Knopf, 1979); Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the Sixties (Harvard University Press, 1981 ), pp. 53-55 and ch. 12 passim; Mitchell Cohen and Dennis Hale, eds., The New Student Left (Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 50-109; see also Mario Savio, “An End to History,” in Hal Draper, Berkeley: The New Student Revolt (Grove Press, 1965), pp. 179-82.

394 [“No Honor”]: Goodman, Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized System (Random House, 1960), p. 12; see also Richard Flacks, “Who Protests: The Social Bases of the Student Movement,” in Foster and Long, pp. 134-57; Steven Warnecke, “American Student Politics,” Yale Review, vol. 60, no. 2 (December 1970), pp. 185- 98; Kenneth Keniston, The Uncommitted: Alienated Youth in American Society (Harcourt, 1965); Keniston, Young Radicals: Notes on Committed Youth (Harcourt, 1968); Paul Cowan, The Making of an Un-American: A Dialogue with Experience (Viking, 1970); Unger, pp. 25-42.

[The Beats]: Gitlin, Sixties, pp. 45-54; Lawrence Lipton, The Holy Barbarians (Julian Messner, 1959), part 4 and passim; Bruce Cook, The Beat Generation (Scribner, 1971); Daniel Wolf and Edwin Fancher, eds., The Village Voice Reader (Doubleday, 1962); Jack Newfield, A Prophetic Minority (New American Library, 1966), ch. 2.

[“Rise of the cheerful robot”]: Mills, “The Politics of Responsibility,” in Carl Oglesby, ed., The New Left Reader (Grove Press, 1969), pp. 23-31, quoted at p. 26; see also Mills, “Letter to the New Left,” New Left Review, no. 5 (September-October 1960), pp. 18-23; Miller, ch. 4; Ronald Berman, America in the Sixties: An Intellectual History (Free Press, 1968), pp. 110-18.

[Free Speech Movement]: Draper; Editors of California Monthly, “Chronology of Events: Three Months of Crisis,” in Seymour Martin Lipset and Sheldon S. Wolin, eds., The Berkeley Student Revolt: Facts and Interpretations (Anchor/Doubleday, 1965), pp. 99-199; Lipset and Wolin passim; Sale, pp. 162-69; Daily Californian (University of California, Berkeley), October 1, 1984; Breines, pp. 23-31, 46-47; Berman, pp. 156-64; Bettina Aptheker talk at University of California, Berkeley, October 2, 1984.

395 [“Take all of us!”]: Draper, p. 39.

[Aptheker’s speech]: Stewart Burns interview with Aptheker, February 18, 1986.

[Berkeley students at HVAC hearings, 1960]: Goodman, The Committee, pp. 429-34; Unger, pp. 45-47; see also Max Heirich and Sam Kaplan, “Yesterday’s Discord,” in Lipset and Wolin, pp. 10-35.

[“Had to convince people”]: Savio talk at University of California, Berkeley, October 2, 1984.

396 [“We students parted ranks”]: Aptheker talk at University of California, Berkeley, October 2, 1984.

[The multiversity]: see Lipset and Wolin, part 2; Wolin and John H. Schaar, “The Abuses of the Multiversity,” in ibid., pp. 350-63; Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University (Harvard University Press, 1963); Berman, pp. 145-56; Michael W. Miles, The Radical Probe: The Logic of Student Rebellion (Atheneum, 1971), ch. 3; Immanuel Wallerstein and Paul Starr, eds., The University Crisis Reader (Random House, 1971), vol. 1, ch. 2-3, 7.

[“Ill-housed”]: Wolin and Schaar, p. 360.

397 [Kerr on university president]: Kerr, “Selections from The Uses of the University, “ in Lipset and Wolin, pp. 38-60, quoted at p. 38; see also Kerr, “Reply to Wolin and Schaar,” in ibid., pp. 364-66; Kerr, “Presidential Discontent,” in David C. Nichols, ed., Perspectives on Campus Tensions (American Council on Education, 1970), pp. 137-62.

[“Delicate balance”]: Rudolph, The American College and University: A History (Knopf, 1962), p. 423.

[“Southern struggle”]: in Jacobs and Landau, p. 150.

[Watts]: Jerry Cohen, Burn, Baby, Burn!: The Los Angeles Riot, August 1965 (E. P. Dutton, 1966); Robert E. Conot, Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness (Bantam, 1967); Paul Jacobs, Prelude to Riot: A View of Urban America from the Bottom (Random House, 1966); William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream (Little, Brown, 1974), pp. 1062-65; Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Harper, 1982), pp. 377-78.

398 [“Burning their city”]: Robert Richardson, quoted in Manchester, p. 1064. [“How can you say you won … ?”]: quoted in Oates, p. 377.

[Muhammad on need for “complete separation”]: in John H. Bracey, Jr., et al., eds., Black Nationalism in America (Bobbs-Merrill, 1970), pp. 404-7, quoted at pp. 404, 405; see also C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America (Beacon Press, 1961 ), pp. 84-97 and passim.

399 [National Conference on Black Power]: New York Times, July 21, 1967, pp. 1, 34; ibid., July 22, 1967, pp. 1, 10-11; ibid., July 24, 1967, pp. 1, 16; Thomas L. Blair, Retreat to the Ghetto: The End of a Dream? (Hill and Wang, 1977), p. 202.

[Black Panther party]: Gene Marine, The Black Panthers (New American Library, 1969); Huey P. Newton, Revolutionary Suicide (Harcourt, 1973); Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice (McGraw-Hill, 1968); Bobby Seale, A Lonely Rage (Times Books, 1978); Blair, pp. 86-103 passim; Don A. Schanche, The Panther Paradox: A Liberal’s Dilemma (David McKay, 1970); Paul Chevigny, Cops and Rebels. A Study of Provocation (Pantheon, 1972); James Korman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (Macmillan, 1972), ch. 64.

[Seale on arming blacks]: quoted in Blair, p. 92.

[Fragmentation of movement groups along political spectrum]: see Blair, pp. 81-83; Carson, pp. 144-45, l89, 191.

[“Thrust of Black Power”]: Blair, p. 82.

[Black culture]: see ibid., ch. 5 passim; Lee Rainwater, ed., Soul (Transaction Books, 1970); Al Galloway, “An Introduction to Soul,” in Hayes, pp. 708-12; Ulf Hannerz, “The Significance of Soul,” in August Meier, ed., The Transformation of Activism (Aldine, 1970), pp. 155-78; Adrian Dove, “Soul Story,” in August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, eds., Black Protest in the Sixties (Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 243-51. Peter Schrag, “The New Black Myths,” Harper’s, vol. 238, no. 1428 (May 1969), pp. 37-42.

[Black theology]: see Charles V. Hamilton, The Black Preacher in America (Morrow, 1972), esp. ch. 5; James H. Cone and Gayraud S. Wilmore, eds., Black Theology: A Documentary History, 1966-1979 (Orbis Books, 979); James H. Cone, Black Theology and Black Power (Seabury Press, 1969); Blair, pp. 128-33.

[Growth in number of black Roman Catholics]: Blair, p. 133.

400 [“Gonna knock the hell”]: quoted in Oates, p. 397.

[“We Shall Overrun”]: ibid.

[King in Chicago]: David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian leadership Conference (Morrow, 1986), chs. 8-9 passim; Oates, pp. 365-69, 387-95, 405-19; David L. Lewis, King (Praeger, 1970), ch. 11; Bill Gleason, Daley of Chicago (Simon and Schuster, 1970), chs. 4-5; see also CORE (Chicago Chapter), 1956-64, boxes 1 and 2, Chicago Historical Society.

[“Unable to deliver”]: quoted in Oates, p. 406; see also August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, “Negro Protest and Urban Unrest,” Social Science Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 3 (December 1968), pp. 438-43.

[“Never seen anything like it”]: quoted in Oates, p. 413.

401 [“We want freedom”]: in Bracey et al., p. 404.

[“Full and complete freedom”]: ibid.

[“Power to determine”]: in ibid., pp. 526-29, quoted at p. 526.

[Black opposition to Vietnam]: Henry E. Darby and Margaret N. Rowley, “King on Vietnam and Beyond,” Phylon, vol. 47, no. 1 (March 1986), pp. 43-50; Garrow, esp. ch. 10 passim; Oates, pp. 373-76, 431-44; Lewis, pp. 307-12, 355-71 passim; Carson, pp. 183-89; Korman, pp. 444-47; Michael Ferber and Staughton Lynd, The Resistance (Beacon Press, 1971), pp. 29-33; Adam Fairclough, “Martin Luther King. Jr., and the War in Vietnam,” Phylon, vol. 45, no. 1 (1984), pp. 19-39.

[“We must combine”]: quoted in Oates, p. 431.

Rolling Thunder

[“If I left the woman”]: quoted in Keams, pp. 251-53; see also F. M. Kail, What Washington Said: Administration Rhetoric and the. Vietnam War, 1949-1969 (Harper, 1973), pp. 97-103 and passim; Goldman. chs.14-15, 18 and passim; Philip Geyelin, Lyndon B. Johnson and the World (Praeger, 1966), chs. 1, 5-6; Halberstam, esp. ch. 20; James Deakin, “The Dark Side of L.B.J.,” in Hayes, pp. 506-22; Joseph Kraft, Profiles in Power: A Washington Insight (New American Library, 1966), ch. 2.

402 [Morgenthau’s warning]: see McPherson, pp. 389-90; see also Hans J. Morgenthau, “We Are Deluding Ourselves in Viet-Nam,” in Marcus G. Raskin and Bernard B. Fall, eds., The Viet-Nam Reader (Random House, 1965), pp. 37-45.

403 [Tonkin]: George G. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, 2^nd. ed. (Temple University Press, 1986), pp. 118-23; George McT. Kahin, Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam (Knopf, 1986), pp. 219-26; Joseph G. Goulden, Truth Is the First Casualty: The Gulf of Tonkin Affair—Illusion and Reality (Rand McNally, 1969); Kathleen J. Turner, Lyndon Johnson’s Dual War: Vietnam and the Press (University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 81-85; Anthony Austin, The President’s War (Lippincott, 1971); Sandy Vogelgesang, The Long Dark Night of the Soul: The American Intellectual Left and the Vietnam War (Harper, 1974), pp. 53-55; Stanley Karnow, Vietnam (Viking, 1983), pp. 365-76.

[Pleiku]: Herring, pp. 128-29; Halberstam, pp. 520-26; Karnow, pp. 411-15.

[Johnson’s men]: Halberstam; Kraft; Richard J. Barnet, “The Men Who Made the War,” in Ralph Stavins et al., Washington Plans an Aggressive War (Random House, 1971), pp. 199-252; Roger Hilsman, To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy (Doubleday, 1967), ch. 4; Henry L. Trewhitt, McNamara: His Ordeal in the Pentagon (Harper, 1971); Warren I. Cohen, Dean Rusk (Cooper Square Publishers, 1980); John B. Henry II and William Espinosa, “The Tragedy of Dean Rusk,” Foreign Policy, no. 8 (Fall 1972), pp. 166-89.

404 [Dominican intervention]: Theodore Draper, The Dominican Revolt: A Case Study in American Policy (Commentary, 1968); Abraham F. Lowenthal, The Dominican Intervention (Harvard University Press, 1972); Evans and Novak, ch. 23; Turner, pp. 135-37; Geyelin, ch. 10.

405 [Mao’s advice]: see Karnow, p. 329.

[Lin Piao’s article]: see John J. Duiker, The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam (Westview Press, 1981), p. 245; Karnow, p. 453.

[Vietnam, China, Soviet Union]: Duiker, passim: Donald S. Zagoria, Vietnam Triangle: Moscow, Peking, Hanoi (Pegasus, 1967); Daniel S. Papp, Vietnam: The View from Moscow, Peking, Washington (McFarland & Co., 1981); Jon M. Van Dyke, North Vietnam’s Strategy for Survival (Pacific Books, 1972), pp. 217-28; King C. Chen, Vietnam and China, 1938-1954 (Princeton University Press, 1969); Jean Lacouture, Ho Chi Minh, Peter Wiles, trans. (Random House, 1968), ch. 13; Frances FitzGerald, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam (Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1972), ch. 2 passim: Adam B. Ulam, The Rivals: America and Russia Since World War II (Viking, 1971), ch. 11 passim; Victor G. Funnell, “Vietnam and the Sino-Soviet Conflict, 1965-1976” and “Documents: Vietnam and the Sino-Soviet Conflict,” Studies in Comparative Communism, vol. 11, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Summer, 1978), pp. 142-99.

[Rolling Thunder]: Herring, pp. 129-30, 146-47, 149-50; see also Kahin, chs. 10-11; James C. Thompson, Rolling Thunder: Understanding Policy and Program Failure (University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Turner, pp. 114-18.

[McNamara on civilian casualties]: Herring, p. 147.

405-6 [Divisions within Administration]: see Herring, pp. 137-43; Larry Berman, Planning a Tragedy: The Americanization of the War in Vietnam (Norton, 1982); Halberstam, Best and Brightest, chs. 24-26 passim; Henry F. Graff, The Tuesday Cabinet: Deliberation and Decision on War and Peace under Lyndon B. Johnson (Prentice-Hall, 1970), ch. 1; George W. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern (Norton, 1982), pp. 380-403; Geyelin, pp. 213-35, 291-302; Leslie H. Gelb and Richard K. Belts, The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked (Brookings Institution, 1979), pp. 116-43 passim; Harvey A. DeWeerd, “Strategic Decision-Making in Vietnam, 1965-1968,” Yale Review, vol.67, no. 4 (June 1978), pp. 481-92.

406 [North Vietnam’s defense and mobilization against U.S. bombing and escalation]: see Herring, pp. 147-49, “ant labor” quoted at p. 148; Karnow, pp. 454-59; see also Van Dyke, passim; Duiker, pp. 240-46; Wilfred G. Burchett, Vietnam North (International Publishers, 1966).

[“Most sophisticated war”]: quoted in Herring, p. 151.

[“To locate an ever elusive enemy”]: ibid.; see also William A. Buckingham, Jr., Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia: 1961-1971 (Office of Air Force History, 1982); William Heseltine, “The Automated Air War,” New Republic, vol. 165, no. 16 (October 16, 1971), pp. 15-17; Paul F. Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare: The RANCH HAND Project in Vietnam (Praeger, 1986).

406 [“I have no army”]: quoted in FitzGerald, p. 169; see also ibid., esp. ch. 4; Duiker; Douglas Pike, Viet Cong: The Organization and Techniques of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (MIT Press, 1966); Van Dyke; Paul Berman, Revolutionary Organization: Institution-Building Within the People’s Liberation Armed Forces (Lexington Books, 1974); Vo Nguyen Giap, People’s War, People’s Army (Praeger, 1962); Susan Sheehan, “The Enemy,” New Yorker, vol. 42, no. 29 (September 10, 1966), pp. 62-100; George A. Carver, Jr., “The Faceless Viet Cong,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 44, no. 3 (April 1966), pp. 347-72; David Hunt, “Villagers at War; The National Liberation Front in My Tho Province, 1965-1967,” Radical America, vol. 8, nos. 1-2 (January-April 1974), pp. 3-181; Cincinnatus, Self-Destruction: The Disintegration and Decay of the United States Army During the Vietnam Era (Norton, 1981), Appendix D.

[“Key to the vast, secret torrents”]: FitzGerald, p. 169.

407 [Washington protest, April 1965]: New York Times, April 18, 1965, pp. 1, 3; Sale, ch. 11; Miller, pp. 226-34; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left (University of California Press, 1980), pp. 46-60; Gitlin, Sixties, pp. 177-87; Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan, Who Spoke Up?: American Protest Against the War in Vietnam, 1963-1975 (Doubleday, 1984), pp. 38-42.

[Potter’s speech]: quoted in Sale, p. 189.

[King’s break with Johnson]: Oates, pp. 373-76.

[Lippmann’s break with Johnson]: Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1980), pp. 571-72, quoted at p. 572. [Teach-ins]: Louis Menashe and Ronald Radoshe, eds., Teach-ins, U.S.A. (Praeger, 1967); Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 37-38, 43; Vogelgesang, pp. 70-74.

[March on New York induction center]: Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 51, 53-54, sign quoted at p. 51; New York Times, July 30, 1965, p. 2; Ferber and Lynd, pp. 21-22; on the draft and resistance, see also Michael Useem, Conscription, Protest, and Social Conflict: The Life and Death of a Resistance Movement (Wiley, 1973); Alice Lynd, ed., We Won’t Go: Personal Accounts of War Objectors (Beacon Press, 1968); Wallerstein and Starr, vol. 1, ch. 6; Handbook for Conscientious Objectors, Arlo Tatum, ed., 8th ed. (Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, 1966); Jessica Mitford, The Trial of Dr. Spock (Knopf, 1969); Lawrence M. Baskir and William A. Strauss, Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation (Knopf, 1978); Ferber and Lynd.

408 [“Assembly of Unrepresented People”]: New York Times, August 9, 1965, p. 4; ibid., August 10, 1965, p. 3; Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 51-53.

[Antiwar self-immolations]: see Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 1-5, “Burn yourselves” quoted at p. 4.

[Miller’s burning of draft card]: ibid., pp. 56-57; Ferber and Lynd, pp. 22-27.

[Fall 1965 international days of protest]: New York Times, October 16, 1965, pp. 1-2; ibid., October 17, 1965, pp. 1, 42-44; Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 56-57. [Strategic and organizational debate within the movement]: see Sale, chs. 12-16 passim; Miller, pp. 234-59; Breines, ch. 5; Gitlin, Whole World, esp. ch. 4; Gitlin, Sixties, pp. 188-92, 225-30.

408-9 [Old Left and New]: Milton Cantor, The Divided Left: American Radicalism, 1900-1971 (Hill and Wang, 1978), ch. 10 passim; Mills, “Letter to the New Left”; Ronald Berman, America in the Sixties, chs. 5-6 passim; Breines, pp. 13-17; James Weinstein, “The Left, Old and New,” Socialist Revolution, vol. 2, no. 4 (July-August 1972), pp. 7-60; Newfield, ch. 8; David Caute, The Year of the Barricades: A Journey Through 1968 (Harper, 1988), pp. 33-38, 40-43; see also Bogdan Denitch, “The New Left and the New Working Class,” in J. David Colfax and Jack L. Roach, eds., Radical Sociology (Basic Books, 1971), pp. 341-52.

409 [“Criminal, sinister country”]: quoted in Vogelgesang, p. 73.

[“Alienated intellectuals”]: ibid., p. 91.

[April 1961 New York demonstration]: New York Times, April 16, 1967, pp. 1-3; Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 110-14; Ferber and Lynd, ch. 5; Lynd, We Won’t Go, pp. 220-25; Paul Goodman, “We Won’t Go,” New York Review of Books, vol. 8, no. 9 (May 18, 1967), pp. 17-20.

[From protest to resistance]: Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 86, 94-96, 104-7; Gitlin, Sixties, ch. 10 passim; Durward Long, “Wisconsin: Changing Styles of Administrative Response,” in Foster and Long, pp. 246-70; see also Sale, part 3; Ferber and Lynd, ch. 4 and passim; Wallerstein and Starr, vol. 2, ch. 6.

409 [Pentagon march]: New York Times, October 21, 1967, pp. 1, 8; ibid., October 22, 1967, pp. 1, 58-59; ibid., October 23, 1967, pp. 1, 32-33; Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night: History as a Novel, the Novel as History (New American Library, 1968); Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 135-42; David Dellinger, “Gandhi and Guerrilla—The Protest at the Pentagon,” in Dellinger, Revolutionary Nonviolence (Bobbs-Merrill, 1970), pp. 285-92; Vogelgesang, pp. 130-33; “The Pentagon Demonstration,” in Hare and Blumberg, pp. 241-70; Sale, pp. 383-86; Ferber and Lynd, pp. 135-40.

[“Creative synthesis”]: Dellinger, “Gandhi and Guerrilla,” p. 287.

[“Witches, warlocks”]: quoted in Sale, p. 384.

[“Anarchists of the deed”]: Gitlin, Sixties, p. 223.

410 [“Join us”]: quoted in David Dellinger, More Power Than We Know: The People’s Movement Toward Democracy (Anchor Books, 1975), p. 126.

[“Burn a draft card ”]: quoted in Zaroulis and Sullivan, p. 139.

[U.S. troops in Vietnam, 1967]: see Karnow, p. 512.

[Divisions within Administration and LBJ]: Reams, ch. 11; Karnow, ch. 13 passim; Turner, ch. 7 passim; Johnson, pp. 366-78; Townsend Hoopes, The Limits of Intervention (David McKay, 1969), chs. 3-6; Gelb and Betts, pp. 156-70; Graff, ch. 3; Herring, pp. 175-83; DeWeerd.

[“Bomb, bomb, bomb”]: quoted in Herring, p. 178.

[“Spit in China’s face”]: quoted in Karnow, p. 504.

[“Can’t hunker down”]: quoted in Herring, p. 179.

[Ebbing of revolutionary zeal]: quoted in Duiker, p. 262.

410-11 [Preparations for Tet]: Don Oberdorfer, Tet! (Doubleday, 1971), ch. 2; Duiker, pp. 263-65; Herring, pp. 187-88.

411 [Tet and its effects upon American opinion]: Oberdorfer; Karnow, pp. 523-44; FitzGerald, ch. 15; Herring, pp. 186-92, 200-3; Turner, pp. 217-23; Duiker, pp. 265-71, 273-76; Gitlin, Sixties, pp. 298-301; Robert Pisor, The End of the Line: The Siege of Khe Sanh (Norton, 1982); Peter Braestrup, Big Story, 2 vols. (Westview Press, 1977); John B. Henry II, “February, 1968,” Foreign Policy, no. 4 (Fall 1974), pp. 3-33; Herbert Y. Schandler, The Unmaking of a President: Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam (Princeton University Press, 1977), ch. 4; see also Harry G. Summers, Jr., On Strategy (Presidio Press, 1982), ch. 1.

[“What the hell is going on?”]: quoted in Herring, p. 191; see also Oberdorfer, pp. 246-50.

[“It seems now more certain”]: quoted in Oberdorfer, p. 251.

[“American people know the facts”]: quoted in Turner, pp. 221-22.

[Debate over post-Tet strategy]: Herring, pp. 192-206 passim; Oberdorfer, pp. 257-77 and ch. 8; Hoopes, chs. 8-10; Karnow, pp. 549-57; Johnson, pp. 383-415 passim, DeWeerd; Schandler, chs. 5-13 passim.

412 [Conclusion of the Wise Men]: Oberdorfer, pp. 308-15; Hoopes, pp. 214-18; Ball, pp. 407-9; Schandler, ch. 14; Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men (Simon and Schuster, 1986), ch. 23.

[“Growing with such acuteness”]: quoted in Hoopes, p. 216.

[“Establishment bastards”]: quoted in Herring, p. 206.

[“President is confronted”]: Lippmann, “This Draft Is Difficult to justify,” Washington Post, March 24, 1968, p. B3. [LBJ in polls, post-Tet]: Herring, pp. 201-2.

[McCarthy campaign and New Hampshire primary]: David S. Broder, “Election of 1968,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections (Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 4, pp. 3716-18; Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1968 (Atheneum, 1969), ch. 3 passim; Lewis Chester et al., An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (Viking, 1969), ch. 3; Vogelgesang, pp. 142-46; Sidney Hyman, Youth in Politics: Expectations and Realities (Basic Books, 1972), pp. 97-133; David Halberstam, “McCarthy and the Divided Left,” Harper’s, vol. 236, no. 1414 (March 1968), pp. 32-44; Gitlin, Sixties, pp. 294-97.

[Kennedy’s dilemma and entry into race]: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (Houghton Mifflin, 1978), chs. 37-38; David Halbersham, The Unfinished Odyssey of Robert Kennedy (Random House, 1968), ch. 1; Broder, pp. 3718-19; Kearns, pp. 338-39; Chester et al., pp. 105-26.

412 [Poll on public support for bombing]: John Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion (Wiley, 1973), p. 72 (Table 4, 3).

413 [LBJ’s withdrawal]: in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965-70), vol. 5, part 1, pp. 469-76, quoted at p. 476; see also “The President’s News Conference of March 31, 1968,” in ibid., pp. 476-82; Johnson, ch. 18; Turner, pp. 233-48; Herring, pp. 207-9; Kearns, ch. 12 passim; Schlesinger, Kennedy, pp. 868-69; McPherson, pp. 430-35; Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), pp. 642-47; Schandler, ch. 15; Gitlin, Sixties, p. 304.

[“Rioting blacks, demonstrating students”]: quoted in Kearns, p. 343.

[King’s assassination and rioting]: Manchester, pp. 1128-29; Oates, pp. 483-98; Lewis, pp. 383-92; Newsweek, vol. 71, no. 16 (April 15, 1968), pp. 31-34; ibid., vol. 71, no. 17 (April 22, 1968), pp. 24-26; Schlesinger, Kennedy, pp. 874-75; Garry Wills, “Martin Luther King Is Still on the Case, ”] in Hayes, pp. 731-50.

[Columbia rising]: Jerry L. Avorn et al., Up Against the Ivy Wall: A History of the Columbia Crisis (Atheneum, 1969); Fact-Finding Commission on Columbia Disturbances, Crisis at Columbia (Vintage, 1968); Joanne Grant, Confrontation on Campus: The Columbia Pattern for the New Protest (Signet, 1969); Daniel Bell, “Columbia and the New Left,” in Bell and Irving Kristol, eds„ Confrontation: The Student Rebellion and the Universities (Basic Books, 1969), pp. 67-107; Michael A. Baker et al., Police on Campus: The Mass Police Action at Columbia University, Spring, 1968 (New York Civil Liberties Union, 1969).

[“Go all the way”]: Avorn et al., p. 61.

414 [“Violence going to stop?”]: quoted in Schlesinger, Kennedy, p. 874.

[“Year of the barricades”]: Caute, “free art, free theatre,” quoted at p. 71.

[Kennedy campaign]: Schlesinger, Kennedy, chs. 39-41; Halberstam, Odyssey, chs. 2, 4-6; White, pp. 166-79; Chester et al., pp. 127-79 passim and 297-349 passim; Carl Solberg, Hubert Humphrey (Norton, 1984), chs. 28-30.

[“Sad rather than cold”]: quoted in Schlesinger, Kennedy, p. 756.

[The poor “are hidden”]: quoted in Halberstam, Odyssey, p. 9.

[Liberal McCarthyites’ anger at Kennedy]: see Schlesinger, Kennedy, pp. 859-61, 896-99.

[“Personalization of the presidency”]: quoted in ibid., p. 893.

[Kennedy’s assassination]: Chester et al., pp. 349-62; Schlesinger, Kennedy, pp. 907-16; see also Gitlin, Sixties, pp. 310-11; Miller, pp. 287-88, 292-94.

[Broder on shock of assassination]: Broder, p. 3725.

[Chicago convention]: ibid., pp. 3731-39; White, ch. 9; Chester et al., ch. 10; Daniel Walker, Rights in Conflict (E. P. Dutton, 1968); Donald Myrus, ed., Law of Disorder: The Chicago Convention and Its Aftermath (Donald Myrus and Burton Joseph, 1968); David Farber, Chicago ’68 (University of Chicago Press, 1988); Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 175-201; Gitlin, Sixties, ch. 14; Miller, pp. 295-306; Sale, pp. 472-77; Norman Mailer, Miami and the Siege of Chicago (World Publishing, 1968), part 2; Caute, chs. 15-16; Solberg, ch. 31; Dellinger, Revolutionary Nonviolence, part 5.

415 [Ribicoff on “Gestapo tactics”]: quoted in Broder, p. 3739.

[Nixon’s nomination]: ibid., pp. 3709-15, 3725-31; White, chs. 2, 5, 8; Chester et al., chs. 5, 9; Richard Nixon, Memoirs (Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), pp. 297-316; Mailer, Miami, part 1.

[Presidential campaign, fall 1968]: Broder, pp. 3739-50; White, part 3; Chester el al., chs. 11-12; Marshall Frady, “The American Independent Party,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U.S. Political Parties (Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 4, pp. 3429-44; Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of Powerlessness (Transaction Books, 1981), chs. 1-2, 7-9; Solberg, chs. 32-34; Nixon, pp. 316-35; George Christian, The President Steps Down (Macmillan, 1970); Philip E. Converse et al., “Continuity and Change in American Politics; Parties and Issues in the 1968 Election,” American Political Science Review, vol. 63, no. 4 (December 1969), pp. 1083-1105; Benjamin I. Page and Richard A. Brody, “Policy Voting and the Electoral Process: The Vietnam War Issue,” ibid., vol. 66, no. 3 (September 1972), pp. 979-95. [“Irate buffalo”]: Fady, p. 3441.

416 [“Master of ambiguity”]: Page and Brody, p. 987.

[“Alternated between protestations”]: ibid., p. 989.

[“Dime’s worth of difference”]: quoted in Carlson, p. 131.

[“Ask my Attorney General”]: quoted in Page and Brody, p. 992.

[Election results]: Schlesinger, Elections, vol. 4, p. 3865; and Broder, pp. 3707, 3750-52; see also Page and Brody; Richard W. Boyd, “Popular Control of Public Policy: A Normal Vote Analysis of the 1968 Election,” American Political Science Review, vol. 66, no. 2 (June 1972), pp. 429-49.

[Broder on 1968 election]: Broder, p. 3705.

Into the Quicksand

[Inaugural protest]: New York Times, January 20, 1969, “militant—but for the most part genial,” quoted at p. 21; ibid., January 21, 1969, p. 24; see also Gitlin, Whole World, p. 214.

417 [Lippmann on “new Nixon”]: quoted in Steel, p. 589; see also Jonathan Schell, The Time of Illusion (Knopf, 1976), p. 20.

[White on Nixon]: White, Making 1968, p. 143. 

[Nixon’s election night promises]: quoted in Schell, p. 17.

[Nixon’s Vietnam strategy]: Richard M. Nixon, “Asia After Viet Nam,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 46, no. 1 (October 1967), pp. 111-25; Henry A. Kissinger, “The Viet Nam Negotiations,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 47, no. 2 (January 1969), pp. 211-34; Nixon, Memoirs, pp. 347-51; Tad Szulc, The Illusion of Peace: Foreign Policy in the Nixon Years (Viking, 1978), pp. 23-31; Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (Summit, 1983), ch. 4; Roger Morris, Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (Harper, 1977), pp. 149-54; Herring, pp. 221-26; Gelb and Belts, pp. 348-50, 354-58.

[“We will not make”]: quoted in Herring, p. 221.

[“Seek the opportunity”]: Address to the Nation on Vietnam, May 14, 1969, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971-75), vol. 1, pp. 369-75, quoted at p. 371.

418 [“War for peace”]: quoted in Herring, p. 223.

[“Not going to end up”]: quoted in H. R. Haldeman and Joseph DiMona, The Ends of Power (Times Books, 1978), p. 81. [“Madman Theory, Bob”]: ibid., p. 83.

[Peak level of American Troops]: see Richard Dean Burns and Milton Leitenberg, The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1941-1982: A Bibliographic Guide (ABC-Clio Information Services, 1984), p. 144 (Table 4).

[Secret Cambodian bombing]: see William Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia (Simon and Schuster, 1979), ch. 1; Hersh, ch. 5; Szulc, pp. 36-39, 52-61; Karnow, pp. 589-92; Schell, pp. 32-38; U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States: Report, 93rd Congress, 2nd Session (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974), pp. 217-19; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Little, Brown, 1979), pp. 239-54.

419 [“Only by revolutionary violence”]: Giap, “The South Vietnamese People Will Win,” in Russell Stetler, ed., The Military Art of People’s War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap (Monthly Review Press, 1970), pp. 185-225, quoted at p. 213.

[Nixon’s “Vietnamization”]: FitzGerald, pp. 404-14; Gelb and Betts, pp. 349-50; Herring, pp. 229-32; Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 271-77.

[American attitudes toward the South Vietnamese]: see FitzGerald, chs. 10-14, 16-17 passim.

420 [Numbers of South Vietnamese troops, late 1969]: Herring, p. 231.

[Demoralization and decay among American troops]: David Cortright, Soldiers in Revolt: The American Military Today (Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975), chs. 1-2; Richard Boyle, The Flower of the Dragon: ‘The Breakdown of the U.S. Army in Vietnam (Ramparts Press, 1972); Herring, pp. 243-44; John Helmer, Bringing the War Home: The American Soldier in Vietnam and After (Free Press, 1974); Baskir and Strauss, ch. 4; Cincinnatus; Edward Shils, “A Profile of the Military Deserter,” Armed Forces and Society, vol. 3, no. 3 (May 1977) pp. 427-31; Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (Harper, 1972), pp. 181-85 and passim; Col. Robert D. Heinl, Jr., “The Collapse of the Armed Forces,” in Marvin E. Gettleman et al., eds., Vietnam and America: A Documented History (Grove Press, 1985), pp. 322-31.

420 [My Lai]: Seymour M. Hersh, My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath (Random House, 1970); U.S. Department of the Army, The My Lai Massacre and Its Cover-up (Free Press, 1976); Seymour Hersh, Cover-up: The Army’s Secret Investigation of the Massacre at My Lai 4 (Random House, 1972); Boyle, pp. 127-43.

[Service people against the war]: Cortright, part 1 passim: Matthew Rinaldi, “The Olive-Drab Rebels: Military Organizing During the Vietnam Era,” Radical America, vol. 8, no. 3 (May-June 1974), pp. 17-52.

[Draft offenders]: Baskir and Strauss, pp. 5 (Figure 1) and 69 (Figure 4); see also ibid., ch. 3; G. David Curry. Sunshine Patriots: Punishment and the Vietnam Offender (University of Notre Dame Press, 1985); Willard Gaylin, In the Service of Their Country: War Resisters in Prison (Viking, 1970).

[Exiles]: Baskir and Strauss, p. 169 (Figure 7) and ch. 5; Renee G. Kasinsky, Refugees from Militarism: Draft-Age Americans in Canada (Transaction Books, 1976).

421 [Women Against Daddy Warbucks]: New York Times, July 3, 1969, pp. 1, 5; ibid., July 4,1969, pp. 1-2; Ferber and Lynd, pp. 202, 210-11;Women Against Daddy Warbucks, “Our Statement,” in Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood Is Powerful (Vintage, 1970), p. 530.

[Baltimore draft office action]: New York Times, October 28, 1967, p. 5; Zaroulis and Sullivan, p. 230; Ferber and Lynd, pp. 201-2.

[Catonsville Nine]: New York Times, May 18, 1968, p. 36; Ferber and Lynd, ch. 14 passim; Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 229-37 passim; see also William Van Elten Casey and Philip Nobile, eds., The Berrigans (Praeger, 1971); Jack Nelson and Ronald J. Ostrow, The FBI and the Berrigans: The Making of a Conspiracy (Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1972). [“Some property has no right”]: quoted in New York Times, May 18, 1968, p. 36.

[SDS internal quarrels]: Sale, chs. 22-23; Freines, ch. 6; Gitlin, Whole World, ch. 6; Gitlin, Sixties, pp. 377-91; Miller, pp. 284-85, 311-13.

[“Vanguarditis”]: Carl Oglesby, “Notes on a Decade Ready for the Dustbin,” Liberation, August-September 1969, p. 6. [“A weapon”]: Miller, p. 285.

[SDS Chicago convention]: Sale, pp. 557-79; Karin Ashley et al., “You Don’t Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows,” in Harold Jacobs, ed., Weatherman (Ramparts Press, 1970), pp. 51-90; Andrew Kopkind, “The Real SDS Stands Up,” in ibid., pp. 15-28; Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 251-55.

[“A peculiar mix”]: Sale, p. 562.

422 [Flacks on disintegration of the New Left]: Flacks, Youth and Social Change (Markham, 1971), p. 101.

[“Go for broke”]: Nixon, Memoirs, p. 393.

[“Once the summer was over”]: ibid.

[Administration deadline threats and plans for major offensive] : see Hersh, Price, ch. 10 passim; Szulc, pp. 149-56; Morris, pp. 163-68; Nixon, Memoirs, pp. 393-96, 405-7 passim; Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 284-86, 303-4.

[Moratorium day]: New York Times, October 16, 1969, pp. 1, 18-22; Time, vol. 94, no. 17 (October 24, 1969), pp. 16-20; Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 264-73; Schell, pp. 52-55; Nixon, Memoirs, pp. 400-3.

423 [“Flame of life”]: quoted in New York Times, October 16, 1969, p. 19.

[“This is my son”]: quoted in Newsweek, vol. 74, no. 17 (October 27, 1969), p. 32.

[Nixon’s address]: November 3, 1969, in Nixon Public Papers, vol. 1, pp. 901-9, quoted at pp. 908, 909; see also Schell, pp. 62-66; Nixon, Memoirs, pp. 407-11. [November 1969 demonstrations]: New York Times, November 14, 1969, pp. 1, 20-21; ibid., November 15, 1969, pp. 1, 26-27; ibid., November 16, 1969, pp. 1, 60-61; Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 276-300 passim; Time, vol. 94, no. 21, (November 21, 1969), pp. 23-26.

424 [Lon Nol coup]: see Shawcross, ch. 8; Hersh, Price, ch. 15; Kissinger, White House Years, pp.457-65; Norodom Sihanouk and Wilfred Burchett, My War with the CIA (Pantheon, 1973).

[North Vietnamese Cambodian “sanctuaries”]: Shawcross, ch. 1 passim, pp. 64-72; Duiker, pp. 283-84; see also Roger M. Smith, Cambodia’s Foreign Policy (Cornell University Press, 1965).

424 [Invasion of Cambodia]: Shawcross, ch. 9, pp. 150-51, 171-75; Herring, pp. 234-37;Karnow, pp. 606-10; Szulc, pp. 244-49, 252-75, 279-84; Nixon, Memoirs, pp. 448-51; Duiker, pp. 285-88; Hugh Sidey, “Anybody See Patton?” in Lloyd C. Gardner, The Great Nixon Turnaround (New Viewpoints, 1973), pp. 183-86; Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 467-75, 483-509, 517-20; Hersh, Price, ch. 16.

[“If, when the chips are down”]: April 30, 1970, in Nixon Public Papers, vol. 2, pp. 405-10, quoted at p. 409; see also Shawcross, pp. 146-49; Schell, pp. 89-95.

424-5 [Protests against invasion]: New York Times, May 2, 1970, pp. 1, 9; ibid., May 5, 1970, pp. l, 17-18; Time, vol. 95, no. 19 (May 11, 1970), pp. 19-25; ibid., vol. 95, no. 20 (May 18, 1970), pp. 6-15; Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 318-31; Sale, pp. 635-42; Shawcross, pp. 152-53; Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 509-17; U.S. President’s Commission on Campus Unrest, Report (Arno Press, 1970), pp. 233-465; James A. Michener, Kent State: What Happened and Why (Random House, 1971); I. F. Stone, The Killings at Kent State: How Murder Went Unpunished (New York Review, 1971); Nixon, Memoirs, pp. 456-59.

425 [“You see these bums”]; quoted in New York Times, May 2, 1970, p. 1; see also Nixon, Memoirs, pp. 453-56.

[Veterans’ occupation of Statue of Liberty]: New York Times, December 27, 1971, pp. 1, 21; ibid., December 29, 1971, p. 32; see also John Kerry and Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The New Soldier, David Thorne and George Butler, eds. (Macmillan, 1971); Zaroulis and Sullivan, pp. 354-58; Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The Winter Soldier Investigation (Beacon Press, 1972).

[Pentagon Papers publication]: New York Times, June 13, 1971, pp. 1, 35-40; The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam, 4 vols., and index vol. (Senator Gravel, ed.: Beacon Press, 1971-72); Neil Sheehan et al., The Pentagon Papers: As Published by the New York Times (Bantam, 1971); George McT. Kahin, “The Pentagon Papers: A Critical Evaluation,” American Political Science Review, vol. 69, no. 2 (June 1975), pp. 675-84; H. Bradford Westerfield, “What Use Are Three Versions of the Pentagon Papers?,” ibid., pp. 685-96; Stewart Burns interview with Randy Kehler, August 1976; Peter Schrag, Test of Loyalty: Daniel Ellsberg and the Rituals of Secret Government (Simon and Schuster, 1974), pp. 35-37, 45-65, 80-100; Hersh, Price, pp. 325-32; Schell, pp. 151-54; David Halberstam, The Powers That Be (Knopf, 1979), ch. 22 passim; Harrison E. Salisbury, Without Fear or Favor: The New York Times and Its Times (Times Books, 1980).

[Ellsberg]: Stewart Burns interviews with Daniel Ellsberg, October 29, 1976, December 16, 1977, October 5, 1978; Ellsberg talk in Santa Rita county jail, Pleasanton, Calif., June 26, 1983; Robert Ellsberg, “On Daniel Ellsberg; Remembering the Pentagon Papers,” 1976 Peace Calendar (War Resisters League); Daniel Ellsberg, Papers on the War (Simon and Schuster, 1972); Schrag, pp. 24-54 passim.

426 [“Concept of enemy doesn’t exist”]: Janaki Tschannerl, quoted in Daniel Ellsberg talk at Isla Vista, Calif., May 13, 1975.

[“Guilt-ridden, fanatic extremists”]: “An Interview with Daniel Ellsberg,” WIN, November 1, 1972, quoted at p. 7.

[“Lots of people around the world”]: transcribed in Liberation & Revolution: Gandhi’s Challenge, Report of the Thirteenth Triennial Conference of the War Resisters’ International (War Resisters’ International, 1969), p. 107.

[“Our best, our very best”]: Anthony Lukas, “After the Pentagon Papers: A Month in the Life of Daniel Ellsberg,” New York Times Magazine, December 12, 1971, pp. 29, 95, 98-106, quoted at p. 106.

[Supreme Court decision on Pentagon Papers]: New York Times Co. v. U.S., 403 U.S. 713 (1970); see also Schrag, pp. 92-100.

[Nixon’s war on Ellsberg]: Anthony Lukas, Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years (Viking, 1976), ch. 4 passim; Hersh, Price, ch. 28; Schrag, pp. 100-24 and passim; Schell, pp. 161-68; Nixon, Memoirs, pp. 511-15; Jim Hougan, Secret Agenda: Watergate, Deep Throat and the CIA (Random House, 1984), ch. 3; Nixon Impeachment: Report, pp. 36, 157-70. [“Tailor-made issue”]: quoted in Nixon Impeachment: Report, p. 158.

 Songs of the Sixties

426 [Woodstock]: Cook, Beat Generation, pp. 230-39, quoted at p. 230; Robert S. Spitz, Barefoot in Babylon: The Creation of the Woodstock Music Festival, 1969 (Viking, 1979), pp. 389-486; Andrew Kopkind, “Woodstock Nation,” in Jonathan Eisen, ed., The Age of Rock: Sights and Sounds of the American Cultural Revolution (Random House, 1969-70), vol. 2, pp. 312-18.

[Life on Woodstock]: “The Big Woodstock Rock Trip,” Life, vol. 67, no. 9 (August 29, 1969), pp. 14B-23, quoted at p. 14B.

[Roots of rock ’n’ roll]: Ed Ward, “The Fifties and Before,” in Ward, Geoffrey Stokes, Ken Tucker, Rock of Ages (Rolling Stone Press (Prentice-Hall, 1986), pp. 17-248; Carl Belz, The Story of Rock (Oxford University Press, 1969), chs. 2-3; Howard Junker, “The Fifties,” in Eisen, vol. 2, pp. 98-104; Charlie Gillett, The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll (Outerbridge and Dienstfrey, 1970), ch. 1; Nik Cohn, Rock from the Beginning (Stein & Day, 1969), chs. 1, 4.

[Black originals and white covers]: Arnold Shaw, The Rockin’ ’50s (Hawthorn, 1974), ch. 14; on racism in music, see Steve Chappie and Reebee Garofalo, Rock ’n ’ Roll Is Here to Pay: The History and Politics of the Music industry (Nelson-Hall, 1977), ch. 7.

[“Little men with cigars”]: quoted in Jerry Hopkins, The Rock Story (Signet, 1970), p. 24; on the rock industry, see Michael Lydon, “Rock for Sale,” in Eisen, vol. 2, pp. 51-62; Chappie and Garofalo, ch. 2 and passim.

427-8 [“Stem the tide”]: A. M. Meerio, quoted in Hopkins, p. 31.

428 [Boston Catholic leaders and San Antonio city council]: ibid.

[“I need it”]: “Honey Love,” quoted in ibid., p. 18, words and music by Clyde McPhatter and J. Gerald, copyright 1954, Progressive Music Publishing Co., Inc. [“Wop-bop-a-loo-bop”]: “Tutti Frutti,” recorded by Little Richard, words and music by Richard Penniman, D. LaBostrie, and Joe Lubin, Venice Music, Inc., Specialty Records.

[“Shared with adults”]: Cohn, p. 15.

[“Something in common”]: Janet Podell, ed., Rock Music in America (H. W. Wilson Co., 1987), p. 5.

[“Culturally alienated”]: Jeff Greenfield, “They Changed Rock, Which Changed Culture, Which Changed Us,” New York Times Magazine, February 16, 1975, pp. 12-13, 37-46, quoted at p. 38.

[Folk music]: R. Serge Denisoff, Great Day Coming: Folk Music and the American Left (University of Illinois Press, 1971); Denisoff and Richard A. Peterson, eds., The Sounds of Social Change: Studies in Popular Culture (Rand McNally College Publishing Co., 1972), passim; Wayne Hampton, Guerrilla Minstrels: John Lennon, Joe Hill, Woody Guthrie, and Bob Dylan (University of Tennessee Press, 1986).

[Dylan]: Wilfrid Howard Mellers, A Darker Shade of Pale: A Backdrop to Bob Dylan (Oxford University Press, 1985); Robert Shelton, No Direction Home: The Life and Music of Bob Dylan (Morrow, 1986); Lawrence Goldman, “Bobby Dylan—Folk-Rock Hero,” in Eisen, vol. 1, pp. 208-13; Ellen Willis, “The Sound of Bob Dylan,” Commentary, vol. 44, no. 5 (November 1967), pp. 71-78; Hampton, ch. 6; Cohn, ch. 17.

[“Hungry, restless”]: Goldman, p. 211. [“Greatest holiest”]: quoted in Hampton, pp. 152-53.

[“Blowing in the Wind”]: quoted in Willis, p. 73, initially recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary, words and music by Bob Dylan, copyright 1962, M. Witmark and Sons, Warner Brothers Records.

429 [“Established topical song”]: ibid., p. 73.

[“Musical great white hope”]: Denisoff, Great Day Coming, p. 181.

[Dylan at Newport, 1965]: Shelton, pp. 301-4, “Play folk music!” quoted at p. 302; Hampton, pp. 176-78; Paul Wolfe, Dylan’s Sellout of the Left,” in Denisoff and Peterson, pp. 147-150.

[“If Whitman were alive”]: quoted in Willis, p. 77.

[Release of forty-eight Dylan originals]: Hopkins, p. 83.

[The Beatles]: Hunter Davies, The Beatles, rev. ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1978); Wilfrid Howard, Twilight of the Gods: The Music of the Beatles (Schirmer Books, 1973); Geoffrey Stokes, The Beatles (Times Books, 1980); Jon Wiener, Come Together: John Lennon in His Time (Random House, 1984); Hopkins, ch. 15; Ned Rorem, “The Music of the Beatles,” New York Review of Books, vol. 10, no. 1 (January 18, 1968), pp. 23-27.

429 [“Most persistent noises”]: Newsweek, quoted in Hopkins, p. 70.

430 [“Not even for kings and queens! ”]: ibid.

[“You really do believe”]: quoted in Davies, p. 198.

[“Mainstream of mass culture”]: Willis, p. 76.

[“Twentieth century working-class songs”]: Hopkins, p. 79; on the Rolling Stones, see David Dallon, The Rolling Stones: The First Twenty Years (Knopf, 1981); Stanley Booth, The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones (Vintage, 1985); Hopkins, pp. 79-80.

[“Asked for their pants”]: Hopkins, p. 79.

[Reagan’s pop music appreciation]: see Fred Bruning, “The Reagans and the Beach Boys,” Maclean’s, vol. 96, no. 18 (May 2, 1983), p. 13.

[San Francisco rock]: Hopkins, ch. 7; Belz, pp. 197-208; Cohn, ch. 12; Lar Tusb, “West Coast Then … and Now,” in Eisen, vol. 2, pp. 251-56.

[“LSD experience without the LSD”]: Hopkins, p. 92.

[“1-2-3 What are we fightin’ for”]: “I Feel-Like-I’m-Fixin’-to-Die Rag,” quoted in ibid., pp. 97-98, recorded by Joe McDonald, words and lyrics by Joe McDonald, copyright 1965, Alkatraz Music Co.

431 [Counterculture and New Left]: Gitlin, Sixties, esp. ch. 8; Hampton, chs. 1-3, 6-7; Denisoff and Peterson, ch. 3; William L. O’Neill, Coming Apart (Quadrangle Books, 1971),esp. ch. 8.

[“Rock and Roll, Rock culture”]: Smucker, “The Politics of Rock: Movement vs. Groovement,” in Eisen, vol. 2, pp. 83-91, quoted at p. 88.

[“Getting stoned”]: quoted in O’Neill, p. 244.

[“Open a new space”]: Gitlin, Sixties, p. 202.

[O’Neill on countercultural materialism]: O’Neill, p. 264.

[Record sales, 1968]: Hopkins, p. 121.

[“Try to dig it”]; quoted in ibid., p. 123.

[“Hey people now”]: quoted in Gitlin, Sixties, p. 204.

[SUPERZAP THEM]: quoted in Time, vol. 90, no. 1 (July 7, 1967), p. 20.

[“Cultural and spiritual revolution”]: Robert A. Rosenstone, “‘The Times They Are A-Changin’: The Music of Protest,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 382 (March 1969), p. 142.

[“We want the world”]: quoted in Hopkins, p. 100.

[“Sex starts with me”]: quoted in O’Neill, p. 243.

432 [“Idea of leadership”]: quoted in Hampton, p. 20.

[Kopkind on countercultural sea]: Kopkind, “Woodstock Nation,” p. 318. [“Founded on privilege”]: Gitlin, Sixties, p. 212.

[Smucker at Woodstock]: Smucker, quoted at pp. 85, 87, 88, 89, 90; see also Kopkind; Jon Wiener, “Woodstock Revisited,” in Eisen, vol. 2, pp. 170-72. [“Sing ‘Solidarity Forever’”]: quoted in Denisoff, Great Day Coming, p. 193.

10. Liberty, Equality, Sisterhood

433 [Eleanor Roosevelt’s last years]: Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone (Norton, 1972), ch. 15; Tamara K. Hareven, Eleanor Roosevelt: An American Conscience (1968; reprinted by Da Capo Press, 1975), ch. 13; Maurine H. Beasley, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Media: A Public Quest for Self-Fulfillment (University of Illinois Press, 1987), pp. 182-85.

[“Save 6,000 lives”]: quoted in Lash, p. 304.

[Roosevelt and women’s issues]: see Elisabeth Israels Perry, “Training for Public Life: ER and Women’s Political Networks in the 1920s,” in Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman, eds., Without Precedent: The Life and Career of Eleanor Roosevelt (Indiana University Press, 1984), pp. 28-45; Susan Ware, “ER and Democratic Politics: Women in the Postsuffrage Era,” in ibid., pp. 46-60; Lois Scharf, “ER and Feminism,” in ibid., pp. 226-53; Hareven, pp. 24-32, 63-68, 135-36, 233-34, 27, and passim.

434 [“Most Admired Woman”]: Lash, p. 302.

[President’s commission report]: U.S. President’s Commission on the Status of Women, Report: American Women (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963); see also Margaret Mead and Frances Bagley Kaplan, eds., American Women: The Report of the President’s Commission on the Status of Women and Other Publications of the Commission (Scribner, 1965); Scharf, pp. 247-49; Cynthia E. Harrison, “A ‘New Frontier’ for Women: The Public Policy of the Kennedy Administration,” Journal of American History, vol. 67, no. 3 (December 1980), pp. 630-46; Judith Hole and Ellen Levine, Rebirth of Feminism (Quadrangle, 1971), pp. 18-24.

434 [“Problem that has no name”]: Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (Norton, 1963), p. 543-46.

434-6 [Marion Hudson’s diary]: “Diary of a Student-Mother-Housewife-Worker,” in Rosalyn Baxandall et al., eds., America’s Working Women (Vintage, 1976), pp. 336-40, quoted at pp. 336-38.

Breaking Through the Silken Curtain.

436 [Friedan’s writings for popular magazines]: see Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (Knopf, 1979), p. 3.

[Maslow]: Maslow, “Dominance, Personality, and Social Behavior in Women,” Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 10, no. 1 (February 1939), pp. 3-39; Maslow, Motivation and Personality (Harper, 1954); Friedan, Feminine Mystique, pp. 316-26.

[Kinsey]: Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (W. B. Saunders, 1953); Friedan, Feminine Mystique, esp. ch. 11 and pp. 327-29.

[“Progress to equal participation”]: Friedan, Feminine Mystique, p. 329.

[“Scientific religion”]: ibid., p. 125.

[“Our culture does not permit”]: ibid., p. 77.

437 [“Conceived out of wedlock”]: Donald A. Robinson, “Two Movements in Pursuit of Equal Opportunity,” Signs, vol. 4, no. 3 (Spring 1979), pp. 413-33, quoted at p. 423; see also Carl M. Brauer, “Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 49, no. 1 (February 1983), pp. 37-56; Martha Griffiths, “Women and Legislation,” in Mary Lou Thompson, ed., Voices of the New Feminism (Beacon Press, 1970), pp. 112-14.

[Weak enforcement of antidiscrimination law]: Robinson, pp. 420-26 passim; Jo Freeman, The Politics of Women’s Liberation: A Case Study of an Emerging Social Movement and Its Relation to the Policy Process (David McKay, 1975), pp. 178-83; Jane De Hart Mathews, “The New Feminism and the Dynamics of Social Change,” in Linda K. Kerber and Mathews, eds., Women’s America: Refocusing the Past (Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 408; Betty Friedan, It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women’s Movement (Random House, 1976), pp. 78-80; Joan Abramson, Old Boys, New Women: The Politics of Sex Discrimination (Praeger, 1979), ch. 5; Pauli Murray and Mary Eastwood, “Jane Crow and the Law: Sex Discrimination and Title VII,” in Anne Koedt et al., eds., Radical Feminism (Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1973), pp. 165-77.

[June 1966 conference and formation of NOW]: Hole and Levine, pp. 81-86; Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 75-86.

[“Seething underground”]: Betty Friedan, “Up From the Kitchen Floor,” New York Times Magazine, March 4, 1973, pp. 8-9, 28-35, 37 quoted at p. 28.

[“Talked down to us”]: Friedan, It Changed My Life, p. 83.

[Organization and structure of NOW]: Maren Lockwood Carden, The New Feminist Movement (Russell Sage, 1974), chs. 8-9 passim: Freeman, ch. 3; Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 95-96; Joyce Gelb and Marian Lief Palley, Women and Public Policies (Princeton University Press, 1982), chs. 2-3 passim.

[“We, men and women”]: “NOW Statement of Purpose,” in Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 87-91, quoted at pp. 87, 88, 90.

438 [“To hand over”]: ibid., p. 95.

[Conflict among women leaders during Kennedy Administration]: Cynthia E. Harrison, On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women’s Issues, 1945-1968 (page proofs: University of California Press, 1988), parts 2-3 passim; see also Leila J. Rupp and Verta Taylor, Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women’s Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s (Oxford University Press, 1987).

438 [“Specific bills”]: Esther Peterson, quoted in Harrison, On Account of Sex, p. 116.

[“Special emphasis”]: William H. Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Ec nomic, and Political Roles, 1920-1970 (Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 127.

438-9 [Policy differences within NOW]: Freeman, pp. 80-83; Hole and Levine, pp. 87-92, 95; Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 104-6.

439 [WEAL]: Freeman, pp. 81, 152-54; Gayle Graham Yates, What Women Want: The Ideas of the Movement (Harvard University Press, 1975), pp. 46-48; Hole and Levine, pp. 95-98; Karen O’Connor, Women’s Organizations’ Use of the Courts (Lexington Books, 1980), pp. 96-98 (Table 5-1), 105-8; Gelb and Palley, chs. 2-3 passim.

[Executive order on federal contracts]: Freeman, pp. 75-76, 191-96; Friedan, “The First Year: President’s Report to NOW,” in It Changed My Life, pp. 97-99; see also Abramson, ch. 4; Bernice Sandler, “A Little Help from Our Government: WEAL and Contract Compliance,” in Alice S. Rossi and Ann Calderwood, eds., Academic Women on the Move (Russell Sage, 1973), pp. 439-62. [NOW suit on want ads]: Hole and Levine, pp. 40-44, 86-87; Freeman, pp. 76-79; Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 94-95; see also O’Connor, pp. 96-98 (Table 5-1), 103-5.

[NOW, AT&T and flight attendants]: Feeman, pp. 76-77, 188-90; Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 92-95.

[Women’s Legislation, 92nd Congress]: Freeman, pp. 184, 202-5, 209-29; see also Gelb and Palley; Anne E. Costan, “Representing Women: From Social Movement to Interest Group,” Western Political Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 1 (March 1981), pp. 100-13; George P. Sape and Thomas J. Hart, “Title VII Reconsidered: The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972,” George Washington Law Review, vol. 40 (July 1972), pp. 824-89.

[ECOA]: Gelb and Palley, ch. 4.

[NWPC]: Freeman, pp. 160-62; Gelb and Palley, pp. 26-31 passim; Yates, pp. 48-50; Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 165-83.

[Black women’s employment gains]: Allen L. Sorkin, “Education, Occupation, and Income of Nonwhite Women,” Journal of Negro Education, vol. 41 (1972), pp. 343-51; Lynn Y. Weiner, From Working Girl to Working Mother: The Female Labor Force in the United States, 1820-1980 (University of North Carolina Press, 1985), pp. 89, 96.

440 [“Virginia Slims” poll]: Freeman, p. 38.

[Black women and white women’s organizations]: see Carden, pp. 28-30; Freeman, pp. 37-42; Cellestine Ware, Woman Power: The Movement for Women’s Liberation (Tower Publications, 1970), ch. 2.

[Women’s Strike for Equality]: New York Times, August 27, 1970, pp. 1, 30; Freeman, pp. 84-85; Hole and Levine, pp. 92-93; Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 137-54.

[“How powerful”]: Friedan, It Changed My Life, p. 141.

[“Your own thing”]: see Freeman, p. 84.

441 [“Not a bedroom war”]: “Strike Day: August 26, 1970,” in Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 152-54, quoted at p. 153.

[Women in the 1950s]: Friedan, Feminine Mystique; Evans, pp. 3-15 passim; Chafe, American Woman, ch. 9; Maxine L. Margolis, Mothers and Such: Views of American Women and Why They Changed (University of California Press, 1984), pp. 166-76, 218-25; Sheila M. Rothman, Woman’s Proper Place: A History of Changing Ideals and Practices, 1870 to the Present (Basic Books, 1978), pp. 224-31; Wiener, pp. 89-96 passim; Helena Znaniecki Lopata, Occupation: Housewife (Oxford University Press, 1971); Susan M. Hartmann, The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s (Twayne, 1982); Judy Syfers, “Why I Want a Wife,” in Koedt et al., pp. 60-62; Alan L. Sorkin, “On the Occupational Status of Women, 1870-1970,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 32, no. 3 (July 1973), pp. 235-43; Nancy Walker, “Humor and Gender Roles: The ‘Funny’ Feminism of the Post-World War II Suburbs,” American Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1 (Spring 1985), pp. 98-113; Joann Vanek, “Time Spent in Housework,” in Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck, eds., A Heritage of Her Own: Toward a New Social History of American Women (Simon and Schuster, 1979), pp. 499-506.

[“Busy Wife’s Achievements”]: Life, vol. 41, no. 26 (December 24, 1956), p. 41.

441 [“ Ready for a padded cell”]: quoted in Friedan, Feminine Mystique, p. 28. [“All hell would break”]: Jan Schakowsky, quoted in Evans, pp. 227-28.

[Civil rights movement, New Left, and women’s movement]: Evans; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (Harper, 1962), Appendix 5 (“A Parallel to the Negro Problem”); Mathews, “New Feminism,” pp. 410-12; Hole and Levine, pp. 109-14; Carden, pp. 26, 59-63; Mary King, Freedom Song (Morrow, 1987), esp. ch. 12; Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (Bantam, 1987), ch. 16; Shirley N. Weber, “Black Power in the 1960s: A Study of Its Impact on Women’s Liberation,” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 11, no. 4 (June 1981), pp. 483-97; Gail Paradise Kelly, “Women’s Liberation and the Cultural Revolution,” Radical America, vol. 4, no. 2 (February 1970), pp. 19-25; Marlene Dixon, “On Women’s Liberation,” ibid., pp. 26-34; Myra Marx Ferree and Beth B. Hess, Controversy and Coalition: The New Feminist Movement (Twayne, 1985), pp. 31-35, 45-48, 59-62; Barbara Burris et al., “The Fourth World Manifesto,” in Koedt et al., pp. 322-57; Marge Piercy, “The Grand Coolie Damn,” in Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood Is Powerful (Random House, 1970), pp. 421-38; Roxanne Dunbar, “Female Liberation as the Basis for Social Revolution,” in ibid., pp. 477-92; Robin Morgan, “Goodbye to All That,” in Betty Roszak and Theodore Roszak, eds., Masculine/Feminine: Readings in Sexual Mythology and the Liberation of Women (Harper Colophon, 1969), pp. 241-50; Mary Aickin Rothschild, “White Women Volunteers in the Freedom Summers: Their Life and Work in a Movement for Social Change,” Feminist Studies, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 1979), pp. 466-95.

442 [“Widespread and deep rooted”]: “Women in the Movement,” November 1964, reprinted in Evans, pp. 233-35, quoted at p. 234; see also Mary King, pp. 443-55 passim.

[“Only position for women”]: Evans, p. 87.

[“Generated feminist echoes”]: ibid., p. 88; see also Mary King, pp. 451-52. [Women at SDS “rethinking conference”]: Evans, pp. 156-69 passim.

[“Sex-taste system”]: Casey Hayden and Mary King, “Sex and Caste,” November 18, 1965, reprinted in ibid,, pp. 235-38, quoted at p. 237.

[“Shit-workers” and “free movement ‘chicks’”]: Sue Munaker, Evelyn Goldfield, and Naomi Weisstein, quoted in Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS (Random House, 1973), p. 526. [“Liberation Workshop”]: Evans, pp. 187-92.

[“Colonial relationship”): “Liberation of Women,” reprinted in ibid., pp. 240-42, quoted at pp. 240, 241.

443 [“Constant hubbub”]: quoted in ibid., p. 192.

The Liberation of Women

[Women at NCNP]: Evans, pp. 195-99; Freeman, pp. 59-60; Hole and Levine, pp. 112-14.

[Formation of first women’s liberation groups]: Evans, pp. 199-211; Freeman, pp. 56-62; Hole and Levine, pp. 114-22 passim: Carden, pp. 63-65.

[Washington counter-demonstration]: Hole and Levine, pp. 117-19, Kathie Amatniek quoted at p. 118; Carden, p. 61; New York Times, January 16, 1968, p. 3.

444 [Redstockings]: “Redstockings Manifesto,” in Morgan, Sisterhood, pp. 533-36; Yates, pp. 94-95, 100-1; Hole and Levine, pp. 136-42.

[Atkinson’s break with NOW]: Atkinson, “Resignation from N.O.W.,” in Atkinson, Amazon Odyssey (Links Books, 1974), pp. 9-11, quoted at p. 10; Freeman, pp. 81-82; Hole and Levine, p. 90.

[The Feminists]: “The Feminists: A Political Organization to Annihilate Sex Roles,” in Koedt et al., pp. 368-78; The Feminists, “Women: Do You Know the Facts About Marriage?,” in Morgan, Sisterhood, pp. 536-37; Hole and Levine, pp. 142-47; Atkinson.

[Ease of starting women’s groups]: see Evans, p. 211.

[Radical feminist ideology]: see Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, H. M. Parshley, trans. (Knopf, 1952); Koedt et al., part 3; Marlene Dixon, “The Rise of Women’s Liberation,” in Roszak and Roszak, pp. 186-201; Hole and Levine, chs. 3-4; Yates, ch. 3 passim: Carden, ch. 4; Mathews, pp. 413-15.

[“Primary class system”]: Barbara Mehrhof, quoted in Yates, p. 93.

444 [Redstockings Manifesto on male supremacy]: Morgan, Sisterhood, quoted at p. 534.

444-5 [Millett]: Millett, Sexual Politics (Doubleday, 1970), quoted at p. 363; see also Yates, pp. 79-84.

445 [Firestone]: Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (Morrow, 1970); see also Yates, pp. 84-87.

[Consciousness-raising]: Pamela Allen, Tree Space: A Perspective on the Small Group in Women’s Liberation (Times Change Press, 1970); Claudia Dreitus, Women’s Fate: Raps from a Feminist Consciousness-Raising Group (Bantam, 1973); Vivian Gornick, “Consciousness,” in Gornick, Essays in Feminism (Harper, 1978), pp. 47-68; Carol Williams Payne, “Consciousness Raising: A Dead End?,” in Koedt et al., pp. 282-84; Ronnie Lichtman, “Consciousness Raising—1970,” in Gerda Lerner, ed., The Female Experience (Bobbs-Merrill, 1977), pp. 456-58; Freeman, pp. 116-19; Yates, pp. 103-6; Carden, pp. 33-37; Mathews, pp. 412-13.

[“Overview of our potential”]: Allen, pp. 6-7.

[Miss America protest]: Robin Morgan, “Women Disrupt the Miss America Pageant,” in Morgan, Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist (Vintage, 1978), pp. 62-67, quoted on “Mindless Sex Object Image,” “Murder mascot,” “commercial shill-game,” and “‘ideal’ symbol,” at p. 64; New York Times, September 8, 1968, p. 81; “No More Miss America!,” in Morgan, Sisterhood, pp. 521-24.

446 [“Instruments of torture”]: quoted in Ann Popkin, “The Personal Is Political; The Women’s Liberation Movement,” in Dick Cluster, ed., They Should Have Served That Cup of Coffee: Seven Radicals Remember the 60s (South End Press, 1979), p. 190.

[WITCH]: Morgan, Going Too Far, pp. 71-81; Hole and Levine, pp. 126-30; Morgan, Sisterhood, pp. 538-53, 556; “The WITCH Manifesto,” in Roszak and Roszak, pp. 259-61.

[“Pit their ancient magic”]: Robin Morgan, “WITCH Hexes Wall Street,” in Morgan, Going Too Far, pp. 75-77, quoted at p. 175.

[Feminists and the media]: Ferree and Hess, pp. 74-78; Hole and Levine, pp. 247-70; Freeman, pp. 111-14, 148-50; see also Matilda Butler and William Paisley, Women and the Mass Media: Sourcebook for Research and Action (Human Sciences Press, 1980).

[“Grandpress blitz”]: Freeman, p. 148.

[“A political statement”]: Morgan, “Miss America Pageant,” p. 63.

[“Ghetto” of women’s page]: ibid., p. 63.

[Newsweek accord]: New York Times, August 27, 1970, p. 30; Hole and Levine, pp. 258-60.

447 [Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in]: Hole and Levine, pp. 255-58; Ladies’ Home Journal, August 1970; Newsweek, vol. 75, no. 13 (March 30, 1970), p. 61; ibid., vol. 76, no. 5 (August 3, 1970), p. 44.

[Feminist publications]: see Hole and Levine, pp. 270-76; Carden, pp. 65, 69-70, 144-45, 211-17; Freeman, pp. 110-11; Ferree and Hess, pp. 72-74.

[Women’s studies]: Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, “Women’s Studies and Social Change,” in Rossi and Calderwood, pp. 393-423; Gloria Bowles and Renate Duelli Klein, eds., Theories of Women’s Studies (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983); Ellen Carol DuBois et al., Feminist Scholarship: Kindling in the Groves of Academe (University of Illinois Press, 1985); Freeman, pp. 166-69; Hole and Levine, pp. 326-28; Kathleen O’Connor Blumhagen and Walter D. Johnson, eds., Women’s Studies: An Interdisciplinary Collection (Greenwood Press, 1978).

[Women’s health movement]: Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, Our Bodies, Ourselves (Simon and Schuster, 1973); Ellen Frankfort, Vaginal Politics (Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1972); Gena Corea, The Hidden Malpractice: How American Medicine Treats Women as Patients and Professionals (Morrow, 1977); Margolis, pp. 247-51; Hole and Levine, pp. 358-62; Ferree and Hess, pp. 96-98; Dorothy Rosenthal Mandelbaum, “Women in Medicine,” Signs, vol. 4, no. 1 (Autumn 1978), pp. 136-45; see also Miriam Galper and Carolyn Kott Washburne, “A Woman’s Self-Help Program in Action,” Social Policy, vol. 6, no. 5 (March-April 1976), pp. 46-52.

[Abortion]: Rosalind Pollack Petchesky, Abortion and Woman’s Choice: The State, Sexuality, and Reproductive Freedom (Longman, 1984); Beverly Wildung Harrison, Our Right to Choose: Toward a New Ethic of Abortion (Beacon Press, 1983); Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (University of California Press, 1984), esp. chs. 3, 5, 7-9; Hole and Levine, ch. 7; Yates, pp. 110-12; Lucinda Cisler, “Abortion Law Repeal (sort of): A Warning to Women,” in Koedt et al., pp. 151-64; see also Linda Gordon, Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (Grossman, 1976).

447-8 [“Talk about women’s rights”]: quoted in Luker, p. 97.

448 [Roe v. Wade]: 410 U.S. 113 (1973); see also Luker, pp. 125-27; Janet Benshoof, “The Legacy of Roe v. Wade,” in Jay L. Garfield and Patricia Hennessey, eds., Abortion: Moral and Legal Perspectives (University of Massachusetts Press, 1984), pp. 35-44; Hyman Rodman et al., The Abortion Question (Columbia University Press, 1987), pp. 183-90; James C. Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900 (Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 250-57.

[Abortion backlash]: Luker, chs. 6-9 passim; Andrew H. Merton, Enemies of Choice: The Right-to-Life Movement and Its Threat to Abortion (Beacon Press, 1981); Petchesky, chs. 7-8; Benshoof; Andrea Dworkin, Right-Wing Women (Coward-McCann, 1983), ch. 3 passim; Kerree and Hess, pp. 130-39.

[Luker on backlash’s meaning]: Luker, pp. 193-94, quoted at p. 193.

449 [Rape]: Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (Simon and Schuster, 1975); Andra Medea and Kathleen Thompson, Against Rape (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1974); Susan Griffin, “Rape: The All-American Crime,” Ramparts, vol. 10, no. 3 (September 1971), pp. 26-35; Griffin, Rape: The Power of Consciousness (Harper, 1979); New York Radical Feminists, Rape: The First Sourcebook for Women, Noreen Connell and Cassandra Wilson, eds. (New American Library, 1974); Diane E. H. Russell, The Politics of Rape: The Victim’s Perspective (Stein & Day, 1984); Rosemarie Tong, Women, Sex, and the Law (Rowman & Allenheld, 1984), ch. 4; Margolis, pp. 252-59.

[“All the hatred”]: Medea and Thompson, p. 11.

[“Masculine ideology”]: see Brownmiller, pp. 12, 14, 396.

[Feminist mobilization against rape]: Jane Benson, “Take Back the Night” (unpublished manuscript, 1983); Our Bodies, Ourselves, ch. 8; New York Radical Feminists; Susan Pascalé et al., “Self-Defense for Women,” in Morgan, Sisterhood, pp. 469-77; Medea and Thompson, pp. 125-30, 144-51; Carol V. Horos, Rape (Dell/Banbury, 1981). [“Speakable crime”]: Brownmiller, p. 396.

[Pornography]: Laura Lederer, ed., Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography (Morrow, 1980); Ferree and Hess, pp. 105-7; The Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (Bantam, 1970); Susan Griffin, Pornography and Silence: Culture’s Revenge Against Nature (Harper, 1981); Alan Soble, Pornography: Marxism, Feminism, and the Future of Sexuality (Yale University Press, 1986); Ray C. Rist, ed., The Pornography Controversy: Changing Standards in American Life (Transaction Books, 1975); Long, ch. 1; Brownmiller, pp. 392-96.

450 [Lesbianism]: Sidney Abbott and Barbara Love, Sappho Was a Right-On Woman: A Liberated View of Lesbianism (Stein & Day, 1972); Abbott and Love, “Is Women’s Liberation a Lesbian Plot?,” in Vivian Gornick and Barbara K. Moran, eds., Women in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness (Basic Books, 1971 ), pp. 436-51; Jill Johnston, Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution (Simon and Schuster, 1973); Estelle B. Freedman et al., eds., The Lesbian Issue: Essays from SIGNS (University of Chicago Press, 1985); Free man, pp. 134-42; Anne Koedt, “Lesbianism and Feminism,” in Koedt el al., pp. 246-58; Radicalesbians, “The Woman Identified Woman,” in ibid., pp. 240-45; Yates, pp. 108-10.

[“What is a lesbian?”]: Radicalesbians, p. 240.

[“Carried the women’s movement”]: quoted in Abbott and Love, Sappho, p. 146. [Police raid on gay bar]: see ibid., pp. 159-60.

[“Doubly outcast”]: Abbott and Love, “Lesbian Plot,” p. 443.

[“Economic independence”]: Abbott and Love, Sappho, p. 136.

[“Lavender menace”]: quoted in ibid., p. 110.

[Congress to Unite Women, 1970]: ibid., pp. 113-16.

[New York NOW president and lavender armbands]: ibid., pp. 121-22; see also Friedan, It Changed My Life, pp. 158-59.

450-1 [1971 NOW resolution on lesbians]: quoted in Freeman, p. 99; see also Abbott and Love, Sappho, pp. 125-34.

451 [“Primary cornerstone of male supremacy”]: Nancy Myron and Charlotte Bunch, eds., Lesbianism and the Women’s Movement (Diana Press, 1975), p. 10.

[“Vanguardism”]: Freeman, p. 138; see also Koedt, “Lesbianism and Feminism.” [Black feminism]: Frances M. Beal, “Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female,” in Morgan, Sisterhood, pp. 340-53; Firestone, ch. 5; Phyllis Marynick Palmer, “White Women/Black Women: The Dualism of Female Identity and Experience in the United States,” Feminist Studies, vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1983), pp. 151-70; Pauli Murray, “The Liberation of Black Women,” in Thompson, pp. 87-102; Angela Davis, Women, Race & Class (Random House, 1981); Cellestine Ware, “Black Feminism,” in Koedt et al., pp. 81-84; Kay Lindsey, “The Black Woman as Woman,” in Toni Cade, ed., The Black Woman (New American Library, 1970), pp. 85-89; Toni Cade, “On the Issue of Roles,” in ibid., pp. 101-10; Gloria I. Joseph and Jill Lewis, Common Differences: Conflicts in Black and White Feminist Perspectives (Anchor Press, 1981 ); Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (Crossing Press, 1984); Ware, Woman Power, ch. 2; Bell Hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (South End Press, 1981). [“Organize around those things”]: “Black Feminism: A New Mandate,” Ms., vol. 2, no. 11 (May 1974), pp. 97-100, quoted at p. 97.

[National Black Feminist Organization]: ibid.; Freeman, pp. 156-57; Joseph and Lewis, pp. 33-34.

[“We were married”]: “Black Feminism: A New Mandate,” p. 98.

[“Male-dominated media image”]: “Statement of Purpose,” ibid., p. 99.

[“Committed to working”]: Combahee River Collective, “A Black Feminist Statement,” in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color (Persephone Press, 1981), pp. 210-18, quoted at p. 217.

452 [Latina feminism]: “Women of ‘La Raza’ Unite!,” in Angela G. Dorenkamp et al., eds., Images of Women in American Popular Culture (Harcourt, 1985), pp. 430-32; Mirta Vidal, Chicanas Speak Out: Women—New Voice of La Raza (Pathfinder Press, 1971); Sylvia Alicia Gonzales, “The Chicana Perspective: A Design for Self-Awareness,” in Arnulfo D. Trejo, ed., The Chicanos: As We See Ourselves (University of Arizona Press, 1979), pp. 81-99; Morgan, Sisterhood, pp. 376-84; Gilberto López y Rivas, The Chicanos: Life and Struggles of the Mexican Minority in the United States, López y Rivas and Elizabeth Martínez, eds. and trans. (Monthly Review Press, 1973), pp. 168-74.

[National Women’s Conference]: Lindsy Van Gelder, “Four Days That Changed the World,” Ms., vol. 6, no. 9 (March 1978), pp. 52-57, 86-93; U.S. National Commission on the Observance of International Women’s Year, The Spirit of Houston: The First National Women’s Conference (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978); Alice S. Rossi, Feminists in Politics: A Panel Analysis of the First National Women’s Conference (Academic Press, 1982).

[“My name is Susan B. Anthony”]: quoted in Van Gelder, p. 90.

[Minority resolution]: Spirit of Houston, pp. 155-60.

[“Simultaneity of oppressions”]: Barbara Smith, “Introduction,” in Smith, ed., Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983), p. xxxiii; see also Bernice Johnson Reagon, “Coalition Politics: Turning the Century,” in ibid., pp. 356-68.

453 [“Change means growth”]: Audre Lorde, “Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference,” in Lorde, pp. 114-23, quoted at p. 123.

The Personal Is Political

[Analysis of women’s movement]: see Freeman, pp. 1-70 and ch. 7 passim, and sources cited therein; see also Ferree and Hess, pp. 1-27 and ch. 8.

[Rise in percentage of women in workforce, 1947-68]: Freeman, p. 30; see also Chafe, esp. pp. 218-25, 234-37.

[Freeman on occupational rewards]: Freeman, p. 31.

454 [“Hot-house plants”]: Alice S. Rossi, quoted in ibid., p. 27.

[“Rage of Women”]: ibid., p. 27, n. 40.

[Varieties of feminist ideology]: see Alison Jaggar, “Political Philosophies of Women’s Liberation,” in Mary Vetterling-Braggin et al., eds., Feminism and Philosophy (Rowman and Littlefield, 1977), pp. 5-21; see also Jaggar and Paula Rothenberg Struhl, eds., Feminist Frameworks: Alternative Theoretical Accounts of the Relations Between Women and Men (McGraw-Hill, 1978); Ferree and Hess, pp. 41-43; Yates.

454 [Black and Maoist origins of consciousness-raising]: see Yates, p. 103.

[Growth and organizational difficulties of NOW]: Freeman, pp. 86-97; Carden, ch. 9 passim.

[Anti-leadership ethic and its difficulties]: see Joreen, “The Tyranny of Structurelessness,” in Koedt et al., pp. 285-99; Carden, ch. 7 and pp. 128-32; Freeman, pp. 119-29, 142-46; Hole and Levine, pp. 157-61; Galper and Washburne.

[“Possession of the self”]: Vivian Gornick, “Feminist Writers,” in Gornick, Essays, pp. 164-70, quoted at p. 169.

[“So many of our struggles”]: Leah Fritz, Dreamers and Dealers: An Intimate Appraisal of the Women’s Movement (Beacon Press, 1980), pp. 16-17.

[“Tyranny of structurelessness”]: Joreen, “Tyranny.”

456 [“Euphoric period”]: “Editorial: Notes from the Third Year,” December 1971, in Koedt et al., p. 300.

[Feminist “stars”]: see Cardin, pp. 89-90; Freeman, pp. 120-21; Joreen, pp. 292-93; Claudia Dreifus, “The Selling of a Feminist,” in Koedt et al., pp. 358-61; see also Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left (University of California Press, 1980), ch. 5.

[“Sending double signals”]: Millett, Flying (Knopf, 1974), p. 92.

[Millett’s career in Time]: see Time, vol. 96, no. 9 (August 31, 1970); and “Women’s Lib: A Second Look,” Time, vol. 96, no. 24 (December 14, 1970), p. 50; see also Abbott and Love, Sappho, pp. 119-25; Millett, Flying.

457 [Feminists and labor and professional organizations]: Hole and Levine, pp. 98-107, 338-55, 362-71; Philip S. Koner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From World War I to the Present (Free Press, 1979-80), vol. 2, chs. 24-27; Kay Klotzburger, “Political Action by Academic Women,” in Rossi and Calderwood, pp. 359-91; Anne M. Briscoe, “Phenomenon of the Seventies: The Women’s Caucuses,” Signs, vol. 4, no. 1 (Autumn 1978), pp. 152-58.

457-8 [Feminists and religion]: Mary Daly, The Church and the Second Sex (Harper, 1968); Daly, Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (Beacon Press, 1973); Matilda Joslyn Gage, Woman, Church & State (1893; reprinted by Persephone Press, 1980): Yates, pp. 65-73, 140-41; Hole and Levine, ch. 11 passim.

458 [“Their hierarchical status”]: quoted in Freeman, p. 163.

[Women and the 1972 Democratic convention]: Byron E. Shafer, Quiet Revolution: The Struggle for the Democratic Party and the Shaping of Post-Reform Politics (Russell Sage, 1983), chs. 6-7, 17 passim: Denis G. Sullivan et al., Explorations in Convention Decision Making: The Democratic Party in the 1970s (W. H. Freeman, 1976); Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1972 (Atheneum, 1973), chs. 3, 7; Wilma E. McGrath and John W. Soule, “Rocking the Cradle or Rocking the Boat: Women at the 1972 Democratic National Convention,” Social Science Quarterly, vol. 55, no.1 (June 1974), pp. 141-50; see also Kristi Andersen, “Working Women and Political Participation, 1952-1972,” American Journal of Political Science, vol. 19, no. 3 (August 1975), pp. 439-53.

[Black delegates at 1968 and 1972 Democratic conventions]: Steven F. Lawson, In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965-1982 (Columbia University Press, 1985), pp. 195-96.

[Feminist disappointments at convention]: see Shirley Chisholm, The Good Fight (Harper, 1973), pp. 128-31.

[ERA] Janet K. Boles, The Politics of the Equal Rights Amendment: Conflict and the Decision Process (Longman, 1979); Boles, “Building Support for the Equal Rights Amendment,” in James David Barber and Barbara Kellerman, eds., Women Leaders in American Politics (Prentice-Hall, 1986), pp. 37-41:Hole and Levine, pp. 54-77; Ferree and Hess, pp. 125-30; Equal Rights Amendment Project of the California Commission on the Status of Women, ed., Impact ERA: Limitations and Possibilities (Les Femmes Publishing, 1976); Yates, pp. 52-58; Mathews, “New Feminism,” pp. 416-19; Sylvia Ann Hewlett. A Lesser Life: The Myth of Women’s Liberation in America (Morrow, 1986), ch. 9; Foner, vol. 2, pp. 482-87; Lisa Cronin Wohl, “White Gloves and Combat Boots: The Fight for ERA,” Civil Liberties Review, vol. 1, no. 4 (Fall 1974), pp. 77-86; Wohl, “Phyllis Schlafly: ‘The Sweetheart of the Silent Majority.’” Ms., vol. 2, no. 9 (March 1974), pp. 54-57, 85-89; Sarah Slavin, ed., “The Equal Rights Amendment: The Politics and Processes of Ratification of the 27th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,” Women & Politics, vol. 2, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 1982); see also Donald G. Mathews and Jane De Hart Mathews, “Gender and the U.S. Constitution,” paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, Washington, D.C., December 28, 1987.

[“Now forced women!”]: quoted in Mathews, “New Feminism,” p. 418; see also Rebecca E. Klatch, Women of the New Right (Temple University Press, 1987). [Achievements of women’s movement]: Mathews, “New Feminism,” pp. 419-21; Ferree and Hess, chs. 7-8; Hole and Levine, pp. 397-400; Margolis, esp. Epilogue; Carden, pp. 158-71 ; O’Connor; Gelb and Palley, esp. ch. 8; Judith M. Bardwick, In Transition: How Feminism, Sexual Liberation, and the Search for Self-Fulfillment Have Altered Our Lives (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979); Hewlett.

[1972 campaign]: White, chs. 8-13; Ripon Society and Clifford W. Brown, Jr., Jaws of Victory (Little, Brown, 1974), part 1 passim; Edward W. Knappman et al., eds., Campaign 72: Press Opinion from New Hampshire to November (Facts on File, 1973), part 3; Irwin Unger, The Movement: A History of the American New Left, 1952-1972 (Dodd, Mead, 1975), pp. 199-202.

[1972 election results]: White, pp. 342-43, 372-73 (Appendix A).

460-1 [Women in 1972 election]: Andersen, “Working Women.”

461 [King’s studies]: see David J. Garrow, “The Intellectual Development of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Influences and Commentaries,” Union Seminary Quarterly Review, vol. 40 (January 1986), pp. 5-20.

[Evaluations of sixties movements]: see Charles Perrow, “The Sixties Observed,” in Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, eds., The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control, and Tactics (Winthrop Publishers, 1979), pp. 192-211; Roberta Ash, Social Movements in America (Markham, 1972), ch. 9; Mathews, “New Feminism,” pp. 398-412; Donald Von Eschen et al., “The Disintegration of the Negro Non-violent Movement,” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 6 (1969), pp. 215-34; Anthony Oberschall, “The Decline of the 1960s Social Movements,” in Louis Kries-burg, ed., Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change (JAI Press, 1978), pp. 257-89; Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (Free Press, 1984), chs. 1, 11, and passim; Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Harvard University Press, 1981), ch. 18 and passim; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (Pantheon, 1977), ch. 4; Chafe, part 3 passim; Jo Freeman, “Women and Public Policy: An Overview,” in Ellen Boneparth, ed., Women, Power and Policy (Pergamon, 1982), pp. 47-67; Wini Breines, The Great Refusal: Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962-1968 (Praeger, 1982); Gitlin, Whole World; Gitlin, Sixties, ch. 19; Arthur Schweitzer, The Age of Charisma (Nelson-Hall, 1984), pp. 210-21; August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, “Negro Protest and Urban Unrest,” Social Science Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 3 (December 1968), pp. 438-43.