591 [Carter’s retreat]: Newsweek, vol. 94, no. 3 (July 16, 1979), pp. 19-21; ibid., vol. 24, no. 4 (July 23, 1979), pp. 21-26; Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith (Bantam, 1982), pp. 114-20; Godfrey Hodgson, All Things to All Men: The False Promise of the Modern American Presidency (Simon and Schuster, 1980), pp. 162-63 and passim; Betty Glad, Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House (Norton, 1980), pp. 444-46.
591 [Advice to Carter]: Energy and National Goals, July 15, 1979, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-82), vol. 3, part 2, pp. 1235-41, quoted at p. 1236.
[Carter’s address]: ibid.; see also Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 3, 136, 141.
592 [Carter’s firings and public response]. Newsweek, vol. 94, no. 5 (July 30, 1979), pp. 22-28, anecdote of the king told at p. 27.
Habits of Individualism
594 [Census family statistics]: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1987 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), p. 45 (Table 61).
[Numbers of religious bodies and membership]: ibid., pp. 51-52 (Table 74); Leo Rosten, ed., Religions in America (Simon and Schuster, 1963), esp. pp. 220-48, 318-24.
595 [Church attendance, 1940s-1970s]: Hadley Cantril, ed., Public Opinion 1935-1946 (Princeton University Press, 1951), pp. 699-701 (early polling data may be only approximations); Theodore Caplow et al., All Faithful People: Change and Continuity in Middletown’s Religion (University of Minnesota Press, 1983), p. 27.
[Polls on religious influence]: Gallup Opinion Index Question quoted in Caplow et al., p. 28.
[Ratio of church membership to population]: ibid., pp. 28-29,
[Declining membership of “mainline” Protestant churches]: Newsweek, vol. 108, no. 25 (December 22, 1986), pp. 54-56.
[“Language genuinely able”]: Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (University of California Press, 1985), p. 237; see also Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Seabury Press, 1975).
595-6 [Thoreau on telegraph between Maine and Texas]: Thoreau, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers; Walden; The Maine Woods; Cape Cod, Robert F. Sayre, ed. (Library of America, 1985), p. 364.
596 [Projected enrollments early 1990s]: Statistical Abstract, p. 117 (Table 189).
[Enrollment in private secondary schools after Brown]: Jeffrey A. Raffel, The Politics of School Desegregation: The Metropolitan Remedy in Delaware (Temple University Press, 1980), pp. 175-88, esp. pp. 178-80.
[Public education in modern America]: Robert B. Everhart, ed., The Public School Monopoly: A Critical Analysis of Education and the State in American Society (Ballinger Publishing, 1982), part 3; Benjamin D. Stickney and Laurence R. Marcus, The Great Education Debate: Washington and the Schools (Charles C. Thomas, 1984), chs. 1, 5, and passim.
596-7 [Typical public school classroom]: Kenneth A. Sirotnik, “What You See Is What You Get—Consistency, Persistency, and Mediocrity in Classrooms,” Harvard Educational Review, vol. 53, no. 1 (February 1983), pp. 16-31.
597 [Toffler on learning]: quoted in ibid., p. 29.
[Merelman on education]: Merelman, Making Something of Ourselves (University of California Press, 1984), pp. 195-99.
[Schools as supermarkets]: Arthur G. Powell, Eleanor Tartar, and David K. Cohen, The Shopping Mall High School: Winners and Losers in the Educational Marketplace (Houghton Mifflin, 1985), esp. ch. 1.
[Higher education in modern America]: Ernest L. Boyer and Fred M. Hechinger, Higher Learning in the Nation’s Service (Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1981); Barry M. Richman and Richard N. Farmer, Leadership, Goals, and Power in Higher Education (Jossey-Bass, 1974); Derek Bok, Beyond the Ivory Tower: Social Responsibilities of the Modern University (Harvard University Press, 1982). [Institutions, teachers, students in higher education]: Statistical Abstract, p. 138 (Table 233).
[Bowen on missing ingredient]: Bowen, The State of the Nation and the Agenda for Higher Education (Jossey-Bass, 1982), pp. 76-78; see also Philip E. Jacob, Changing Values in College: An Exploratory Study of the Impact of College Teaching (Harper, 1957); Richard L. Morrill, Teaching Values in College: Facilitating Development of Ethical, Moral, and Value Awareness in Students (Jossey-Bass, 1980).
[Boyer and Hechinger on higher education]: Boyer and Hechinger, esp. p. 3.
598 [“American liberal approach”]: Walzer, “Teaching Morality,” New Republic, vol. 178, no. 23 (June 10, 1978), pp. 12-14, quoted at p. 13; see also Roger L. Shinn, “Education in Values: Acculturation and Exploration,” in Douglas Sloan, ed., Education and Values (Teachers College Press, 1980), pp. 111-22.
[Debates over values]: James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (Harper, 1978), pp. 74-75; see also Milton Rokeach, Beliefs, Altitudes, and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change (Jossey-Bass, 1969); Burns, Uncommon Sense (Harper, 1972), ch. 6.
[“The most resonant”]: Bellah et al., Habits, p. 23.
598-9 [“Decline of church”]: Merelman, pp. 1-2.
599 [“May have grown cancerous”]: Bellah et al., Habits, p. viii.
[Yuppies]: “The Year of the Yuppie,” Newsweek, vol. 104, no. 28 (December 31, 1984), pp. 14-20; “Life of a Yuppie Takes a Psychic Toll,” U.S. News & World Report, vol. 98, no. 16 (April 29, 1985), pp.73-74; “That Word,” New Yorker, vol.61. no.10 (April 29, 1985), pp. 30-31.
[Sheila]: Bellah et al., Habits, pp. 220-21, quoted at p. 221.
[“Management of personal impressions”]: Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (Norton, 1978), p. 44; see also Lasch, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times (Norton, 1984).
600 [Individualism]: Crawford B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Oxford University Press, 1962): A. D. Lindsay, “Individualism,” in Edwin R. A. Seligman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Macmillan, 1930-34), vol. 7, pp. 674-80; Steven Lukes, Individualism (Basil Blackwell, 1973); Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 118-72; Karl R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (Princeton University Press, 1950); Bellah et al., Habits, esp. chs. 2, 6.
601 “Nation that was proud”]: Carter Public Papers, vol. 3, part 2, p. 1237.
Kinesis: The Southern Californians
[Hollywood’s beginnings]: Carey McWilliams, Southern California: An Island on the Land (Peregrine Smith, 1979), ch. 16; Lary Linden May, “Reforming Leisure: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry, 1896-1920,” (doctoral dissertation; University of California, Los Angeles, 1977); Robert Sklar, Movie-Made America: A Social History of the American Movies (Random House, 1975), chs. 2-3; W. H. Hutchinson, California: The Golden Shore by the Sundown Sea (Star Publishing, 1980), pp. 247-54; see also Hortense Powdermaker, Hollywood, the Dream Factory (Little, Brown, 1950), chs. 1, 15.
[Selznick’s wire to the Czar]: Walton Bean, California: An Interpretive History, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1973), p. 384.
602 [“Monopolistic non-seasonal industry”]: McWilliams, Southern California, pp. 339-40, quoted at p. 340.
[Southern California’s migrants]: McWilliams, Southern California, chs. 3, 5, 7-9, 15 passim; see also Robert F. Heifer and Alan F. Almquist, The Other Californians (University of California Press, 1971).
[Birth of a Nation]: McWilliams, Southern California, pp. 332-33; Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (University of California Press, 1987), pp. 190-235; Sklar, ch. 4: Charles Higham, The Art of the American film, 1900-1971 (Doubleday, 1973), pp. 10-12.
[Labor strife in Los Angeles]: Andrew F. Rolle, California (Crowell,1964), ch. 31. 602-3 [“Kiss-Kiss” and “bang-bang”]: Powdermaker, p. 14.
603 [Priestley on Los Angeles]: quoted in McWilliams, Southern California, p. 328; see also Robert Kirsch, “The Cultural Scene,” in Carey McWilliams, ed., The California Revolution (Grossman, 1968), p. 205.
[Esoteric religions in southern California]: Carey McWilliams, “California: Mecca of the Miraculous,” in Dennis Hale and Jonathan Eisen, eds., The California Dream (Collier Books, 1968), pp. 279-92; Michael Davie, California: The Vanishing Dream (Dodd, Mead, 1972), ch. 8; McWilliams, Southern California, ch. 13; Lately Thomas, Storming Heaven (Morrow, 1970).
603-4 [Left-wing California politics]: Dorothy Healey, “Tradition’s Chains Have Bound Us” (1982), Oral History, Research Library, University of California at Los Angeles; Carey McWilliams, “The Economics of Extremism,” in Hale and Eisen, pp. 83-95.
604 [Olson]: Robert E. Burke, Olson’s New Deal for California (University of Califomia Press, 1953), esp. chs. 3, 5.
[California political culture]: Luther Whiteman and Samuel L. Lewis, “EPIC, or Politics for Use,” in Hale and Eisen, pp. 63-71; McWilliams, Southern California, ch. 14; Gladwin Hill, “California Politics,” in McWilliams, California Revolution, pp. 172-84; Davie, chs. 6-7; James Q. Wilson, “The Political Culture of Southern California,” in Hale and Eisen, pp. 215-33.
[Young Nixon]: Fawn M. Brodie, Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character (Norton, 1981), chs. 2-8; Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man (Houghton Mifflin, 1970), pp. 150-86; Davie, pp. 88-90.
[Wills on Nixon]: Wills, Nixon Agonistes, p. 184.
[“Old-fashioned kind of lawyer”]: quoted in Bruce Mazlish, In Search of Nixon (Basic Books, 1972), p. 28.
[Hollywood in 1930s and 1940s]: Otto Friedrich, City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940’s (Harper, 1986); Higham, parts 2-3 passim; Tino Balio, ed., The American Film Industry, rev. ed. (University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), part 3; Charles Higham and Joel Greenberg, Hollywood in the Forties (Tantivy Press, 1968); Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930-1960 (University of California Press, 1983).
605 [Writers in Hollywood]: Walter Goodman, “Why Some Novelists Cast Hollywood as the Heavy,” New York Times, August 17, 1986, sect. 2, pp. 19-20; Friedrich, pp. 228-46, esp. pp. 237-40; Harry M. Geduld, ed., Authors on Film (Indiana University Press, 1972), esp. parts 3-4; Morris Beja, Film and Literature (Longman, 1979), part 1.
[“Puke-green phantasmagoria”]: quoted in Goodman, “Why Some Novelists,” p. 20.
[Gable-Faulkner exchange]: quoted in Friedrich, p. 240.
[Hollywood and television]: Tino Balio, “Retrenchment, Reappraisal, and Reorganization, 1948,” in Balio, pp. 422-38; David J. Londoner, “The Changing Economics of Entertainment,” in ibid., pp. 603-30; Andrew Dowdy, The Films of the Fifties: The American State of Mind (Morrow, 1973), ch. 1 passim; Douglas Gomery, “Brian’s Song: Television, Hollywood, and the Evolution of the Movie Made for Television,” in John E. O’Connor, ed., American History of American Television (Frederick Ungar, 1983), ch. 9. [Movie admissions]: Douglas Gomery, “Hollywood’s Business,” Wilson Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 3 (Summer 1986), p. 53.
606 [Reagan’s youth): Ronald Reagan and Richard G. Hubler, Where’s the Rest of Me? The Autobiography of Ronald Reagan (Karz Publishers, 1981), chs. 1-4; Anne Edwards, Early Reagan: The Rise to Power (Morrow, 1987), chs. 2-7; Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (Doubleday, 1987), parts 1-3.
[Reagan in Hollywood]: Reagan and Hubler, pp. 71-243; Edwards, chs. 8-21; Wills, Reagan’s America, part 4; Rogin, ch. 1.
[Powdermaker on Hollywood escapism]: Powdermaker, pp. 12-14, quoted at pp. 12-13.
[Production Code Administration and censorship]: Powdermaker, ch. 3 passim; see also Richard S. Randall, Censorship of the Movies: The Social and Political Control of a Mass Medium (University of Wisconsin Press, 1968).
607 [“A scoop for you!”]: quoted in Wills, Reagan’s America, p. 159.
[“So much that is right”]: ibid., p. 161,
[Reagan, SAG, and MCA]: ibid., chs. 23-29, esp. pp. 249-50, 272-74; Edwards, chs. 14-17, 21 passim; Reagan and Hubler, pp. 222-30, 275-88.
[Reagan’s movement across political spectrum]: Wills, Reagan’s America, esp. pp. 257-58, 283-84; Robert Dallek, Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism (Harvard University Press, 1984), pp. 23-28; Lou Cannon, Reagan (Putnam, 1982), chs. 7-8 passim.
[Cannon on income tax and Reagan’s new conservatism]: Cannon, p. 91.
607-8 [Hollywood in the 1960s-1980s]: Gomery, pp. 56-57; Robin Wood, Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan (Columbia University Press, 1986); Balio, “Retrenchment.”
608 [Development of southern California]: Charles Lockwood and Christopher B. Leinberger, “Los Angeles Comes of Age,” Atlantic, vol. 261, no. 1 (January 1988), pp. 31-56; B. Marchand, The Emergence of Los Angeles: Population and Homing in the City of Dreams, 1940-1970 (Pion Limited, 1986); McWilliams, California Revolution; Davie, chs. 3-4.
608 [The auto in southern California]: Los Angeles Times, April 19, 1987, part 1, pp. 1, 20-22, and part 6, pp. 1, 6; Richard G. Lillard, “Revolution by Internal Combustion,” in McWilliams, California Revolution, pp. 84-99; Samuel E. Wood, “The Freeway Revolt and What It Means,” in ibid., pp. 100-9; New York Times, August 21, 1987, p. A8; Davie, pp. 53-62.
[“A movable home”]: quoted in Los Angeles Times, April 19, 1987, part 6, p. 6.
Superspectatorship
[Hagler-Leonard]: Sports Illustrated, vol. 66, no. 13 (March 30, 1987), pp. 58-78; ibid., vol. 66, no. 16 (April 13, 1987), pp. 18-25; New York Times, April 6, 1987, pp. C1, C6.
610 [Sportswatching]: Statistical Abstract, p. 216 (Table 375); see also Allen Guttmann, Sports Spectators (Columbia University Press, 1986]: passim; Dick Schaap, “Sports and Television: The Perfect Marriage,” in Marvin Barrett, ed., The Politics of Broadcasting (Crowell, 1973), pp. 197-202.
[Podell on sportswatching]: Podell, “Preface,” in Podell, ed., Sports in America (H. W. Wilson Co., 1986), pp. 5-6, quoted at p. 5.
[“Wholly intelligible”]: Larry Gerlach, “Telecommunications and Sports,” in Podell, pp. 66-74, quoted at p. 73.
[Lipsky on sports]: Lipsky, How We Play the Game: Why Sports Dominate American Life (Beacon Press, 1981), p. 63.
611 [“Agitate a bag of wind”]: quoted in Gerlach, p. 72.
[Advertising rate for 1988 football championship]: New York Times, January 25, 1988, p. C7.
[Football and baseball TV contracts]: Robert Kilborn. Jr., “Trying to Limit Out-of-the-Ballpark Salaries in Professional Sports,” in Podell, pp. 74-77, esp. p. 75. [1984 Olympics’ economic impact]: Roger Rosenblatt, “Why We Play These Games,” in ibid, pp. 135-43, esp. p. 35.
[Bird’s worth]: Kilborn, p. 76.
[TV advertising]: W. Russell Neuman, The Paradox of Mass Politics (Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 145; see Todd Gitlin, “Car Commercials and Miami Vice: ‘We Build Excitement,’“ in Gitlin, ed., Watching Television (Pantheon, 1986), pp. 136-61; Statistical Abstract, pp. 538 (Table 926), 539 (Tables 928-30).
[“Economics of television”]: Neuman, p. 135.
612 [Wall Street Journal circulation]: James MacGregor Burns, J. W. Peltason, and Thomas E. Cronin, Government By the People, 13th ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1987), p. 244 (table).
[USA Today]: Peter Prichard, The Making of McPaper: The Inside Story of USA Today (Andrews, McMeel & Parker, 1987).
[Media concentration]: Michael Parenti, Inventing Reality: The Politics of the Mass Media (St. Martin’s Press, 1986), pp. 27-32, esp. p. 27; see also Ben H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Beacon Press, 1983).
[Broder on the press]: Broder, Behind the Front Page: A Candid Look at How the News Is Made (Simon and Schuster, 1987), p. 12.
[Television watching]: Morris Janowitz, The Last Half-Century: Societal Change and Politics in America (University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 337-38, quoted at p. 337; Statistical Abstract, p. 531 (Table 907); see also Benjamin Stein, “This Is Not Your Life: Television as the Third Parent,” Public Opinion, vol. 9, no. 4 (November-December 1986), pp. 4 1-42; Joshua Meyrowitz, “The 19-Inch Neighborhood,” Newsweek, vol. 106, no. 4 (July 22, 1985), p. 8.
[TV in the workplace]: Newsweek, vol. 111, no. 1 (January 4, 1988), pp. 34-35.
613 [Politicians and the electronic media]: Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television (MIT Press, 1984); Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency (Oxford University Press, 1984); Austin Ranney, Channels of Power: The Impact of Television on American Politics (Basic Books, 1983); Ronald Berkman and Laura W. Kilch, Politics in the Media Age (McGraw-Hill, 1986); Timothy E. Cook, “Marketing the Members: Evolving Media Strategies in the House of Representatives,” unpublished typescript, presented at the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 18-20, 1985; Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (Viking, 1985), ch. 9; Broder, passim; Keith Blume, The Presidential Election Show (Bergin & Garvey, 1985); Anne Haskell, “Congress Exploits the New Media,” Proceedings (Institute of Politics, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 1981-82), pp. 56-59.
613 [“It is irresponsible”]: quoted in Haskell, p. 58.
[“I saw President Ford bump his head”]: quoted in Parenti, p. 15.
[TV and opinion formation]: Janowitz, ch. 9 passim; Ronald E. Frank and Marshall G. Greenbury, The Public’s Use of Television (Sage Publications, 1980); Joshua Meyrowitz, Na Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior (Oxford University Press, 1985); Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet, The People’s Choice, 2nd ed. (Columbia University Press, 1948), ch. 16 and passim; Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications (Free Press, 1955).
[TV and political cynicism]: Michael J. Robinson, “Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise: The Case of ‘The Selling of the Pentagon,’” American Political Science. Review, vol. 70, no. 2 (June 1976), pp. 409-32; Burns, Peltason, and Cronin, p. 247 (table).
614 [Political bias in the media]: Burns, Peltason, and Cronin, pp. 253-55 and sources cited therein; Michael J. Robinson, “Just How Liberal Is the News? 1980 Revisited,” Public Opinion, vol. 6, no. 1 (February-March 1983), pp. 55-60; Nick Thimmesch, ed., A Liberal Media Elite? (American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1985); Sally Bedell Smith, “Conservatism Finds Its TV Voice,” New York Times, May 19, 1985, sect. 2, p. 32; Parenti, ch. 6 and passim; Broder, ch. 9; Ranney, ch. 2; Peter Stoler, The War Against the Press: Politics, Pressure and Intimidation in the 80s (Dodd, Mead, 1986), chs. 8, 12 and passim.
[Decline of mass-circulation magazines]: Loudon Wainwright, The Great American Magazine: An Inside History of Life (Knopf, 1986), esp. chs. 15, 20; James K. Classman, “One Life to Live” (review of Wainwright), New Republic, vol. 196, no. 6 (February 9, 1987), pp. 36-40; Otto Friedrich, Decline and Fall (Harper, 1970), ch. 23.
[Specialized and alternative periodicals]: Abe Peck, Uncovering the Sixties: The Life and Times of the Underground Press (Pantheon, 1985); Robert K. Glessing, The Underground Press in America (Indiana University Press, 1970); David Owen, “The Fifth Estate,” Atlantic, vol. 256, no. 1 (July 1985), pp. 80-85; see also Theodore Peterson, Magazines in the Twentieth Century (University of Illinois Press, 1964), ch. 13.
[Decline of independent local newspapers]: see Philip Weiss, “Invasion of the Gannettoids,” New Republic, vol. 196, no. 5 (February 2, 1987), pp. 18-22.
The New Yorkers
615 [State of black literature]: see Nathan A. Scott, Jr., “Black Literature,” in Daniel Hoff man, ed., Harvard Guide to Contemporary American Writing (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1979), ch. 7; C. W. E. Bigsby, The Second Black Renaissance: Essays in Black Literature (Greenwood Press, 1980); Herbert Hill, ed., Anger, and Beyond: The Negro Writer in the United States (Harper, 1966); Mari Evans, ed., Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation (Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984).
[State of southern literature]: see Lewis P. Simpson, “Southern Fiction,” in Hoffman, ch. 4; Louis D. Rubin, Jr., et al., eds., The History of Southern Literature (Louisiana State University Press, 1985), parts 3-4; Rubin and Robert D. Jacobs, eds., Southern Renascence: The Literature of the Modern South (Johns Hopkins Press, 1953); Richard Gray, The Literature of Memory: Modern Writers of the American South (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977).
[“Terrible loss of moral energy”]: Doctorow, “It’s a Cold War Out There, Class of ’83,” Nation, vol. 237, no. 1 (July 2, 1983), pp. 6-7, quoted at pp. 6, 7; see also Doctorow, “Living in the House of Fiction,” ibid., vol. 226, no. 15 (April 22, 1978), pp. 459-60, 462.
615 [Bellow on “publicity intellectuals”]: Mark Christhilf, “Saul Bellow and the American Intellectual Community,” Modern Age, vol. 28, no. 1 (Winter 1984), pp. 55-67, esp. pp. 59-61. 615-16 [“Million-dollar advances”]: Kazin, “American Writing Now,” New Republic, vol. 183, no. 16 (October 18, 1980), pp. 27-30, quoted at p. 28.
616 [Kostelanetz on the literary marketplace]: Kostelanetz, The End of Intelligent Writing: Literary Politics in America (Sheed & Ward, 1974), passim; see also Joan Simpson Burns, The Awkward Embrace: The Creative Artist and the Institution in America (Knopf, 1975), esp. ch. 22; led Solotaroff, “The Literary-Industrial Complex,” New Republic, vol. 196, no. 23 (June 8, 1987), pp. 28-45.
[Aldridge on the modern novel]: Aldridge, “The State of the Novel,” Commentary, vol. 64, no. 4 (October 1977), pp. 44-52, esp. pp. 45-47, quoted at p. 46; see also Warner Berthoff, “The Novel in a Time of Troubles,” in Berthoff, Fictions and Events (E. P. Dutton, 1971), pp. 102-17; Philip Roth, “Writing American Fiction” (1960), in Roth, Reading Myself and Others (Farrar, Straus & Giroux,1975), pp. 117-35; Janet Groth, “Fiction vs. anti-fiction revisited,” Commonweal, vol. 106, no. 9 (May 11, 1979), pp. 269-71; Joseph Epstein, “A Conspiracy of Silence,” Harper’s, vol. 255, no. 1530 (November 1977), pp. 77-92.
[New York intellectuals]: Alan M. Wald, The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s (University of North Carolina Press, 1987); Alexander Bloom, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their World (Oxford University Press, 1986); Bernard Rosenberg and Ernest Goldstein, eds., Creators and Disturbers: Reminiscences by Jewish Intellectuals of New York (Columbia University Press, 1982); Kostelanetz; James B. Gilbert, Writers and Partisans: A History of Literary Radicalism in America (Wiley, 1968); Irving Howe, “The New York Intellectuals,” in Howe, Decline of the New (Harcourt, 1970), pp. 211-68; Richard H. King, “Up from Radicalism,” American Jewish History, vol. 75, no. 1 (September 1985), pp. 61-85. [“Gutter-worldliness”]: Frank Kermode, “A Herd of Independent Minds” (review of Bloom), New York Times Book Review, April 27, 1986, pp. 12-13, Howe quoted at p. 12.
617 [Kostelanetz on “literary mob”]: Kostelanetz, p. 75 and part 1 passim.
[PEN Congress]: Rhoda Koenig, “At Play in the Fields of the Word,” New York, vol. 19, no. 5 (February 3, 1986), pp. 40-47; Edward Rothstein, “Lead Me Not into PEN Station,” Ne?? Republic, vol. 194, no. 8 (February 24, 1986), pp. 20-23; “A Rampancy of Writers,” Time, vol. 127, no. 2 (January 13, 1986), p. 22; “Independent States of Mind,” ibid., vol. 127, no. 4 (January 27, 1986), pp. 74-77; “Mightier Than the Sword,” Newsweek, vol. 107, no. 4 (January 27, 1986), pp. 60-61; see also William H. Gass, “East vs. West in Lithuania: Rising Tempers at a Writers’ Meeting,” New York Times Book Review, February 2, 1986, pp. 3, 29, 31.
[“Your Administration”]; text of letter in Nation, vol. 242, no. 4 (February 1, 1986), p. 117; see also Maria Margaronis and Elizabeth Pochoda, “Bad Manners & Bad Faith,” ibid., pp. 116-19; Koenig, pp. 40-4 1; “Independent States,” pp. 74-75; Walter Goodman, “Shultz Faces Critics in Speech Opening 48th PEN Assembly,” New York Times, January 13, 1986, pp. 1, C11.
[“Most ideologically right-wing”]: Doctorow, “Why Invite Shultz?,” New York Times, January 11, 1986, p. 23.
[“Catatonic left”]: quoted in “Mightier Than the Sword,” p. 60.
[Shultz’s address]: excerpts in New York Times, January 19, 1986, sect. 4, p. 6.
618 [“With you all the way”]: quoted in Koenig, p. 41.
[“First thing I get”]: quoted in New York Times, January 14, 1986, p. G12.
[“Even if you say”]: quoted in Koenig, p. 42.
[“In the eyes of foreigners”]: quoted in Walter Goodman, “Norman Mailer Offers a PEN Post-mortem,” New York Times, January 27, 1986, p. C24.
[Mailer on Congress “friendships and feuds”]: ibid.
[Women’s protest]: Paley quoted in Koenig, p. 47; Mailer and Jong in “Independent States,” p. 77; Macdonald in “Mightier Than the Sword,” p. 61; Edwin McDowell, “Women at PEN Caucus Demand a Greater Role,” New York Times, January 17, 1986, p. C26; McDowell, “PEN Congress Ends with a Protest,” ibid., January 18, 1986, p. 11.
618 [“Failure of the ruling ideologies”]: excerpts from remarks in New York Times, January 19, 1986, sect. 4, p. 6.
[“Ring of romantic anarchism”]: quoted in “Independent States,” p. 77; see also Amos Oz, “A Writer’s Guide,” New Republic, vol. 194, no. 8 (February 24, 1986), p. 28.
618-19 [“Fully clawed”]: Ozick, “Literature Lost,” New York Times, January 22, 1986, p. A23; see also Ozick, “Innovation and Redemption: What Literature Means,” in Ozick, Art & Ardor (Knopf, 1983), pp. 238-48.
619 [Bellow-Grass debate]: Bellow quoted in “Independent States,” p. 77; Koenig, pp. 44-45; see also Leon Wieseltier, “A Fable,” New Republic, vol. 194, no. 8 (February 24, 1986), pp. 26-29; Günter Grass, “The Artist’s Freedom of Opinion in Our Society,” in Grass, On Writing and Politics, 1967-1983, Ralph Manheim, trans. (Harcourt, 1985), pp. 127-36.
[“Censorship in the U.S.A. ”]: “Mightier Than the Sword,” p. 61; New York Times, January 16, 1986, p. G17; see also Eli M. Oboler, ed., Censorship and Education (H. W. Wilson Co., 1981).
[Updike on postal service]: quoted in “Independent States,” p. 75; see also Updike, “One Writer’s Testimony,” National Review, vol. 30, no. 21 (May 26, 1978), p. 641.
620 [Jameson “thinness” of American life]: James, The American Scene (Scribner, 1946), pp. 44, 54, and passim; see also James, Hawthorne (Harper, 1880), pp. 41-43.
[“Absence of a desire”]: Bellow, “The Writer as Moralist,” Atlantic, vol. 211, no. 3 (March 1963), pp. 58-62, quoted at p. 62; see also Bellow, “Where Do We Go from Here: The Future of Fiction,” in Irving Mallow, ed., Saul Bellow and the Critics (New York University Press, 1967), pp. 211-20; Bellow, “The Nobel Lecture,” American Scholar, vol. 46, no. 3 (1977), pp. 316-25; Bellow, “Literature in the Age of Technology,” in Technology and the Frontiers of Knowledge (Doubleday, 1975), pp. 3-22.
[Foreign authors on contemporary American willing]: quoted in “Where’s the New Faulkner?,” U.S. News & World Report, vol. 100, no. 3 (January 27, 1986), p. 65; see also Aleksandr Mulyarchik, “The New American Literature,” World Press Review, vol. 30, no. 4 (April 1983), p. 51; Edward Hoagland, “Americans Exclude the Globe,” New York Times, January 11, 1986, p. 23.
621 [“Independent, self-generating”]: John Russell, The Meanings of Modern Art (Harper, 1981), p. 291.
[Late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American art]: ibid., pp. 291-96; Meyer Schapiro, Modern Art: 19th and 20th Centuries (George Braziller, 1982), pp. 135-78; Arthur Frank Wertheim, The New York Little Renaissance: Iconoclasm, Modernism, and Nationalism in American Culture, 1908-1917 (New York University Press, 1976); Peter Selz, Art in Our Times: A Pictorial History, 1890-1980 (Harry N. Abrams, 1981), chs. 1-3 passim; Peter Conrad, The Art of the City: Views and Versions of New York (Oxford University Press, 1984).
[Abstract Expressionism]: Harry F. Gaugh, “Reappraising the New York School,” in Sam Hunter, ed., An American Renaissance: Painting and Sculpture since 1940 (Abbeville Press, 1986), pp. 27-61; Charles Harrison, “Abstract Expressionism,” in Nikos Stangos, ed., Concepts of Modern Art, 2nd. ed. (Harper, 1981), pp. 169-211; Maurice Tuchman, ed., New York School: The First Generation (New York Graphic Society, 1972); Irving Sandler, The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism (Praeger, 1970); Russell, pp. 302-27 passim; see also Leo Steinberg, Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth-Century Art (Oxford University Press, 1972), chs. 10, 11.
[Russell on Frankenthaler]: Russell, p. 357.
[“Drowning Girl”]: reproduced in ibid., p. 348.
[“New, Newer, Newest”]: John Simon, “New, Newer, Newest,” New York Times, September 21, 1969, sect. 2, pp. 1, 7; see also Burns, Awkward Embrace, ch. 13 passim.
[“Most difficult, embattled”]: Suzi Gablik, “Minimalism,” in Stangos, pp. 244-55, quoted at p. 248; see also Hal Foster, “The Crux of Minimalism,” in Howard Singerman, ed., Individuals: A Selected History of Contemporary Art, 1945-1986 (Abbeville Press, 1986), pp. 162-83.
622 [Merging of High and Mass Culture]: Herbert J. Gans, “American Popular Culture and High Culture in a Changing Glass Structure,” in Judith H. Balfe and Margaret Jane Wyszomirski, eds., Art, Ideology, and Politics (Praeger, 1985), pp. 40-57, quoted at p. 49; Dwight Macdonald, “A Theory of Mass Culture,” in Bernard Rosenberg and David M. White, eds., Mass Culture: The Popular Arts in America (Free Press, 1957), pp. 59-73; Clement Greenberg, “Avant-Garde and Kitsch,” in Greenberg, The Collected Essays and Criticism, John O’Brian, ed. (University of Chicago Press, 1986), vol. 1, pp. 5-22; “Culture and the Present Moment: A Round-Table Discussion,” Commentary, vol. 58, no. 6 (December 1974), pp. 31-50; Susan Sontag, “Notes on ‘Camp,’” in Sontag, Against lnterpretation and Other Essays (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1966), pp. 275-92.
622 [Hughes on Kramer]: Robert Hughes, “Kramer vs. Kramer” (review of Hilton Kramer, The Revenge of the Philistines: Art and Culture 1972-1984 [Free Press, 1985]: New Republic, vol. 194, no. 15 (April 14, 1986), pp. 28-33, quoted at p. 32.
[“Free-market capitalism”]: ibid., p. 32; see also Kramer, “Postmodern: Art and Culture in the 1980s,” in Kramer, pp. 1-11.
[Free market in art]: John Bernard Myers, “The Art Biz,” New York Review of Books, vol. 30, no. 15 (October 13, 1983), pp. 32-34, quoted at p. 32; see also Steven W. Naifeh, Culture Making: Money, Success, and the New York Art World (Princeton University Undergraduate Studies in History: 2, 1976); Harold Rosenberg, Art on the Edge: Creators and Situations (Macmillan, 1975), ch. 26; Laura de Coppet and Alan Jones, The Art Dealers (Clarkson N. Potter, 1984).
[“Radically wrong”]: Russell, p. 381. [“Two Women” sale]: Myers, p. 32.
[Artists and politics]: Corinne Robins, The Pluralistic Era: American Art,*1968-1981 (Harper, 1984), ch. 3; Balfe and Wyszomirski: Hilton Kramer, “Turning Back the Clock: Art and Politics in 1984,” in Kramer, pp. 386-94; Paul Von Blum, The Art of Social Conscience (Universe Books, 1976), ch. 9.
622-3 [New York Art Strike]: Robins, pp. 2-3, 39.
623 [Kennedy’s proposed legislation for the resale of art]: see “U.S. Bill on Artists’ Rights Is Debated,” New York Times, November 19, 1986, p. C33; see also Franklin Feldman, “Reflections on Art and the Law: Old Concepts. New Values,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 131, no. 2 (June 1987), pp. 141-47.
[Sontag on “art today”]: Susan Sontag, “One Culture and the New Sensibility,” in Sontag, pp. 293-304, quoted at p. 290.
[Attacks on tradition, 1960s-1980s]: Gregory Baltcock and Robert Nickas, eds., The Art of Performance (E. P. Dutton, 1984); Robert Smith, “Conceptual Art,” in Stangos, pp. 256-70; Edward Lucie-Smith, “Pop Art,” in ibid., pp. 225-38: Lucy Lippard et al.. Pop Art (Oxford University Press, 1966); Carla Gottlieb, Beyond Modern Art (E. P. Dutton, 1976); Robins, esp. chs. 2, 4, 8; Robert C. Morgan, “Beyond Formalism: Language Models, Conceptual Art, and Environmental Art,” in Hunter, pp. 147-75; Machineworks: Vito Accona, Alice Aycock, Dennis Oppenheim, catalogue (Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania, 1981); Moira Roth, ed., The Amazing Decade: Women and Performance Art, 1970-1980 (Astro Artz, 1983); see also Arthur C. Danlo, The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art (Harvard University Press, 1981).
[Influence of Duchamp]: John Tancock, “The Influence of Marcel Duchamp,” in Anne d’Harnoncourt and Kynaston McShine, eds., Marcel Duchamp (Museum of Modern Art, 1973), pp. 159-78; Rosenberg, ch. 1; Calvin Tomkins, The World of Marcel Duchamp, 1887 (Time Inc., 1966), chs. 7-8.
[Neo-Expressiomsm]: 1985 Whitney Biennial Exhibition, catalogue (Whitney Museum of Modern Art, 1985); Arthur C. Danto, “Julian Schnabel,” in Danto, The State of the Art (Prentice-Hall, 1987), pp. 43-47; Howard N. Fox, Avant-Garde in the Eighties, catalogue (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1987); Kim Levin, “Appropriating the Past: Neo-Expressionism, Neo-Primitivism, and the Revival of Abstraction,” in Hunter, pp. 215-53; John Russell, “American Art Gains New Energies,” New York Times, August 19, 1984, sect. 2, pp. 1, 18; Kramer, pp. 366-86.
[Postindustrial technologies and art]: John G. Hanhardt, ed., Video Culture (Visual Studies Workshop Press, 1986); Cynthia Goodman, Digital Visions: Computers and Art (Harry N. Abrams, 1987); see also J. David Bolter, Turing’s Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age (University of North Carolina Press, 1984).
[“When anything is allowed”]: Danto, “Approaching the End of Art,” in Danto, State of the Art, pp. 202-18, quoted at p. 204.
624 [Structuralism and Deconstruction]: see Jonathan D. Culler, The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (Cornell University Press, 1981); Culler, On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism After Structuralism (Cornell University Press, 1982); Vincent B. Leitch, Deconstructive Criticism: An Advanced Introduction (Columbia University Press, 1983.)
[Postmodernism]: Charles Newman, “The Post-Modern Aura: The Act of Fiction in an Age of Inflation,” Salmagundi, nos. 63-64 (Spring-Summer 1984), pp. 3-199; Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi, trans. (University of Minnesota Press, 1984); Hal Foster, ed., The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture (Bay Press, 1983); Kramer, “Postmodern”; Heinrich Klotz, ed., Postmodern Visions (Abbeville Press, 1985); Charles Jencks, The Language of Past-Modern Architecture, 4th ed. (Rizzoli, 1984).
[Broadway in the 1970s-1980s]: Barbara Gelb, “O’Neill’s ‘Iceman’ Sprang from the Ashes of His Youth,” New York Times, September 29, 1985, sect. 2, pp. 1, 4; Mel Gussow, “Arthur Miller: Stirred by Memory,” ibid., February 1, 1987, sect. 2, pp. 1, 30; D. J. R. Bruckner, “Playwrights Rediscover the Uses of Politics,” ibid., September 22, 1985, sect. 2, p. 3.
[Advances in the technology of music]: Irwin Shainman, “Those Golden Sounds of Yesteryear Have Gone High-Tech,” Berkshire Eagle, December 27, 1986, p. B4.
The Conservative Mall
[AEI celebration]: Sidney Blumenthal, The Rise of the Counter-Establishment: From Conservative Ideology to Political Power (Times Books, 1986), pp. 32-34, quoted at pp. 32, 33.
625 [Dinner at Delmonico’s]: James MacGregor Burns, The Workshop of Democracy (Knopf, 1985), pp. 161-62, and sources cited therein.
[Fifty-year conservative eclipse]: see Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Houghton Mifflin, 1986), ch. 2; Michael W. Miles, The Odyssey of the American Right (Oxford University Press, 1980).
626 [“Hitch-hike along”]: quoted in Jonathan Martin Kolkey, The New Right, 1960-1968: With Epilogue, 1969-1980 (University Press of America, 1983), p. 248.
[Liberal establishment]: quoted in Blumenthal, p. 4.
[Rossiter on conservatism]: Rossiter, Conservatism in America (Knopf, 1955), pp. 224-35 and passim.
[Hartz on conservatism]: Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution (Harcourt, 1955).
[Hofstadter on conservatism]: Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (Knopf 1965), chs. 3, 4.
[Crawford’s exposé of the New Right]: Crawford, Thunder on the Right (Pantheon, 1980), Viereck quoted on “rabble-rousing populism” on jacket.
[Explanations for rise of consevative movement]: George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (Basic Books, 1976), chs. 9-11; Blumenthal, ch 12 and passim: Crawford, pp. 30-41; Kolkey, esp. chs. 13-15; Peter Steinfels, The Neo Conservatives (Simon and Schuster, 1979), ch. 2 and passim.
627 [Ideas as weapons]: Max Lerner, Ideas Are Weapons: The History and Uses of Ideas (Viking, 1939); Richard M. Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences (Universitv of Chicago Press, 1948).
[“Massive public education”]: quoted in Kolkey, p. 250.
[Conservative journals]: Crawford, pp. 30-32, 181-207; Steinfels, pp. 4-12. [Conservative factions]: see Blumenthal, ch. 13 passim; Miles, esp. part 3; Steinfels; Kolkey, ch. 1 and pp. 334-39; Crawford; Richard Striner, “Can Conservatism Survive Laissez Faire?,” American Politics (December 1986), pp. 19-21; George F. Will, “The Soul of Conservatism,” Newsweek, vol. 106, no. 20 (November 11, 1985), p. 92; Will, Statecraft As Soulcraft: What Government Does (Simon and Schuster, 1983).
627-8 [New Christian right]: Robert C. Liebman and Robert Wuthnow, eds., The New Christian Right: Mobilization and Legitimation (Aldine, 1983); George Marsden, ed., Evangelicalism and Modern America (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1984); James D. Hunter, Evangelicalism: The Coming Generation (University of Chicago Press, 1987); A. James Reichley, Religion in American Public Life (Brookings Institution, 1985), pp. 311-31.
628 [Buckley and Eastman]: John Patrick Diggins, Up from Communism: Conservative Odysseys in American Intellectual History (Harper, 1975), p. 346.
[Reagan and the conservative movement]: Blumenthal, ch. 9; Robert Dallek, Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism (Harvard University Press, 1984), ch. 2.
629 [Blumenthal on Reaganism]: Blumenthal, p. 241.
[Liberalism’s successes]: see John E. Schwarz, America’s Hidden Success: A Reassessment of Twenty Years of Public Policy (Norton, 1983); see also Walter R. Mead, Mortal Splendor: The American Empire in Transition (Houghton Mifflin, 1987).
[Trilling on liberalism]: quoted in Wall Street Journal, April 15, 1986, p. 64.
[“New Public Philosophy”]: Robert B. Reich, “Toward a New Public Philosophy,” Atlantic, vol. 255, no. 5 (May 1985), pp. 68-79; see also Reich, “An Industrial Policy of the Right,” The Public Interest, vol. 73 (Fall 1983), pp. 3-17; Reich, Tales of a New America (Times Books, 1987); commencement address of Senator Gary Hart at Talladega College, Talladega, Ala., May 19, 1985.
[“Seriously underestimated”]: quoted in Walter Goodman, “Dr. Kenneth B. Clark: Bewilderment Replaces ‘Wishful Thinking’ on Race,” New York Times, December 27, 1984, p. A14.
[“Not God-ordained”]: ibid.
[“Greatest wave of social reform”]: Irving Howe, Socialism and America (Harcourt, 1985), p. 84.
632 [Possibilities of socialist-liberal coalition]: see ibid., pp. 147-75; see also Samuel P. Huntington, “The Visions of the Democratic Party,” The Public Interest, vol. 79 (Spring 1985), pp. 63-78.
633 [Gorbachev’s leadership]: Robert C. Tucker, Political Culture and Leadership in Soviet Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev (Norton, 1988); Michael Mandelbaum and Strobe Talbott, Reagan and Gorbachev (Vintage, 1987); Jerry Hough, Russia and the West: Gorbachev and the Politics of Reform (Simon and Schuster, 1988); Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroïka: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (Harper, 1987).
[“Being colonized”]: Rohatyn, “On the Brink,” New York Review of Books, vol. 34, no. 10 (June 11, 1987), pp. 3-6, quoted at p. 3.
634 [Reactions to proposals to amend the Constitution]: see Richard Lacayo, “Is It Broke? Should We Fix It?,” Time, vol. 130, no. 1 (July 6, 1987), pp. 54-55; Arthur M. Schlesinger. Jr., “Leave the Constitution Alone,” in Donald L. Robinson, ed., Reforming American Government: The Bicentennial Papers of the Committee on the Constitutional System (Westview Press, 1985), pp. 50-54; Hendrik Hertzberg, “Let’s Get Representative,” New Republic, vol. 196, no. 26 June 29, 1987), pp. 15-18; “Move Over, James Madison,” ibid., pp. 19-21.
[Liberty Weekend]: Time, vol. 128, no. 2 (July 14, 1986), pp. 10-20.
635 [Liberty Weekend conference]: Richard D. Heftner, ed., “Summary of Proceedings,” New York Marriott Marquis, July 5-6, 1986; Waller Goodman, “Liberty Panel Ponders Wherefores of Freedom,” New York Times, July 7, 1986, p. B4.
Republicans: Waiting for Mr. Right
636 [Harding’s mind]: James MacGregor Burns, The Workshop of Democracy (Knopf, 1985), p. 471.
[Trudeau on Reagan]: G. B. Trudeau, In Search of Reagan’s Brain (Henry Holt, 1981).
[“Barely above a whisper”]: quoted in Paul D. Trickson, Reagan Speaks: The Making of an American Myth (New York University Press, 1985), p. 14.
[Reagan’s misstatements]: Mark Green and Gail MacColl, eds., There He Goes Again: Ronald Reagan’s Reign of Error (Pantheon, 1983).
[White on Reagan]: White, America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956-1980 (Harper, 1982), p. 419.
637 [GOP in 1960s and 1970s]: Jonathan Martin Kolkey, The New Right, 1960-1968: With Epilogue, 1969-1980 (University Press of America, 1983); Kevin P. Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (Anchor, 1970); John F. Bibby, “Party Renewal in the National Republican Party,” in Gerald M. Pomper, ed., Party Renewal in America: Theory and Practice (Praeger, 1981), pp. 102-15; Alan Crawford, Thunder on the Right (Pantheon, 1980).
637 [Mayflower conference]: Frank van der Linden, The Real Reagan (Morrow, 1981), pp. 111-12, Reagan quoted at p. 112.
[Reagan’s meeting with conservative leaders]: ibid., pp. 112-16, quoted at pp. 115, 116.
[1980 election]: Elizabeth Drew, Portrait of an Election: The 1980 Presidential Campaign (Simon and Schuster, 1981); Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors (Viking, 1981); Marlene Michels Pomper, ed., The Election of 1980: Reports and Interpretations (Chatham House, 1981); Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Administration (Putnam, 1982); Walter J. Stone and Alan I. Abramowitz, “Winning May Not Be Everything, But It’s More than We Thought: Presidential Party Activists in 1980,” American Political Science Review, vol. 77 (1983), pp. 945-56.
[Tax and budget cuts]: David A. Stockman, The Triumph of Politics: How the Reagan Revolution Failed (Harper, 1986), chs. 3-6; Robert Dallek, Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism (Harvard University Press, 1984), pp. 65-72; Paul Craig Roberts, The Supply-Side Revolution (Harvard University Press, 1984), chs. 4-5; Isabel Sawhill and John L. Palmer, eds., The Reagan Experiment (Urban Institute Press, 1982), part 1; Laurence I. Barrett, Gambling with History: Ronald Reagan in the White House (Doubleday, 1983), chs. 8-9; Martin Anderson, Revolution (Harcourt, 1988), esp. chs. 11-12.
[Supply-side economic]: Stockman, pp. 39-42, 64-66, quoted at p. 40; Roberts, chs. 1-3 passim; Robert Lekachman, Reaganomics: Greed Is Not Enough (Pantheon, 1982); Anderson, ch. 13.
639-40 [House vote on budget]: New York Times, May 8, 1981, pp. A1, A18.
640 [“So much of such magnitude”]: Time, vol. 118, no. 6 (August 10, 1981), p. 12.
[Recession]: Dallek, ch. 4 passim.
[Reagan’s rigidity in recession]: Stockman, chs. 11-12; Dallek, ch. 4; Roberts, chs. 7-8.
[“Damn it, Pete”]: quoted in Stockman, p. 351.
[“Real bullets”]: ibid., p. 354.
641 [“Attitudes, ideologies”]: Ralph Nader, “Introduction,” in Ronald Brownstein and Nina Eastoti, Reagan’s Ruling Class (Pantheon, 1983), pp. xv-xxvi, quoted at p. xvi.
[1984 election]: Ellis Sandoz and Cecil V. Crabb, eds., Election 84: Landslide Without a Mandate? (Mentor, 1985); Gerald Pomper et al., The Election of 1984: Reports and Interpretations (Chatham House, 1985); William A. Henry III, Visions of America: How We Saw the 1981 Election (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1985); Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover, Wake Us When It’s Over (Macmillan, 1985); Elizabeth Drew, Campaign Journal: The Political Events of 1983-1984 (Macmillan, 1985).
[Tax reform]: Joseph A. Pechman, ed., Tax Reform and the U.S. Economy (Brookings Institution, 1987); Eugene Steuerle, “The New Tax Law,” in Phillip Cagan, ed., Deficits, Taxes, and Economic Adjustments (American Enterprise Institute, 1987), pp. 275-303; New York Times, September 26, 1986, pp. A1, D17; Eric D. Adelstein, “Reagan and the New Possibilities of Presidential Power,” unpublished thesis, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., May 1987, pp. 89-138.
[“Let us move together”]: “Transcript of President’s State of Union Address,” New York Times, February 7, 1985, p. B8.
642 [Poll on tax simplification and tax system]: Everett Carll Ladd, “Tax Attitudes,” Public Opinion, vol. 8, no. 1 (February-March 1985), pp. 8-10; and ibid., pp. 19-27.
[“Couldn’t do it”]: Lynn Martin, quoted in New York Times, September 26, 1986, p. 19-27.
[Reagan and foreign policy]: Dallek, part 3; Barrett, chs. 13-17; Strobe Talbott, The Russians and Reagan (Vintage, 1984); Betty Glad, “Black and White Thinking: Ronald Reagan’s Approach to Foreign Policy,” paper prepared for presentation at the 50th Anniversary Program of the Institute For Psychoanalysis, n.d.; William D. Anderson and Sterling J. Kernek, “How 'Realistic’ Is Reagan’s Diplomacy?,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 100, no. 3 (Fall 1985), pp. 389-409; Jett McMahan, Reagan and the World: Imperial Polity in the New Cold War (Monthly Review Press, 1985); Kenneth A. Oye et al., eds, Eagle Defiant: United States Foreign Policy in the 1980s (Little, Brown, 1983); some passages have been drawn from my earlier work, The Power to Lead: The Crisis of the American Presidency (Simon and Schuster, 1984), esp. pp. 64-66.
[Reagan on communism and communists]: quoted in Burns, Power to Lead, p. 64.
643 [“Terrible beast”]: June 9, 1982, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982), vol. 2, part 1, pp. 754-59, quoted at p. 757.
[“Extinction of mankind”]: June 8, 1982, in ibid., vol. 2, part 1, pp. 742-48, quoted at p. 743.
[Smith on Reagan]: Smith, “Events Force a Clearer Outline of Foreign Policy,” New York Times, May 20, 1982, p. A28.
[Reagan’s address to evangelists]: March 8, 1983, in Reagan Public Papers, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 359-64, quoted on “evil empire” at p. 364.
[Glad on Reagan]: quoted in Burns, Power to Lead, p. 65.
644 [Reagan-Gorbachev summit, 1988]: Fred Barnes, “In the Evil Empire,” New Republic, vol. 198, no. 25 (June 20, 1988), pp. 8-9.
[Conservative criticisms of Reagan]: Norman Podhoretz, “The Reagan Road to Detente,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 63, no. 3 (1985), pp. 447-64, Will’s quip at p. 459; William F. Buckley, Jr., “The Blandification of Ronald Reagan,” National Review, vol. 36, no. 6 (April 6, 1984), p. 62.
[Iran-Contra]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987); President’s Special Review Board, Report (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987); see also Leslie Cockburn, Out of Control (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987); Theodore Draper, “An Autopsy,” New York Review of Books, vol. 34, no. 20 (December 17, 1987), pp. 67-77.
645 [“Restore unity”]: Alexander M. Haig, Jr., Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy (Macmillan, 1984), p. 312.
The Structure of Disarray
[“The true Reagan Revolution”]: Stockman, p. 9.
[Committee on the Constitutional System diagnosis]: Committee on the Constitutional System (co-chairs Nancy Landon Kassebaum, C. Douglas Dillon, Lloyd N. Cutler), A Bicentennial Analysis of the American Political Structure: Report and Recommendations (January 1987), quoted on “institutional contest of wills” at p. 3; see Kassebaum, “Statement on Campaign Finance,” in Robinson, pp. 30-32; Dillon, “The Challenge of Modern Governance,” in ibid., pp. 24-29; Cutler, “To Form a Government,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 59, no. 1 (1980), pp. 126-43.
646 [Framers’ Constitution and parties]: Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System (University of California Press, 1969), esp. ch. 2; Roy F. Nichols, The Invention of the American Political Parties (Macmillan, 1967); John F. Hoadley, Origins of American Political Parties, 1789-1803 (University Press of Kentucky, 1986).
[Marshall’s nationalist decisions]: see McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheaton 315 (1819); Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheaton 1 (1824).
648 [Proposals for constitutional reform]: “Bicentennial Analysis,” pp. 8-18; James L. Sundquist, Constitutional Reform and Effective Government (Brookings Institution, 1986); Charles M. Hardin, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a New Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1974); Robinson, passim: Stephen Horn, The Cabinet and Congress (Columbia University Press, 1960); Thomas K. Finletter, Can Representative Government Do the Job? (Reynal & Hitchcock, 1945).
[“Two fundamental arguments”]: Wilson, “Does the Separation of Powers Still Work?,” The Public Interest, no. 86 (Winter 1987), pp. 36-52, quoted at p. 49. [Scholars on party renewal]: Committee on Political Parties. American Political Science Association, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System,” American Political Science Review, vol. 44, no. 3 (September 1950), supplement; Austin Ranney, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Commentary,” American Political Science Review, vol. 45, no. 2 (June 1951), pp. 488-99; William J. Crotty, “The Philosophies of Party Reform,” in Pomper, Party Renewal, pp. 31-50.
649 [Critical reactions to scholars’ report]: Evron M. Kirkpatrick, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: Political Science, Policy Science, or Pseudo-Science?,” American Political Science Review, vol. 65, no. 4 (December 1971), pp. 965-90; T. William Goodman, “How Much Political Party Centralization Do We Want?”Journal of Politics, vol. 13, no. 4 (November 1951), pp. 536-61; Murray S. Stedman, Jr., and Herbert Sonthoff, “Party Responsibility—A Critical Inquiry,” Western Political Quarterly, vol. 4, no. 3 (September 1951), pp. 454-68; Gerald M. Pomper, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System? What, Again?,” Journal of Politics, vol. 33 (1971), pp. 916-40; see also David S. Broder, The Party’s Over: The failure of Politics in America (Harper, 1972), ch. to and pp. 244-47.
649 [Party reform and renewal, 1960s -1970s]: see Nelson W. Polsby, Consequences of Party Reform (Oxford University Press, 1983); Pomper, Party Renewal, passim; Austin Ranney, “The Political Parties; Reform and Decline,” in Anthony King, ed., The New American Political System (American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978), pp. 213-47; Ranney, “Changing the Rules of the Nominating Game,” in James David Barber, ed., Choosing the President (Prentice-Hall, 1974), pp. 71-93; Xandra Kayden and Eddie Mahe, Jr., The Party Goes On: The Persistence of the Two-Party System in the United States (Basic Books, 1985), ch. 3; see also Party Line, an occasional publication of the Committee on Party Renewal.
[Judicial review]: Jesse H. Choper, Judicial Review and the National Political Process: A Functional Reconsideration of the Role of the Supreme Court (University of Chicago Press, 1980); Raoul Berger, Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment (Harvard University Press, 1977); see also Gary J. Jacobsohn, The Supreme Court and the Decline of Constitutional Aspiration (Rowman & Littlefield, 1986].
652 [Eisenhower on his Warren appointment]: Bernard Schwartz, Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court (New York University Press, 1983), p. 173.
[Burger Court]: Vincent Blasi, ed., The Burger’s Court: The Counter-Revolution That Wasn’t (Yale University Press, 1983); Herman Schwartz, ed.. The Burger Years: Rights and Wrongs in the Supreme Court, 1969-1986 (Viking, 1987); Richard Y. Funston, Constitutional Counter-Revolution: (Schenkman Publishing, 1977), ch. 9 and passim.
653 [Court and Denver schools]: Keyes v. School District No, 1, Denver, Colorado, 413 U.S. 189 (1973).
[Detroit integration plan]: Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974); see also Alfred H. Kelly, Winfred A. Harbison, and Herman Belz, The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development, 6th ed. (Norton, 1983), pp. 710-11.
[Pasadena desegregation plan]: Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler, 427 U.S. 424 (1976).
[Bakke]: 438 U.S. 265 (1978), quoted at 319, 307, respectively; see also Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 711-15; Paul Brest, “Race Discrimination,” in Blasi, pp. 124-31; Timothy J. O’Neill, Bakke & The Politics of Equality (Wesleyan University Press, 1985); Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices (Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 14. [Women’s discrimination and the Burger Court]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 715-18; Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “The Burger Court’s Grappling with Sex Discrimination,” in Blasi, pp. 132-57.
[Burger Court and the Fourth Amendment]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 645-48, 718-21; Funston, ch. 4; Yale Kamisar, “The Warren Court (Was It Really So Defense-Minded?), the Burger Court (Is It Really So Prosecution-Oriented?), and Police Investigatory Practices,” in Blasi, pp. 62-91; Schwartz, Burger Years, part 4. [“Justices gave state police”]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, p. 719.
654 [“Jurisprudence of Original lntention”]: Mecse address before the American Bar Association, July 9, 1985, Washington, D.C. (Department of Justice, 1985); “Excerpts of Brennan’s Speech on Constitution,” New York Times, October 13, 1985, p. 36; “Excerpts from Stevens’s Rebuttal of Meese,” ibid., October 26, 1985, p. 11; see also ibid., October 17, 1985, p. B10.
[Bork]: Ronald Dworkin, “The Bork Nomination,” New York Review of Books, vol. 34, no. 13 (August 13, 1987), pp. 3-10; Dworkin, “From Bork to Kennedy,” ibid., vol. 34, no. 20 (December 17, 1987), pp. 36-42.
Realignment?: Waiting for Lefty
655 [Realignment and realigning eras]: V. O. Key, Jr., “A Theory of Critical Elections,” Journal of Politics, vol. 17, no. 1 (February 1955), pp. 3-18; Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (Norton, 1970); James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (Brookings Institution, 1973); Bruce A. Campbell and Richard J. Trilling, eds., Realignment in American Politics: Toward a Theory (University of Texas Press, 1980); Kristi Andersen, The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928-1936 (University of Chicago Press, 1979); Stanley Kelley, Jr., “Democracy and the New Deal Party System,” Working Paper 10: Democratic Values (Project on the Federal Social Role of National Conference on Social Welfare, 1986); Dale Baum, The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848-1876 (University of North Carolina Press, 1984).
655 [A 1980s realignment?]: Nelson W. Polsby, “Did the 1984 Election Signal Major Party Realignment?,” Key Reporter, vol. 50, no. 3 (Spring 1985), pp. 1-4; Walter Dean Burnham, “The 1984 Elections and the Future of American Politics,” in Sandoz and Crabb, pp. 204-60; Kevin P. Phillips, “A G.O.P. Majority?,” New York Times, April 19, 1984, p. A19; Jerome M. Clubb, William U. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale, Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties, and Government in American History (Sage Publications,1980), pp. 273-98; Paul R. Abramson, John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde, Change and Continuity in the 1984 Elections (Congressional Quarterly Press, 1986), ch. 11; Martin P. Wallenberg, “The Hollow Realignment: Partisan Change in a Candidate-Centered Era,” Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 1 (Spring 1987), pp. 58-74; Robert S. McElvaine, The End of the Conservative Era: Liberalism After Reagan (uncorrected proofs: Arbor House, 1987), ch. 1; Public Opinion, vol. 8, no. 9 (October-November 1985). pp. 8-17, 21-40.
657 [“In a bind”]: Alexander P. Lamis, “Mississippi,” in Robert P. Steed, Laurence W. Moreland, and Tod A. Baker, eds., The 1984 Presidential Election in the South: Patients of Southern Party Politics (Praeger, 1986), pp. 45-73, Lott quoted at p. 50. [Realignment in the South]: Alexander P. Lamis, The Two-Party South (Oxford University Press, 1984); Harold W. Stanley, “The 1984 Presidential Election in the South: Race and Realignment,” in Steed, Moreland and Baker, 1984 Presidential Election, pp. 303- 35; Robert P. Steed, Laurence W. Moreland and Tod A. Baker, eds., Party Politics in the South (Praeger, 1980), part 2.
[White southern Republican identification]: Everett Carll Ladd, “Alignment and Realignment: Where Are All the Voters Going?,” The Ladd Report #3 (Norton, 1986), p. 8.
658 [Democrats and liberals, late 1980s]: Randall Rothenberg, The Neo-liberals: Creating the New American Politics (Simon and Schuster, 1984); Robert Kultner, The Life of the Party: Democratic Prospects in 1988 and Beyond (Viking, 1987), chs. 1, 5, and passim; Robert Lekachman, Visions and Nightmares: America After Reagan (Macmillan, 1987), ch. 6; McElvaine, esp. ch. 2; William Schneider. “The Democrats in ’88,” Atlantic, vol. 259, no. 4 (April 1987), pp. 37-59; see also Henry Fairlie, “Jackson’s Moment: What Jesse Can Teach the Democrats,” New Republic, vol. 190, no. 8 (February 27, 1984), pp. 11-14; Lucius J. Barker, “Black Americans and the Politics of Inclusion: The Significance of Jesse Jackson’s Presidential Campaigns,” paper prepared for presentation at the American Politics Workshop, Nankai University, China, November 19, 1988.
[“If American voters”]: Arthur M. Schlesinger. Jr., “For Democrats, Me-Too Reaganism Will Spell Disaster,” New York Times, July 6, 1986, sect. 4, p. 13. [“Pragmatic in all things”]: Schneider, p. 38.
[“Democratic Code word”]: ibid., p. 37.
659 [Democratic midterm conferences]: Leon D. Epstein, Political Parties in the American Mold (University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), pp. 213-14; New York Times, June 26, 1985, p. B8.
[Democratic Leadership Council]: see Schneider, pp. 44, 46; Kuttner, pp. 28-29, 203-4.
660 [The young in the 1980s]: McElvaine, ch. 8: Crocker Coulson, “Lost Generation: The Politics of Youth,” New Republic, vol. 195, no. 22 (December 1, 1986), pp. 21-22.
[McElvaine on babyboomers]: McElvaine, p. 210.
[“Springsteen Coalition”]: ibid., pp. 215-16, 228-31, quoted at p. 216.
661 [“Black Monday”]: Newsweek, vol. 110, no. 18 (November 2, 1987), pp. 14-53. [Voter alienation]: Walter Dean Burnham, “The Turnout Problem,” in A. James Reich- ley, ed., Elections American Style (Brookings Institution, 1987), pp. 97-133; Abramson, Aldrich, and Rohde, ch. 4 passim; Martin P. Wattenberg, The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1980 (Harvard University Press, 1984); Curtis B. Cans, “The Empty Ballot Box: Reflections on Nonvoters in America,” Public Opinion, vol. 1, no. 4 (September-October 1978), pp. 54-57; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Why Americans Don’t Vote (Pantheon, 1988), esp. chs. 4, 7, Appendix A.
661 [1984 voting percentage]: Thomas E. Cronin, “The Presidential Election of 1984,” in Sandoz and Crabb, pp. 30-31.
661-2 [Movements, nonvoters, and their transforming potential]: Richard A. Cloward and Frances Fox Piven. “Toward a Class-Based Realignment of American Politics: A Movement Strategy,” Social Policy, vol. 13, no. 3 (Winter 1983), pp. 3-14; press report; Human Service Employees Registration & Voter Education Campaign, New York, N.Y., June 15, 1987.
A Rebirth of Leadership?
662 [Cuomo’s decision]: New York Times, February 20, 1987, pp. 1, B5; ibid., February 21, 1981, pp. 1, 6-7.
663 [“Extensive program of political education”]: Bibby, p. 110.
[Transactional and transforming leadership]: see James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (Harper, 1978).
[Demands for education reform]: National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983); Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (Simon and Schuster, 1987); William J. Johnston, ed., Education on Trial: Strategies for the Future (ICS Press, 1985); Beatrice Gross and Ronald Gross, eds., The Great School Debate: Which Way for American Education? (Touchstone, 1985); and sources cited in ch. 14, supra, in section titled “Habits of Individualism.”
664 [Phi Beta Kappa and Rhodes scholar survey]: Bowen and Schuster, “The Changing Career Interests of the Nation’s Intellectual Elite,” The Key Reporter, vol. 51, no. 1 (Autumn 1985), pp. 1-4; see also Bowen and Schuster, American Professors: A National Resource Imperiled (Oxford University Press, 1986); Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe (Basic Books, 1987).
[“Less and less attractive”]: Bowen and Schuster, “Changing Career Interests,” p. 3. [“Working conditions for faculty”]: ibid., p. 4.
665 [“Heap or jumble”]: Bloom, p. 371.
[“Straight and short road”]: Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Knopf, 1945), vol. 2, pp. 41, 42.
[“What lies between”]: ibid., vol. 2, p. 77.
[“Men are born”]: quoted in James MacGregor Burns, Uncommon Sense (Harper, 1972), p. 98. In this section I have borrowed concepts and phraseology from ibid., ch. 6.
[“Battle cry of freedom”]: Irwin Silber, ed., Songs of the Civil War (Columbia University Press, 1960), pp. 17-20, 26.
666 [“Basic choices available”]: Frankel, “The Relation of Theory to Practice: Some Standard Views,” in Herman D. Stein, ed., Social Theory and Social Invention (Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1968), pp. 3-21, quoted at p. 20.
[Lincoln on liberty]: quoted in The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 9, p. 484. [“Second Bill of Rights”]: Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, January 11, 1944, in ibid., vol. 13, pp. 32-44, quoted at p. 41.
667 [Judiciary and civil liberties]: M. Glenn Abernathy, Civil Liberties Under the Constitution, 2nd ed. (Dodd, Mead, 1972); Zechariah Chaffee. Jr., Free Speech in the United States (Harvard University Press, 1941); Schwartz, Burger Years, part 2; Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 722-27.
[Court and Louisiana creationism statute]: Edwards, Governor of Louisiana v. Auillard, 482 U.S. (1987).
668 [“Pastoral Letter”]: excerpts in New York Times, November 12, 1984, p. B10; see also Victor Ferkiss, “The Bishops’ Letter and the Future,” in R. Bruce Douglass, ed., The Deeper Meaning of Economic Life (Georgetown University Press, 1986), pp. 139-55; John Langan, The American Context of the U.S. Bishops’ Pastoral Letter on the Economy,” in ibid., pp. 1-19.
669 [American distribution of wealth]: Jim Hightower, “Where Greed, Unofficially Blessed by Reagan, Has Led,” New York Times, June 21, 1987, sect. 4, p. 25; see also Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution (Russell Sage Foundation/Basic Books, 1987).
670 [Early fall 1988 poll on sense of economic well-being]: Everett C. Ladd, The Ladd 1988 Election Update, vol. 9 (October 1988), p. 5.
[August 1988 poll on Reagan Administration’s conservatism]: ibid.
[Voter turnout, 1988 election]: New York Times, November 10, 1988, p. B7 (table).
671 [Maccoby on James]: “A Symposium: Some Issues of Technology,” Daedalus, vol. 19, no. 1 (Winter 1980), pp. 3-24, quoted at p. 21.
[“Politics in the United States”]: Brinkley, “What Hart’s Fall Says About America,” New York Times, May 21, 1987, p. A31.
[“Makes the role of leadership”]: “Some Issues of Technology,” p. 21.
[Pendulum theory of politics]: McElvaine, pp. 4-10 and passim; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Houghton Mifflin, 1986), esp. ch. 2.
672 [“The line it is drawn”]: “The times they are a-changin’,” recorded by Bob Dylan, words and music by Bob Dylan, copyright 1963, Columbia Records.
Memories of the Future: A Personal Epilogue
673 [“Memories of the Future”]: the name of a pulquería I saw as a boy on the outskirts of Mexico City.
[Williamstown and the Berkshires]: Robert R. R. Brooks, ed., Williamstown: The First Two Hundred Years, 1753-1953, and Twenty Years Later, 1953-1973, 2nd ed. (Williamstown Historical Commission, 1974); Arthur Latham Perry, Origins in Williamstown, 3rd ed. (privately printed, 1904); Bliss Perry, Colonel Benjamin Simonds, 1726-1807 (privately printed, 1944); Theodore M. Hammett, “The Revolutionary Ideology in Its Social Context: Berkshire County, Massachusetts, 1725-1785 (doctoral dissertation: Brandeis University, 1976).
[Thoreau in the Berkshires]: Thoreau, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Carl F. Hovde et al., eds. (Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 180-90, quoted at pp. 184, 188.
[“A sort of sea-feeling”]: letter to Evert Duyckinck, December 13, 1850, in Jay Leyda, ed., The Melville Log (Harcourt, 1951), p. 401.
[Roosevelt in Williamstown]: Brooks, pp. 352-54, party chieftain quoted at p. 353.
[“To evolve a new order”]: New York Times, June 10, 1934, sect. 4, pp. 1, 6, quoted at p. 6.
[“Next frontier”]: Stevenson, “Liberalism,” address at Los Angeles, May 31, 1956, in Stevenson, The New America, Seymour E. Harris et al., eds. (Harper, 1957), pp. 256-61, quoted at p. 260.
[My views of JFK, 1960]: James MacGregor Burns, John Kennedy: A Political Profile (Harcourt, 1960).
[Jacqueline Kennedy on her husband]: letter of Jacqueline Kennedy (in Hyannisport) to the author, n.d. [late 1959]. 681 [“ Things fall apart”]: Yeats, “The Second Coming,” in The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats (Macmillan, 1959), pp. 184-85.