APPENDIX

Converting Measurements

Foot (ft) to meters (m): ft x .3048 = m

Meter (m) to foot (ft): m x 3.281 = ft

Inch (in) to millimeters (mm): in x 25.4 = mm

Inch (in) to centimeters (cm): in x 2.54 = cm

Millimeters (mm) to inches (in): mm x .03937 = in

Grams (g) to troy ounces (ozt): g x .03215 = ozt

Troy ounce (ozt) to grams (g): ozt x 31.1035 = g

Grams (g) to avoirdupois ounces (oz): g x .03527 = oz

Avoirdupois ounces (oz) to grams (g): oz x 28.3495 = g

Grams to pennyweights (dwt): g x .64301 = dwt

Pennyweight (dwt) to grams (g): dwt x 1.5551 = g

Gram (g) to carats (ct): g x 5 = ct

Carat (c) to grams (g): ct x .2 = g

Pennyweight (dwt) to avoirdupois ounces (oz): dwt x .05486 = oz

Avoirdupois ounce (oz) to pennyweights (dwt): oz x 18.2291 = dwt

Pennyweight (dwt) to troy ounces (ozt): dwt ÷ 20 = ozt

Troy ounce (ozt) to pennyweights (dwt): ozt x 20 = dwt

Troy ounce (ozt) to avoirdupois ounces (oz): ozt x 1.0971 = oz

Avoirdupois ounce (oz) to troy ounces (ozt): oz x .91146 = ozt

Degree Fahrenheit (°F) to degree Celsius (°C): (°f - 32 ) x .55555556 = °c

Degree Celsius (°C) to degree Fahrenheit (°F): (°c x 1.8) + 32 = °F

Mohs Hardness Chart of Common Gemstones

GEMSTONE

Aquamarine

MINERAL GROUP

Beryl

COLOR

Sky blue to blueish-green

HARDNESS

7.5–8

GEMSTONE

Emerald

MINERAL GROUP

Beryl

COLOR

Green

HARDNESS

7.5–8

GEMSTONE

Heliodor

MINERAL GROUP

Beryl

COLOR

Greenish - yellow to yellow

HARDNESS

7.5–8

GEMSTONE

Morganite

MINERAL GROUP

Beryl

COLOR

Pink to light purple

HARDNESS

7.5–8

GEMSTONE

Agate

MINERAL GROUP

Chalcedony

COLOR

Multiple colors and patterns

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Bloodstone

MINERAL GROUP

Chalcedony

COLOR

Dark green to greenish-blue

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Carnelian

MINERAL GROUP

Chalcedony

COLOR

Red to amber-red

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Chalcedony

MINERAL GROUP

Chalcedony

COLOR

White to bluish-white

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Chrysoprase

MINERAL GROUP

Chalcedony

COLOR

Green

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Jasper

MINERAL GROUP

Chalcedony

COLOR

Bluish-gray, green, red, brown, yellow, and mixtures of these colors

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Onyx

MINERAL GROUP

Chalcedony

COLOR

Multiple colors and patterns

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Padparadscha

MINERAL GROUP

Corundum

COLOR

Orange-pink

HARDNESS

9

GEMSTONE

Ruby

MINERAL GROUP

Corundum

COLOR

Pink to red

HARDNESS

9

GEMSTONE

Sapphire

MINERAL GROUP

Corundum

COLOR

All colors excluding red

HARDNESS

9

GEMSTONE

Almandine

MINERAL GROUP

Garnet

COLOR

Dark blood red to violet

HARDNESS

7–7.5

GEMSTONE

Andradite (i.e., Demantoid)

MINERAL GROUP

Garnet

COLOR

Yellow, green, reddish-brown, gray, black.

HARDNESS

6.5–7.5

GEMSTONE

Grossular (i.e.,Tsavorite, Hessonite)

MINERAL GROUP

Garnet

COLOR

Yellow, pink, green, yellow green, orange, gray

HARDNESS

6.5–7.5

GEMSTONE

Pyrope

MINERAL GROUP

Garnet

COLOR

Blood red

HARDNESS

7–7.5

GEMSTONE

Spessartine

MINERAL GROUP

Garnet

COLOR

Bright orange to dark orange to red

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Uvarovite (i.e., Chrome garnet)

MINERAL GROUP

Garnet

COLOR

Green to emerald green

HARDNESS

7–7.5

GEMSTONE

Jadeite

MINERAL GROUP

Jade

COLOR

Light to dark green, yellow, pink, purple, brown black

HARDNESS

6.5–7

GEMSTONE

Nephrite

MINERAL GROUP

Jade

COLOR

Light to dark green, cream to black

HARDNESS

6.5–7

GEMSTONE

Amethyst

MINERAL GROUP

Quartz

COLOR

Light to dark purple

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Citrine

MINERAL GROUP

Quartz

COLOR

Pale yellow

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Chatoyant (i.e., Tiger’s eye)

MINERAL GROUP

Quartz

COLOR

Blue-gray, blue-green, black, with yellow and gold stripes

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Rock crystal

MINERAL GROUP

Quartz

COLOR

Colorless

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Rose quartz

MINERAL GROUP

Quartz

COLOR

Pink

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Smoky quartz

MINERAL GROUP

Quartz

COLOR

Grayish brown to black

HARDNESS

7

GEMSTONE

Achroite

MINERAL GROUP

Tourmaline

COLOR

Colorless

HARDNESS

7.5

GEMSTONE

Dravite

MINERAL GROUP

Tourmaline

COLOR

Brown

HARDNESS

7.5

GEMSTONE

Green tourmalinew

MINERAL GROUP

Tourmaline

COLOR

Green

HARDNESS

7.5

GEMSTONE

Indicolite

MINERAL GROUP

Tourmaline

COLOR

Blue

HARDNESS

7.5

GEMSTONE

Rubellite

MINERAL GROUP

Tourmaline

COLOR

Dark pink to red

HARDNESS

7.5

GEMSTONE

Watermelon tourmaline

MINERAL GROUP

Tourmaline

COLOR

Pint and green

HARDNESS

7.5

GEMSTONE

Amber

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Yellow, orange, green, red, black

HARDNESS

2.5

GEMSTONE

Chrysoberyl (i.e., Alexandrite and cat’s eye)

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Yellow, brown, green, orange

HARDNESS

8.5

GEMSTONE

Coral

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Red, pink, white, blue

HARDNESS

3

GEMSTONE

Diamond

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Colorless, yellow, brown, blue red, green pink, gray, black.

HARDNESS

10

GEMSTONE

Diopside

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Green to brownish green, violet blue

HARDNESS

5.5

GEMSTONE

Labradorite

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Iridescent

HARDNESS

6

GEMSTONE

Lapis

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Blue

HARDNESS

5.5

GEMSTONE

Moonstone

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Colorless, blue, pink, orange, yellow

HARDNESS

6

GEMSTONE

Opal

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Multiple colors, iridescent

HARDNESS

6

GEMSTONE

Pearl

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

White, pink, brown, black

HARDNESS

3

GEMSTONE

Peridot

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Green

HARDNESS

6.5

GEMSTONE

Topaz

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Yellow, pink, blue, green

HARDNESS

8

GEMSTONE

Turquoise

MINERAL GROUP

n/a

COLOR

Sky blue to green

HARDNESS

6

B&S Sheet and Wire Gauge Conversion Chart

B&S GAUGE

INCH

MILLIMETER

6 gauge

.162"

4.12 mm

8 gauge

.129"

3.28 mm

10 gauge

.102"

2.59 mm

12 gauge

.081"

2.06 mm

14 gauge

.064"

1.63 mm

16 gauge

.051"

1.29 mm

18 gauge

.040"

1.02 mm

20 gauge

.032"

.813 mm

22 gauge

.025"

.635 mm

24 gauge

.020"

.508 mm

26 gauge

.016"

.406 mm

28 gauge

.013"

.330 mm

30 gauge

.010"

.254 mm

Jeweler’s Saw Blade and Drill Bit Reference Chart

SAW BLADE SIZE

USE FOR METAL GAUGE

DRILL BIT SIZE FOR PIERCING

8/0

28 gauge or thinner

#80 (.0135") (.342 mm)

5/0

22–26 gauge

#78 (.0145") (.368 mm)

3/0

18–20 gauge

#76 (.020") (.508 mm)

1

16 gauge

#71 (.026") (.660 mm)

3

14 gauge

#68 (.031") (.787 mm)

6

12 gauge

#58 (.042") (1.04 mm)

8

10 gauge and thicker

#55 (.052") (1.32 mm)

Ring Size Conversion Chart

US RING SIZE

METRIC RING SIZE

INSIDE DIAMETER

1

39.0

12.4

1.5

40.2

12.8

2

41.5

13.2

2.5

42.7

13.6

3

44.0

14.0

3.5

45.2

14.4

4

46.5

14.8

4.5

47.8

15.2

5

49.0

15.6

5.5

50.3

16.0

6

51.5

16.4

6.5

52.8

16.8

7

54.0

17.2

7.5

55.3

17.6

8

56.6

18.0

8.5

57.8

18.4

9

59.1

18.8

9.5

60.3

19.2

10

61.6

19.6

10.5

62.8

20.0

11

64.1

20.4

11.5

65.3

20.8

12

66.6

21.2

12.5

67.9

21.6

13

69.1

22.0

13.5

71.3

22.7

14

72.4

23.1

14.5

73.5

23.4

15

74.8

23.8

15.5

76.1

24.2

16

77.4

24.6

Drill Bit Conversion

DRILL BIT GAUGE NUMBER

INCH

MILLIMETERS

#80

0.0135"

.343 mm

#79

0.0145"

.368 mm

#78

0.016"

.406 mm

#77

0.018"

.457 mm

#76

0.02"

.508 mm

#75

0.021"

.533 mm

#74

0.0225"

.5715mm

#73

0.024"

.610 mm

#72

0.025"

.635 mm

#71

0.026"

.660 mm

#70

0.028"

.711 mm

#69

0.0292"

.742 mm

#68

0.031"

.787 mm

#67

0.032"

.813 mm

#66

0.033"

.833 mm

#65

0.035"

.889 mm

#64

0.036"

.914mm

#63

0.037"

.940 mm

#62

0.038"

.965 mm

#61

0.039"

.991 mm

#60

0.040"

1.016 mm

#59

0.041"

1.041 mm

#58

0.042"

1.067 mm

#57

0.043"

1.092 mm

#56

0.047"

1.181 mm

#55

0.052"

1.321 mm

#54

0.055"

1.397 mm

#53

0.0595"

1.511 mm

#52

0.0635"

1.613 mm

#51

0.067"

1.702 mm

#50

0.070"

1.778 mm

#49

0.073"

1.854 mm

#48

0.076"

1.930 mm

#47

0.0785"

1.994 mm

#46

0.081"

2.057 mm

#45

0.082"

2.083 mm

#44

0.086"

2.184 mm

#43

0.089"

2.261 mm

#42

0.0935"

2.375 mm

#41

0.096"

2.438 mm

#40

0.098"

2.489 mm

#39

0.0995"

2.527 mm

#38

0.1015"

2.578 mm

#37

0.104"

2.642 mm

#36

0.1065"

2.705 mm

#35

0.110"

2.794 mm

#34

0.111"

2.819 mm

#33

0.113"

2.870 mm

#32

0.116"

2.946 mm

#31

0.120"

3.048 mm

#30

0.1285"

3.264 mm

#29

0.136"

3.454 mm

#28

0.1405"

3.569 mm

#27

0.144"

3.658 mm

#26

0.147"

3.734 mm

#25

0.1495"

3.797 mm

#24

0.152"

3.861 mm

#23

0.154"

3.912 mm

#22

0.157"

3.988 mm

Common Needle File Shapes and Uses

HALF-ROUND FILE

Used for flat surfaces, outside and inside curves

Image

ROUND FILE

Used for enlarging round holes, filing inside curves, and filing a bevel on a curved surface

Image

SQUARE FILE

Used to make round holes square, to score metal for a 90° bend, refining corners

Image

THREE SQUARE FILE

AKA triangular file used to form and refine seats in prong settings, inside corners greater than 60°, filing V-grooves

Image

EQUALING FILE

General-purpose file great for slots, corners, and outside curves

Image

BARRETTE FILE

Only cut on flat side, great for tight spaces between inside and outside curves

Image

KNIFE FILE

Used for narrow areas and sharp angles

Image

Bur Types and Their Uses

ROUND BUR

Uses include deburring holes, beveling edges of holes, refining seats in settings

Image

SETTING BUR

Used to cut seats in prongs, bearings in tube settings, flush setting

Image

HART BUR

Comes in 45° and 70° profiles, same uses as setting bur

Image

CONE BUR

Used to enlarge and deburr holes

Image

INVERTED CONE BUR

Used to remove excess solder from around the base of bezels

Image

CUP BUR

Used to round off ends of wire and prongs, forming round head rivets

Image

BUD BUR

Used to enlarge and taper holes

Image