APMs—alternative payment models
CEA—cost-effectiveness analysis
COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
DRG—Diagnosis Related Group
EHR—electronic health record
EMA—European Medicines Agency
GP—general practitioner
LPN—licensed practical nurse
MSA—medical savings account
MEA—managed entry agreement
NICU—neonatal intensive care unit
NP—nurse practitioner
OECD—Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PCP—primary care physician
QALY—quality-adjusted life year
RN—registered nurse
RVU—relative value unit
SHI—statutory health insurance
VAT—value-added tax
VHI—voluntary health insurance
WHO—World Health Organization
ACA—Affordable Care Act (2010)
ACO—Accountable Care Organization
AMA—American Medical Association
CDC—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CHIP—Children’s Health Insurance Program
CLASS Act—Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Act (2010)
CMMI—Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation
CMS—Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
CPT code—Current Procedural Terminology code
DSH—Disproportionate Share Hospital
FDA—Food and Drug Administration
FMAP—Federal Medicaid Assistance Percentage
FQHC—Federally Qualified Health Clinic
GME—graduate medical education
HMO—health maintenance organization
IHS—Indian Health Service
IME—indirect medical education
MS-DRG—Medicare Severity Diagnosis Related Groups System
NAM—National Academy of Medicine
PBM—pharmacy benefit management companies
PMPM—per-member-per-month
PPO—preferred provider organization
VA—Department of Veterans Affairs
CADTH—Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
CDR—Common Drug Review
CHA—Canada Health Act (1984)
DIN—Drug Identification Number
HIDS Act—Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act (1957)
HPFB—Health Products and Food Branch
LHIN—Local Health Integration Network
MAPP—maximum average potential price
MCA—Medical Care Act (1966)
NAFTA—North American Free Trade Agreement (1993)
NDS—New Drug Submission
NOC—Notification of Compliance
ODB—Ontario Drug Benefit
OHIP—Ontario Health Insurance Program
OHIP+—Ontario Health Insurance Program Plus
pCPA—pan-Canadian Pharmaceutical Alliance
PDIP—Public Drug Insurance Plan
PMPRB—Patented Medicines Prices Review Board
TDP—Trillium Drug Program
ABPI—Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
ADLs—activities of daily living
APMS—Alternative Provider Medical Services
BMA—British Medical Association
BPT—Best Practice Tariff
CCG—clinical commissioning group
CHAI—Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection
CQC—Care Quality Commission
CQUIN—Commissioning for Quality and Innovation
GMC—General Medical Council
GMS—General Medical Services
HRG—Healthcare Resource Group
ICER—incremental cost effectiveness ratio
ICS—integrated care systems
MFF—market forces factor
MHIS—Mental Health Investment Standard
MHRA—Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
NHS—National Health Service
NICE—National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NI—National Insurance
NMC—Nursing and Midwifery Council
NPfIT—National Programme for IT
PBR—Payment by Results
PCN—Primary Care Network
PCT—primary care trust
PMS—Personal Medical Services
PPRS—Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme
QOF—Quality and Outcomes Framework
SHA—strategic health authority
STPs—Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships
TAC—Technology Appraisal Committee
VPAS—Voluntary Scheme for Branded Medicines Pricing and Access
DPOS—District Psychiatric Outpatient Service
HELFO—Norwegian Health Economics Administration (Helseøkonomiforvaltningen)
HTA—health technology assessment
NIS—National Insurance Scheme (Folketrygden)
NoMA—Norwegian Medicines Agency (Statens legemiddelverk)
RHA—Regional Health Authority
ALD—Chronic Disease (Affection de Longue Durée)
APA—Personalized Allowance for Autonomy
CEESP—Economic and Public Health Assessment Committee
CEPS—Economic Committee for Health Products
CMU—Universal Health Coverage Act (1999)
CNAMTS—National Health Insurance Fund for Salaried Workers, or the General Fund
CNSA—National Solidarity Fund for Autonomy
CSG—General Social Contribution
DMP—Personal Medical Record (Dossier Médical Personnel)
ENCC—National Cost Studies with Common Methodology
GHM—Homogeneous Group of the Sick (Groupe Homogène des Malades)
HAS—High Authority on Health
IAB—improvement in additional benefit
PUMA—Universal Disease Protection Act (2016)
SMR—medical service rendered (service médical rendu)
UNCAM—National Union of Health Insurance Funds
DMP—disease management program
GBA—Federal Joint Commission (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss)
INEK—Institute for Reimbursement in the Hospital (Institute fur das Entgeltsystem im Krankenhaus)
IQWiG—Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen)
KBV—National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung)
NUB—new diagnostic and treatment methods (Neue Untersuchungs-und Behandlungsmethoden)
AWBZ—Exceptional Medical Expenses Act (1967)
BKZ—Health Care Budget
CAK—Central Administration Office
CBS—Statistics Netherlands
CGS—College of Medical Specialists
CIZ—Care Assessment Agency
DBC—Diagnosis Treatment Combination
DFHCS—Diabetes Federation Health Care Standard
GVS—Pharmaceutical Reimbursement System
MSB—specialist-owned partnership
NMG—Netherlands Medical Association
NZA—Dutch Healthcare Authority
SVB—Social Insurance Bank
ZBCs—independent treatment centers
ZIN—National Health Care Institute
ZVW—Health Insurance Act (2006)
AI—Disability Insurance
ANQ—National Association for Quality Improvement in Hospitals and Clinics
AVS—Old Age and Survivors Insurance
FDC—Federal Drug Commission
FDHA—Federal Department of Home Affairs
FOPH—Federal Office of Public Health
GDK/CDS—Conference of the Cantonal Ministers of Public Health
HMG/LPTh—Federal Law on Therapeutic Products (Heilmittelgesetz/Loi sur les produits thérapeutiques) (2000)
KUVG/LAMA—Federal Law on Sickness and Accident Insurance (1911)
KVAG/LSAMal—Federal Law on the Supervision of Mandatory Health Insurance (2014)
KVG/LAMal—Federal Health Insurance Law (1994)
LAA—Federal Law on Accident Insurance (1981)
LAI—Law on Disability Insurance (1959)
TARMED—Tarif Médical
ARTG—Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods
BDF—basic daily fee
CDL—Combination Drug List
CHSP—Commonwealth Home Supports Program
DUSC—Drug Utilization Subcommittee
EMSN—Extended Medicare Safety Net
ESC—Economics Subcommittee
GPG—Greatest Permissible Gap
IHPA—Independent Hospital Pricing Authority
LHC—Lifetime Health Cover
MBS—Medicare Benefits Schedule
MSAC—Medical Services Advisory Committee
NDIA—National Disability Insurance Agency
NDIS—National Disability Insurance Scheme
NEP—National Efficient Price
NWAU—National Weighted Activity Unit
OMSN—Original Medicare Safety Net
PBAC—Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee
PBS—Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
PHIAC—Private Health Insurance Administration Council
PHNs—Primary Health Networks
TGA—Therapeutic Goods Administration
VMO—Visiting Medical Officer
CDE—Center for Drug Evaluation
FPICP—Family Physician Integrated Care Project
LTC 2.0—Long Term Care 2.0
NHIA—National Health Insurance Administration
NHI—National Health Insurance
PBR—Pharmaceutical Benefit Review
TCM—Traditional Chinese Medicine
CMS—Cooperative Medical Scheme
EDL—Essential Drugs List
LIS—Labor Insurance Scheme
MOH—Ministry of Health
MoHRSS—Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security
NCMS—New Cooperative Medical Scheme
NHC—National Health Commission
NRDL—National Reimbursement Drug List
SPA—social pooling account
THC—township health center
UEBMI—Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance
URBMI—Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance
URRBMI—Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance