CHAPTER ONE The Land of Lost Content
1. Geoffrey Gorer: Exploring English Character, p. 303.
2. In 1995, the most recent figures available, 174,000 marriages in England and Wales ended in divorce (source: Office of National Statistics). In September 1997, women made up 46.3% of the workforce: the comparable figure in 1947 was 30%.
3. London Research Centre: Education in London: Key Facts, 1997, p. 18.
4. George Orwell: ‘The Moon under Water’, in the Evening Standard, 9 February 1946.
5. George Orwell: The Lion and the Unicorn, p. 48.
6. W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman: 1066, And All That, p. 25.
7. Ibid., p. 123.
8. A. S. Byatt: ‘What It Means to Be English’, in The Times, 6 April 1998.
9. Stephen Haseler: The English Tribe, pp. 3–4.
10. Clive Aslet: Anyone For England?.
11. Ibid., p. 22.
12. ‘English – and not very proud of it’, Times Educational Supplement, 23 May 1997.
13. Alan Bennett: The Old Country, p. 58.
14. John Fowles: On Being English But Not British, p. 71.
CHAPTER TWO Funny Foreigners
1. Quoted in Peter Collett: Foreign Bodies, p. 119.
2. Quoted in Christopher Hibbert: The Grand Tour, p. 47.
3. Quoted ibid., p. 10.
4. Robert Graves: Goodbye to All That, p. 240.
5. George Orwell: The Lion and the Unicorn, p. 28.
6. Présentation du Marché Britannique, Maison de France, London, p. 12.
7. William Shakespeare: Richard II, II. i.
8. Elias Canetti: Crowds and Power, p. 171.
9. Hansard, vol. xciii, cols 1574–5 (13 May 1901).
10. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Vol. III, pp. 9–10.
11. Quoted in Nicholas Harman: Dunkirk, the Necessary Myth, p. 1.
12. See Robert Gibson: Best of Enemies, p. 231.
13. Andrea Trevisano: A Relation, or rather a true account of the Islands of England, pp. 20–1.
14. Reprinted in William Benchley Rye: England as seen by foreigners in the reign of Elizabeth and James the First, p. 7.
15. Quoted ibid., p. 70.
16. Ibid., p. 186.
17. John Milton: The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.
18. George Orwell: ‘Boys’ Weeklies’, in Horizon, March 1940.
19. Gerald Newman: The Rise of English Nationalism, p. 63.
20. Quoted in Christopher Hibbert: Nelson, p. 43.
21. Byam Martin: Polynesian Journal, p. 53.
22. Quoted in Alistair Horne: Macmillan, Vol. I, p. 160.
23. Winston S. Churchill: The Second World War, Vol. III, p. 384.
24. In 1994, Britain recorded 14,269,128 transatlantic arrivals and departures, Germany 6,566,159, France 4,980,929 and the Netherlands 3,307,112 (Eurostat).
CHAPTER THREE The English Empire
1. Letter from R. Brown, April 1998.
2. Charles Dilke: Greater Britain, quoted in Richard Faber: High Road to England, p. 86.
3. Quoted in John Gillingham: ‘The Beginnings of English Imperialism’, in Journal of Historical Sociology, Vol. 5, No. 4, December 1992, p. 394.
4. Gesta Stephani, quoted ibid., p. 396.
5. Ibid., p. 397.
6. Ibid., p. 397.
7. Richard of Hexham: De Gestis Regis Stephani, p. 152, quoted in John Gillingham: ‘Foundations of a Disunited Kingdom’, in Uniting the Kingdom (ed. Alexander Grant and Keith Stringer).
8. Quoted in Gillingham, op. cit. (1), p. 399.
9. A. A. Gill: ‘Smile – You’re on Cameo Camera’, in the Sunday Times, 28 September 1997.
10. The complaint was unsuccessful, because comments in the press were outside the remit of the Commission for Racial Equality.
11. See Kenneth O. Morgan: Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880–1980, p. 20.
12. Quoted in Linda Colley: Britons, p. 13.
13. James Boswell: Life of Johnson, Vol. I, p. 425, 6 July 1763.
14. Richard Faber: High Road to England, p. 132.
15. Presidential address to the National Literary Society, 25 November 1892, quoted in R. F. Foster: Paddy and Mr Punch, p. 270.
16. Alan Cochrane: ‘Flower of Thatcherism’, in the Spectator, 2 March 1996.
17. Quoted in Foster, op. cit., p. 184.
18. Irving Welsh: Trainspotting, p. 78.
19. W. B. Yeats: The Celtic Twilight, p. 22.
20. Prof. C. S. Coon: The Races of Europe, p. 395.
21. Nikolaus Pevsner: The Englishness of English Art, p. 197.
22. George Orwell: The English, p. 8.
23. Daniel Defoe: The True-Born Englishman, 1701.
CHAPTER FOUR ‘True Born Englishmen’ and Other Lies
1. Claudio Veliz: ‘A World Made in England’, in Quadrant, March 1983, p. 8.
2. Luigi Barzini: The Impossible Europeans, p. 35.
3. G. W. Steevens: With Kitchener to Khartoum, p. 300, quoted in John Ellis: The Social History of the Machine Gun, p. 86.
4. Henry Labouchere, the splendid radical MP, former Mexican circus artist and journalist, replied to Kipling’s exhortation with
Pile on the Brown man’s burden!
And, if ye rouse his hate,
Meet his old-fashioned reasons
With Maxims – up to date,
With shells and Dum-Dum bullets
A hundred times make plain
The Brown man’s loss must never
Imply the White man’s gain.
5. D. O. Sypniewski: Impressions of England, pp. 33, 38.
6. Quoted in Richard Faber: The Vision and the Need. p. 64.
7. Ibid.
8. See Ronald Hyam: Empire and Sexuality, p. 95.
9. Quoted ibid., p. 172.
10. Quoted ibid., p. 89.
11. Lord Crewe’s Circular on Concubinage, Enclosure ‘A’. See Ronald Hyam: ‘Concubinage and Colonial Service’, in Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, XIV, 1986, pp. 170–86.
12. Dr Barot: Guide Practique de l’Européen dans l’Afrique Occidentale, quoted in John Hargreaves: France and West Africa, An Anthology of Historical Documents, pp. 206–9.
13. Quoted in Ian Gilmour: Inside Right, p. 87.
14. James McAuley: ‘My New Guinea’, Selected Prose 1959–74, p. 172.
15. ‘Peter Simple’, Daily Telegraph, Friday 18 July 1997, p. 26.
16. Sir Arthur Bryant, Illustrated London News, 27 March 1963.
17. Enoch Powell, speech, 20 April 1968.
18. Ceri Peach: Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, Vol. 2, the Ethnic Minority Populations of Great Britain, p. 14.
19. The biggest obstacle you might expect would be an elementary test based on something like how you celebrate Christmas: a tree on 24 and 2 5 December is good enough to show that you don’t belong to the eastern Orthodox church.
20. ‘You’ve Made Us Feel So Welcome’, in the Daily Telegraph, 17 January 1998.
CHAPTER FIVE We Happy Few
1. Editorial, This England, Vol. 1, no. 1.
2. Ibid., Vol. 1, no. 3.
3. Ibid., Summer 1997.
4. Stephen Garnett: ‘The Battle for the Real Counties of Britain’, ibid.
5. Angus Calder: The Myth of the Blitz, p. 196.
6. Lord Ismay: Memoirs, pp. 179–80.
7. John Keegan: The Second World War, pp. 93–4.
8. Peter Haining: Spitfire Summer, p. 82.
9. Ibid.
10. Daily Express, 14 August 1940.
11. Linda Colley: Britons, p. 29.
12. John Foxe: The Book of Martyrs, containing an account of the sufferings and death of the Protestants in the reign of Queen Mary the first, pp. 723–4.
13. Owen Chadwick: The Reformation, p. 128.
CHAPTER SIX The Parish of the Senses
1. ‘So tender a care hath He alwaies had of that England, as of a new Israel’, John Lyly: Euphues, an astonishingly tedious book quoted in Hans Kohn: The Genesis and Character of English Nationalism, p. 73.
2. Henry Fielding: Tom Jones, Book III, Chap. 3.
3. Quoted in Paul Fussell: The Great War and Modern Memory, p. 118.
4. T. S. Eliot, ‘Lancelot Andrewes’, in Essays on Style and Content, p. 14.
5. Robert Runcie, ‘Lecture on the 1400th Anniversary of the Mission of St Augustine to Canterbury’, 27 February 1997.
6. Like many of Melbourne’s bons mots (e.g. ‘While I cannot be a pillar of the church, I must be regarded as a buttress, because I support it from the outside’ or his question after cabinet discussions on Corn Law reform ‘Now, is it to lower the price of corn, or isn’t it? It is not much matter which we say, but mind, we must all say the same’) the remark is attributed. G. W. E. Russell, Collections and Recollections, Chap. 6.
7. The talk is reprinted in The Spirit of England, Allen & Unwin, 1942, pp. 74–9.
8. See Margot Lawrence, ‘Tudor English Today’, in English Today, October 1986.
9. A survey of 360 priests ordained in 1990 revealed that one quarter considered themselves ‘not well informed’ about the Book of Common Prayer, while only 16 said that their worship at theological college had been mainly taken from the BCP. Daily Telegraph, 21 February 1996.
10. D. W. Brogan: The English People, p. 39.
11. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Summer Impressions, p. 68.
12. David Hare: Racing Demon, p. 3.
13. Ibid., p. 51.
14. Andrew Graham-Dixon: A History of British Art, pp. 22–3.
15. Quoted in The Identity of English Music: The Reception of Elgar 1898–1935, Jeremy Crump, in Englishness: Politics and Culture, eds. Robert Colls and Philip Dodd.
16. Raymond Seitz: Over Here, p. 15.
17. Johnsonian Miscellanies, Vol. ii, p. 15.
18. Nikolaus Pevsner: The Englishness of English Art, p. 39.
19. Tyndale was executed before he could finish the job, but by then had rendered into English the whole of the New Testament, all of the Old Testament as far as the second book of Chronicles, the Book of Jonah and various other passages. Ninety per cent of Tyndale’s work in the New Testament and about 80 per cent of his Old Testament translation survived into the twentieth century. On 6 October 1536 he was strangled to death for heresy, his body burned at the stake.
20. J. Foxe: Actes and Monuments, ed. J. Pratt (1877), V, p. 527.
21. An abundance of other English versions of the Bible had followed Tyndale’s original, many affectionately identified by their misprints – the Place-maker’s Bible (‘Blessed are the place-makers’), the Wicked Bible, in which the seventh commandment lost its ‘not’ and became ‘Thou shalt commit adultery’, the Murderers’ Bible (a misprint for ‘murmurers’), the Breeches Bible (Adam and Eve made themselves trousers), the Bug Bible (‘thou shalt not nede to be afrayed for eny bugges by night’), the Standing Fishes Bible (instead of ‘fishers’ standing on the river bank), the Vinegar Bible (instead of the ‘Parable of the Vineyard’).
22. Thomas Wilcox: ‘An Admonition to Parliament’, from Puritan Manifestos, ed. Frere and Douglas, p. 15.
23. W. H. G. Armytage: Heavens Below, p. 260.
24. John Milton: Defence of the people of England, Concerning their right to call to account kings and magistrates and after due consideration to depose and put them to death.
25. 4 September 1654, in The Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, Everyman Library, p. 28.
CHAPTER SEVEN Home Alone
1. Elias Canetti: Crowds and Power, p. 172.
2. Alexander Kinglake: Eothen, pp. 200–202.
3. Max O’Rell: John Bull and his Island, p. 18.
4. Michael Lewis: ‘Oh, not to be in England’, in the Spectator, 23 May 1992.
5. Hermann Muthesius: The English House, p. xv.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p. 8.
8. Ibid., p. 9.
9. Ralph Waldo Emerson: ‘English Traits’, in Collected Works, Vol. V, pp. 59–60.
10. George Santayana: Soliloquies in England, p. 14.
11. Samuel Johnson: The Idler, No. 11.
12. Bill Bryson: Notes from a Small Island, p. 278.
13. Johnson, op. cit.
14. Prof. C. G. Collier, letter, 29 October 1996.
15. André Maurois: Three Letters on the English, pp. 261–2.
16. Odette Keun: I Discover the English, p. 151.
17. Quoted in Vincent Cronin: Napoleon, p. 48.
18. Jean Duhamel: The Fifty Days: Napoleon in England, p. 61.
19. Ibid., p. 69.
20. Quoted in Beram Saklatvala: The Origins of the English People, p. 99.
21. Alan Macfarlane: The Origins of English Individualism.
22. Quoted in Jonathan Sumption: The Hundred Years War, pp. 67–8.
23. Carl Philip Moritz: Journeys of a German in England in 1782, p. 56.
24. Alexis de Tocqueville: Journeys to England and Ireland, p. 88.
25. Ibid., p. 81.
26. The Times, 14 September 1883.
CHAPTER EIGHT There Always Was an England
1. Dave Hill: Out for the Count, p. 37.
2. John Major, speech to the Conservative Group for Europe, 22 April 1993.
3. Stanley Baldwin, speech to the Annual Dinner of the Royal Society of St George, 6 May 1924. It all sounded so mellifluously plausible when Baldwin spoke like this that Punch once ran a cartoon suggesting that the only surviving genuine Englishman was alive and well and living at Bewdley, Worcestershire, Baldwin’s birthplace.
4. Raymond Williams: The Country and the City, pp. 281–2.
5. According to Paul Fussell in The Great War and Modern Memory, the anthology ‘presides over the Great War … there were few of any rank who had not been assured that the greatest of modern literatures was English and who did not feel an appropriate pleasure in that assurance’.
6. Arthur Quiller-Couch: Studies in Literature, pp. 300–301.
7. H. J. Massingham: Chiltern Country, p. 27.
8. Philip Gibbs: England Speaks, pp. 3–4.
9. C. Henry Warren: England is a Village, p. ix.
10. Virginia Woolf: Between the Acts, p. 42. It was Steve Ellis’s The English Eliot that put me on to this idea of what he calls the ‘metonymic strategy’, in which the village becomes a model for all English life.
11. Colin Watson: Snobbery With Violence, pp. 169–70.
12. Quoted in Patrick Wright: On Living in an Old Country, pp. 83–4.
13. John Betjeman: Coming Home, BBC Home Service, 25 February 1943, reprinted in the Listener, 11 March 1943, ‘Oh to be in England …’
14. Vicomte de Chateaubriand: Mémoires d’Outre-tombe, 1848–50, quoted in Robert Gibson, Best of Enemies, p. 179.
15. Émile Cammaerts: Discoveries in England, p. 92.
16. Evelyn Waugh: Brideshead Revisited (1959 edn), preface, p. 8.
17. Asa Briggs: Victorian Cities, p. 57.
18. H. G. Wells: Experiment in Autobiography, Vol. 1, p. 277.
19. Charles Dickens: Hard Times, Chap 5.
20. Richard Jefferies: The Gamekeeper at Home, p. 1.
21. Edward Thomas: The South Country, p. 1.
22. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Summer Impressions, p. 61.
23. Quoted in H. Rider Haggard: A Farmer’s Year, p. 466. The lessons of Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire hung over the century. In ‘The Discovery of Rural England’ (in Englishness, Politics and Culture, 1880–1920), Alun Howkins claims that this remark together with similar comments from Lord Milner in 1911 were symptomatic of a conscious attempt to invent an idea of England based on Good Queen Bess, maypoles and Merrie England.
24. Thomas de Quincey: The English Mail Coach, p. 74 (1913 edn).
25. H. V. Morton: What I Saw in the Slums, pp. 37–9.
26. D. H. Lawrence: Nottingham and the Mining Country.
27. Quoted in Patrick Wright: The Village That Died for England, p. 150.
28. Arthur Bryant: Protestant Island, p. 39. For the full hatchet-job on Bryant, see Andrew Roberts’s Eminent Churchillians, Chap. 6.
29. Countryside Survey, 1990, Dept of Environment.
30. William Morris: The Lesser Arts, Collected Works, Vol. XXII, p. 17.
31. Interview, ‘Waterland’, in the Guardian, 15 April 1997.
32. Emanuel Swedenborg, A Treatise Concerning Heaven and Hell, p. 81.
CHAPTER NINE The Ideal Englishman
1. Quoted in Richard Usborne: Clubland Heroes, p. 155.
2. Quoted in Nicolas Soames and Duncan Steen: The Essential Englishman, p. 23.
3. Quoted in Steven Marcus: The Other Victorians, p. 19.
4. Quoted in Alex Comfort: The Anxiety Makers, p. 47.
5. Quoted in Ronald Hyam: Empire and Sexuality, p. 13.
6. Ford Madox Ford (Ford Hermann Hueffer): The Spirit of the People, pp. 147–8.
7. Quoted in Christopher Hitchens: ‘Young Men and War’, in Vanity Fair, February 1997, p. 21.
8. Roger Wilmut (ed.): The Complete Beyond the Fringe, p. 74.
9. John Arbuthnot: The History of John Bull, p. 50.
10. Ibid., p. 9.
11. Quoted in Roger Longrigg: The English Squire and His Sport, p. 46.
12. Quoted ibid., p. 111.
13. Hippolyte Taine: Notes on England, p. 105.
14. Quoted in Hans Kohn: ‘The Genesis and Character of English Nationalism’, Journal of the History of Ideas, p. 78.
15. Victor Hugo: William Shakespeare, quoted in Robert Gibson: Best of Enemies, p. 215.
16. Ralph Waldo Emerson: ‘English Traits’, in Collected Works, Vol. V, p. 46.
17. Simon Schama: Citizens, p. 859.
18. Gudin de la Brunellerie, quoted in Gibson: op. cit., p. 104.
19. T. S. Eliot: Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, p. 30.
20. Vera Brittain: England’s Hour, p. 115.
21. Vita Sackville-West: ‘Outdoor Life’, in The Character of England, p. 410.
22. Dictionary of National Biography, 1931–1940, p. 651.
23. Osbert Sitwell: Great Morning!, p. 199.
24. Quoted in Paul Fussell: The Great War and Modern Memory, p. 26.
25. Peter Parker: The Old Lie, pp. 213–14.
26. C. B. Fry: Life Worth Living, p. 373.
27. Simon Raven: The English Gentleman, p. 9.
28. Ibid., p. 95.
29. Robert Winder: Hell for Leather, p. 28.
30. Tony Mason: Sport in Britain, p. 126.
CHAPTER TEN Meet the Wife
1. Thomas Hughes: Tom Brown’s Schooldays, p. 80.
2. Paul Ferris: Sex and the British, p. 260.
3. Quoted in Lawrence Stone: The Family, Sex and Marriage, p. 279.
4. Ian Gibson: The English Vice, p. 13.
5. Kingsley Amis: Take a Girl Like You, p. 14.
6. Quoted in Robert Gibson: Best of Enemies, p. 227.
7. Michael Ryan: Doings in London, pp. 92–3.
8. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Summer Impressions, p. 66.
9. Hippolyte Taine: Notes on England, p. 31.
10. Ibid., pp. 98–9.
11. Quoted in R. Chambers: The Book of Days, Vol. 1, pp. 487–8.
12. Quoted in William Benchley Rye: England as seen by foreigners in the reign of Elizabeth and James the First, pp. 72–3.
13. Quoted in ‘George Smith and the DNB’, in the Times Literary Supplement, 24 December 1971, 1593–5.
14. César de Saussure: A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I and George II, p. 206.
15. Joseph Fiévée: Lettres sur L’Angleterre, quoted in Gibson, op. cit., p. 158.
16. ‘A Mother’s Sermon for her Children’, Kirkby Lonsdale 1829, quoted in Deborah Valenze: Prophetic Sons and Daughters, p. 278.
17. Elizabeth Sandford: Woman in Her Social and Domestic Character, quoted in Walter Besant: Fifty Years Ago, p. 119.
18. Punch, 14 (1848), p. 230.
19. Quoted in Joan Burstyn: Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood, p. 31.
20. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar: The Madwoman in the Attic, p. 85.
21. Alison Light: Forever England, p. 113.
22. Hermann Muthesius: The English House, p. 70.
23. Emile Cammaerts: Discoveries in England, p. 133.
24. Quoted in J. A. Mangan: Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School, p. 189.
25. John Ruskin had suggested to his young wife Effie that they would not consummate their marriage until she was twenty-five. In the last year of their marriage he confessed to her that he had imagined women to be different from the sight that had met his eyes on their wedding night. Quite what it was that led to his disgust is unknown. The idea that it was the traumatic discovery that Effie had pubic hair, which convinced him that she was some sort of freak of nature, comes from Mary Lutyens.
26. Quoted in Jane Mackay and Pat Thane: ‘The Englishwoman’, in Englishness: Politics and Culture 1880–1920, ed. Robert Colls and Philip Dodd, p. 222.
27. Virginia Woolf: Three Guineas, pp. 165–6.
28. John Gibson Lockhart: Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, pp. 596–7.
29. Quoted in Alex Comfort: The Anxiety Makers, pp. 52–3.
30. Odette Keun: I Discover the English, p. 188.
31. In 1995, there were 170,000 divorces in Great Britain, an average in England (where the divorce rate is higher than in Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland) of 13.4 per 1,000 of the population. (Britain 1998, HMSO, pp. 34–5).
32. Bill Bryson: Notes from a Small Island, pp. 21–2.
33. Glenda Cooper: ‘British teenagers lead the world in their sexual activity – why?’, in the Independent, 16 May 1998.
CHAPTER ELEVEN Old Country, New Clothes
1. Tribune, 18 August 1961.
2. ‘English Language Teaching: Frequently asked questions’, British Council website, http://www.britcoun.org./engfaqs.htm. See also Godfrey Howard: The Good English Guide, p. vii.
3. Jonathon Green: Neologisms: New Words Since 1960.
4. Daniel Defoe: ‘Essay Upon Projects’, 1697.
5. Samuel Johnson: Dictionary of the English Language, Preface.
6. Time, 27 October 1997.
7. The Times, 25 October 1997.
8. George MacDonald Fraser: ‘The Hero and the Heroine Now and in the Future’, speech to the National Review annual seminar, reprinted in the Daily Telegraph, 3 January 1998.
9. Quoted in Christopher Hibbert: Nelson, p. 340.
10. Bill Buford: Among the Thugs, p. 52.
11. Ibid., p. 296.
12. César de Saussure: A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I and George II, p. 180.
13. Ralph Waldo Emerson: ‘English Traits’, in Collected Works, Vol. V, p. 74.
14. de Saussure: op. cit., p. 295.
15. Ian Gilmour: Riots, Risings and Revolution, p. 5.
16. H. F. Abell, quoted in Dunning et al.: The Roots of Football Hooliganism, p. 44. The same book contains the statistics (p. 50).
17. David Underdown: Revel, Riot and Rebellion.
18. Gilmour: op. cit., p. 16.
19. Quoted in Robert Gibson: Best of Enemies, p. 36.
20. Quoted in Andrew Barr: Drink, An Informal Social History, p. 25.
21. Chronique Français des Rois de France, by an Anonymous of Béthune, in Receuil des Histoires des Galles et de France, Vol. 24, pt 2, p. 760. I am indebted to John Gillingham for this tale.
22. Quoted in Derek Wilson: The People and the Book: The Revolutionary Impact of the English Bible, p. 11.
23. G. K. Chesterton: The Rolling English Road.
24. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Summer Impressions, p. 61.
25. Quoted in Barr, op. cit., p. 301.
26. Ibid.
27. D. H. Lawrence, letter to Ernest Collings, 22 July 1913, in The Letters of D. H. Lawrence.
28. George Orwell: The Lion and the Unicorn, p. 17.
29. Source: Criminal Statistics, England and Wales, 1994, Cmd 3010, London, HMSO, November 1995.
30. Source: Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1995, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice.
31. You have to handle comparative murder statistics very carefully because different police forces assess crimes differently. But the victimization rate for males in England and Wales is so far below other countries as to be beyond statistical error. The rate for the United States is 15.9, for Italy it is 4.8, for Scotland 4.7, for Norway 2.2, for Sweden 1.7, for France 1.5, for Germany 1.4, for Ireland 0.8, and for Japan 0.7. For England and Wales, the figure is 0.6. See Elliott Leyton, Men of Blood, p. 22.
32. ‘Idleness, dissipation and poverty are increased, the most sacred and confidential trusts are betrayed, domestic comfort is destroyed, madness often created, crimes, subjecting the perpetrators of them to the punishment of death, are committed, and even suicide itself is produced,’ said the report of a parliamentary investigation in 1808 (Cmd 182, p. 12). Quoted in Mark Clapson: A Bit of a Flutter.
33. Clapson, op. cit.
34. Leader magazine, 23 April 1949.
35. George Orwell, Evening Standard, 15 December 1946.
36. Quoted in Philippa Pullar: Consuming Passions, p. 190.
37. David Starkey: ‘The Death of England’, in The Times, 20 April 1996.