Abramowitz, A. I., and K. L. Saunders. 2008. “Is Polarization a Myth?” Journal of Politics 70:542–55.
Adorno, T. W., E. Frenkel-Brunswik, D. J. Levinson, and R. N. Sanford. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Row.
Alford, J. R., C. L. Funk, and J. R. Hibbing. 2005. “Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?” American Political Science Review 99:153–67.
______. 2008. “Beyond Liberals and Conservatives to Political Genotypes and Phenotypes.” Perspectives on Politics 6:321–28.
Allen, E., et al. 1975. “Against ‘Sociobiology.’ ” New York Review of Books 22:43–44.
Almas, I., A. W. Cappelen, E. O. Sorensen, and B. Tungodden. 2010. “Fairness and the Development of Inequality Acceptance.” Science 328:1176–8.
Ambrose, S. H. 1998. “Late Pleistocene Human Population Bottlenecks, Volcanic-Winter, and the Differentiation of Modern Humans.” Journal of Human Evolution 34:623–51.
Appiah, K. A. 2008. Experiments in Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Arberry, A. J. 1955. The Koran Interpreted. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Ariely, D. 2008. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York: HarperCollins.
Arum, R. 2003. Judging School Discipline: The Crisis of Moral Authority. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Atran, S. 2010. Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (Un)making of Terrorists. New York: HarperCollins.
Atran, S., and J. Henrich. 2010. “The Evolution of Religion: How Cognitive Byproducts, Adaptive Learning Heuristics, Ritual Displays, and Group Competition Generate Deep Commitments to Prosocial Religions.” Biological Theory 5:18–30.
Ault, J. M. J. 2005. Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church. New York: Knopf.
Axelrod, R. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
Baillargeon, R. 1987. “Object Permanence in 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-Month-Old Infants.” Developmental Psychology 23:655–64.
__________ 2008. “Innate Ideas Revisited: For a Principle of Persistence in Infants’
Physical Reasoning.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 3:2–13.
Balcetis, E., and D. Dunning. 2006. “See What You Want to See: Motivational Influences on Visual Perception.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91:612–25.
Ballew, C. C., and A. Todorov. 2007. “Predicting Political Elections from Rapid and Unreflective Face Judgments.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:17948–53.
Bar, T., and A. Zussman. 2011. “Partisan Grading.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. Forthcoming.
Bargh, J. A., and T. L. Chartrand. 1999. “The Unbearable Automaticity of Being.” American Psychologist 54:462–79.
Barkow, J. H., L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, eds. 1992. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Baron, J. 1998. Judgment Misguided: Intuition and Error in Public Decision Making. New York: Oxford.
______. 2007. Thinking and Deciding. 4th ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Baron-Cohen, S. 1995. Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
______. 2002. “The Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism.” Trends in Cognitive
Sciences 6:248–54.
______. 2009. “Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory.” In “The
Year in Cognitive Neuroscience,” special issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1156:68–80.
Barrett, H. C., and Kurzban, R. 2006. “Modularity in Cognition: Framing the Debate.” Psychological Review 113:628–47.
Barrett, J. L. 2000. “Exploring the Natural Foundations of Religion.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:29.
Bartels, D. M. 2008. “Principled Moral Sentiment and the Flexibility of Moral Judgment and Decision Making.” Cognition 108:381–417.
Batson, C. D. 1991. The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
______. 1998. “Altruism and Prosocial Behavior.” In The Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. D. T. Gilbert and S. T. Fiske, 4th ed., 2:262–316. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Batson, C. D., E. R. Thompson, G. Seuferling, H. Whitney, and J. A. Strongman. 1999. “Moral Hypocrisy: Appearing Moral to Oneself Without Being So.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77:525–37.
Baumard, N., J.-B. André, and D. Sperber. Unpublished. “A Mutualistic Approach to Morality.” Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford.
Baumeister, R. F., S. P. Chesner, P. S. Senders, and D. M. Tice. 1989. “Who’s in Charge Here? Group Leaders Do Lend Help in Emergencies.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14:17–22.
Baumeister, R. F., and K. L. Sommer. 1997. “What Do Men Want? Gender Differences and Two Spheres of Belongingness: Comment on Cross and Madson (1997).” Psychological Bulletin 122:38–44.
Beaver, K. M., M. W. Rowland, J. A. Schwartz, and J. L. Nedelec. 2011. “The Genetic Origins of Psychopathic Personality Traits in Adult Males and Females: Results from an Adoption-Based Study.” Journal of Criminal Justice 39:426–32.
Bellah, R. N. 1967. “Civil Religion in America.” Daedalus 96:1–21.
Bellah, R. N., R. Madsen, W. M. Sullivan, A. Swidler, and S. Tipton. 1985. Habits of the Heart. New York: Harper and Row.
Bentham, J. 1996/1789. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford: Clarendon.
Berlin, I. 1997/1958. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” In The Proper Study of Mankind, ed. H. Hardy and R. Hausheer, 191–242. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
______. 2001. “My Intellectual Path.” In Isaiah Berlin, The Power of Ideas, ed. H.
Hardy, 1–23. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bersoff, D. 1999. “Why Good People Sometimes Do Bad Things: Motivated Reasoning and Unethical Behavior.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25:28–39.
Bishop, B. 2008. The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded Americans Is Tearing Us Apart. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Blackmore, S. 1999. The Meme Machine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Blackmore, S. 2010. “Why I No Longer Believe Religion Is a Virus of the Mind.” The Guardian (UK), Sept. 16; http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2010/sep/16/why-no-longer-believe-religion-virus-mind.
Blair, R. J. R. 1999. “Responsiveness to Distress Cues in the Child with Psychopathic Tendencies.” Personality and Individual Differences 27:135–45.
______. 2007. “The Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Morality and
Psychopathy.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11:387–92.
Block, J., and J. H. Block. 2006. “Nursery School Personality and Political Orientation Two Decades Later.” Journal of Research in Personality 40:734–49.
Blonigen, D. M., B. M. Hicks, R. F. Krueger, W. G. Iacono, and C. J. Patrick. 2005. “Psychopathic Personality Traits: Heritability and Genetic Overlap with Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology.” Psychological Medicine 35:637–48.
Bloom, P. 2004. Descartes’ Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human. New York: Basic Books.
______. 2009. “Religious Belief as an Evolutionary Accident.” In The Believing Primate: Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Reflections on the Origin of Religion, ed. J. Schloss and M. J. Murray, 118–27. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
______. 2012. “Religion, Morality, Evolution.” Annual Review of Psychology 63.
Boaz, D. 1997. Libertarianism: A Primer. New York: Free Press.
Boehm, C. 1999. Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
______. 2012. Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame. New York: Basic Books.
Boesch, C. 1994. “Cooperative Hunting in Wild Chimpanzees.” Animal Behavior 48:653–67.
Bouchard, T. J. J. 1994. “Genes, Environment, and Personality.” Science 264:1700–1701.
Bourke, A. F. G. 2011. Principles of Social Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bowlby, J. 1969. Attachment and Loss, vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Bowles, S. 2009. “Did Warfare Among Ancestral Hunter-Gatherers Affect the Evolution of Human Social Behaviors?” Science 324:1293–98.
Boyer, P. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Brandt, M. J., and C. Reyna. 2011. “The Chain of Being.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6:428–46.
Brehm, S. S., and Brehm, J. W. 1981. Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control. New York: Academic Press.
Brewer, M. B., and D. T. Campbell. 1976. Ethnocentrism and Intergroup Attitudes: East African Evidence. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Brockman, J., ed. 2009. What Have You Changed Your Mind About? New York: HarperCollins.
Brooks, A. C. 2006. Who Really Cares: The Surprising Truth About Compassionate Conservatism. New York: Basic Books.
Brosnan, S. F. 2006. “Nonhuman Species’ Reactions to Inequity and Their Implications for Fairness.” Social Justice Research 19:153–85.
Brosnan, S. F., and F. de Waal. 2003. “Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay.” Nature 425:297–99.
Buckholtz, J. W., C. L. Asplund, P. E. Dux, D. H. Zald, J. C. Gore, O. D. Jones, et al. 2008. “The Neural Correlates of Third-Party Punishment.” Neuron 60:930–40.
Burke, E. 2003/1790. Reflections on the Revolution in France. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Burns, J. M. 1978. Leadership. New York: Harper and Row.
Carlsmith, K. M., T. D. Wilson, and D. T. Gilbert. 2008. “The Paradoxical Consequences of Revenge.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95:1316–24.
Carnegie, D. 1981/1936. How to Win Friends and Influence People. Rev. ed. New York: Pocket Books.
Carney, D. R., J. T. Jost, S. D. Gosling, and K. Kiederhoffer. 2008. “The Secret Lives of Liberals and Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind.” Political Psychology 29:807–40.
Carpenter, D. O., and R. Nevin. 2010. “Environmental Causes of Violence.” Physiology and Behavior 99:260–68.
Carter, C. S. 1998. “Neuroendocrine Perspectives on Social Attachment and Love.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 23:779–818.
Chan, W. T. 1963. A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Choi, J.-K., and S. Bowles. 2007. “The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War.” Science 318:636–40.
Churchill, W. 2003. On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
Clark, G. 2007. A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Clarke, R. A. 2004. Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror. New York: Free Press.
Cleckley, H. 1955. The Mask of Sanity. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Clore, G. L., N. Schwarz, and M. Conway. 1994. “Affective Causes and Consequences of Social Information Processing.” In Handbook of Social Cognition, ed. R. S. Wyer and T. K. Srull, 1:323–417. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cochran, G., and H. Harpending. 2009. The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. New York: Basic Books.
Cohen, E. E. A., R. Ejsmond-Frey, N. Knight, and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2009. “Rowers’ High: Behavioral Synchrony Is Correlated With Elevated Pain Thresholds.” Biology Letters 6:106–8.
Coleman, J. S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94:S95–S120.
Converse, P. E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In Ideology and Discontent, ed. D. E. Apter, 206–61. New York: Free Press.
Conze, E. 1954. Buddhist Texts Through the Ages. New York: Philosophical Library.
Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby. 2005. “Neurocognitive Adaptations Designed for Social Exchange.” In The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, ed. D. M. Buss, 584–627. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
______. 2006. “Evolutionary Psychology, Moral Heuristics, and the Law.” In Heuristics and the Law, ed. G. Gigerenzer and C. Engel, 175–205. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Coulter, A. 2003. Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism. New York: Crown.
Dalai Lama XIV. 1999. Ethics for the New Millennium. New York: Riverhead Books.
Damasio, A. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam.
______. 2003. Looking for Spinoza. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
Darwin, C. 1998/1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press.
______. 1999/1982. The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene. New York: Oxford University Press.
______. 2006. The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Decety, J. 2011. “The Neuroevolution of Empathy.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1231:35–45.
De Dreu, C. K., L. L. Greer, M. J. Handgraaf, S. Shalvi, G. A. Van Kleef, M.
Baas, et al. 2010. “The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans.” Science 328:1408–11.
De Dreu, C. K., L. L. Greer, G. A. Van Kleef, S. Shalvi, and M. J. Handgraaf. 2011.
“Oxytocin Promotes Human Ethnocentrism.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108:1262–66.
Denis, L. 2008. “Kant and Hume on Morality.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab.
Dennett, D. C. 2006. Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon. New York: Penguin.
de Quervain, D. J. F., U. Fischbacher, V. Treyer, M. Schellhammer, U. Schnyder, A. Buck, et al. 2004. “The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment.” Science 305:1254–58.
Desmond, A., and J. Moore. 2009. Darwin’s Sacred Cause: How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin’s Views on Human Evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
de Waal, F. B. M. 1982. Chimpanzee Politics. New York: Harper and Row.
______. 1996. Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other
Animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
______. 2006. How Morality Evolved. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
de Waal, F. B. M., and F. Lanting. 1997. Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dicks, L. 2000. “All for One!” New Scientist 167:30.
Dion, K. 1979. “Intergroup Conflict and Intragroup Cohesiveness.” In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. W. G. Austin and S. Worchel, 211–24. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Dion, K., E. Berscheid, and E. Walster. 1972. “What Is Beautiful Is Good.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 24:285–90.
Ditto, P. H., and D. F. Lopez. 1992. “Motivated Skepticism: Use of Differential Decision Criteria for Preferred and Nonpreferred Conclusions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63:568–84.
Ditto, P. H., G. D. Munro, A. M. Apanovitch, J. A. Scepansky, and L. K. Lockhart. 2003. “Spontaneous Skepticism: The Interplay of Motivation and Expectation in Responses to Favorable and Unfavorable Medical Diagnoses.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29:1120–32.
Ditto, P. H., D. A. Pizarro, and D. Tannenbaum. 2009. “Motivated Moral Reasoning.” In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, ed. D. M. Bartels, C. W. Bauman, L. J. Skitka, and D. L. Medin, 50:307–38. Burlington, VT: Academic Press.
Doblin, R. 1991. “Pahnke’s ‘Good Friday Experiment’: A Long-Term Follow-up and Methodological Critique.” Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 23:1–28.
Douglas, M. 1966. Purity and Danger. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Dunbar, R. 1996. Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Durkheim, E. 1951/1897. Suicide. Trans. J. A. Spalding and G. Simpson. New York: Free Press.
______. 1984/1893. The Division of Labor in Society. Trans. W. D. Halls. New York:
Free Press.
______. 1992/1887. “Review of Guyau’s L’irreligion de l’avenir.” Trans. A. Giddens. In Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings, ed. A. Giddens. New York: Cambridge University Press.
______. 1995/1915. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Trans. K. E. Fields. New York: Free Press.
Eckersley, R., and K. Dear. 2002. “Cultural Correlates of Youth Suicide.” Social Science and Medicine 55:1891–904.
Efran, M. G. 1974. “The Effect of Physical Appearance on the Judgment of Guilt, Interpersonal Attraction, and Severity of Recommended Punishment in a Simulated Jury Task.” Journal of Research in Personality 8:45–54.
Ehrenreich, B. 2006. Dancing in the Streets: A History of Collective Joy. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Ekman, P. 1992. “Are There Basic Emotions?” Psychological Review 99:550–53.
Elgar, F. J., and N. Aitken. 2010. “Income Inequality, Trust and Homicide in 33 Countries.” European Journal of Public Health 21:241–46.
Eliade, M. 1957/1959. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Trans. W. R. Task. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace.
Ellis, J. J. 1996. American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Vintage.
Ellsworth, P. C., and C. A. Smith. 1985. “Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in Emotion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48:813–38.
Emerson, R. W. 1960/1838. “Nature.” In Selections from Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. S. Whicher, 21–56. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Eskine, K. J., N. A. Kacinic, and J. J. Prinz. 2011. “A Bad Taste in the Mouth: Gustatory Influences on Moral Judgment.” Psychological Science 22:295–99.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1976. Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Faulkner, J., M. Schaller, J. H. Park, and L. A. Duncan. 2004. “Evolved Disease-Avoidance Mechanisms and Contemporary Xenophobic Attitudes.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 7:333–53.
Fazio, R. H., D. M. Sanbonmatsu, M. C. Powell, and F. R. Kardes. 1986. “On the Automatic Evaluation of Attitudes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50:229–38.
Fehr, E., and S. Gachter. 2002. “Altruistic Punishment in Humans.” Nature 415:137–40.
Fessler, D. M. T. 2007. “From Appeasement to Conformity: Evolutionary and Cultural Perspectives on Shame, Competition, and Cooperation.” In The Self-Conscious Emotions: Theory and Research, ed. J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, and J. P. Tangney, 174–93. New York: Guilford.
Fiorina, M., S. J Abrams, and J. C. Pope. 2005. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. New York: Pearson Longman.
Fiske, A. P. 1991. Structures of Social Life. New York: Free Press.
Fiske, S. T. 1993. “Social Cognition and Social Perception.” Annual Review of Psychology 44:155–94.
Fitzgerald, M. 2005. The Genesis of Artistic Creativity. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Flanagan, O. 1991. Varieties of Moral Personality: Ethics and Psychological Realism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fodor, J. 1983. Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Frank, R. 1988. Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions. New York: Norton.
Frank, T. 2004. What’s the Matter with Kansas? New York: Henry Holt.
Frazier, M. L. 2010. The Enlightenment of Sympathy: Justice and the Moral Sentiments in the Eighteenth Century and Today. New York: Oxford University Press.
Freeman, W. J. 1995. Societies of Brains: A Study in the Neurobiology of Love and Hate. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Frey, D., and D. Stahlberg. 1986. “Selection of Information After Receiving More or Less Reliable Self-Threatening Information.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12:434–41.
Froese, P., and C. D. Bader. 2007. “God in America: Why Theology Is Not Simply the Concern of Philosophers.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46:465–81.
Frohlich, N., J. A. Oppenheimer, and C. L. Eavey. 1987. “Choices of Principles of Distributive Justice in Experimental Groups.” American Journal of Political Science 31:606–36.
Gaertner, S. L., and J. F. Dovidio. 2000. Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Gazzaniga, M. S. 1985. The Social Brain. New York: Basic Books.
______. 1998. The Mind’s Past. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Geertz, C. 1984. “From the Native’s Point of View: On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding.” In Culture Theory, ed. R. Shweder and R. LeVine, 123–36. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gewirth, A. 1975. “Ethics.” In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., 6:976–98. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Gibbard, A. 1990. Wise Choices, Apt Feelings. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gigerenzer, G. 2007. Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. New York: Penguin.
Gilligan, C. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gilovich, T. 1991. How We Know What Isn’t So. New York: Free Press.
Glover, J. 2000. Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Goldhill, D. 2009. “How American Health Care Killed My Father.” The Atlantic, September.
Goodall, J. 1986. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Gopnik, A., A. M. Meltzoff, and P. K. Kuhl. 2000. The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind. New York: Harper.
Graham, J., 2010. “Left Gut, Right Gut.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Psychology, University of Virginia.
Graham, J., and J. Haidt. 2010. “Beyond Beliefs: Religions Bind Individuals into Moral Communities.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 14:140–50.
Graham, J., J. Haidt, and B. Nosek. 2009. “Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96:1029–46.
Graham, J., B. A. Nosek, and J. Haidt. 2011. “The Moral Stereotypes of Liberals and Conservatives.” Unpublished ms., Department of Psychology, University of Virginia. Available at www.MoralFoundations.org.
Graham, J., B. A. Nosek, J. Haidt, R. Iyer, S. Koleva, and P. H. Ditto. 2011.
“Mapping the Moral Domain.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101:366–85.
Gray, J. 1995. Liberalism. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Gray, J. G. 1970/1959. The Warriors: Reflections of Men in Battle. New York: Harper and Row.
Green, R. E., J. Krause, A. W. Briggs, T. Maricic, U. Stenzel, M. Kircher, et al. 2010. “A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome.” Science 328:710–22.
Greene, J. D. 2008. “The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul.” In Moral Psychology, vol. 3: The Neuroscience of Morality, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong, 35–79. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
______. 2009a. “The Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment.” In The Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. M. Gazzaniga, 4th ed., 987–1002. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
______. 2009b. “Dual-Process Morality and the Personal/Impersonal Distinction: A Reply to McGuire, Langdon, Coltheart, and Mackenzie.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45:581–84.
______. Forthcoming. The Moral Brain, and How to Use It. New York: Penguin.
Greene, J. D., R. B. Sommerville, L. E. Nystrom, J. M. Darley, and J. D. Cohen. 2001. “An fMRI Study of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment.” Science 293:2105–8.
Greenwald, A. G., D. E. McGhee, and J. L. Schwartz. 1998. “Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74:1464–80.
Greenwald, A. G., B. A. Nosek, and M. R. Banaji. 2003. “Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85:197–216.
Grob, C. S., and M. D. de Rios. 1994. “Hallucinogens, Managed States of Consciousness, and Adolescents: Cross-Cultural Perspectives.” In Psychological Anthropology, ed. P. K. Bock, 315–29. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Guthrie, S. E. 1993. Faces in the Clouds. New York: Oxford University Press.
Haidt, J. 2001. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review 108:814–34.
______. 2006. The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom. New York: Basic Books.
______. 2007. “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology.” Science 316:998–1002.
______. 2010. “What the Tea Partiers Really Want.” Wall Street Journal, October 16.
Haidt, J., and F. Bjorklund. 2008. “Social Intuitionists Answer Six Questions About Morality.” In Moral Psychology, vol. 2: The Cognitive Science of Morality, ed. W. Sinnott-Armstrong, 181–217. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Haidt, J., and J. Graham. 2007. “When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions That Liberals May Not Recognize.” Social Justice Research 20:98–116.
______. 2009. “Planet of the Durkheimians, Where Community, Authority, and Sacredness Are Foundations of Morality.” In Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification, ed. J. Jost, A. C. Kay, and H. Thórisdóttir, 371–401. New York: Oxford University Press.
Haidt, J., and C. Joseph. 2004. “Intuitive Ethics: How Innately Prepared Intuitions Generate Culturally Variable Virtues.” Daedalus, fall, 55–66.
______. 2007. “The Moral Mind: How 5 Sets of Innate Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules.” In The Innate Mind, ed. P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, and S. Stich, 3:367–91. New York: Oxford University Press.
______. 2011. “How Moral Foundations Theory Succeeded in Building on Sand: A Response to Suhler and Churchland.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23:2117–22.
Haidt, J., and S. Kesebir. 2010. “Morality.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. S. T. Fiske, D. Gilbert, and G. Lindzey, 5th ed., 797–832. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Haidt, J., S. Koller, and M. Dias. 1993. “Affect, Culture, and Morality, or Is It Wrong to Eat Your Dog?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:613–28.
Haidt, J., E. Rosenberg, and H. Hom. 2003. “Differentiating Diversities: Moral Diversity Is Not Like Other Kinds.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 33:1–36.
Haidt, J., P. Rozin, C. R. McCauley, and S. Imada. 1997. “Body, Psyche, and Culture: The Relationship Between Disgust and Morality.” Psychology and Developing Societies 9:107–31.
Haidt, J., J. P. Seder, and S. Kesebir. 2008. “Hive Psychology, Happiness, and Public Policy” Journal of Legal Studies 37:S133–S16.
Haley, K. J., and D. M. T. Fessler. 2005. “Nobody’s Watching? Subtle Cues Affect Generosity in an Anonymous Economic Game.” Evolution and Human Behavior 26:245–56.
Hamblin, R. L. 1958. “Leadership and Crises.” Sociometry 21:322–35.
Hamilton, W. D. 1964. “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, Parts 1 and 2.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1–52.
Hamlin, J. K., K. Wynn, and P. Bloom. 2007. “Social Evaluation by Preverbal Infants.” Nature 450:557–60.
Hammerstein, P. 2003. “Why Is Reciprocity So Rare in Social Animals?” In Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, ed. P. Hammerstein, 55–82. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hardin, G. 1968. “Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162:1243–8.
Hare, B., V. Wobber, and R. Wrangham. Unpublished. “The Self-Domestication Hypothesis: Bonobo Psychology Evolved Due to Selection Against Male Aggression.” Unpublished ms., Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University.
Hare, R. D. 1993. Without Conscience. New York: Pocket Books.
Harris, S. 2004. The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. New York: Norton.
______. 2006. Letter to a Christian Nation. New York: Knopf.
______. 2010. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values. New York: Free Press.
Harris, S., J. T. Kaplan, A. Curiel, S. Y. Bookheimer, M. Iacoboni, and M. S. Cohen. 2009. “The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief.” PLoS ONE 4 (10); doi:10.1371/journal.pone.oo07272.
Hastorf, A. H., and H. Cantril. 1954. “They Saw a Game: A Case Study.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49:129–34.
Hatemi, P. K., N. A. Gillespie, L. J. Eaves, B. S. Maher, B. T. Webb, A. C. Heath, et al. 2011. “A Genome-Wide Analysis of Liberal and Conservative Political Attitudes.” Journal of Politics 73:271–85.
Hauser, M. 2006. Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong. New York: HarperCollins.
Hawks, J., E. T. Wang, G. M. Cochran, H. C. Harpending, and R. K. Moyzis. 2007. “Recent Acceleration of Human Adaptive Evolution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:20753–58.
Hayden, B. 2001. “Richman, Poorman, Beggarman, Chief: The Dynamics of Social Inequality.” In Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook, ed. G. M. Feinman and T. D. Price, 231–72. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
Hayek, F. 1988. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
______. 1997/1970. “The Errors of Constructivism.” In Conservatism, ed. J. Z.
Muller, 318–25. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Heath, C., and D. Heath. 2010. Switch: How to Change Things When Change Is Hard. New York: Broadway.
Helzer, E. G., and D. A. Pizarro. 2011. “Dirty Liberals! Reminders of Physical Cleanliness Influence Moral and Political Attitudes.” Psychological Science 22:517–22.
Henrich, J., S. Heine, and A. Norenzayan. 2010. “The Weirdest People in the World?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33:61–83.
Henrich, N., and Henrich, J. 2007. Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Henshilwood, C., F. d’Errico, M. Vanhaeren, K. van Niekerk, and Z. Jacobs. 2004. “Middle Stone Age Shell Beads from South Africa.” Science 304:404.
Herbst, S. 2010. Rude Democracy: Civility and Incivility in American Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Herdt, G. H. 1981. Guardians of the Flutes. New York: Columbia University Press.
Herrmann, E., J. Call, M. V. Hernandez-Lloreda, B. Hare, and M. Tomasello. 2007. “Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis.” Science 317:1360–66.
Hill, K. R., R. S. Walker, M. Bozicevic, J. Eder, T. Headland, B. Hewlett, et al. 2011. “Co-Residence Patterns in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Show Unique Human Social Structure.” Science 331:1286–89.
Hoffman, M. L. 1982. “Affect and Moral Development.” In New Directions for Child Development, vol. 16: Emotional Development, ed. D. Ciccetti and P. Hesse, 83–103. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hölldobler, B., and E. O. Wilson. 2009. The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies. New York: Norton.
Hollos, M., P. Leis, and E. Turiel. 1986. “Social Reasoning in Ijo Children and Adolescents in Nigerian Communities.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 17:352–74.
Horner, V., J. D. Carter, M. Suchak, and F. de Waal. 2011. “Spontaneous Prosocial Choice by Chimpanzees.” Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences, early edition, doc: 10.1073/pnas.1111088108.
Hsieh, T. 2010. Delivering Happiness: A Path to Profits, Passion, and Purpose. New York: Grand Central.
Hsu, M., C. Anen, and S. R. Quartz. 2008. “The Right and the Good: Distributive Justice and Neural Encoding of Equity and Efficiency.” Science 320:1092–95.
Huebner, B., S. Dwyer, and Hauser, M. 2009. “The Role of Emotion in Moral Psychology.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13:1–6.
Hume, D. 1960/1777. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
______. 1969/1739–40. A Treatise of Human Nature. London: Penguin.
Hunter, J. D. 1991. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. New York: Basic Books.
Iacoboni, M. 2008. Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Iacoboni, M., R. P. Woods, M. Brass, H. Bekkering, J. C. Mazziotta, and G. Rizzolatti. 1999. “Cortical Mechanisms of Imitation.” Science 286:2526–28.
Inbar, Y., D. A. Pizarro, and P. Bloom. 2009. “Conservatives Are More Easily Disgusted than Liberals.” Cognition and Emotion 23:714–25.
Iyer, R., S. P. Koleva, J. Graham, P. H. Ditto, and J. Haidt. 2011. “Understanding Libertarian Morality: The Psychological Roots of an Individualist Ideology.” Unpublished ms., Department of Psychology, University of Southern California. Available at www.MoralFoundations.org.
James, W. 1950/1890. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Dover.
______. 1961/1902. The Varieties of Religious Experience. New York: Macmillan.
Jefferson, T. 1975/1786. Letter to Maria Cosway. New York: Penguin.
Jensen, D. 2008. How Shall I Live My Life? On Liberating the Earth from Civilization. Oakland, CA: PM Press.
Jensen, L. A. 1997. “Culture Wars: American Moral Divisions Across the Adult Lifespan.” Journal of Adult Development 4:107–21.
______. 1998. “Moral Divisions Within Countries Between Orthodoxy and Progressivism: India and the United States.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37:90–107.
Johnson-Laird, P. N., and P. C. Wason. 1977. Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Jost, J. T. 2006. “The End of the End of Ideology.” American Psychologist 61:651–70.
Jost, J. T., C. M. Federico, and J. L. Napier. 2009. “Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities.” Annual Review of Psychology 60:307–37.
Jost, J. T., J. Glaser, A. W. Kruglanski, and F. J. Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservativism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin 129:339–75.
Jost, J. T., and O. Hunyady. 2002. “The Psychology of System Justification and the Palliative Function of Ideology.” European Review of Social Psychology 13:111–53.
Kagan, J. 1984. The Nature of the Child. New York: Basic Books.
Kahan, A. S. 2010. Mind vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Kaiser, R. B., R. Hogan, and S. B. Craig. 2008. “Leadership and the Fate of Organizations.” American Psychologist 63:96–110.
Kane, J. 2001. The Politics of Moral Capital. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kant, I. 1993/1785. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, 3rd ed. Trans. J. W. Ellington. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Kass, L. R. 1997. “The Wisdom of Repugnance.” New Republic, June 2, 17–26.
Keeley, L. H. 1996. War Before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Keillor, G. 2004. Homegrown Democrat: A Few Plain Thoughts from the Heart of America. New York: Viking.
Kelly, R. L. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Keltner, D. 2009. Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life. New York: Norton.
Keltner, D., and J. Haidt. 2003. “Approaching Awe, a Moral, Spiritual, and Aesthetic Emotion.” Cognition and Emotion 17:297–314.
Kesebir, S. Forthcoming. “The Superorganism Account of Human Sociality: How and When Human Groups Are Like Beehives.” Personality and Social Psychology Review.
Kiehl, K. A. 2006. “A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective on Psychopathy: Evidence for Paralimbic System Dysfunction.” Psychiatry Research 142:107–28.
Killen, M., and J. G. Smetana. 2006. Handbook of Moral Development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kinder, D. E. 1998. “Opinion and Action in the Realm of Politics.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., ed. D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, and G. Lindzey, 778–867. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kinzler, K. D., E. Dupoux, and E. S. Spelke. 2007. “The Native Language of Social Cognition.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:12577–80.
Kitayama, S., H. Park, A. T. Sevincer, M. Karasawa, and A. K. Uskul. 2009. “A Cultural Task Analysis of Implicit Independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97:236–55.
Knoch, D., A. Pascual-Leone, K. Meyer, V. Treyer, and E. Fehr. 2006. “Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right Prefrontal Cortex.” Science 314:829–32.
Kohlberg, L. 1968. “The Child as a Moral Philosopher.” Psychology Today, September, 25–30.
______. 1969. “Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to
Socialization.” In Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, ed. D. A. Goslin, 347–480. Chicago: Rand McNally.
______. 1971. “From Is to Ought: How to Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy and Get Away with It in the Study of Moral Development.” In Psychology and Genetic Epistemology, ed. T. Mischel, 151–235. New York: Academic Press.
Kohlberg, L., C. Levine, and A. Hewer. 1983. Moral Stages: A Current Formulation and a Response to Critics. Basel: Karger.
Kosfeld, M., M. Heinrichs, P. J. Zak, U. Fischbacher, and E. Fehr. 2005. “Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans.” Nature 435:673–76.
Kosslyn, S. M., W. L. Thompson, M. F. Costantini-Ferrando, N. M. Alpert, and D. Spiegel. 2000. “Hypnotic Visual Illusion Alters Color Processing in the Brain.” American Journal of Psychiatry 157:1279–84.
Kuhlmeier, V., K. Wynn, and P. Bloom. 2003. “Attribution of Dispositional States by 12-Month-Olds.” Psychological Science 14:402–8.
Kuhn, D. 1989. “Children and Adults as Intuitive Scientists.” Psychological Review 96:674–89.
______. 1991. The Skills of Argument. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kunda, Z. 1987. “Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53:636–47.
______. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin 108:480–98.
Kurzban, R. 2010. Why Everyone (Else) Is a Hypocrite. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kurzban, R., J. Tooby, and L. Cosmides. 2001. “Can Race Be Erased? Coalitional Computation and Social Categorization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98:15387–92.
Kyd, S. 1794. A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, vol. 1. London: J. Butterworth.
Lakoff, G. 1996. Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don’t. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
__________ 2008. The Political Mind: Why You Can’t Understand 21st-Century American Politics with an 18th-Century Brain. New York: Viking, 2008.
Lansing, J. S. 1991. Priests and Programmers: Technologies of Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Larue, G. A. 1991. “Ancient Ethics.” In A Companion to Ethics, ed. P. Singer, 29–40.
Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Latane, B., and J. M. Darley. 1970. The Unresponsive Bystander. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lazarus, R. S. 1991. Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Leary, M. R. 2004. The Curse of the Self: Self-Awareness, Egotism, and the Quality of Human Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
______. 2005. “Sociometer Theory and the Pursuit of Relational Value: Getting to the Root of Self-Esteem.” European Review of Social Psychology 16:75–111.
Lechter. A. 2007. Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. New York: HarperCollins.
LeDoux, J. 1996. The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Lee, R. B. 1979. The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lepre, C. J., H. Roche, D. V. Kent, S. Harmand, R. L. Quinn, J. P. Brugal, P. J. Texier, A. Lenoble, and C. S. Feibel. 2011. “An Earlier Origin for the Acheulian.” Nature 477:82–85.
Lerner, J. S., and P. E. Tetlock. 2003. “Bridging Individual, Interpersonal, and Institutional Approaches to Judgment and Decision Making: The Impact of Accountability on Cognitive Bias.” In Emerging Perspectives on Judgment and Decision Research, ed. S. L. Schneider and J. Shanteau, 431–57. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lilienfeld, S. O., R. Ammirati, and K. Landfield. 2009. “Giving Debiasing Away: Can Psychological Research on Correcting Cognitive Errors Promote Human Welfare?” Perspectives on Psychological Science 4:390–98.
Liljenquist, K., C. B. Zhong, and A. D. Galinsky. 2010. “The Smell of Virtue: Clean Scents Promote Reciprocity and Charity.” Psychological Science, 21:381–83.
LoBue, V., C. Chong, T. Nishida, J. DeLoache, and J. Haidt. 2011. “When Getting Something Good Is Bad: Even Three-Year-Olds React to Inequality.” Social Development 20:154–70.
Locke, J. 1979/1690. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lord, C. G., L. Ross, and M. R. Lepper. 1979. “Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37:2098–109.
Lucas, P., and A. Sheeran. 2006. “Asperger’s Syndrome and the Eccentricity and Genius of Jeremy Bentham.” Journal of Bentham Studies 8:1–20.
Luce, R. D., and H. Raiffa. 1957. Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey. New York: Wiley.
Luo, Q., M. Nakic, T. Wheatley, R. Richell, A. Martin, and R. J. R. Blair. 2006. “The Neural Basis of Implicit Moral Attitude—An IAT Study Using Event-Related fMRI.” Neuroimage 30:1449–57.
Maccoby, E. E. 1998. The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Marcus, G. 2004. The Birth of the Mind. New York: Basic Books.
Marean, C. W., M. Bar-Matthews, J. Bernatchez, E. Fisher, P. Goldberg, A. I. R.
Herries, et al. 2007. “Early Human Use of Marine Resources and Pigment in South Africa During the Middle Pleistocene.” Nature 449:905–8.
Margolis, H. 1987. Patterns, Thinking, and Cognition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Margulis, L. 1970. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Markus, H. R., and S. Kitayama. 1991. “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation.” Psychological Review 98:224–53.
Marshall, L. 1999. “Nyae Nyae !Kung Beliefs and Rites.” Peabody Museum Monographs 8:63–90.
Mascaro, J., ed. 1973. The Dhammapada. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
Maslow, A. H. 1964. Religions, Values, and Peak-Experiences. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Mathew, S., and R. Boyd. 2011. “Punishment Sustains Large-Scale Cooperation in Prestate Warfare.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, early edition, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1105604108.
Maynard Smith, J., and E. Szathmary. 1997. The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mazzella, R., and A. Feingold. 1994. “The Effects of Physical Attractiveness, Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Gender of Defendants and Victims on Judgments of Mock Jurors: A Meta-analysis.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24:1315–44.
McAdams, D. P. 2006. The Redemptive Self: Stories Americans Live By. New York: Oxford University Press.
McAdams, D. P., M. Albaugh, E. Farber, J. Daniels, R. L. Logan, and B. Olson. 2008. “Family Metaphors and Moral Intuitions: How Conservatives and Liberals Narrate Their Lives.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95:978–90.
McAdams, D. P., and J. L. Pals. 2006. “A New Big Five: Fundamental Principles for an Integrative Science of Personality.” American Psychologist 61:204–17.
McCrae, R. R. 1996. “Social Consequences of Experiential Openness.” Psychological Bulletin 120:323–37.
McGuire, J., R. Langdon, M. Coltheart, and C. Mackenzie. 2009. “A Reanalysis of the Personal/Impersonal Distinction in Moral Psychology Research.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45:577–80.
McNeill, W. H. 1995. Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McWhorter, J. 2005. Winning the Race: Beyond the Crisis in Black America. New York: Gotham Books.
Meier, B. P., and M. D. Robinson. 2004. “Why the Sunny Side Is Up: Automatic Inferences About Stimulus Valence Based on Vertical Position.” Psychological Science 15:243–47.
Meigs, A. 1984. Food, Sex, and Pollution: A New Guinea Religion. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Melis, A. P., B. Hare, and M. Tomasello. 2006. “Chimpanzees Recruit the Best Collaborators.” Science 311:1297–300.
Mercier, H., and D. Sperber. 2011. “Why Do Humans Reason? Arguments for an Argumentative Theory.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34:57–74.
Merton, R. K. 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
Mill, J. S. 2003/1859. On Liberty. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Miller, D. T. 1999. “The Norm of Self-Interest.” American Psychologist 54:1053–60.
Miller, G. F. 2007. “Sexual Selection for Moral Virtues.” Quarterly Review of Biology 82:97–125.
Millon, T., E. Simonsen, M. Birket-Smith, and R. D. Davis. 1998. Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior. New York: Guilford Press.
Mineka, S., and M. Cook. 1988. “Social Learning and the Acquisition of Snake Fear in Monkeys.” In Social Learning: Psychological and Biological Perspectives, ed. T. R. Zentall and J. B. G. Galef, 51–74. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Moll, J., F. Krueger, R. Zahn, M. Pardini, R. de Oliveira-Souza, and J. Grafman. 2006. “Human Fronto-Mesolimbic Networks Guide Decisions About Charitable Donation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:15623–28.
Montaigne, M. de. 1991/1588. The Complete Essays. Trans. M. A. Screech. London: Penguin.
Morhenn, V. B., J. W. Park, E. Piper, and P. J. Zak. 2008. “Monetary Sacrifice Among Strangers Is Mediated by Endogenous Oxytocin Release After Physical Contact.” Evolution and Human Behavior 29:375–83.
Morris, J. P., N. K. Squires, C. S. Taber, and M. Lodge. 2003. “Activation of Political Attitudes: A Psychophysiological Examination of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis.” Political Psychology 24:727–45.
Motyl, M., J. Hart, T. Pyszczynski, D. Weise, M. Maxfield, and A. Siedel. 2011. “Subtle Priming of Shared Human Experiences Eliminates Threat-Induced Negativity Toward Arabs, Immigrants, and Peace-making.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47:1179–84.
Muir, W. M. 1996. “Group Selection for Adaptation to Multiple-Hen Cages: Selection Program and Direct Responses.” Poultry Science 75:447–58.
Muller, J. Z. 1997. “What Is Conservative Social and Political Thought?” In
Conservatism: An Anthology of Social and Political Thought from David Hume to the Present, ed. J. Z. Muller, 3–31. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Munro, G. D., P. H. Ditto, L. K. Lockhart, A. Fagerlin, M. Gready, and E. Peterson. 2002. “Biased Assimilation of Sociopolitical Arguments: Evaluating the 1996 U.S. Presidential Debate.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 24:15–26.
Murray, C. 1997. What It Means to Be a Libertarian: A Personal Interpretation. New York: Broadway.
Mussolini, B. 1932. “The Doctrine of Fascism.” Enciclopedia Italiana, vol 14. In Princeton Readings in Political Thought, ed. M. Cohen and N. Fermon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Needleman, H. L. 2000. “The Removal of Lead from Gasoline: Historical and Personal Reflections.” Environmental Research 84:20–35.
Neisser, U. 1967. Cognitive Psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Neuberg, S. L., D. T. Kenrick, and M. Schaller. 2010.” Evolutionary Social Psychology.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, and G. Lindzey, 5th ed., 2:761–96. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
Nevin, R. 2000. “How Lead Exposure Relates to Temporal Change in IQ, Violent Crime, and Unwed Pregnancy.” Enviromental Research 83:1–22.
Newberg, A., E. D’Aquili, and V. Rause. 2001. Why God Won’t Go Away: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief. New York: Ballantine.
Nickerson, R. S. 1998. “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises.” Review of General Psychology 2:175–220.
Nisbet, R. A. 1993/1966. The Sociological Tradition, 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Nisbett, R. E., G. T. Fong, D. R. Lehman, and P. W. Cheng. 1987. “Teaching Reasoning.” Science 238:625–31.
Nisbett, R. E., K. Peng, I. Choi, and A. Norenzayan. 2001. “Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic Versus Analytical Cognition.” Psychological Review 108:291–310.
Nocera, J. 2011. “The Last Moderate.” New York Times, September 6, A27.
Norenzayan, A., and A. F. Shariff. 2008. “The Origin and Evolution of Religious Prosociality.” Science 322:58–62.
Nowak, M. A., and R. Highfield. 2011. SuperCooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed. New York: Free Press.
Nucci, L., E. Turiel, and G. Encarnacion-Gawrych. 1983. “Children’s Social Interactions and Social Concepts: Analyses of Morality and Convention in the Virgin Islands.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 14:469–87.
Nussbaum, M. C. 2004. Hiding from Humanity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Oakeshott, M. 1997/1947. “Rationalism in Politics.” In Conservatism, ed. J. Z. Muller, 292–311. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Okasha, S. 2006. Evolution and the Levels of Selection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Olds, J., and P. Milner. 1954. “Positive Reinforcement Produced by Electrical Stimulation of Septal Areas and Other Regions of Rat Brains.” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 47:419–27.
Osgood, C. E. 1962. “Studies on the Generality of Affective Meaning Systems.” American Psychologist 17:10–28.
Ovid. 2004. Metamorphoses. Trans. David Raeburn. London: Penguin.
Oxley, D. R., K. B. Smith, J. R. Alford, M. V. Hibbing, J. L. Miller, M. Scalora, et al. 2008. “Political Attitudes Vary with Physiological Traits.” Science 321:1667–70.
Pahnke, W. N. 1966. “Drugs and Mysticism.” International Journal of Parapsychology 8:295–313.
Panchanathan, K., and R. Boyd. 2004. “Indirect Reciprocity Can Stabilize Cooperation Without the Second-Order Free Rider Problem.” Nature 432:499–502.
Pape, R. A. 2005. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House.
Patterson, J. T. 2010. Freedom Is Not Enough. The Moynihan Report and America’s Struggle over Black Family Life—from LBJ to Obama. New York: Basic Books.
Pavlov, I. 1927. Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation into the Physiological Activity of the Cortex. Trans. G. Anrep. New York: Dover.
Paxton, J. M., L. Ungar, and J. Greene. Forthcoming. “Reflection and Reasoning in Moral Judgment.” Cognitive Science.
Pennebaker, J. 1997. Opening UP: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions. Rev. ed. New York: Guilford.
Pennebaker, J. W., M. E. Francis, and R. J. Booth. 2003. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC2001 Manual. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Perkins, D. N., M. Farady, and B. Bushey. 1991. “Everyday Reasoning and the Roots of Intelligence.” In Informal Reasoning and Education, ed. J. F. Voss, D. N. Perkins, and J. W. Segal, 83–105. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Perugini, M., and L. Leone. 2009. “Implicit Self-Concept and Moral Action.” Journal of Research in Personality 43:747–54.
Piaget, J. 1932/1965. The Moral Judgement of the Child. Trans. M. Gabain. New York: Free Press.
Pickrell, J. K., G. Coop, J. Novembre, S. Kudaravalli, J. Z. Li, D. Absher, et al. 2009. “Signals of Recent Positive Selection in a Worldwide Sample of Human Populations.” Genome Research 19:826–37.
Pildes, R. H. 2011. “Why the Center Does Not Hold: The Causes of Hyperpolarized Democracy in America.” California Law Review 99:273–334.
Pinker, S. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Viking.
______. 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Viking.
Plato. 1997. Timaeus. Trans. D. J. Zeyl. In Plato: Complete Works, ed. J. M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Pollan, M. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.
Poole, K. T., and H. Rosenthal. 2000. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting. New York: Oxford University Press.
Potts, R., and C. Sloan. 2010. What Does It Mean to Be Human? Washington, DC: National Geographic.
Powell, R., and S. Clarke. Forthcoming. “Religion as an Evolutionary Byproduct: A Critique of the Standard Model.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.
Premack, D., and A. J. Premack. 2004. “Moral Belief: Form Versus Content.” In Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, ed. L. A. Hirschfeld and S. A. Gelman, 149–68. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Price, G. 1972. “Extensions of Covariance Selection Mathematics.” Annals of Human Genetics 35:485–90.
Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Putnam, R. D., and D. E. Campbell. 2010. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Pyszczynski, T., and J. Greenberg. 1987. “Toward an Integration of Cognitive and Motivational Perspectives on Social Inference: A Biased Hypothesis-Testing Model.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 20:297–340.
Rai, T. S., and A. P. Fiske. 2011. “Moral Psychology Is Relationship Regulation: Moral Motives for Unity, Hierarchy, Equality, and Proportionality.” Psychological Review 118:57–75.
Ramachandran, V. S., and S. Blakeslee. 1998. Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind. New York: William Morrow.
Rappaport, R. 1971. “The Sacred in Human Evolution.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:23–44.
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Reyes, J. W. 2007. “Environmental Policy as Social Policy? The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime.” Working Paper No. 13097, National Bureau of Economic Research, Washington, DC.
Richards, K. 2010. Life. New York: Little, Brown.
Richerson, P. J., and R. Boyd. 1998. “The Evolution of Human Ultra-Sociality.” In Indoctrinability, Ideology, and Warfare: Evolutionary Perspectives, ed. I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt and F. K. Salter, 71–95. New York: Berghahn.
______. 2004. “Darwinian Evolutionary Ethics: Between Patriotism and Sympathy.” In Evolution and Ethics: Human Morality in Biological and Religious Perspective, ed. P. Clayton and J. Schloss, 50–77. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
______. 2005. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rieder, J. 1985. Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rilling, J. K., D. R. Goldsmith, A. L. Glenn, M. R. Jairam, H. A. Elfenbein, J. E. Dagenais, et al. 2008. “The Neural Correlates of the Affective Response to Unreciprocated Cooperation.” Neuropsychologia 46:1256–66.
Roes, F. L., and M. Raymond. 2003. “Belief in Moralizing Gods.” Evolution and Human Behavior 24:126–35.
Rosaldo, M. 1980. Knowledge and Passion: Ilongot Notions of Self and Social Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rosenberg, N. 1990. “Adam Smith and the Stock of Moral Capital.” History of Political Economy 22:1–17.
Rosenzweig, M. R. 1999. “Welfare, Marital Prospects, and Nonmarital Childbearing.” Journal of Political Economy 107:S3–S32.
Rothman, S., S. R. Lichter, and N. Nevitte. 2005. “Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty.” The Forum (electronic journal), vol. 3, iss. 1, article 2.
Rozin, P. 1976. “The Selection of Food by Rats, Humans, and Other Animals.” In Advances in the Study of Behavior, ed. J. Rosenblatt, R. A. Hinde, C. Beer, and E. Shaw, 6:21–76. New York: Academic Press.
Rozin, P., and A. Fallon. 1987. “A Perspective on Disgust.” Psychological Review 94:3–41.
Rozin, P., J. Haidt, and K. Fincher. 2009. “From Oral to Moral.” Science 323:1179–80.
Rozin, P., J. Haidt, and C. R. McCauley. 2008. “Disgust.” In Handbook of Emotions, ed. M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, and L. F. Barrett, 3rd ed., 757–76. New York: Guilford Press.
Rozin, P., L. Lowery, S. Imada, and J. Haidt. 1999. “The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping Between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity).” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76:574–86.
Ruffle, B. J., and R. Sosis. 2006. “Cooperation and the In-Group-Out-Group Bias: A Field Test on Israeli Kibbutz Members and City Residents.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 60:147–63.
Russell, B. 2004/1946. History of Western Philosophy. London: Routledge.
Saltzstein, H. D., and T. Kasachkoff. 2004. “Haidt’s Moral Intuitionist Theory.” Review of General Psychology 8:273–82.
Sanfey, A. G., J. K. Rilling, J. A. Aronson, L. E. Nystrom, and J. D. Cohen. 2003. “The Neural Basis of Economic Decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game.” Science 300:1755–58.
Schaller, M., and J. H. Park. 2011. “The Behavioral Immune System (and Why It Matters).” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20:99–103.
Scham, S. 2008. “The World’s First Temple.” Archaeology 61, November/December, online article.
Scherer, K. R. 1984. “On the Nature and Function of Emotion: A Component Process Approach.” In Approaches to Emotion, ed. K. R. Scherer and P. Ekman, 293–317. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Schmidt, M. F. H., and J. A. Sommerville. 2011. “Fairness Expectations and Altruistic Sharing in 15-Month-Old Human Infants.” PLoS ONE 6e23223.
Schnall, S., J. Haidt, G. L. Clore, and A. H. Jordan. 2008. “Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34:1096–109.
Schwitzgebel, E. 2009. “Do Ethicists Steal More Books?” Philosophical Psychology 22:711–25.
Schwitzgebel, E., and J. Rust. 2009. “Do Ethicists and Political Philosophers Vote More Often than Other Professors?” Review of Philosophy and Psychology 1:189–99.
______. 2011. “The Self-Reported Moral Behavior of Ethics Professors.” Unpublished ms., University of California at Riverside.
Schwitzgebel, E., J. Rust, L. T.-L. Huang, A. Moore, and J. Coates. 2011. “Ethicists’ Courtesy at Philosophy Conferences.” Unpublished ms., University of California at Riverside.
Scruton, R. 1982. Kant. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Secher, R. 2003/1986. A French Genocide: The Vendée. Trans. G. Holoch. South Bend, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
Seeley, T. D. 1997. “Honey Bee Colonies Are Group-Level Adaptive Units.” American Naturalist 150:S22–S41.
Settle, J. E., C. T. Dawes, N. A. Christakis, and J. H. Fowler. 2010. “Friendships Moderate an Association Between a Dopamine Gene Variant and Political Ideology.” Journal of Politics 72:1189–98.
Shariff, A. F., and A. Norenzayan. 2007. “God Is Watching You: Priming God Concepts Increases Prosocial Behavior in an Anonymous Economic Game.” Psychological Science 18:803–9.
Shaw, V. F. 1996. “The Cognitive Processes in Informal Reasoning.” Thinking and Reasoning 2:51–80.
Sherif, M., O. J. Harvey, B. J. White, W. Hood, and C. Sherif. 1961/1954. Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Institute of Group Relations.
Sherman, G. D., and J. Haidt. 2011. “Cuteness and Disgust: The Humanizing and Dehumanizing Effects of Emotion.” Emotion Review 3:245–51.
Shweder, R. A. 1990a. “Cultural Psychology: What Is It?” In Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development, ed. J. W. Stigler, R. A. Shweder, and G. Herdt, 1–43. New York: Cambridge University Press.
______. 1990b. “In Defense of Moral Realism: Reply to Gabennesch.” Child Development 61:2060–67.
______. 1991. Thinking Through Cultures: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Shweder, R. A., and E. Bourne. 1984. “Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally?” In Cultural Theory, ed. R. Shweder and R. LeVine, 158–99. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Shweder, R. A., and J. Haidt. 1993. “The Future of Moral Psychology: Truth, Intuition, and the Pluralist Way.” Psychological Science 4:360–65.
Shweder, R. A., and R. A. LeVine, eds. 1984. Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, Emotion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Shweder, R. A., M. Mahapatra, and J. Miller. 1987. “Culture and Moral Development.” In The Emergence of Morality in Young Children, ed. J. Kagan and S. Lamb, 1–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shweder, R. A., N. C. Much, M. Mahapatra, and L. Park. 1997. “The ‘Big Three’ of Morality (Autonomy, Community, and Divinity), and the ‘Big Three’ Explanations of Suffering.” In Morality and Health, ed. A. Brandt and P. Rozin, 119–69. New York: Routledge.
Sigall, H., and N. Ostrove. 1975. “Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31:410–14.
Singer, P. 1979. Practical Ethics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Singer, T., B. Seymour, J. P. O’Doherty, K. E. Stephan, R. J. Dolan, and C. D. Frith. 2006. “Empathic Neural Responses Are Modulated by the Perceived Fairness of Others.” Nature 439:466–69.
Sinnott-Armstrong, W., ed. 2008. Moral Psychology. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Smith, A. 1976/1759. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, C. 2003. Moral, Believing Animals: Human Personhood and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sober, E., and D. S. Wilson. 1998. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Solomon, R. C. 1993. “The Philosophy of Emotions.” In Handbook of Emotions, ed. M. Lewis and J. Haviland, 3–15. New York: Guilford Press.
Sosis, R. 2000. “Religion and Intragroup Cooperation: Preliminary Results of a Comparative Analysis of Utopian Communities.” Cross-Cultural Research 34:70–87.
Sosis, R., and C. S. Alcorta. 2003. “Signaling, Solidarity, and the Sacred: The Evolution of Religious Behavior.” Evolutionary Anthropology 12:264–74.
Sosis, R., and E. R. Bressler. 2003. “Cooperation and Commune Longevity: A Test of the Costly Signaling Theory of Religion.” Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science 37:211–39.
Sowell, T. 2002. A Conflict of Visions: The Ideological Origins of Political Struggles. New York: Basic Books.
Sperber, D. 2005. “Modularity and Relevance: How Can a Massively Modular Mind Be Flexible and Context-Sensitive?” In The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents, ed. P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, and S. Stich, 53–68. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sperber, D., and L. A. Hirschfeld. 2004. “The Cognitive Foundations of Cultural Stability and Diversity.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8:40–46.
Stampf, G. 2008. Interview with a Cannibal: The Secret Life of the Monster of Rotenburg. Beverly Hills, CA: Phoenix Books.
Stearns, S. C. 2007. “Are We Stalled Part Way Through a Major Evolutionary Transition from Individual to Group?” Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution 61:2275–80.
Stenner, K. 2005. The Authoritarian Dynamic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stevenson, C. L. 1960. Ethics and Language. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stewart, J. E. 1980. “Defendant’s Attractiveness as a Factor in the Outcome of Criminal Trials: An Observational Study.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 10:348–61.
Stolberg, S. G. 2011. “You Want Compromise. Sure You Do.” New York Times, Sunday Review, August 14.
Sunstein, C. R. 2005. “Moral Heuristics.” Brain and Behavioral Science 28:531–73.
Taber, C. S., and M. Lodge. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 50:755–69.
Taleb, N. 2007. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. New York: Random House.
Tan, J. H. W., and C. Vogel. 2008. “Religion and Trust: An Experimental Study.” Journal of Economic Psychology 29:832–48.
Tattersall, I. 2009. The Fossil Trail: How We Know What We Think We Know About Human Evolution. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tetlock, P. E. 2002. “Social Functionalist Frameworks for Judgment and Choice: Intuitive Politicians, Theologians, and Prosecutors.” Psychological Review 109:451–57.
Tetlock, P. E., O. V. Kristel, B. Elson, M. Green, and J. Lerner. 2000. “The Psychology of the Unthinkable: Taboo Trade-offs, Forbidden Base Rates, and Heretical Counterfactuals.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78:853–70.
Thomas, K. 1983. Man and the Natural World. New York: Pantheon.
Thomson, J. A., and C. Aukofer. 2011. Why We Believe in God(s): A Concise Guide to the Science of Faith. Charlottesville, VA: Pitchstone Publishing.
Thórisdóttir, H., and J. T. Jost. 2011. “Motivated Closed-Mindedness Mediates the Effect of Threat on Political Conservatism.” Political Psychology 32:785–811.
Thornhill, R., C. L. Fincher, and D. Aran. 2009. “Parasites, Democratization, and the Liberalization of Values Across Contemporary Countries.” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 84:113–31.
Tishkoff, S. A., F. A. Reed, A. Ranciaro, et al. 2007. “Convergent Adaptation of Human Lactase Persistence in Africa and Europe.” Nature Genetics 39:31–40.
Todorov, A., A. N. Mandisodza, A. Goren, and C. C. Hall. 2005. “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes.” Science 308:1623–26.
Tomasello, M., M. Carpenter, J. Call, T. Behne, and H. Moll. 2005. “Understanding and Sharing Intentions: The Origins of Cultural Cognition.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28:675–91.
Tomasello, M., A. Melis, C. Tennie, E. Wyman, E. Herrmann, and A. Schneider. Forthcoming. “Two Key Steps in the Evolution of Human Cooperation: The Mutualism Hypothesis.” Current Anthropology.
Tooby, J., and L. Cosmides. 1992. “The Psychological Foundations of Culture.” In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, 19–136. New York: Oxford University Press.
______. 2010. “Groups in Mind: The Coalitional Roots of War and Morality.” In Human Morality and Sociality: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives, ed. H. Høgh-Olesen. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Trivers, R. L. 1971. “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.” Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57.
Trut, L. N. 1999. “Early Canid Domestication: The Farm Fox Experiment.” American Scientist 87:160–69.
Turiel, E. 1983. The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Turiel, E., M. Killen, and C. C. Helwig. 1987. “Morality: Its Structure, Function, and Vagaries.” In The Emergence of Morality in Young Children, ed. J. Kagan and S. Lamb, 155–243. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Turkheimer, E. 2000. “Three Laws of Behavior Genetics and What They Mean.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 9:160–64.
Turner, V. W. 1969. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Chicago: Aldine.
Valdesolo, P., J. Ouyang, and D. DeSteno. 2010. “The Rhythm of Joint Action: Synchrony Promotes Cooperative Ability.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46:693–95.
Van Berkum, J. J. A., B. Holleman, M. Nieuwland, M. Otten, and J. Murre. 2009. “Right or Wrong? The Brain’s Fast Response to Morally Objectionable Statements.” Psychological Science 20:1092–99.
Van Vugt, M., D. De Cremer, and D. P. Janssen. 2007. “Gender Differences in Cooperation and Competition: The Male-Warrior Hypothesis.” Psychological Science 18:19–23.
Van Vugt, M., R. Hogan, and R. B. Kaiser. 2008. “Leadership, Followership, and Evolution: Some Lessons from the Past.” American Psychologist 63:182–96.
Viding, E., R. J. R. Blair, T. E. Moffitt, and R. Plomin. 2005. “Evidence for Substantial Genetic Risk for Psychopathy in 7-Year-Olds.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46:592–97.
Voegeli, W. 2010. Never Enough: America’s Limitless Welfare State. New York: Encounter Books.
Wade, N. 2007. “Is ‘Do Unto Others’ Written Into Our Genes?” New York Times. September 18, p. 1 of Science Times.
______. 2009. The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures. New York: Penguin.
Walster, E., G. W. Walster, and E. Berscheid. 1978. Equity: Theory and Research. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Wason, P. C. 1960. “On the Failure to Eliminate Hypotheses in a Conceptual Task.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12:129–40.
______. 1969. “Regression in Reasoning?” British Journal of Psychology 60:471–80.
Weedon, M. N., H. Lango, C. M. Lindgren, C. Wallace, D. M. Evans, M. Mangino, et al. 2008. “Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies 20 Loci That Influence Adult Height.” Nature Genetics 40:575–83.
Westen, D. 2007. The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation. New York: Public Affairs.
Westen, D., P. S. Blagov, K. Harenski, S. Hamann, and C. Kilts. 2006. “Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18:1947–58.
Wheatley, T., and J. Haidt. 2005. “Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe.” Psychological Science 16:780–84.
Wilkinson, G. S. 1984. “Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat.” Nature 308:181–84.
Wilkinson, R., and K. Pickett. 2009. The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger. New York: Bloomsbury.
Williams, B. 1967. “Rationalism.” In The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. P. Edwards, 7–8:69–75. New York: Macmillan.
Williams, G. C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Williams, G. C. 1988. Reply to comments on “Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics in Sociobiological Perspective.” Zygon 23:437–38.
Williamson, S. H., M. J. Hubisz, A. G. Clark, B. A. Payseur, C. D. Bustamante, and R. Nielsen. 2007. “Localizing Recent Adaptive Evolution in the Human Genome.” PLoS Genetics 3:e90.
Wilson, D. S. 2002. Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wilson, D. S., and E. O. Wilson. 2007. “Rethinking the Theoretical Foundation of Sociobiology.” Quarterly Review of Biology 82:327–48.
______. 2008. “Evolution ‘for the Good of the Group.’ ” American Scientist 96:380–89.
Wilson, E. O. 1975. Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
______. 1990. Success and Dominance in Ecosystems: The Case of the Social Insects. Oldendorf, Germany: Ecology Institute.
______. 1998. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Knopf.
Wilson, E. O., and B. Hölldobler. 2005. “Eusociality: Origin and Consequences.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:13367–71.
Wilson, T. D. 2002. Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Wilson, T. D., and J. W. Schooler. 1991. “Thinking Too Much: Introspection Can Reduce the Quality of Preferences and Decisions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:181–92.
Wiltermuth, S., and C. Heath. 2008. “Synchrony and Cooperation.” Psychological Science 20:1–5.
Wobber, V., R. Wrangham, and B. Hare. 2010. “Application of the Heterochrony Framework to the Study of Behavior and Cognition.” Communicative and Integrative Biology 3:337–39.
Wolf, S. 2010. Meaning in Life and Why It Matters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Woodberry, R. D., and C. Smith. 1998. Fundamentalism et al.: Conservative Protestants in America. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
Wrangham, R. W. 2001. “The Evolution of Cooking.” Conversation with John Brockman on Edge.org.
Wrangham, R. W., and D. Pilbeam. 2001. “African Apes as Time Machines.” In All Apes Great and Small, ed. B. M. F. Galdikas, N. E. Briggs, L. K. Sheeran, G. L. Shapiro, and J. Goodall, 1:5–18. New York: Kluwer.
Wright, R. 1994. The Moral Animal. New York: Pantheon.
______. 2009. The Evolution of God. New York: Little, Brown.
Wundt, W. 1907/1896. Outlines of Psychology. Leipzig: Wilhelm Englemann.
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1962. Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
Yi, X., Y. Liang, E. Huerta-Sanchez, X. Jin, Z. X. P. Cuo, J. E. Pool, et al. 2010. “Sequencing of 50 Human Exomes Reveals Adaptation to High Altitude.” Science 329:75–78.
Zajonc, R. B. 1968. “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9:1–27.
______. 1980. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences.” American Psychologist 35:151–75.
Zak, P. J. 2011. “The Physiology of Moral Sentiments.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 77:53–65.
Zaller, J. R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zhong, C. B., V. K. Bohns, and F. Gino. 2010. “Good Lamps Are the Best Police: Darkness Increases Dishonesty and Self-Interested Behavior.” Psychological Science 21:311–14.
Zhong, C. B., and K. Liljenquist. 2006. “Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing.” Science 313:1451–52.
Zhong, C. B., B. Strejcek, and N. Sivanathan. 2010. “A Clean Self Can Render Harsh Moral Judgment.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46:859–62.
Zimbardo, P. G. 2007. The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. New York: Random House.